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CHAPTER 1: Traversing
Horizontal and vertical control

• A series of connected lines whose length and directions i.e. bearings are • For control station survey we have to find out X, Y and Z coordinate
known is called traverse. All length are measured by tape, chain or EDM data.
and direction are measured by compass or theodolite or both. • X represent distance along east-West direction ie. departure from
any origin taken
• Any map is prepared with the help of • Y represent distance along North-South direction ie. Latitude from
any origin taken
- Control station and • And Z represent RL from the assumed datum
- Taking detailing data from control stations • X and Y data produce a plan where Z data represtnt height difference

• Traversing has to be done to locate control station

Method of traversing Types of traverse

• 1. Chain Traversing (Chain Triangulation) 1. Closed Traverse

• 2. Compass Traversing (Free or loose needle method) A) Closed loop Traverse
• 3. Fast needle method (Azimuth from back line) B) Closed Link Traverse
• 4. Theodolite Traversing (By measuring angles) - used for highly precise work
- arithmetical check is possible
2. Open Traverse
- Proper check is not possible however cutoff lines of
auxiliary point method can be used

Field procedure continued…

Field Procedure for Theodolite survey
1. Reconnaissance (recci)
prepare a index map(rough sketch) 3 Leg measurement of traverse
2. Selection and marking of traverse stations - Two way taping
- major and minor stations can be established (average of forward and backward distance)
- Accuracy should not be less than 1 in 2000 for major traverse leg and 1 in
- Reference sketch should be taken 1000 for minor traverse leg
- Condition to be fulfilled 4. Measurement of angles (Two sets for major and one set for minor)
- Intervisibility - Interior or exterior angle for a closed loop traverse
- Use principle of survey(working from whole to the part - Included angle (angle to the right) for open or link traverse
- Use minimum no of station as possible - deflection angle
- Angle to the left
- Use firm and level ground
- Azimuth angle from previous line
- Maintain leg ratio (2:1 for major and 3:1 for minor tracerse)
- Also measure bearing of one line
- Avoid acute angle and straight line
5. Taking detailing
-Use minor station or link traverse if required
- use tacheometry survey for detailing
- Maximum details can be taken from nearby station

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Field procedure continued…

Angular Misclosure:
6. Traverse computation Theoretical sum of exterior angles
a) Find mean horizontal angle from observed data = (2N+4)x90°
b) Find angular misclosure A Theoretical sum of deflection angles
c) Find correct horizontal angle after correction = 360°
d) Find bearing of all lines from bearing of one line
and all corrected horizontal angles
e) Find consecutive / partial / dependent coordinates D
Theoretical sum of interior angles
f) Find closing error and relative error of closure = (2N-4)x90°
h) Find correction for consecutive coordinate B
(Use bowditch method or transit rule for correction)
i) Find corrected consecutive coordinate
j) Find total coordinate / independent coordinate
j) Find adjusted length and adjusted bearing of all lines
C

To find bearing of all lines: To find bearing of all lines:

(Given: Bearing of one lines and all corrected included angles) (Given: Bearing of one lines and all corrected included angles)

Formula: FB of forward lines = FB of previous line + Included angle Formula: FB of forward lines = FB of previous line + Included angle
± 180° or – 540° ± 180° or – 540°
A A

B E E B
FOR ANTICLOCKWISE TRAVERSE FOR CLOCKWISE TRAVERSE
INCLUDED ANGLES ARE INCLUDED ANGLES ARE
INTERIOR ANGLES EXTERIOR ANGLES

C D D C

Consecutive Coordinates:
Closing error: CLOSING ERROR
Latitude and Departure
Latitude (Northing) e = √ (Ʃlat² +Ʃdep²)
A Relative error of closure =1/perimeter/error
Lat: +ve Direction of closing error = Tan¯1(Dep/Lat)
Lat: +ve A’
Dep: -ve Dep: +ve

Departure (Westing) Departure (Easting)

D

Lat: -ve B
Lat: -ve Dep: +ve
Dep: -ve

Latitude (Southing)

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Numerical: Numerical
(To find mean horizontal angle from two set reading data) (To find mean horizontal angle from two set reading data)

Numerical
(To find mean horizontal angle from two set reading data) Specification for horizontal and vertical control

1. Linear precision for two set horizontal distance should not be

less than 1 in 2000 for taping and 1 in 5000 for EDM
2. During horizontal angle measurement, difference between
angle face left and angle face right should not be more than 2*
least count ( say 20 seconds) for major and minor traverse.
3. The difference between mean angle of first set and second set
reading should not be more than 1 minute.
4. The angular misclosure should not be more than C√N
where C = Least count of the theodolite for major
traverse and 1 minute for minor traverse

Specification for horizontal and vertical control cont.…..

Angle and Distance relationship
5. The relative error of closure should not be more than 1 in δL
2000 for major traverse and in 1000 for minor traverse. δL D2

relative error of closure also known as accuracy ratio For consistency work
D1 DD1 = D1D2 = δL
D
REC = 1 / p/e
DD1 = ANGULAR ERROR
p = perimeter of traverse D1D2 = LINEAR ERROR
e = Linear error L
6. Collimation error during two peg test should not me more than Tan δθ = DD1/OD = δL/L
δθ
1 in 10000 Tan δθ = δL/L
7. Closing error for a closed loop levelling should not be more θ
than 25 √k (k = loop distance)
8. The mean value of top, middle and bottom reading should not O
A
be more than 1 mm from middle reading

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Angle and Distance relationship

# FIND ANGULAR MISCLOSURE, CONSECUTIVE CO ORDINATE, CLOSING ERROR,
CORRECTED CONSECUTIVE COORDINATE , TOTAL CO ORDINATE, ADJUSTED LENGTH
Example: AND ADJUSTED BEARING OF THE TRAVERSE RUNNING CLOCKWISE
If Angular precision is 20”, what will be the linear precision?
We have, Linear precision, δL/L = Tan δθ
δL/L = Tan 20” Line Length bearing Interior angle
= 0.00009696274 (m)
AB 186 30°25’00” Angle A = 118°20’00”
= 1 in 10300
If linear precision is 1 in 5000, what will be the angular precision? BC 164 B = 82°10’00”
We have, Angular precision, δθ = Tan¯¹(δL/L)
CD 303 C = 137°00’00”
= Tan¯¹(1/5000)
= 41” (Say 40”) DE 162 D = 73°44’00”

EA 240 E = 128°36’00”

B Solution:

1. Find sum of included angles

30°25’0” B = 82°10’00” Angle A + Angle B + Angle C + angle D + angle E = 539°50’00”
2. Theoretical sum = (2N-4)x90°
= 540°00’00”
C 3. Angular misclosure = OV – TV = 539°50’00”– 540°00’00” = - 10’
C = 137°00’00” 4. Correction = opposite sign of error = + 10’
A A = 118°20’00”
5. Correction per angle = + 10 minute/no of stations
= +10’/5
= 2’
6. Corrected angles :
A = 118°22’00”
B = 82°12’00”
C = 137°02’00”
E = 128°36’00 D = 73°46’00”
E E = 128°38’00”
D = 73°44’00”
D SUM = 540°

N B 7. Find bearing of all lines

a) FB of line AB = 30°25’00”

30°25’0” B = 82°12’00” Formula: FB of forward line = FB of previous line + Included angle ± 180° or – 540°
b) FB of line BC = FB of line AB + Included Angle B
= 30°25’00”+(360°00’00” – 82°12’00”)
C Sum =388°13’00 “(which is more than 180)
C = 137°02’00” Deduct 180° : -180°
A A = 118°22’00” = 128°13’00” (FB of BC)
c) FB of line CD = FB of line BC + Included angle C
= (128°13’00” + (360°00’00” - 137°02’00”)
Sum = 351°13’00” (Which is more than 180°)
Deduct 180° -180°
=171°11’00” (FB of CD)
Similarly, d) FB of line DE = 277°25’00”
E = 128°38’00 e) FB of line EA = 328°47’00”
E Check: FB of Line AB = FB of EA + Included angle A
D = 73°46’00” = 328°47’00” + (360°00’00” - 118°22’00”)
D = 570°25’00” (which is more than 540)
= 570°25’00” – 540°
= 30°25’00” (Checked)

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TO FIND CONSECUTIVE COORDINATES

Dep CD = CD Sinθ
8. Find Consecutive coordinates (or Dependent coordinate)
N B i.e. Latitude and Departure

30°25’0” Consecutive coordinate

Line Length (m) Bearing
Lat AB = AB Cosθ
Latitude (m) Departure (m)
C (L COSƟ) (L SIN Ɵ)

Lat CD = CD Cosθ AB 186 30°25’ +160.400 +94.169

A
Dep AB = AB sinθ
BC 164 128°13’ -101.456 +128.851

CD 303 171°11’ -299.420 +46.442

DE 162 277°25’ +20.912 -160.645

E
EA 240 328°47’ +205.251 -124.386

9. Find closing error and Relative error of closure:

Here, Ʃlat = -14.313 m, Ʃdep = -15.569 m 10. Correction for Latitude and Departure
Closing error = √ (Ʃlat² +Ʃdep²) = 21.148 m
Perimeter of traverse = 1055 m • Methods of correction:
Relative error of closure = 1/p/e
= 1/(1055/21.148)
1. Graphical method
= 1 /49.88
= SAY 1 in 50
2. Bowditch Method
Direction of closing error (θ) = Tan¯¹(ƩD/ƩL) Formula: Correction for latitude or Departure of any line
= Tan¯¹(15.569/14.313) = (Length of that line/Perimeter) x Total error in lat or Dep
=47°24’25” (Lies in 3rd Quadrant)
= 227°24’25” (In WCB)
3. Transit Rule
Correction:
Correction in latitude = + 14.313 m Formula: Correction for Latitude or Departure of any line
Correction in Departure = + 15.569 m = (Numerical value of Lat or Dep/Arithmetic sum of lat or Dep)
/ Total error in Lat or Dep

11. Find Total Coordinates / Independent Coordinates

Numerical Cont.……
Find Correction by Bowditch rule: B
Consecutive Corrected Consecutive
Correction
Length coordinates Coordinates
Line Bearing Take Total coordinate of
(m)
Lat (m) Dep (m) Lat (m) Dep (m) Lat (m) Dep (m) station A = 500 L, 500 D C
A
AB 186 30°25’ +160.400 +94.169 +2.523 +2.745 +162.923 +96.914

BC 164 128°13’ -101.456 +128.851 +2.225 +2.420 -99.231 +131.271

CD 303 171°11’ -299.420 +46.442 +4.110 +4.471 -295.309 +50.913 500

E D

DE 162 277°25’ +20.912 -160.645 +2.198 +2.391 +23.110 -158.254 Latitude of station A = 500.000
Latitude of station B = Lat. of A + Lat AB
Latitude of station C = Lat. of B + Lat BC
EA 240 328°47’ +205.251 -124.386 +3.256 +3.542 +208.507 -120.844 500 Departure of station A = 500.000
Common origin Departure of station B = Dep. of A + Dep AB
Sum 1055 -14.313 -15.569 +14.312 +15.569 0.00 0.00 (00, 00) Departure of station C = Dep. of B + Dep BC
And so on …………

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Numerical Cont.…… Numerical Cont. (Correction by Bowditch Rule)

Find Total Coordinate: (Given, Total coordinate of A = 500.00N, 500.00E) Find Total Coordinate: (Given, Total coordinate of A = 500.00N, 500.00E)
Corrected Consecutive Corrected Consecutive
Total Coordinate Adjusted Adjusted Total Coordinate Adjusted Adjusted
Stn Line Coordinates Stn Line Coordinates
Length Bearing Length Bearing
Lat (m) Dep (m) Lat (m) Dep (m) Lat (m) Dep (m) Lat (m) Dep (m)
A 500.000 500.000 A 500.000 500.000
AB +162.923 +96.914 189.568 30°44’46” AB +162.923 +96.914 189.568 30°44’46”
B 662.923 596.914 B 662.923 596.914
BC -99.231 +131.271 164.556 127°5’12” BC -99.231 +131.271 164.556 127°5’12”
C 563.692 728.185 C 563.692 728.185
CD -295.309 +50.913 CD -295.309 +50.913
D 268.383 779.098 D 268.383 779.098
DE +23.110 -158.254 DE +23.110 -158.254
E 291.493 620.844 E 291.493 620.844
EA +208.507 -120.844 EA +208.507 -120.844
A 500.000 500.000 A 500.000 500.000

Numerical Cont.…… Numerical Cont. (Correction by Transit Rule)

Find Correction by Transit rule: Find Total Coordinate: (Given, Total coordinate of A = 500.00N, 500.00E)
Consecutive Corrected Consecutive Corrected Consecutive
Correction Total Coordinate Adjusted Adjusted
Length coordinates Coordinates Stn Line Coordinates
Line Bearing Length Bearing
(m) Lat (m) Dep (m) Lat (m) Dep (m)
Lat (m) Dep (m) Lat (m) Dep (m) Lat (m) Dep (m)
A 500.000 500.000
AB 186 30°25’ +160.400 +94.169 +2.916 +2.644 +163.316 +96.813 AB +163.316 +96.813 189.855 30°39’33”
B 663.316 596.813
BC 164 128°13’ -101.456 +128.851 +1.844 +3.618 -99.612 +132.469
BC -99.612 +132.469 165.742 126°56’31”
CD 303 171°11’ -299.420 +46.442 +5.442 +1.304 -293.978 +47.746 C 563.704 729.282
CD -293.978 +47.746
DE 162 277°25’ +20.912 -160.645 +0.380 +4.510 +21.292 -156.135
D 269.726 777.028
DE +21.292 -156.135
EA 240 328°47’ +205.251 -124.386 +3.731 +3.493 +208.982 -120.893
E 291.018 620.893
Sum 1055 -14.313 -15.569 +14.313 +15.569 0.00 0.00 EA +208.982 -120.893
A 500.000 500.000
Arithmetic Sum 787.439 554.493

RL transfer in a closed traverse Conduct Fly Levelling (Three wire Precise Levelling) from BM to Station A
B BM (RL 500.000)
* Take three wire readings
30°25’0”
* Balance FS and BS distance
RL Transfer from Station A to BM
• Closing error should not be more
C than 25√K mm

A * Take mean RL

RL Transfer from BM to Station A

E

D
STATION A

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A
RL transfer in a closed traverse RL Adjustment
B * Transfer RL of station A to B
B
* Balance FS and BS distance * Find closing error
E
* Take middle hair reading only Error = OV - TV
C
* Find Correction
C D
* Take RL of A is correct
A • Find correction at station B (use Bowditch method)
* Place level machine along • Formula, Correction = ( Length / perimeter ) x Total error
Say RL of station
the line of traverse leg
A = 390.000 m
* Closing error should not be
more than 25√K mm Therefore, Correction at station B = ( Length AB / Perimeter ) x Total error
Where K = Perimeter in Km Correction at station C = ( Length AB + BC / Perimeter ) x Total error
And so on……
E

M’ M2
LINK TRAVERSE LINK TRAVERSE
N’ M3

M θ3 M1 θ3
θ1 θ1

B m2
θ2 θ2

A m1
θ4 θ4
C m3
θ7 θ7
N M4

D m4
θ5 M7 θ5

θ6 θ6

m5
E M5
M6

• Solution:
LINK TRAVERSE Cont… LINK TRAVERSE Cont… 1. Find bearing of line M’M and NN’
(Which are correct values)
• Given:
2. Find bearing of line MA
Coordinate of Stations M and M’
3. Find bearing of line AB and so on…
Coordinate of stations N and N’
Angle to the right 4. Find bearing of line NN’ from bearing
of line EN and included angle θ7
θ1
5. Check the calculated value of bearing
θ2 of NN’ to correct or true value
θ3
6. Find angular misclosure
θ4
7. Find correction
θ5
8. Find correction per angle
θ6
θ7 9. Find correct included angle
10. Find corrected bearing of all lines
11. Check bearing of line NN’

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PLOTTING OF TRAVERSE Numerical of Link traverse

# Balance the coordinates of a link traverse XABCY using bowditch’s rule.

STEPS: The coordinate of station X and Y are 1377.51 m N, 990.20 m E and 1126.50 m N
1278.87 m E respectively. The permissible closing error is 1 in 500. Other
1. Take a drawing sheet
observed data are:
2. Draw a boarder line
LINE XA AB BC CY
3. Select a suitable scale

4. Draw grid lines at some suitable spacing LENGTH 120.00 111.50 132.40 97.60

5. Choose suitable coordinate data of origin BEARING 135°00’ 119°30’ 175°00’ 77°30’

6. Draw all stations

N
Solution:
1377.51 m X

Y
1126.50

E
990.20 m 1278.87
0, 0

HOME ASSIGNMENT
Solution: Gale’s traverse table N Final Exam 2073
70.600

64°39’33”
50.000 M

209°45’02” Find:
A Y Total coordinate of station X and Y
42.360
Adjust misclosure by Bowditch Rule

98°7’55” Length Given:

BX = 31.612 m
135°00’30”
X XY = 22.260 m
YM = 36.153 m
20.000
B

18.820 30.000 65.667 100.000

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OMITTED MEASUREMENT Numerical on omitted measurements

• Among the length and bearing of traverse legs, if any two data are missing # Find the missing figures
in a closed loop Traverse, we can find the missing data by using the
equations:
Ʃlat = 0 and Line Length (m) Bearing
Ʃdep = 0
AB 480 99°00’
Some cases
1. When Bearing or length or both of one leg is omitted BC 625 31°05’
2. When Length of two legs are omitted
CD 470 301°20’
3. When bearing of one leg and length of another leg are omitted
4. When bearing of two adjacent legs are omitted DE ? 235°00’

5. When bearing of two non adjacent legs are omitted

EA ? 153°25’

Numerical on omitted measurements Numerical on omitted measurements

# SOLUTION We have the equation:
ƩLat = 0
Line Length (m) Bearing D Or 480 * Cos 99°00’ + 625 * Cos 31°05’ + 470 * Cos 301°20’ + L Cosθ = 0
Or -75.089+ 535.261 + 244.408 + L Cosθ = 0
AB 480 99°00’ θ
Or L Cos θ = -704.580 m ………………… (1)
E
BC 625 31°05’ C and ƩDep = 0
L
Or 480 * Sin 99°00’ + 625 * Sin 31°05’ + 470 * Sin 301°20’ + L Sinθ = 0
CD 470 301°20’
Or +474.090 + 322.678 - 401.454 + L Sinθ = 0
DE ? 235°00’ Or L Sinθ = -395.341 m…………………………(2)
EA ? 153°25’
To find Length of DA, Squaring and adding equation 1 and 2 we get,
L = 807.902 m
A B To find bearing of line DA, From above equation
Join DA and find the length and bearing of line DA θ = tan¯¹ (395.314/704.580) = 29°17’43” (in Reduced bearing, SW)
Let, Length of line DA = L and Bearing of line DA = θ
θ = 209°17’43”

D
Cont.………..
α
D 209°17’43”
Solving:
235°00’ α = Bearing of DE – Bearing of DA = 25°42’17”
Β = Bearing of EA – bearing of ED = 98°25’00”
153°25’ α DA = 807.902 m γ = 360°- (Bearing of AE – Bearing of AD)
= 55°52’43”
E C E
β Sum = α + β +γ = 180° (OK)
β
DA = 807.902 m To find length of Line DE and EA
D Use Sine Law:

α γ DE/Sinγ = EA/Sinα = DA/Sinβ

γ
Solving:
29°17’43” DE = 676.10 m
A
E EA = 354.23 m
β

B
A
γ
A

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Numerical on omitted measurements Numerical on omitted measurements

# Find the missing figures # SOLUTION

Line Length (m) Bearing D

Line Length (m) Bearing
AB 480 99°00’ θ
AB 480 99°00’ E
BC 625 31°05’ C
BC 625 31°05’
L
CD 470 301°20’
CD 470 301°20’
DE 676 ?
DE 676 ?
EA 354 ?
EA 354 ?
A B
Join DA and find the length and bearing of line DA
Let, Length of line DA = L and Bearing of line DA = θ

Numerical on omitted measurements Cont.………..

D
We have the equation: 209°17’43”
ƩLat = 0
α
Or 480 * Cos 99°00’ + 625 * Cos 31°05’ + 470 * Cos 301°20’ + L Cosθ = 0
Or -75.089+ 535.261 + 244.408 + L Cosθ = 0
Or L Cos θ = -704.580 m ………………… (1) E C
and ƩDep = 0 β
Or 480 * Sin 99°00’ + 625 * Sin 31°05’ + 470 * Sin 301°20’ + L Sinθ = 0 D
Or +474.090 + 322.678 - 401.454 + L Sinθ = 0
Or L Sinθ = -395.341 m…………………………(2) α
DE γ
To find Length of DA, Squaring and adding equation 1 and 2 we get, 29°17’43”
L = 807.902 m E DA
To find bearing of line DA, From above equation β

θ = tan¯¹ (395.314/704.580) = 29°17’43” (in Reduced bearing, SW) B

A
θ = 209°17’43” EA
γ
A

Cont……….. D
CLASS WORK B
α
Find the missing figure
DE = 676 m Using Cosine Law:
Cos α = (DE²+DA²-EA²) / (2*DE*DA) A
Cos β = (ED²+EA²-AD²)/ (2*ED*EA)
DA = 807.902 m Line Length (m) Bearing
Solving:
E AB 301.5 N74°30’E
β α=
Β= BC 288.4 S60°15’E
E C
γ= CD 199.5 S30°45’W

EA = 354 m DE ? N82°15’W
Sum = α + β +γ = D
γ EA 201.4 ?
To find Bearing of Line DE and EA
A Bearing of DE = Bearing of AD + α ±180° or -540°
Bearing of EA = Bearing of DE + β ± 180 or -540°

Check:
Bearing of AD = Bearing of EA + γ ±180° or –540°

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B Bearing of Two non adjacent line omitted B

Solution: Find the missing figure
A C
Join DA and Find its Length and Bearing
E’
β Line Length (m) Bearing
Length DA = 497.40 m EA = 201.40 m DA = 497.4 m AB 230.5 N36°45’E
Bearing of DA = N 61°56’24” W
γ BC 250.2 S82°48’E A
E C
Again we have, α CD 210.8 ?
Bearing of DE = N 82°15’ W DE 240.3 S63°03’36”W
D D
Find EA 265.4 ?

α = 20°18’36” E
γ = Using Sine law, = 59°00’ or 121°
β = 180° - 20°18’36” – 121° = 38°41’24”
Shift station E to E’ such that,
Bearing of AE = 23.25° Line DE is equal and parallel to CE’
Length DE = 362.74 m Line DC is equal and parallel to EE’

Cont.……….
Cont.………. B B
Length AB = 230.50m
BC = 250.20m C
CD = 210.80m = EE’
E’ E’
DE = 240.30m = CE’ ?
Line Length (m) Bearing C
EA = 265.40m
AB 230.5 N36°45’E

BC 250.2 S82°48’E
A Join E’A and A

CD 210.8 ?
Find the length and bearing of line E’A

DE 240.3 S63°03’36”W
D From traverse ABCE’A we have D
EA 265.4 ? ƩL = 0 and ƩD = 0
E ? E

Solving,
Length E’A = 177.574m and
Join E’A Bearing of E’A = S 75°30’ W = 255°30’

Cont.……….
B CLASS WORK

Now, Length E’A = 177.57m Find the missing figure

AE = 264.40m C C
EE’ = 210.80m
E’
? Line Length (m) Bearing B
Find α, β and γ AB 872 N41°35’W
β
Using cosine law we get A BC 322 ?
γ D
CD 770 S63°12’W
α = 52°21’36”
α DE 406 ?
β = 85°48’00”
γ = 41°50’24” D EF 1079 S26°39’E

Now, to find Bearing of line CD E FA 1489 N53°30’E

? E A

= Bearing of line E’E

= 169°42’ F

And bearing of line EA = 307°51’36”

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CLASS WORK

Find the missing figure

C

Line Length (m) Bearing B

AB 872 N41°35’W

BC 322 ?
D
CD 770 S63°12’W
α
DE 406 ?
γ
EF 1079 S26°39’E D’
β
FA 1489 N53°30’E
E A

F
Bearing of D’E =
Find bearing of DE
Length of D’E =
Bearing of DD’ = Bearing of CB
Find α, β and γ

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