Rowena Rivera De Guzman, LPT, MAEd, EdD, PhD

CPACE President,
Vice Pres. for Academic Affairs, DEAN
Osias Educational Foundation, Inc.
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If you are going to contribute
something to knowledge, what will it
be?

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Research

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 TRADITIONAL I-M-R-A-D
Chapter 1
• Introduction
The Problem and Its Setting I
Chapter 2
• Methodology
Review of Related Literature M

Chapter 3
• Results
Methodology
R

Chapter 4
A • And
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation
of Data

Chapter 5 • Discussion
D
Summary of Findings, Conclusion and
Recommendations
Chapter 1- The Problem and Its Setting
Chapter 2- Review of Related Literature
Chapter 3-Methods and Procedures
Chapter 4- Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data
Chapter 5- Summary, Conclusion and
Recommendation

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1. Definition of Terms
A. The Problem and its Background
2. The Problem
3. Related Literature
4. Conclusions B. Review of Related Literature
5. Research Design
6. Statistical Treatments Used C. Research Methodology
7. Scope and Delimitation
8. Significance of the Study D. Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of data
9. Research Paradigm
10. Instrumentation and Try-out Phase E. Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
11. Summary and Findings
12. Hypothesis of the Study
13. Research Paradigm
14. Statement of the Problem
15. Description of the Respondents
16. Theoretical Framework
17. Foreign Literature
18. Locale and Population of the Study
19. Conceptual Framework
20. Importance of the Study
1. A 11. E
2. A 12. A
3. B 13. A
4. E 14. A
5. C 15. C
6. C 16. A
7. A 17. B
8. A 18. C
9. A 19.A
10. C 20. A
What is a Summary in Research?

A research summary is a professional

piece of writing that describes
your research to some prospective
audience. Main priority of a research
summary is to provide the reader with a
brief overview of the whole study.
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The result of the study
will form the basis for the
conclusion.

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How to Summarize the
Research Findings

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1. Determine the focus of
your study.
2. This part should be
anchored on the
Statement of the Problem
of your research.
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3. Present the actual SOP
and then immediately
present the findings of your
study using the data and
evidences from the previous
chapter of your study.
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4.Technically, this is usually
written by presenting the
SOP in bold letters and then
present the findings
separated by a single space.
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This part of the research contains a
short introductory statement that
presents the content of the chapter.

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 Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

This chapter presents a brief outline of the

study, significant findings, the conclusion drawn and
the recommendations offered.
The main purpose of the study was to
determine the level of social connectedness and
wellness status of older adults in Balaoan, La Union.
Findings of the study served as basis for proposing a
community-based teacher-led support program.
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1. What is the demographic profile of the older adults in terms of :
1.1. age;
1.2 sex;
1.3 civil status; and
1.4 living arrangement?

Profile of the older adults

On Age -highest In number were the older adults who had ages
Between 55-59 years old and lowest in number were those with ages 70-74
years old . The average age of the sample was 62 years old .
On Sex Females out numbered male older adults .
On Civil Status Half of the older adults were widowed
On Living Arrangement Majority were currently living with the family and
there was only a small number of the older adults who reported to have
been living alone .
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2. What is the level of social connectedness of older adults in
the following dimensions:
2.1. with self;
2.2. with others; and
2.3 . with society?

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Level of Social Connectedness of Older Adults

On with self. The social connectedness dimension “with self”

obtained a composite mean of 2.72 or when verbally
interpreted would mean that older had an “average” level of
social connectedness, particularly “with self”
On with others. The social connectedness dimension “with
society” obtained a composite mean of 2.74 with verbal
interpretation of “average” level of social connectedness of
older adults “with others”
On with Society. The social connected dimension “with
society” obtained a composite mean of 2.75 with verbal
interpretation of Average level of social connectedness of older
adults “with society.”
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3. What is the wellness status of older adults in the following dimensions:
3.1. psychological ;
3.2. emotional;
3.3. social;
3.4.physical
3.5. spiritual; and
3.6. intellectual?

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Wellness status of .older adults
On Psychological A composite mean of 2.76 was obtained which can be verbally interpreted
as older adults having a wellness status of “average” along the wellness dimension
“psychological”
On Emotional . A composite mean of 2.80 was obtained which can be verbally interpreted as
older adults having a wellness status if “average” along the wellness dimension “emotional”
On Social A composite mean of 2.75 was obtained which can be verbally interpreted as older
adults having an “average” status of wellness along the wellness dimension “social”
On Physical A composite mean of 2.76 was obtained which can be verbally interpreted as older
adults having an “average” status of wellness along the wellness dimension “physical”
On Spiritual A composite mean of 2.81 was obtained which can be verbally interpreted as older
adults having an “average” status of “spiritual“ wellness
On Intellectual A composite mean of 2.78 was obtained which can be verbally interpreted as
older adults having an “average” status of “intellectual“ wellness

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1. Eliminate wordiness (such as adverbs or other words that
aren’t really necessary)

How to Reduce Wordiness: 3 Key Considerations

1. Eliminate filler words
 Take the phrase "It is commonly believed that . . .," for
example. The filler in this phrase is "commonly," as it serves
no purpose. Leaving this word out would not change the
meaning and would actually improve the sentence.
 Often, it is during revision that wordiness becomes apparent.
For example, the phrase "Some experts commonly believe
that . . ." could be revised to "Some experts believe that . . ."
to make the sentence more concise.

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1. Eliminate wordiness (such as adverbs or other words that aren’t
really necessary)
How to Reduce Wordiness: 3 Key Considerations

2. Resist logorrhea
Example: Objective considerations of contemporary phenomena
compel the conclusion that success or failure in competitive activities
exhibits no tendency to be commensurate with innate capacity, but
that a considerable element of the unpredictable must invariably be
taken into account.
 If your writing resembles this example, you may want to put down
the thesaurus and remember that writing is about conveying a
message. Your readers should always be able to understand what
you're saying.
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1. Eliminate wordiness (such as adverbs or other words that
aren’t really necessary)

How to Reduce Wordiness: 3 Key Considerations

3. Remove redundancies
Example: "Scientists have found that cancer cells can be
repressed through the twice-daily consumption of carrot
juice. Carrot juice, when consumed on a twice-daily basis,
has been found to repress cancer cells.“

 The two sentences, while written differently, contain

the same information. Redundant information should
be avoided in order to reduce wordiness.
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2. Use concrete and specific language

3. Use language that is scientifically accurate

4. Remember KISS meaning Keep it Short and Simple

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Drawing Conclusions from
Research Findings

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The conclusions are intended to
help the reader understand why
your research should matter to
them after they have finished
reading the paper. A conclusion is
not merely a summary of your
points or a re-statement of your
research problem but a synthesis of
key points.
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Out of the findings, the conclusions
are based.

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 Conclusions represent inferences
drawn from the findings of the
study.

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 The number of conclusions coincide with the
number of specific findings. It should not
contain any number or measurements.
 If there are tested hypothesis in the study,
the rejection or acceptance of hypotheses are
placed under conclusions.

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 Since the conclusion is the final result. It
should give the final impression and it should
summarize the learning from the study.
 It leaves the reader in no doubt that you have
answered the questions posed in your paper.
 It is a wrapped-up of the entire project and its
completeness.

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1. It should be clearly, concisely and
briefly stated.
2. It should be original and accurate.
3. It should not introduce new arguments,
new ideas or information not related to
your research study.
4. It should leave the reader with an
interesting final impression.

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5. It should refer only to the subjects
or population of your research study.
6. It should contain categorical
statements. Refrain from using words
like perhaps or maybe or those words
that would imply unresolved issues.
7. It should not contain apologetic
statements for unresolved problems
in the study.
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Make no Apologies
X- I may not be an expert but I think that
Abraham Lincoln was the best American
President in the 19th Century.
/- By all counts and with proven result, it is no
wonder that Abraham Lincoln was considered
by many to have been the greatest of the
United States’ President.
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Avoid writing “in conclusion” or similar saying

X “In conclusion”
“In summary”
“In closing”

/ “As the research has demonstrated”

“To review”
“We can see”
“It is clear”
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1. Conclusions are intertwined with the
introduction.
Example: Introduction ◦Reproductive health
education is one area of research that should
be tackled in schools. High school students
should be exposed to innovative ways of
disseminating and communicating issues or
reproductive health education of high school
students shall be the focus of the study.
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1. Conclusions are intertwined with the
introduction.
Example: Conclusion ◦The high school
student respondents are not fully aware
and have little knowledge in reproductive
health education on the following areas:
social and gender related issues, family
planning and other clinical services.

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2. Conclusions are inferences and generalizations
are based upon the findings.
Example: Based on a research study on “Factors
Affecting the Career Choices of High School
students” two conclusions can be drawn from the
findings of the study. Conclusion 1: Males prefer
technology-based courses while females prefer
business-related course. Conclusion 2: There is a
significant difference between the career choices of
male and female high school respondents.

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 3. Conclusions should be specifically answer the
questions posted in the “Statement of the Problem”
of your research study.

Example 1: If the profile of the respondents will be used

to test for variation on other measures, here are some
examples of possible conclusions. ◦Conclusion 1:
Majority of the respondents are aged 12-16 and mostly
are males. ◦Conclusion 2: Respondents of the study are
mostly Catholics. ◦Conclusion 3: Among the profile of
the respondents, age and gender are significantly
related to achievement in mathematics.
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 3. Conclusions should be specifically answer the
questions posted in the “Statement of the
Problem” of your research study.

Example 2: If the problem raised in a research

study entitled “Reading Difficulties of First Year
High School Students” were. ◦Problem 1: In what
areas do the student respondents encounter
difficulties in reading? ◦Problem 2: Is the profile of
the students respondents significantly related to
their reading difficulties.
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 3. Conclusions should be specifically answer the
questions posted in the “Statement of the Problem”
of your research study.
Example 2: If the problem raised in a research study
entitled “Reading Difficulties of First Year High School
Students” were. ◦Conclusion 1: The student respondents
had problems in the following areas of English reading
test, vocabulary, sentence structure and reading
comprehension. ◦Conclusion 2: Profile of the student
respondents such as gender and mental ability are
significantly related to the reading difficulties of the
student respondents.

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 4. Conclusions should contain facts or actual
results from the inquiry or research study.
Conclusions should never be based from implied
or indirect implications of the findings.

Example 1: In a research study on the “Evaluation

of Mainstreaming Special Education (SPED) for
Visually Impaired of Deped, results indicated that
teachers are not majors of SPED and that the
facilities are inadequate to support the program.
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1. Is the thesis of the paper accurately restated
here (but not repeated verbatim)?
2. Are the main points of the paper addressed
and pulled together?
3. Do you remind the reader of the importance
of the topic?
4. Is there a sense of closure?
5. Do you avoid presenting new information?

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Establishing
Recommendations

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Should be directly based on the significance of study,
These include the recommended actions that should
be done after the conduct of the study such as further
assessment of the subject, focus on other factors.

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It plays a vital portion of a research
study. Formulating recommendations is easy,
provided the findings and conclusions have been fully
explained and completed.

Recommendations are based on the findings of

the study. They should not be based on your own
beliefs or biases. They should not be too broad to lose
its relevance to the exact topic of your research study.

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1. Relevance to the study
-it should be related to your study.

2. Logical Reasoning.
-it should be well thought with valid reasons.

3. Feasibility and attainability

-it is practical, workable and achievable.

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1. Policy recommendations.
Example: Teachers should be encouraged to
conduct research work and collaborate with other
teachers in the preparation of modules, guides and
other instructional materials
.
2. Recommendations for Future Research
directions.
Example: More research on the effects of playing
computer games must be conducted in the future.
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3. Recommendations to some problems
discovered in the research study.
Example: Hire more qualified teachers in the
area of science and technology.

4. Recommendations for improvement or

change.

5. There may also be recommendations for the

continuance of a good practice.
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All Scripture is breathed out by
God and profitable for
teaching, for reproof, for
correction, and for training in
righteousness.
2Timothy3:16

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References:
https://assessment-action.net/assessment-phases/analyze/formulate-recommendations/

https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/writingprocess/conclusions

https://www.bucks.edu/media/bcccmedialibrary/tutoring/documents/writing/The_ConclusionRev8-14.pdf

https://www.scribendi.com/academy/articles/how_to_eliminate_wordiness.en.html

https://stanford.edu/class/ee267/WIM/writing_style_guide.pdf

https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185935#:~:text=Definition,a%20synthesis%20of%20key%20points
.

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