SUMMARY OF SOLIDS AND SURFACE DEVELOPMENT

Discuss about the following questions:

• What is the difference between solids and
polyhedron?
• What is the difference between polyhedron
and polyhedra?
• What are the different types of Polyhedron?
• What are edges, vertices and faces?
• What does Schläfli symbol “polyhedron
{n, m}” mean?, {3,3} ? {4,3} ?
• What is the difference between regular and
irregular polyhedron?
• What is the difference between convex and
concave polygon or polyhedron?
• What is the golden triangle? ( is uniquely
identified as the only triangle to have its
three angles in the ratio 1 : 2 : 2 (36°, 72°,
72°.)
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SUMMARY ON SOLIDS
• The golden triangle, especially, shows up in polyhedra,
such as both the great and small stellated
dodecahedron. The triangles which form the “arms” of
regular star pentagons (pentagrams) are also golden
triangles. These triangles have sides which are in the
golden ratio. Golden triangles can be found in the spikes
of regular pentagrams. Golden triangles can also be found in a regular decagon,
an equiangular and equilateral ten-sided polygon, by connecting any two adjacent
vertices to the center. This is because: 180(10−2)/10 = 144° is the interior angle,
and bisecting it through the vertex to the center: 144/2 = 72°. Also, golden
triangles are found in the nets of several stellations
of dodecahedrons and icosahedrons.

• The golden ratio (the golden number, golden

proportion, or the divine proportion), is a ratio between
two numbers that equals approximately 1.618. Usually
written as the Greek letter phi, it is strongly associated
with the Fibonacci sequence, that each number is
equal to the sum of the preceding two numbers. The
Fibonacci sequence begins with the following 14
integers: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233
... Each number, starting with the third, adheres to the 2
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prescribed formula.
 SUMMARY ON SOLIDS
Discuss about the following:

• The Schläfli symbol is named after the 19th-

century Swiss mathematician Ludwig
Schläfli,who generalized Euclidean geometry to
more than three dimensions and discovered
all their convex regular polytopes, including the
six that occur in four dimensions.
• Some examples of polytopes include polygons,
cubes, tetrahedrons, pyramids, and
hypercubes, also known as tesseracts.
• In geometry, the Schläfli symbol is a notation
of the form {p,q,r,...} that defines regular
polytopes and tessellations.The dodecahedron
is for example a regular polyhedron with Schläfli
symbol {5,3}, having 3 pentagons around each
vertex.
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 SUMMARY ON SOLIDS
• A symbol of the form {p,q,r,..} used to describe regular polygons, polyhedra, and
their higher-dimensional counterparts.
• The symbol {p} denotes a regular polygon for integer p, or a star polygon for
rational p. The symbol {p,q} denotes a tessellation of regular -p-gons, with q of them
surrounding each polytope vertex. The Schläfli symbol can also be used to
describe Platonic solids and Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra, and a generalized version
describes quasiregular polyhedra and Archimedean solids. Higher dimensional
symbols can be used to describe the regular polychora and polytopes.
• The symbol has the particularly nice property that its reversal gives the symbol of
the dual polyhedron. The following tables gives Schläfli symbols for several
polytopes.

• https://mathworld.wolfram.com/SchlaefliSymbol.html
• https://mathworld.wolfram.com/StarPolygon.html

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SUMMARY ON SOLIDS

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 SUMMARY ON SOLIDS
Solids: The Five Convex platonic
solids
Regular Polyhedron
The Four concave Kepler-
Poinsot solids

compound of Regular polyhedron:

1, The five Regular Compound Polyhedron
Polyhedron
2,The five Dual compound polyhedron
3,The 75 Uniform Compound Polyhedrons
4, Other Compound Polyhedron: Compound of three octahedra
and Compound of four cubes

Solids Semi-Regular / Archimedean

Solids

Irregular Polyhedron
solids of
revolution Cones
Single curve
Cylinders

Double curved surfaces Examples: Sphere, torus

and ellipsoid
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 SUMMARY ON SOLIDS
Solids:

Convex
Polyhedron
Polyhedron
Concave
Polyhedron

Pyramid
family

Prism
Convex family
Polyhedron
Platonic
solids

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The Regular Polyhedron

Platonic Solids

(Hexahedron)

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Compound Polyhedron
The five Regular Compound polyhedron

The five Dual Compound polyhedron

Compound Four Cubes and Compound of Three Octahedron (Other Compound Polyhedron )

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 The 75 Uniform Compound Polyhedrons

20-25: Prism symmetry embedded in prism

symmetry

1-19: Miscellaneous
(4,5,6,9,17 are the 5 regular
compounds)

26-45: Prism symmetry

embedded
in octahedral or icosahedral
symmetry

68-75: Enantiomorph Pairs

46-67: Tetrahedral symmetry embedded in 12

octahedral or icosahedral symmetry EiABC/ Dept. of Comm. and Tech.
The Semi-Regular Polyhedron/ Archimedean solids:
Truncated Tetrahedron; Truncated Cube; Rhombicosidodecahedron (Small
Rhombicosidodecahedron); Cuboctahedron (Rhombitetratetrahedron); Truncated
Dodecahedron; Truncated Icosahedron; Rhombicuboctahedron (Small
Rhombicuboctahedron); Truncated Icosidodecahedron (Great Rhombicosidodecahedron);
Truncated Octahedron (Truncated Tetratetrahedron); Snub Cube (Snub Cuboctahedron);
Truncated Cuboctahedron (Great Rhombicuboctahedron); Snub Dodecahedron (Snub
Icosidodecahedron); Icosidodecahedron

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The Semi-Regular Polyhedron/ Archimedean solids:

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The Semi-Regular Polyhedron/ Archimedean solids:

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The Semi-Regular Polyhedron/ Archimedean solids and their Duals

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Archimedean dual Polyhedrons/ The Catalan Solids: In mathematics, a Catalan solid, or
Archimedean dual, is a polyhedron that is dual to an Archimedean solid.

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 Stellation, Greatening and Duality
Dodecahedron
• The process of extending Icosahedron
edges to create a new figure is
called stellation, that of
extending faces is called
greatening and that of
extending cells is called
aggrandizement (the last does
not apply to polyhedra). Great Dodecahedron
• For every polyhedron, there Small Stellated
exists another polyhedron in
Dodecahedron
which faces and polyhedron
vertices occupy
complementary locations.
This polyhedron is known as the Great Stellated
dual, or reciprocal. The Dodecahedron
process of taking the dual is
also called reciprocation, or Great
polar reciprocation. Icosahedron

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 Platonic Solids Archimedean Solids

Relationship
between
Platonic Solids
(Regular convex
polyhedra) and
Archimedean
Solids (Semi
regular
polyhedra)

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Relationship
between
Platonic Solids
(Regular convex
polyhedra),
Archimedean
Solids (Semi
regular
polyhedra) and
Archimedean
dual
Polyhedrons/
The Catalan
Solids

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 CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURAL GEOMETRIES
https://www.thorarchitects.com/classical-geometry/
THE 5 PLATONIC SOLIDS:
Named for Plato who in the Timaeus dialogues, hypothesized that the classical elements of
earth, water air and fire were made of these regular solids. Platonic solid is a regular, convex
polyhedron. It is constructed by matching side, regular, polygonal faces. With the same number
of faces meeting at each corner. The five solids are Cube, Tetrahedron, Dodecahedron,
Icosahedron, and Octahedron.
THE 13 ARCHEMEDIAN SOLIDS:
Named after Archemedes who discussed them in a now lost work. Unlike the Platonic solids
the Archemedian solids are not identical, but convex uniform polyhedra composed of regular
polygons meeting in identical vertices.
GOLDEN SECTION
The golden ratio is where two quantities have a ratio that is the same as the ratio of their sum
to the larger of the two quantities. If you cut a square from a golden ratio rectangle, you are left
with a smaller golden ratio rectangle. The ratio is app. 1 to 1.618. This ratio is considered to
have a mystical and aesthetic quality used from ancient Greek architecture to Modernists like
Le Corbusier.
FIBONACCI NUMBERS
Leading directly from the golden ratio Fibonacci numbers are closely related. The sequence is
where each number is the sum of the previous two numbers: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 etc.
This ratio is the same as the sequential reduction of divided golden section (square) sides. This
combination leads to the golden spiral. 23
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PROJECTED GEOMETRY
In order to scale, one has to be able to project one geometry to another. Classically this would
be done by hand to eye coordination. Later scaled down models and drawings would work as a
representation/instruction of the proposed work. This scaling would have implication on the
geometry and language of the architecture.
PILING
A structural support construction material heaped on top of one another. Classical approach
includes piling different types of materials to form banded patterns, or carving decorations into
stacked stone structures.
TESSELLATION
Classically a flat surface covered in tiles forming a geometric pattern. The tiling can include
regular or irregular patterns, periodic or non-periodic. Tessellation is found in nature, such as
honeycomb patterns. PERIODIC TILING and APERIODIC TILING (PENROSE TILING)
ORIGAMI
Originally an art of paper folding, the classical geometries method is closely related to
tessellation using a single surface material. Origami spans the area of classical to
modern/contemporary geometry in architecture.
RULED SURFACES
A surface is a set of points swept by a moving straight line. In essence a 3 dimensional surface
that can be created with straight lines, allowing the forming of organic looking surfaces using
simple tools. Ruled surfaces, such as hyperboloid structures have been made throughout
history. Antonio Gaudi used ruled surfaces as the base to develop the complexities of his
architecture. Ruled surfaces include Cylinders, Cones, Helicoids, Hyperboloids, Hyperbolic
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GOTHIC
Gothic architecture (from the Normans to Gaudi) is based on synthesis and direction of forces
that are both used structurally and made visible. The process generates ideal forms based on
structure over planned space. While classical architecture attempted to apply the properties of
a given materials to a form, Gothic architecture used the properties of the material to give the
form.
COMBINATION
The combination and variations of classical approaches to geometry go right they way into
classical modernism. The more traditional practitioners lament the disappearance of classical
geometries from architecture and blame this for a fall in aesthetic understanding amongst the
profession and general public. On the other side are contemporary architects like Patrick
Schumacher calling the approach repetition of primitives, like a garbage heap. Readers will
have to make their own choice where they fall on the matter, but as with all evolutions of styles
and methods, the new is usually never exclusive from the old.

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Describe the geometric qualities/ types of the indicated buildings
photos or models…

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Examples of architectural objects

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Examples of architectural objects

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 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT
Definition:

The development of surface of an object means the unrolling and

unfolding of all surfaces of the object on a plane.

If the surface of a solid is laid out on a plain surface, the shape thus
obtained is called the development of that solid.

Development is a complete layout of all surfaces of a solid on a

plane or flat object. A surface is said to be developable if it can
be unfolded / unrolled to coincide with a plane. Surfaces of
polyhedral and single-curved surfaces are developable. But
warped surfaces and double curved surfaces are not developable
they may be developed by approximately dividing them into
developable sections. 45
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 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT
Application:
Designers and manufacturers are frequently required to have knowledge
of development of surfaces of an object.
Principles:
Every line on the development should show the true length of
the corresponding line on the surface which is developed.
During making developments of surfaces, the following general rules
should by observed.
1. Developments of solids are usually made with the inside surfaces up to
facilitate bending or rolling during manufacturing.
2. It is possible to begin development of a solid from any edge desired,
however it is a good practice to start and end with the shortest edge to
provide strength of the final solid formed and ensure an economical
usage of fixing material like UHU for paper models and soldering,
welding and riveting for sheet metal model. 46
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 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT
3. When making the development of a solid, elements should be labeled
using numbers or alphabet of letters in the clock wise direction.
4. Bend or fold lines should be clearly shown in the development so that
they will be used as guides for rolling or bending when making the
final product. If we are using hard paper, the paper (Material)
should be bent (folded) away from the sides on which we made
engraved lines with cutter. This is so we can have a clean and
straight lines on all the edges of the polyhedron created.
5. Extra material to be used as lap or seam should be provided at the end
element lines of the development where fixing or fastening is required.
The amount of material to be added varies depending on the thickness
of the material, the type of connection and production equipment.

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RECAP ON GEOMETRIC SOLIDS AND SURFACES FIGURES
If you avoid the above principles you will end up with unacceptable outputs
as indicated below.

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 RECAP ON GEOMETRIC SOLIDS AND SURFACES FIGURES
Methods of development: Triangul Approxi
Parallel Radial- ation mate
-line line

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RECAP ON GEOMETRIC SOLIDS AND SURFACES FIGURES
Warped surfaces

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 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT
Methods of development:

Parallel-line development
It is used for developing Prisms and single curved surfaces like
Cylinders, in which all the edges/generation of lateral surfaces
are parallel in each other.
The method divides the surface into a series of parallel lines to
determine the shape of a pattern. Example: Prism, Cylinder

Radial-line development
It is employed for Pyramids and single curved surfaces like Cones in
which the apex is taken as centre and the slant edge or generator
as radius of its development. Example: Cone, Pyramid.
The method uses lines radiating from a central point to construct
the expanded pattern of each three-dimensional shape. 51
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 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT
Methods of development:

Triangulation development
Such developments are made from polyhedrons, single curved
surfaces, and wrapped surfaces. Example: Tetrahedron and other
polyhedrons.
The development involve subdividing any ruled surface into a series
of triangular areas.
If each side of every triangle is true length, any number of triangles
can be connected into a flat plane to form a development
Triangulation for single curved surfaces increases in accuracy
through the use of smaller and more numerous triangles.
Triangulation developments of wrapped surfaces produces only
approximate of those surfaces.

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 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT
Methods of development:
It is used for developing transition pieces. Transition pieces are usually
made to connect two different forms, such as round pipes to square
pipes. These transition pieces will usually fit the definition of a non
developable surface that must be developed by an approximation.
This is done by assuming the surface to be made from a series of
triangular surfaces laid side-by-side to form the development

Approximate development
It is employed for double curved surfaces like Spheres, as they are
theoretically not possible to develop. The surface of the sphere is
developed by approximate method. When the surface is cut by a
series of cutting planes, the cut surface is called a zone.
In approximate development, the shape obtained is only
approximate. After joining, the part is stretched or distorted to
obtain the final shape. Example: Sphere, torus and ellipsoid 53
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 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT
Methods of development:

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Home Assignment: 02
(you can find the detailed description of this task in your files and folders directory)
Map out the surface development of one of the platonic solid; one of the four concave Kepler-
Poinsot solids and one of the 13 Archimedean solids. And prepare the hard model of each.
Submit the mapped development drawing and the hard model of the three solids for
evaluation. The size of the solids can be the decision of the students. Follow through the
remaining lecture for more insight on materials and techniques in model and prototype
making. (Link to surface development examples) (More link) (More Link) (more Link)

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SNUB TRUCCATED RHOMBICOSIDODEC TRUNCATED TRUNCATED
DODECAHEDRON ICOSIDODECAHEDR AHEDRON ICOSAHEDRON DODECAHEDRON
ON

http://xploreandxpress.blogspot.com/2011/

EiABC/ Dept. of Comm. and Tech. 57

 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT
Martials, tools, and techniques used in
development:

Architects use model making for concept

development (Study Model) and final
Project presentation (Presentation
Model). In the former case modeling is
used as a tool for thinking (Design
Process) while the later is for
presentation purposes.
Different kinds of tools are used in model
making depending on the purpose of the
model and the technology involved. If
the model is to be prepared by (1) hand
(Manual) the selection of martial should
be accordingly and the same with (2)
CAD (Computer Aided Design) and CAM
(Computer Assisted Manufacturing).

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 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT
Martials and tools used in development:

Manual
Materials and tools:
Setsquare(30º-60º,45º), T-square, compass, scale, whitepaper(A4,
A3,A2,A1), fixer ,pencil(HB,B grade),Drawing kit, eraser ,cutter ,Masking
tape, glue and other different materials for physical model, card bored,
Glossy hard paper, fintext, botex, etc.

More materials and tools include:

Different power tools (table Saw, Jigsaw, etc), Wood Clamps, etc.
Materials such as Solid Wood, ply wood, plexi/ acrylic glass, metal sheet,
wire, wire mesh, concrete , etc.

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 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT
While the rules of surface development mentioned in the previous section are
valid for making models with thin materials like Hard Glossy Paper, thick
materials such as solid wood would need different techniques for fastening and
joining. For example wood materials can be joined with techniques like: Basic
Butt Joint, Mitered Butt Joint, Half-Lap Joint, Tongue and Groove Joint, Mortise
and Tenon Joint, Biscuit Joint, Pocket Joint, Dado, Rabbet, Through Dovetail
Joint, Half-Blind Dovetail Joint, Sliding Dovetail, Box Joint (LINK).
Match the following images of joineries with the list above.

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 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT

BEST Materials for Architectural Modeling and surface development

https://www.archdaily.com/904379/best-materials-for-architectural-models

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SURFACE DEVELOPMENT

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SURFACE DEVELOPMENT

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SURFACE DEVELOPMENT

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 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT
Martials and tools used in development:
CAD/CAM [Computer Aided Design/ Computer Assisted
Manufacturing] - Digital Fabrication
Digital fabrication integrates the manufacturing process from conception
to production into one single chain. The chain begins with the use of CAD
(Computer Assisted Design) and CAM (Computer Assisted Manufacture)
software; resulting designs are constructed with the use of numerically
controlled hardware. This is by no means a recent development;
Gershenfeld reminds us that computers were being hooked up to
machines at MIT in the 1950s. Heavy industry has been using this
process on assembly lines for years, while mechatronics centers where
small businesses can build rapid prototypes exist worldwide (FABLAB)

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 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT
Digital practices have the potential to narrow the gap between
representation and building, affording a hypothetically seamless
connection between design and making.
Digital fabrication is often one of the final stages of design process, and it
is very much what it sounds like: a way of making that uses digital data to
control a fabrication process.
Falling under the umbrella of computer-aided design and manufacturing
(CAD/CAM), digital fabrication relies on computer driven machine tools to
build or cut parts.
Scaled models are made quickly, using rapid-prototyping machines that
turn out accurate physical models from the computerized data.

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Materials and tools: SURFACE DEVELOPMENT
TOOLS AND MACHINES:
Epilog Laser , ShopBot, Roland Milling
Machine , CAMM-1 Servo GX-24
Desktop , Vinyl Cutter , Scroll Saw ,
Surface Mount Rework, robot arms

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SURFACE DEVELOPMENT

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SURFACE DEVELOPMENT

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SURFACE DEVELOPMENT

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SURFACE DEVELOPMENT

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 SURFACE DEVELOPMENT
Exercise:

Prepare a three paragraph (about 300 words) essay describing the pros
and cons of (1) CAD/CAM and (2) Manual model and prototype making
in developing countries such as Ethiopia. And then enter (copy) your text
on the quiz form provided at this link : Essay Quiz.

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSch7_e7f63VLDiCkCxZAkna
Hetmd4iDjKGnKmayScL2zM24KQ/viewform?usp=sharing

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•EN
Thank you for your patience and time.