5st ATRANS SYMPOSIUM

STUDENT CHAPTER SESSION

AUGUST24-25, 2012 BANGKOK THAILAND

Proposed Parking Facilities for the Local Heritage Site of Iloilo City

Paper Identification Number: SCS12-027

Paul Vincent LACSAO1, Mary Earl Daryl GRIO2, Jolly Mae SAN LUIS3, Razel DAVILA4
1
College of Engineering
Central Philippine University
Telephone 0939-825-3291
E-mail: [email protected]
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Central Philippine University
Telephone: (033) 329-1971 local 1082
E-mail: [email protected]
3
College of Engineering
Central Philippine University
Telephone 0946-740-3471
E-mail: [email protected]
4
College of Engineering
Central Philippine University
Telephone 0948-744-4174
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract
Iloilo City is one of the Philippines’ premiere cities. The city has 8,407 business establishments of
which 1,182 were recently established.Every year, there is an estimated 11% of increase in the number of
business establishments in the city. More business means more investors and consumers. The business
transactions demand ample space for amenities such as parking facilities.The Downtown Central Business
District (CBD) of Iloilo City is the proof of the economic activities of the city for the past decades. It is the
main destination of people coming from Metro Iloilo-Guimaras region. Recently, it was declared as the
Iloilo’s Heritage Site inclusive of 26 buildings at least 75 years old. This heritage area is surrounded by a
plaza, a university, a public market, private high schools, banks, restaurants, and retail businesses. This
research is mainly focused on the design for a comprehensive parking facility for on-street and off-street
parking for the local heritage zone of Iloilo City. A License Plate Survey was conducted in 23 areas to
determine the parking characteristics of car owners, number of vehicles parked, turnover rate, and parking
duration. An inventory of the road network and identification of open spaces for possible off-street
parking were performed.The results of License Plate Survey showed that the average parking duration and
turnover rate are 2.29 hr/veh and 0.296veh/space-hr respectively. Block 2-Guanco St has the longest
parking duration of 5.42hr/veh and Block 5-Ortiz St and Block 5-Rizal St has the highest turnover rate of
0.393veh/space-hr. Seven (6) possible sites for off-street parking have been identified. Certain areas have
been proposed as no parking zone.

Key Words: off-street parking, on-street parking, parking characteristics, turnover rate, parking duration

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1. Introduction historical past. At present, the district has 26

1.1 Background and Rationale declared heritage buildings which are 75 years old
A heritage site is a place or structure that has or more around the area. It also holds annual
significant value to the cultural legacy of a city, festivals like Dinagyang and Chinese New Year. It
town, or province. It carries the proof of the is packed with buildings, vehicles, and pedestrian.
place’s existence; past economic activities, and old
traditions which are handed down from generation
to generation. It conveys the identity and
distinction of a place from among the other area. It
will help improve the economic status of the area
through tourism.
The City of Iloilo intends to preserve its
cultural and historical value by giving importance
to the heritage structures within its limits. The
declared heritage site passes the following
characteristics as described by the Local Cultural
Heritage Conservation. (Local Cultural Heritage
Conservation Ordinance of Iloilo City, Regulation
Ordinance No. 00-054, Office of
SanguniangPanglungsod, City of Iloilo, April
2000): (1) The old buildings, structures, or area in
Iloilo City must speak of the culture and history of
the Ilonggos. (2) These buildings must be part of
our national history in general and regional history
in particular. (3) The site must provide an evidence Figure 1.1 Map of Heritage Buildings
of history in particular. (4) The buildings, Source: ICCHCC
landmarks, plazas, and parks must be atleast 75
years or more in existence. (Local Cultural Heritage The declared heritage site is bounded by
Conservation Ordinance of Iloilo City) three main streets forming a triangle, namely: JM
Iloilo City is located in the Island of Panay in Basa (Call Real), Iznart and Rizal Street. It is
Visayas Region of Philippines. It began as a fishing surrounded by schools, markets, residences, banks,
community and grew up to be one of the hotels, fast-food chains and restaurants, and other
Philippine’s premier cities. It was once considered businesses. Because the declared heritage site and
as the "La Muy Leal y Noble Ciudad” which means its surroundings cater to a lot of special events and
“The Most Loyal and Noble City”. Now it has socio-economic activities, there is a necessity for
8,407 business establishments of which 1,182 are parking facilities.
new.
Downtown Central Business District (CBD) of 1.2Problem Definition
Iloilo City is declared as a heritage site. It is the Parking as part of an urban transportation
main destination of people coming from Metro system is one of the crucial issues of government
Iloilo-Guimaras region. It serves as a venue for and private business owners. The paragraphs that
economic activities for the traders in Iloilo River a follow describe the existing conditions of the
long time ago. It is the representation of Iloilo’s declared heritage site.

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Figure 1.6 Cars and Motorcycles share parking

Figure 1.2 Cars parked on JM Basa Street
spaces in Iznart Street
The main road JM Basa Street has been
used for parking by privately owned vehicles.
1.3 General Objective
This main street is supposedly intended
The primary objective of this study is to
only for running on moving vehicles. On certain
design a comprehensive parking facility, both for
lengths of this street, the loading and unloading of
off-street and on-street parking, for the heritage site
passengers on roads are allowed. Thus, the parked
in Iloilo City.
vehicles decrease the width of the road and cause
traffic congestion.
As shown in figure 1.6, the nonexistence of 1.4 Specific Objective
parking spaces allotted for motorcycles draws the The following specific objectives were
motorcycle drivers to park beside the private done to complete the primary research objective.
vehicles. The parking spaces therefore are not fully
maximized. Heavy and large-sized trucks were also 1. Made a road network inventory.
spotted parking on side-street thereby narrowing 2. Determined the parking
the streets. characteristics of vehicle.
Other problems observed by the research 3. Identified areas for off-street
groups were a)Unregulated on-street parking b) parking
Absence of parking signs c) No lines drawn to 4. Define areas and regulate on-street
separate the parking area into stalls d) illegal parking
vendors occupying the spaces for curb-side or on-
street parking, and e) no provision for separation of 1.5 Significance of the Study
vehicle types, The beneficiaries of this research include
car owner or drivers, commuters on the riding
public, the city government and the environment.
Car owners and drivers.Areas for off-street
and on-street parking were identified to be able to
organize parking vehicles. The organization of
vehicles could maximize the use of parking areas
and road lots.
Commuters on the Riding public.The
drivers and passengers of moving vehicles will be
able to move more freely on the streets and reach
their destination because of decongestions.
City Government. The proposed regulation
and parking fees will provide funds for the city for

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future projects. It will also encourage private distribution of individual values, and both the
vehicle owners to use mass transit such as public distribution and the average value are of great
utility jeepneys as a mode of transportation. interest.
Environment. An organized and planned Many parking studies (Zhang, et al., 2005)
urban transportation system will help minimize air stress on the establishing, the distribution of
pollution by reduction of traffic congestion. accumulation with time and to determine the peak
accumulation and time at which it occurs. Of
1.6 Scope and Limitation course, observed accumulation is limited by
This research includes only the Downtown parking supply, and constrained demand cannot be
Central Business District in Iloilo City. It focuses directly observed. Here gives some optimal models
on the proposed off-street and on-street parking and statistic data on parking demand and supply.
facilities for the heritage site and its vicinity. The
on-street parking facility considered passenger 2.2 Off-street Parking
vehicles not more than 4.7meter long and 1.7meter With limited land resource and restriction
wide. The off-street parking areas were located in of the off-street parking facilities, it is impossible
identified vacant lots. for the supply of the off-street parking facility to
This research excludes the impact of the meet the growing parking requirement. Therefore,
proposed parking facilities on the businesses and in the allocation of the off-street parking facilities,
vendors at the Downtown Central Business District. the major concern will be the efficiency of the
Traffic flow analysis was not considered. Turnover facility. To reflect the critical decision criteria for
rate and parking duration of vehicles is constant on the allocation of the off-street parking facilities,
weekdays. there are two types of goals are considered in this
study. The first goal is to maximize the parking
2. Review of Related Literature demand served by the parking facilities. The second
2.1Parking Facilities goal is to minimize the total social cost. The major
Parking facilities and programs are of components of the social cost are: the construction
considerable importance in traffic engineering. cost, the operating cost, maintenance cost for the
Most persons to urban and regional commercial operators, the walking cost for the users, the anti-
centers are accessed primarily by cars. The viability pollution cost of the noise reduction cost and die
of these areas depends on the availability of non-users, and penalty cost for the unsatisfied
convenient parking facilities adjacent to or easily demand. (Chiu, 2005)
accessible to desired destinations, especially off-
street parking facilities. And various aspects of the
parking related index are introduced as follows. (1) 2.3 On-street parking
Parking demand: the number of need park space in Parking is a critical component of
a given area at some time interval. (2) Parking transportation policy and management for any
capacity: the number of parking behaviour a given locale, but especially for the large central cities.
area can accommodate. Parking capacity includes The policies and management practices affecting
planning capacity and actual capacity. Planning parking lead to outcomes that, in turn, can affect
capacity is the total parking spaces in the study area land use, air quality, traffic congestion, travel
and the actual capacity is the number of park space behaviour, safety, and economic development, not
which can be accommodated in the actual parking to mention revenue lines. For example, policies that
management and operation. (3) Parking turnover: provide large amounts of unpriced parking may
Average parking times of a parking space in a given encourage automobile use, thereby increasing
time interval. (4) Parking space utilization: Average congestion. Effectively managing parking is an
service efficiency of a parking space in a given ongoing battle for the large central cities as they
time. (5) Average parking duration: Average face competing, and sometimes contradictory,
parking time of a vehicle in a given time interval, objectives along with an ever-increasing demand
D. Parking duration is the length of time individual for space.
car taken park space. This characteristic is a

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As mentioned by De Cerreno (2002) on-

street parking is a key factor in promoting
businesses in cities, particularly within central
business districts. As a type of shared parking, on-
street parking is an efficient means for allowing
multiple users to each multiple destinations. On-
street parking utilizes less land per space than off-
street parking and provides easy access to
businesses located on city streets. For pedestrians,
on-street parking creates a buffer between moving
traffic and individuals walking on the sidewalks,
providing a measure of safety and reducing the
level of perceived noise. Further, depending upon
how on-street parking is situated on a street, it can
also serve as a traffic calming device, thereby
slowing vehicles and potentially reducing the
number and severity of accidents. Figure 3.1 Streets in the Heritage Site
3. Methodology
3.1Data Collection
Road Network Inventory.Primary data were 6
gathered by site investigation and documentation of
observations and landmarks in the area. As seen in 7
figure 3.1.
Vehicle Parking and On-street Parking 1 8
Characteristics.A License Plate Survey was
conducted to determine the parking duration and
9
turnover rate of vehicles parked within the area of
the study. The area for the survey was categorized 2
by blocks and segments or street surrounding it. For
Block 1 the areas for survey are Block 1-Iznart and 3
Block 1-Aldeguer. JM Basa is a major road 4
therefore it is not included in the survey. Please see 5
figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2 Map of Blocks in CBD

A User Information Survey was conducted

to determine the parking and travel characteristics
of parkers within CBD with 248 sample size out of
1908 vehicles parked given 90% level of
confidence was used.
Off-street Parking. The area was also
inventoried for possible off-street parking facilities.
Vacant lots, unused buildings, and etc were
classified as a potential site fir off-street parking.
The sites were categorized as big and small parking
areas. Areas that can accommodate more than 50

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vehicles were considered as big parking areas and 4. Results and Discussions
small if otherwise. 4.1 Road Network Inventory
And all secondary and supporting data There are a total of 672 registered
were collected by using every available reference. establishments located within the heritage area that
Data connected with the details and plans of affects the parking behaviour of vehicles. The table
Downtown CBD was obtained by seeking below shows the different business categories and
assistance from the sector of the government in line the corresponding number of establishments
with the said data and private professionals. registered. The retails/wholesale business
dominates the market.
3.2 Data Analysis
3.2.1Parking Duration Table 4.1 Types of Establishments Registered
Data for Parking Duration can be Within the CBD
determined by the formula:
Type of Total
(1) Establishment
Retailer/Wholesalers 237
where D is the average parking duration
(hour/vehicle), Nx is the number of vehicles parked
Contractors 38
for X intervals, X is the number of time intervals Essential 71
the vehicles parked, time interval use is 30 minutes, Banks/Financial 95
and NT is the total number of vehicles observed. Lessor 84
Other Kinds 85
3.2.2 Parking Turnover Rate Café and Restaurant 37
Turnover Rate can be determined by the Non-Stock 10
formula: Insurance Company 5
Service 60
(2)
Amusement 17
whereTR is the turnover rate, NT is the total Producers 4
number of vehicles observed, is the number of Francise 6
parking slots, and TS is the time of study in hours. Manufacturing 8

3.2.3 Parking Revenue As shown in Figure 4.1, the most number

Parking Revenue can be determined by the of registered business establishments in CBD is
formula: located at JM Basa Street. Central Market, which
is located at the intersection of Rizal, Iznart,
(3) Guanco, and Aldeguer Streets, is considered as
another category because of the significantly varied
where PFj is the preset parking fee for the j businesses in it.
time, iis the hourly increment, or fraction thereof, Passenger cars is the main mode of
of vehicles parked more than j time, niis the transportation used by people going to school,
number of vehicles for every hourly increment i, or work, and other business transactions. Block 3-
fraction thereof, that parked more than j time, PFi Guanco St has the most number of vehicles parked.
is the increment in parking fee for the hourly Establishments such as central market, school, and
increment i greater than j time, R is the total mall is located within this area. (please refer to
parking revenue (in pesos). The rest of the variable Figure 4.2)
are as previously defined.

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200
150
100
50
0

Central…
Rizal

Aldeguer
Guanco

Arsenal
Arroyo

Ortiz

Mapa
Iznart
JM Basa

Figure 4.1 Number of Establishments Registered

on Streets in CBD
Figure 4.4 Parking Duration (hr/veh)
400
300 Parking duration or the time spent by the
200 vehicle parked in the same area is shown in Figure
100 4.4. Block 2- Guanco has the highest rate of
0 parking duration of 5.417 hr/veh. It was then
Rizal…
Iznart…

Shorter…
Aldeguer 1

Arroyo 6
Arsenal 7
Aldeguer 8
Guanco 3

Rizal 4

Guanco 9
Iznart 2

Mapa 4

observed that long-time businesses such as office,

school,and etc., are within the area. The area where
the least number of parking duration is in the Block
5 Rizal, both north and south.

Figure 4.2 Number of Vehicles Parked in CBD 4.2 Areas for Possible Off-street Parking
Figure 4.3.0 shows the areas for possible
off-street parking. It was identified that there are six
areas located within the CBD. The areas were
categorized as big and small parking space. For big
parking space, 150 vehicles in maximum can be
accommodated and for small parking space, a
maximum of 80 vehicles can occcupy the area.

4.3 Parking Characteristics

User information survey was done to
determine the parking characteristics of drivers
parked in CBD. There were a total of 248
Figure 4.3 Turnover Rate (veh/sp-min) respondents who willingly participated in the
survey and 77 refused to be interviewed.
Turnover rate or the use of vehicle over The following pie charts show the trip
occupied space and time is shown in Figure 4.3. origin and duration of stay. About 28% of the
Block 2 Rizal and Iznart have the highest turnover parked vehicles came from outside the city and
rate which is 19.2 veh/sp-min. It was observed that about 38% of them stay for 1-3 hours.
most of the people going to this area deal with
short-time business. Majority of the parker’s trip
purpose is to shop. Block 2 Guanco St. has the
lowest turnover rate.

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The following tables who the results of the user

information survey conducted.

Table 4.3.1 Trip Purpose

Trip School Shop Work Home Others

Purpose
Total 8 89 83 2 66

Table 4.3.2 Mode of Transportation

Mode of
Car Motorcycle Others
Transportation
Total 154 38 56

Table 4.3.4 Parking Fee

Flat Rate Php Php10 Php Php

Figure 4.3.0 Areas for Possible Off-street Parking 5 15 15 up
Total 47 30 4 1

Molo, Timawa, Table 4.3.5 Time Willing to Walk

Trip Origin
6.45 1.61
Manduri Outside Time Willing 1 2-5 5-10 15
ao, 6.45 the City, to Walk min. min. min. min.
Lapuz, 27.82 Total 80 128 38 2
3.23
Within
Lapaz, Table 4.3.6 Employment
the
12.90
CBD,
Jaro, 4.44 Self-
City Bo. Employ Priv Gover Unemp Oth
15.73 empl
proper, Obrero, Baluarte mment ate nment loyed ers
oyed
14.11 1.21 , 6.05
Total 100 17 82 25 24
Figure 4.3.1 Majority of the car owners parked are the
shoppers and the workers. Most of them are using
passenger or private cars.They are will to pay a
8up, Time Stayed
6- parking fee of Php5.00 and can walk as long 2-5
5.24
8hours, <1hour min from the parking lot. Most of the parkers work
11.69 , 26.61 in a private company.

3- 5. Conclusions and Recommendations

6hours, All specific objectives in this research have
18.95 been met in order to design the proposed parking
1- facilities in the heritage site in Iloilo City. A road
3hours, network inventory has been made, the parking
37.50
characteristics of vehicles have been determined,
and areas for on-street and off-street parking have
Figure 4.3.2 Duration of Stay been identified.

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The road network inventory showed the [4] Allison L. C. DE CERREÑO PH. D (2002)
areas with unregulated on-street parking and the THE DYNAM ICS OF ON-STREET
lack of designated off-street parking. The parking PARKING IN LARGE CITIES, RudinCenter
characteristics of vehicles showed that the top for Transportation Policy & Management, 1-3
reasons of people going to CBD are to shop and to
work. The on-street parked vehicles are mostly due
to short time business transactions. Possible off-
street parking sites were identified to be used by
vehicles that need to stay long such as business
owners and employees.
Several observations have been noted by
the research group. The on-street parking facilities
are not properly labelled as to the type of vehicles.
The number of privately owned vehicles parked on
the main roads obviously adds to the traffic
congestion in Iloilo City.
It is with these observations that certain
recommendations are being made. On-street
parking must be regulated as to the type of vehicle
and parking duration. Parking fees must be
implemented for both on-street and off-street
parking. The owners of the privately owned
vehicles then can opt to use public utility vehicles
and thus reduce the volume of vehicles.
It is recommended that further studies are
to be conducted on the feasibility of parking
buildings that must be located a certain distance
from the heritage site.

6. References
[1] Local Cultural Heritage Conservation
Ordinance of Iloilo City, Regulation
Ordinance No. 00-054, Office of
SangguniangPanlungsod, City of Iloilo, April
2000
[2] Xiuyuan ZHANG, et al (2005) PARKING
DEMAND IN THE HICH TECH BUSINESS
DISTRICT OF URBAN, Proceedings of the
Eastern Asia Society for Transportation
Studies, Vol. 5, pp. 891 - 899, 2005
[3] Hsien-Ming CHIU (2005) A LOCATION
MODEL FOR THE ALLOCATION OF THE
OFF-STREET PARKING FACILITIES ,
Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for
Transportation Studies, Vol. 6, 1344-1353

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