What is Cloud Computing?

● In cloud computing, the term "cloud" stands for network of remote

servers
● These servers are hosted on the Internet and used to store, manage,
and process data and applications.
● These servers are typically owned and operated by a cloud service
provider, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, or
Google Cloud

● In the cloud computing, the term compute describes concepts and

objects related to software computation like processing power,
memory, networking, storage, and other resources required for the
computational success of any program

● Cloud Computing is the on-demand delivery of IT resources over the

Internet with pay-as-you-go pricing. Instead of buying, owning, and
maintaining physical data centers and servers, you can access
technology services, such as computing power, storage, and
databases, on an as-needed basis from a cloud provider
 Characteristics:

● It doesn’t store any data on your personal computer

● It is a technology that uses remote servers on the internet to store,

manage, and access data online rather than local drives

● The data can be anything such as files, images, documents, audio,

video, and more

● It is the on-demand availability of computer services like servers, data

storage, networking, databases, etc

● The main purpose of cloud computing is to give access to data centers

to many users.

● Users can also access data from a remote server

● Examples of Cloud Computing Services: AWS, Azure, Google Cloud

Application Of Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing Architecture:

● For cloud computing service, different components are required

● Like a frontend platform, a backend platform or servers, a network or

Internet service, and a cloud-based delivery service

● The combination of components required for a Cloud Computing

service is called cloud computing architecture
 Cloud Computing Architecture Diagram

1. Client Infrastructure:
Client Infrastructure is a front-end component that provides a GUI. It helps
users to interact with the Cloud.
2. Application:
The application can be any software or platform which a client wants to
access.
3. Service:
The service component manages which type of service you can access
according to the client’s requirements.
Three Cloud computing services are:
● Software as a Service (SaaS)
● Platform as a Service (PaaS)
● Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
4. Runtime Cloud:
Runtime cloud offers the execution and runtime environment to the virtual
machines.
5. Storage:
Storage is another important Cloud computing architecture component. It
provides a large amount of storage capacity in the Cloud to store and
manage data.
6. Infrastructure:
It offers services on the host level, network level, and application level.
Cloud infrastructure includes hardware and software components like
servers, storage, network devices, virtualization software, and various other
storage resources that are needed to support the cloud computing model.
7. Management:
This component manages components like application, service, runtime
cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other security matters in the backend. It
also establishes coordination between them.
8. Security:
Security in the backend refers to implementing different security
mechanisms for secure Cloud systems, resources, files, and infrastructure
to the end-user.
9. Internet:
Internet connection acts as the bridge or medium between frontend and
backend. It allows you to establish the interaction and communication
between the frontend and backend
Advantages of Cloud Computing Architecture
Below is the list of Cloud Computing Architecture advantages, and they are
as follows:

● Build the complete cloud computing system easier

● Develops the requirements of data processing
● Better results in disaster recovery
● Minimizes the operation cost
● Provides High Security

Types

1.Deployment Type

2.Service Type
1.Deployment Type

Public Cloud

Public clouds are cloud environments that are often built using IT

infrastructure that does not belong to the end user. AWS, Google Cloud,

IBM Cloud, and MS-Azure are some of the most popular public cloud

providers. When environments are partitioned and redistributed to

numerous tenants, all clouds become public clouds.

Advantages of Public Cloud

There are the following advantages of Public Cloud -

● Public cloud is owned at a lower cost than the private and hybrid
cloud.
 ● Public cloud is maintained by the cloud service provider, so do not
need to worry about the maintenance.

● Public cloud is easier to integrate. Hence it offers a better flexibility

approach to consumers.

● Public cloud is location independent because its services are

delivered through the internet.

● Public cloud is highly scalable as per the requirement of computing

resources.

● It is accessible by the general public, so there is no limit to the

number of users.

Disadvantages of Public Cloud

● Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.

● Performance depends upon the high-speed internet network link to

the cloud provider.

● The Client has no control of data

Private Cloud

Private clouds are cloud environments that are completely dedicated to a

single end user or group and are often run behind that user's or group's
firewall. When the underlying IT infrastructure is committed to a single

client with entirely isolated access, that clouds become private clouds.

Advantages of Private Cloud

There are the following advantages of the Private Cloud -

● Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to the

users.

● Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and

space capacity.

● It allows the IT team to quickly allocate and deliver on-demand IT

resources.

● The organization has full control over the cloud because it is

managed by the organization itself. So, there is no need for the
organization to depends on anybody.

● It is suitable for organizations that require a separate cloud for their

personal use and data security is the first priority.

Disadvantages of Private Cloud

● Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.

● Private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of

operations is limited.
 ● Private cloud is not suitable for organizations that have a high user
base, and organizations that do not have the prebuilt infrastructure,
sufficient manpower to maintain and manage the cloud

Hybrid Cloud

A hybrid cloud is a unified IT system made up of several environments

linked through LANs, WANs, VPNs, and APIs. Hybrid cloud characteristics

are complex, the definition criteria may vary depending on the requirement,

a Hybrid Cloud can consist of

● at least one public cloud & one private cloud

● at least two private clouds
● at least two public clouds
● at least one public or private cloud connected to a bare-metal or
virtual environment

Advantages of Hybrid Cloud

There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -

● Hybrid cloud is suitable for organizations that require more security than the
public cloud.

● Hybrid cloud helps you to deliver new products and services more quickly.

● Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way to reduce the risk.

 ● Hybrid cloud offers flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure
resources because of the private cloud.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

● In Hybrid Cloud, the security feature is not as good as the private cloud.

● Managing a hybrid cloud is complex because it is difficult to manage more than

one type of deployment model.

● In the hybrid cloud, the reliability of the services depends on cloud service
providers

Differences between Public, Private and Hybrid Cloud

Community Cloud

Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group

of several organizations to share the information between the organization
and a specific community. It is owned, managed, and operated by one or
more organizations in the community, a third party, or a combination of
them

Advantages of Community Cloud

There are the following advantages of Community Cloud -

● Community cloud is cost-effective because the whole cloud is being

shared by several organizations or communities.

● Community cloud is suitable for organizations that want to have a

collaborative cloud with more security features than the public cloud.

● It provides better security than the public cloud.

● It provides a collaborative and distributive environment.

● Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure,

and other capabilities among various organizations.

Disadvantages of Community Cloud

● Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.

● Security features are not as good as the private cloud.

● It is not suitable if there is no collaboration.

● The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all
community members
2.Service Type
IAAS

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a pay-as-you-go model that provides

necessary computation, storage, and networking resources on demand.

This makes it excellent for small and medium-scale businesses searching

for a low-cost IT solution to help them expand. IaaS is a completely

outsourced pay-for-use service that comes in three flavors: public, private,

and hybrid.

PAAS

Platform as a service (PaaS) indicates that an outside cloud service

provider provides and manages the hardware and application-software

platform, but the user is responsible for the programs that run on top of the

platform and the data which the apps rely on.

PaaS provides customers with a shared cloud platform for application

development and management (DevOps component) without the need to

create and maintain the infrastructure typically involved with the process.

SAAS

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a cloud-based technique of delivering

software to users. Instead of acquiring and installing an application, SaaS

consumers subscribe to it. A SaaS application can be accessed from any

Internet connected device.

The applications are hosted on cloud servers that may be located far away

from the user's location. All the software and application maintenance will

be taken care of by the Cloud service provider.

Cloud Cube Model:

● Cloud Cube model, helps to categorize the cloud network based on

the four-dimensional factor.
 ● Their main focus is to protect and secure the cloud network.
● This cloud cube model helps to select cloud formation for secure
collaboration.
● This model helps IT managers, organizations, and business leaders
by providing the secure and protected network.

There are three service models which consist:

● SaaS
● PaaS
● IaaS

There are four deployment models also.

● Public cloud
● Private cloud
● Community cloud
● Hybrid cloud

The models are flexible, user-friendly, and offer many benefits to cloud
users.

Data Security
There are various steps and points you should keep in mind while securing
your data in a cloud cube model.

1. The categorization of the data, the user must know what rules must
be applied to secure and protect it.
2. It should make sure; that the data exists only in particular trust levels.
3. It should examine what regulatory compliance and constraints are
applicable. For example: - The data must be kept within a specific
limit and whether it has to stay in the secure harbor or not.
 When the data is categorized and can put in the needed zone, the
assigned person is in a position to decide the following aspects-

● The processes and data, which are to be shifted in the cloud.

● At what level the customer wants to operate in the cloud. Maybe it is
infrastructure, platform, and software.
● The cloud formations fulfill the requirements.
● In a cloud, the level of operation can be different as per the
requirement.

Dimensions of Cloud Cube Model

There are four dimensions in the Cloud cube model.

● Internal/External
● Proprietary/open
● De-perimeterized/peremeterized
● Insourced/outsourced dimension

Internal/External: - Internal/External is the most common form of the

cloud. It describes the physical location of the data. It agrees us whether
the data exists inside or outside of your organization’s limit. In this, the data
that is stored by the help of private cloud deployment will be referred to as
internal, and data outside the cloud will be referred to as external.

Proprietary/Open: - The second dimension of cloud formation is

proprietary/open. It defines the state of ownership of the cloud technology
and interfaces. It also defines the level of incomparability while enabling
data transportability between the system and forms of cloud.
The meaning of proprietary dimension means that the organization is
offering the service in a secure and protected manner under their
ownership.
The open dimension using such type of technology in which more suppliers
are allowing. In addition to that, the user is not constrained in being able to
share the data and cooperate with selected partners using open
technology.

De-parameterized/Parameterized: - To reach
de-perimeterized/perimeterized form, the user requires Jericho forum and
collaboration oriented architecture commandments. It defines whether you
are working inside your traditional it mindset or outside it.
The meaning Perimeterized dimension is continuing to work within the
traditional it boundary, orphan signaled by network firewalls. With the
support of VPN and the operation of the virtual server in your IP domain,
the customer can expand the organization’s boundary into the external
cloud computing domain.
The meaning of De-parameterized is the system is designed on the
principles outlined in the Jericho forum’s commandments. In this, data is
encapsulated with metadata and structure, which will again support to
secure the data and control the inappropriate usage.

Insourced/Outsourced: - Insourced/outsourced is the fourth dimension of

the cloud cube model. In the outsourced dimension, services are offered by
the third party, and in the insourced dimension, the services are offered by
the own staff.
In some organizations with traditional bandwidth software or hardware,
providers will run smoothly when they become cloud service providers.
Organizations exploring to process cloud services should have the
capability to set a legally binding collaboration agreement. In this, an
organization must ensure that the data is removed from the service
provider’s infrastructure.
NIST Model:
The United States government is a major consumer of computer services
and, therefore, one of the major users of cloud computing networks.

The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a set
of working definitions that separate cloud computing into service models
and deployment models.

Those models and their relationship to essential characteristics of cloud

computing are shown in below Figure

The NIST model originally did not require a cloud to use virtualization to
pool resources, nor did it absolutely require that a cloud support
multi-tenancy in the earliest definitions of cloud computing.

Multi-tenancy is the sharing of resources among two or more clients.

The latest version of the NIST definition does require that cloud computing
networks use virtualization and support multi-tenancy.

Because cloud computing is moving toward a set of modular interacting

components based on standards such as the Service Oriented Architecture

you might expect that future versions of the NIST model may add those
features as well.

The NIST cloud model doesn’t address a number of intermediary services

such as transaction or service brokers, provisioning, integration, and

interoperability services that form the basis for many cloud computing

discussions. Given the emerging roles of service buses, brokers, and cloud
APIs at various levels, undoubtedly these elements need to be added to
capture the whole story.

SAAS

SaaS is also known as "On-Demand Software". It is a software distribution

model in which services are hosted by a cloud service provider. These
services are available to end-users over the internet so, the end-users do
not need to install any software on their devices to access these services.

There are the following services provided by SaaS providers -

Business Services - SaaS Provider provides various business services to

start-up the business. The SaaS business services include ERP (Enterprise
Resource Planning), CRM (Customer Relationship Management), billing,
and sales.

Document Management - SaaS document management is a software

application offered by a third party (SaaS providers) to create, manage, and
track electronic documents.

Example: Slack, Samepage, Box, and Zoho Forms.

Social Networks - As we all know, social networking sites are used by the
general public, so social networking service providers use SaaS for their
convenience and handle the general public's information.

Mail Services - To handle the unpredictable number of users and load on

e-mail services, many e-mail providers offering their services using SaaS.

Advantages of SaaS cloud computing layer

1) SaaS is easy to buy

SaaS pricing is based on a monthly fee or annual fee subscription, so it

allows organizations to access business functionality at a low cost, which is
less than licensed applications.

Unlike traditional software, which is sold as a licensed based with an

up-front cost (and often an optional ongoing support fee), SaaS providers
are generally pricing the applications using a subscription fee, most
commonly a monthly or annually fee.

2. One to Many
SaaS services are offered as a one-to-many model means a single
instance of the application is shared by multiple users.

3. Less hardware required for SaaS

The software is hosted remotely, so organizations do not need to invest in

additional hardware.

4. Low maintenance required for SaaS

Software as a service removes the need for installation, set-up, and daily
maintenance for the organizations. The initial set-up cost for SaaS is
typically less than the enterprise software. SaaS vendors are pricing their
applications based on some usage parameters, such as a number of users
using the application. So SaaS does easy to monitor and automatic
updates.

5. No special software or hardware versions required

All users will have the same version of the software and typically access it
through the web browser. SaaS reduces IT support costs by outsourcing
hardware and software maintenance and support to the IaaS provider.

6. Multi Device support

SaaS services can be accessed from any device such as desktops,

laptops, tablets, phones, and thin clients.

7. API Integration

SaaS services easily integrate with other software or services through

standard APIs.

8. No client-side installation

SaaS services are accessed directly from the service provider using the
internet connection, so do not need to require any software installation.

Disadvantages of SaaS cloud computing layer

1) Security

Actually, data is stored in the cloud, so security may be an issue for some
users. However, cloud computing is not more secure than in-house
deployment.

2) Latency issue

Since data and applications are stored in the cloud at a variable distance
from the end-user, there is a possibility that there may be greater latency
when interacting with the application compared to local deployment.
Therefore, the SaaS model is not suitable for applications whose demand
response time is in milliseconds.

3) Total Dependency on Internet

Without an internet connection, most SaaS applications are not usable.

4) Switching between SaaS vendors is difficult

Switching SaaS vendors involves the difficult and slow task of transferring
the very large data files over the internet and then converting and importing
them into another SaaS also.

Popular SaaS Providers

The below table shows some popular SaaS providers and services
that are provided by them -

Provider Services

Salseforce. On-demand CRM solutions

com

Microsoft Online office suite

Office 365

Google Gmail, Google Calendar, Docs, and sites

Apps
NetSuite ERP, accounting, order management, CRM,
Professionals Services Automation (PSA), and
e-commerce applications.

GoToMeetin Online meeting and video-conferencing software

g

Constant E-mail marketing, online survey, and event marketing

Contact

Oracle CRM CRM applications

Workday, Human capital management, payroll, and financial

Inc management.

Details Of Cloud Architecture

Composability

● Applications built in the cloud often have the property of being built
from a collection of components, a feature referred to as
composability.

● A composable system uses components to assemble services that

can be tailored for a specific purpose using standard parts.

● A composable component must be:

 Modular: It is a self-contained and independent unit that is
cooperative, reusable, and replaceable.

Stateless: A transaction is executed without regard to other

transactions or requests.
● It isn’t an absolute requirement that transactions be stateless, some
cloud computing applications provide managed states through
brokers, transaction monitors, and service buses.
● In rarer cases,full transactional systems are deployed in the clouds,
but these systems are harder to architect in a distributed architecture.

Infrastructure:

Most large Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) providers rely on virtual

machine technology to deliver servers that can run applications.

Virtual servers described in terms of a machine image or instance have

characteristics that often can be described in terms of real servers
delivering a certain number of microprocessor (CPU) cycles, memory
access, and network bandwidth to customers.

Virtual machines are containers that are assigned specific resources.

The software that runs in the virtual machines is what defines the utility of
the cloud computing system.

The above shows the portion of the cloud computing stack that is defined
as the “server.”
In the diagram, the API is shown shaded in gray because it is an optional
component that isn’t always delivered with the server.
The VMM component is the Virtual Machine Monitor, also called a
hypervisor.
This is the low-level software that allows different operating systems to run
in their own memory space and manages I/O for the virtual machines.

The notion of a virtual server presents to an application developer a new

way of thinking about and programming applications.

For example, when a programmer is creating software that requires

several different tasks to be performed in parallel, he might write an
application that creates additional threads of execution that must be
managed by the application.

When a developer creates an application that uses a cloud service, the

developer can attach to the appropriate service(s) and allow the application
itself to scale the program execution.
Thus, an application such as a three-dimensional rendering that might take
a long time for a single server to accomplish can be scaled in the cloud to
many servers at once for a short period of time, accomplishing the task at a
similar or lower price but at a much faster rate.

In future applications, developers will need to balance the architectural

needs of their programs so their applications create new threads when it is
appropriate or create new virtual machines.

Applications will also need to be mindful of how they use cloud resources,
when it is appropriate to scale execution to the cloud, how to monitor the
instances they are running, and when not to expand their application’s
usage of the cloud.

This will require a new way of thinking about application development, and
the ability to scale correctly is something that will have to be architected
into applications from the ground up.

Platform

A platform in the cloud is a software layer that is used to create higher

levels of service.

Salesforce.com’s Force.com Platform

Windows Azure Platform
Google Apps and the Google AppEngine

These three services offer all the hosted hardware and software needed to
build and deploy Web Applications or services that are custom built by the
developer within the context and range of capabilities that the platform
allows.
Platforms represent nearly the full cloud software stack, missing only the
presentation layer that represents the user interface.

Communication Protocols

Cloud computing arises from services available over the Internet

communicating using the standard Internet protocol suite underpinned by
the HTTP and HTTPS transfer protocols.
The other protocols and standards that expose compute and data
resources in the cloud either format data or communications in packets that
are sent over these two transport protocols.
In order to engage in interprocess communication (IPC) processes, many
client/server protocols have been applied to distributed networking over the
years.
Various forms of RPC (Remote Procedure Call) implementations (including
DCOM, Java RMI, and CORBA) attempt to solve the problem of engaging
services and managing transactions over what is essentially a stateless
network.