DESIGN OF RC SLAB BRIDGE

RC SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN

Design Data and Specifications RC SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN
i) Material Properties
Steel strength, f y= 400 MPa
Concrete strength, f 'c = 28 MPa
3
Concrete density, c= 2400 kg/m
3
Bituminous density, b= 2250 kg/m
The modulus of elasticity of steel, Es = 200 GPa
ii) Bridge Span and Support Dimensions
Clear span of the bridge, Cs = 11 m
Road way width, Rw = 7.32 m
Additional Curb width, Cw = 0.8 m
Curb depth, Cd = 0.25 m
Abutment Width, Wrs = 0.5 m
Concrete posts and railings are used 2 2
Railing depth, Rd = 0.3 m
Railing width, Rww = 0.15 m
Post depth, Pd = 0.3 m
Post width, Pw = 0.3 m
Post height, Ph = 0.85 m
Post spacing, Ps = 1.2 m
Thickness of Asphalt Layer = 100 mm
Concrete cover for the slab = 35 mm
iii) Reinforcement Sizes
Diameter of main reinforcement = 32 mm
Diameter of distribution reinforcement = 16 mm
Diameter of temperature reinforcement = 12 mm

* Design Method: LRFD

* Specifications:
- AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
- Ethiopian Roads Authority, ERA Bridge Design Manual, 2013

Longitudinal section of a slab bridge

Cross Section of a Slab Bridge

Designed by Dr. Abrham G. Design Data 11/1/2016

 Design of RC Slab Bridge (11m of Clear Span) 26.752 GPa (Modulus Elasticity of concrete)

1.Depth Determination 11500

According to AASHTO (Table 2.5.2.6.3-1), minimum recommended depth for slabs with main reinforcement parallel
to the traffic is:
D=1.2(S+3000)/30 where: S= Span= Cs+Wrs = 11.50 m (c/c spacing of the bridge)
D=1.2*(11500+3000)/30 580 D= 580.00 mm 11500 kN/m2
Thus, Use D =600mm 0.6 m 14.13 11500 20
600
2. Equivalent Strip widths, AASHTO Article 4.6.2.3
a) Interior Strip shear and
i) One lane loaded: multiple presence factor included 8920
E=min(18,000 , 250+0.42(S*W)1/2) = 4503.835 mm (W=Rw+2Cw) 8920
where: W is the edge-to-edge width of the bridge

ii) Multiple lanes loaded 8920

Number of lanes loaded, NL= int (7.32/3.6)=2 3315.381 4460
E=2100+0.12Sqrt(S*W) =3315.381 mm <W/NL(8920/2=4460mm) mm <W/NL(8920/2=4460mm)
3315.381
Use E = 3315.381 mm
Shear and moment per meter width of strip is critical for multiple lanes loaded because (4503.835 mm >3315.381 mm)

Equivalent Concentrated and distributed loads

Truck P1'= 35kN/3315.381mm = 10.557kN/m kN/m 35 10.557
Truck P2'= 145kN/3315.381mm = 43.736kN/m kN/m 145 43.736
Tandem P3'= 110kN/3315.381mm = 33.179kN/m kN/m 110 33.179 6.6125 169.46
Lane W'= 9.3kN/m/3315.381mm = 2.805kN/m kN/m 9.3 2.805
b) Edge Strip 800 2757.691 1800.000 1.80
Longitudinal edge strip width for a line of wheels
E=distance from edge to face of barrier +300+1/2 strip width < 1800mm
E =800+300 +(1/2*3315.381) = 2757.691 mm
E=min (2757.691,1800)= 1800 mm

3. Influence Lines for shear force and bending moment

* Slab bridges shall be designed for all vehicular live loads specified in AASHTO Art. 3.6.1.2 including the lane load.

Live Load Force Effects 0 1.15 2.3 3.45 4.6 5.75

0 1.15 2.3 3.45 4.6 5.75
a) Interior Strip
i) Influence Line for Moment (Truck Load) Rank 1 170.95
(Max. effect of truck load)
At position where L1
x = 6.6125 m, MtrL2 =169.462 kN-m/m (Max. effect of truck m3
load) Mtr =169.462 kN-m/m
24
23 0
0.1 0
1.15 11.50 m1
10.35 0 m2
1.035 -2.8350 0 m2
0.605 0
0
m3 0
0.605
Mtr
51.65370
22
21 0.125
0.15 1.4375
1.725 10.06
9.78 1.2578125
1.46625 -2.5046875
-2.18875 0.7203125
0.82125 0
0 0.7203125
0.82125 62.616
72.7978
20
19 0.175
0.2 2.0125
2.3 9.49
9.20 1.6603125
1.84 -1.8871875
-1.6 0.9078125
0.98 0
0 0.9078125
0.98 82.1992
90.8201
18
17 0.225
NB: x0.275
0.25 2.5875
is the position of3.1625
2.875 8.91
the middle wheel
8.63 2.0053125
measured from
2.15625 -1.3271875
the left support.
-1.06875 1.0378125
1.08125 0
0 1.0378125
1.08125 98.6605
105.721
16
15 0.3 3.45 8.34 2.2928125
8.05 2.415 -0.8246875
-0.595 1.1103125
1.125 0
0 1.1103125
1.125 112
117.499
14
13 0.325
0.35 3.7375
4.025 7.76 2.5228125
7.48 2.61625 -0.3796875
-0.17875 1.1253125
1.11125 0
0 1.1253125
1.11125 122.218
126.156
12
11 0.375
0.4 4.3125
4.6 7.19 2.6953125
6.90 2.8103125 0.0078125
2.76 0.3378125 1.0828125
0.18 0.9828125 0.007813
1.04 0.337813
0.18
9.3/E 1.0828125
1.04 129.655
139.563
10
9 0.425
0.45 4.8875
5.175 6.61
6.33 2.8678125
2.84625 0.6103125
0.48125 0.8253125
0.91125 0.610313
0.48125 0.9828125
0.91125 148.062
155.152
8
6 0.475
0.5 5.4625
5.75 6.04
5.75 2.875 0.725 0.725 0.725 0.8253125
0.725 160.832
165.103
4
2 0.525
0.55 6.0375
6.325 5.46 2.8678125
5.18 2.84625 0.8253125
0.91125 0.6103125
0.48125 0.825313
0.91125 0.6103125
0.48125 167.966
169.419
1
3 0.575
0.6
145/E 6.6125
6.9 4.89 2.8103125
4.60 2.76 0.9828125 1.04 0.3378125
0.18 0.982813
1.04 0.3378125
0.18 169.462
168.097
5
7 0.625
0.65 7.1875
7.475 4.31
4.03 2.6953125
145/E 2.61625 1.0828125 0.0078125
1.11125 -0.17875 1.082813
35/E 1.11125
0.0078125
0 165.323
163.026
6.61
6.04 2.81
2.87 0.98
2.30 0.34
0
2.31 0.00
0.98 6.616.61 0 2.81 10.9110.91 0 0.34 2.312.31 0
0.98
6.61
10.91 2.81
0.34 2.81
11.50 11.50 0.00 0 6.6125
2.81031
6.610 0.00
3.61 10.91 2.31 3.61 0.98281
0.33781
6.61 4.6 10.91 2.31 4.36
0.98
0.34
6.61

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

x 171.39

Mlane, max= 2.805*11.5^2/8 = 46.37kN-m/m 46.37

Designed by Dr. Abrham G. Deck Design 11/1/2016, Page 1

 ii) Influence Line for Moment (Tandem Load) Rank 1 (Max. effect of tandem load)
At position where x = 6.0375 m, Mtm =171.39 kN-m/m (Max. effect of tandem load) Mtm =171.39 kN-m/m
0 11.50
6.04 0.00
2.87
0.00 6.046.04 0 2.87 4.844.84 0 2.30
0 0 110/E 110/E
6.04 6.04 5.3 0.00
4.07 4.844.84 6.0375
2.8678125
2.2978125
1 0 L1 0 L2 11.50 m1 1 m2 NB: x0ism3
the positionm2
0.626087 of the frontm3
0.252174 wheel
0.8956522 Vtr
73.7807
2
3 0.1
0.125 1.15
1.4375 10.35
10.06 0.9
0.875 -0.1
-0.125 0.5634783
0.5478261 0.226957
0.220652 0.806087 66.4027
4
5
6
7
8
0.15
0.175
0.2
0.225
0.25
1.725
2.0125
2.32.30
2.5875
2.875
9.78
9.49
9.20
8.91
8.63
0.85
0.825
0.8
0.775
0.75
-0.15
-0.175
-0.225
-0.25
0.5321739
-0.2 0.5165217
measured 0.5008696
0.4852174
0.4695652 support. 0.7836957
0.214348
0.208043
from the left
0.201739
0.195435
0.18913
0.7613043
0.738913
0.7165217
0.6941304
0.6717391
64.5581
62.7136
60.8691
59.0246
57.1801
55.3356
9
10
11 0.275
0.3
0.325 3.1625
3.45
3.7375 8.34
8.05
7.76 0.725
0.7
0.675 -0.275
-0.3
-0.325 0.453913
0.4382609 0.182826
0.176522
0.4226087 0.157609 0.6493478
0.6269565
0.170217 0.5597826
0.6045652 53.491
51.6465
49.802
12
13
14 0.35
0.375
0.4 4.025
4.3125
4.6 7.48
2.87
7.19
6.90 0.65
0.625
0.6 -0.35
-0.375 0.4069565
0.3913043
-0.4 0.3756522 0.163913 0.5821739 47.9575
46.113
15
16
17 0.425
0.45
0.475 4.8875
5.175
5.4625 6.61
6.33
6.04 0.575
0.55
0.525 -0.425
-0.45
-0.475 0.36 0.151304
0.3443478 0.145 0.5373913
0.138696 0.515
0.4926087 44.2684
42.4239
40.5794
18
19
20 0.5
0.525
0.55 5.75
6.0375
6.325 5.75
5.46
5.18 0.5
0.475
0.45 -0.5 0.3286957
-0.525
-0.55 0.3130435 0.132391
0.2973913
0.2817391 0.126087 0.4702174
0.119783
0.113478 0.4478261
0.4254348
0.4030435
38.7349
36.8904
35.0459
33.2013
21
22
23 0.575
0.6
0.625 6.6125
6.9
7.1875 4.89
6.044.60
4.31 0.425
0.4
0.375 -0.575
-0.6
-0.625 0.266087
0.2504348 0.107174
0.10087
0.2347826 0.088261
0.094565 0.3806522
0.3582609
0.3358696 31.3568
29.5123
27.6678
24 0.65 7.475 4.03 0.35
1 -0.650 0.2191304 0.00
0.626087 0.252174 0.3134783
0.8956522 25.8233
0 0
0 0
#### 11.50
2 0.00 4 1
0 0
6-1 4.3
4.3 8 0.626
0.626
0 10 8.6
8.6 120
0.252
0.252
1 14 1
0
0 1.6
2 4.3 1.6
2 8.6 1.6
1.75
x
0
iii) Influence Line for Shear Force (Truck Load) 11.50
Max. shear force due to truck
73.781
load occurs at
Max. shear force due to truck load occurs at position where x =0m, Vtr =73.781 kN/m Vtr =73.781 kN/m
0
0 0
0
0
0 11.5 0
1 0 1.2 0
11.5
11.5 0
0 0
0 -1
-1 1.2
1.2 0.896
0.896 9.3/E
0
0 1.6
2 1.2
1.2 1.6
2
145/E 145/E
35/E

1
0.626
0.252

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

iv) Influence Line for Shear Force (Tandem Load)

Max. shear force due to tandem load occurs at
Max. shear force due to tandem load occurs at position where x =0m, Vtm =62.896 kN/m Vtm =62.896 kN/m

110/E 110/E

1
0.896

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

b) Edge strip
Half of the lane width is taken for design (multiple presence factor of 1.2 will be critical) since edge strip width is
limitted to 1800mm for one-lane loaded.

VLL+IM =1.2[IM*max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]/2
MLL+IM =1.2[IM*max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]/2

Live load placement for shear and moment (edge strip)

1 1

Designed by Dr. Abrham G. Deck Design 11/1/2016, Page 2

 4. Select Resistance Factors
Strength Limit States (RC) 1 1 0.95
Flexure & Torsion Flexure & Torsion 1 i) Strength Limit State
1.00 1.05
Resistance Factor = 1 Shear
Axial & Torsion
Compression 1 ii)
iii)Service
FatigueLimit
LimitState
0.90
State
0.75 1
Bearing on Concrete 0.70
5. Select Load Modifiers Concrete in strut & Tie model 0.70
i) Strength Limit State 1.25 dc 1
1.25
i) Ductility 0.95 1.50 [Art. 1.3.3] dw 1.5
ii) Redundancy 1.05 1.75 [Art. 1.3.4] LL 1.75
iii) Importancy 1.05 1.00 [Art. 1.3.5] FR 0.75
Load Modifier = 1.05

6. Select Applicable Load Combinations

i) Strength Limit State U=1.05(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM)+1.00(FR+TG)

7. Dead Load Force Effects

a) Interior Strip
Take 1m strip, unit wt. of concrete = 2400 kg/m3 14.13
d= 549 d=549 mm (=600-32/2-35) 14.13 ? 0
Wdc = 2400*9.81kN/m3/1000*0.6m = 14.126kN/m2 (dead load of the deck slab)
Wdw = 2250*9.81kN/m3/1000*0.1m = 2.207kN/m2 (dead load of the wearing surface)
b) Edge Strip
Dead Load Computations railings & Assume
post curb,
Assume curb, railings & post loadings spread over edge strip width (1800mm) loadings spread over edge strip widt
2.53425 16.66
(0.25*0.75+0.5*0.25*0.05) *(2400*9.81) /1000 (wearing surface is
Curb = + 14.126 = 16.66 kN/m2
1.8
1.06not included)
0.589
0.15*0.3 *(2400*9.81) /1000 0.589
Railings = = 0.589 kN/m2
1.8
Number of posts = Int. (clear span of bridge / post spacing)+1 = 10 0.870 0.87 20

(0.3*0.3*0.85) *10* (2400*9.81)/1000

Posts = = 0.87 kN/m2
1.8*11.5 Thus, the total edge load becomes,
18.119
Thus, the total edge load becomes, 16.66+0.589+0.87 = 18.119 kN/m2
8. Investigate Strength Limit State
i) Flexure
a) Interior Strip
U=1.05(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM)+1.00(FR+TG)

For simple slab bridges, temperature gradient effect reduces gravity load effects.Because temperature gradient may
not be there, assume TG=0
Thus, U=1.05(1.25DC+1.50DW+1.75(LL+IM))
Design Shear and Moment Computaions
a) Interior Strip
i) Shear Force
x Vtr Vtm Vln Vdl VD VDU
0 0
73.781 73.781 62.896
16.129 16.129 81.225 316.555 171.134
316.555 171.134
VDmax=1.75[1.33Max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]+1.25Vdl = 316.555 kN/m
ii) Moment
x Mtr Mtm Mln Mdl MD MDU ρ As S
5.75 165.103
169.419 170.872
170.955 46.370 233.520 809.290
809.290 450.762
450.762 0.00800
4389.587 4389.59 180
180
MDmax=1.75[1.33Max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]+1.25Mdl = 809.29 kN-m/m 180 4465.78

Designed by Dr. Abrham G. Deck Design 11/1/2016, Page 3

  2M u   f 'c 0.03 f c '
   1  1  ϕ=0.85  min 
 0 .9 b d  f ' c  f y
2
fy

b) Edge Strip As provided 4389.59

i) Shear Force 393.152 224.691 3315.381
VLL+IM =1.2[IM*max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]/2
x Vtr Vtm Vln Vdl VD VDU 1800.000

0 0 81.537 81.537 69.508

17.824 17.824 104.184
1373.185 393.152 224.691 1.8418783 544.467
VDmax=1.75[1.33Max(Vtr,Vtm)+Vln]+1.25Vdl = 393.152 kN/m
ii) Moment 549
MLL+IM =1.2[IM*max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]/2
de= 549mm (To compute reinforcements around the curb)

x Mtr Mtm Mln Mdl MD MDU ρ As S

5.75 182.460 188.835 51.245 299.530 948.785
948.785 566.590 0.01310
566.590 5394.172 5394.17
140 140
140
948.785 0.01310 0.00950 5217.01 150
MDmax=1.75[1.33Max(Mtr,Mtm)+Mln]+1.25Mdl = 948.785 kN-m/m 5741.71

Checking the adequacy of the section 5394.17

The section is checked for the maximum design moment whether the initial depth under consideration is sufficed or not.
dic < d used, 1.53
The section is sufficed
=312.8mm 312.8

dic < d used, The section is sufficed! 0.741

Check for shear The section is sufficed! 0.741

287.2 230.95

=0.14√(28)+17.2*0.008*(171.134/450.762)/1000 = 0.741 Vcc = 0.741MPa

div=VDU/Vcc= 171.134/0.741 =230.95mm The section is sufficed!
Flexural Reinforcement Interior Strip (Using 32 mm diameter reinforcing bars)
As= 4389.59 mm2, Use Φ 32 c/c 180 mm (As provided= 4465.78 mm2 ) Φ

Flexural Reinforcement Edge Strip for the widthfor the width

As= 5217.01 mm2, Use Φ 32 c/c 150 mm (As provided= 5358.93 mm2 for the rest of the edge strip width)
5358.93
ii) Shear Reinforcement
Slab bridges designed in accordance with AASHTO, Art 4.6.2.3 may be considered satisfactory for shear.

iii) Distribution Reinforcement, AASHTO Article 5.14.4.1

The amount of bottom transverse reinforcement may be taken as a percentage of the main reinforcement required
for positive moment and a minimum spacing of 250mm.
Pe= min[50,1750/√(L1)] 50
Pe = Percentage of distribution reinforcement
Thus Pe= min [50, 1750/sqrt (11500 )] = 0.163 16% 16.32 16.32

a) Interior strip 716.33

Ati= PeAsti = 716.33mm2 (Using 16 mm diameter reinforcing bars) 0.16319
Sdi =min(asi*1000/Ati,250] = Min (280,250 ) 280.54 28 280 250
As= 716.33 mm2, S= 250 mm Use Φ 16 c/c 250 mm

Designed by Dr. Abrham G. Deck Design 11/1/2016, Page 4

 b) Edge strip
Ate= PeAste = 880.27mm2 880.27
Sde =min(asi*1000/Ate,250] = Min(220,250 ) 228.29 22 220 220
As= 880.27 mm2, S= 220 mm Use Φ 16 c/c 220 mm

iv) Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement, AASHTO section 5.10.8

Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be provided near surfaces of concrete exposed to daily
temperature changes. The steel should be distributed equally on both sides.
Ast≥ 0.75Ag/fy
Where: Ag is the gross concrete area 1125
Ast = 0.75*1000*600/400=1125 mm2/m (in each direction, both faces)
562.5
Top layer Ast = 1/2*1125= 562.5 mm2/m 200.96 20 200 200
Spacing =min(asi*1000/Ast,250) = Min (200,250 )
Use Φ12 mm rebars c/c 200mm, transverse (in each direction, both faces)

9. Investigation of Service Limit State

Actions to be considered at the service limit state shall be cracking, deformations, and concrete stresses, as specified in
Articles 5.7.3.4, 5.7.3.6, and 5.9.4 respectively.

i) Durability
For durability, adequate cover shall be used (for bottom of cast in place slab the cover is 35mm).
A 35mm concrete cover is provided here, thus there is no problem of durability.

a) Moment Interior Strip

The load factors used above in all dead and live loads are taken as unity.
MDU= Mdl+[max.(Mtrl,Mtml)] = 450.762 kN-m/m
VDU= Vdl+[max.(Vtrl,Vtml)] = 171.134 kN/m

Assume; j =0.875 and fs=0.6fy 3909.81

OK!
450.762E+06 kN-m/m
AS = = 3909.81mm2/m OK!
(0.6*400)*0.875*549

b) Moment Edge Strip

MDU= Mdl+[max.(Mtrl,Mtml)] = 566.590 kN-m/m
VDU= Vdl+[max.(Vtrl,Vtml)] = 224.691 kN/m

Assume; j =0.875 and fs=0.6fy 4914.48 0.0044698

OK!
566.59E+06 kN-m/m
AS = = 4914.48mm2/m OK!
(0.6*400)*0.875*549

ii) Control of Cracking.

The cracking stress shall be taken as the modulus of rupture specified in AASHTO, Article 5.4.2.6.

Cracking may occur in the tension zone for RC members due to the low tensile strength of concrete. The cracks may
be controlled by distributing steel reinforcements over the maximum tension zone in order limit the maximum allowable
crack widths at the surface of the concrete for given types of environment.
Components shall be so proportioned that the tensile stress in the mild steel reinforcement at the service limit state, fsa
doesn’t exceed.
Fs  Fsa
Z
Fsa  1  0.6 f y
 dc* A 3

Z=23,000N/mm

Designed by Dr. Abrham G. Deck Design 11/1/2016, Page 5

 where:
dc= concrete cover + (diam. of bars/2)
clear cover to compute dc≤50mm
Ac= 2dcS
f r=0.63√ (f c’)
6 M us
Fcten = ; D is in mm.
bD 2

Z= Crack width parameter

Ac= area of concrete having the same centroid as the principal tensile reinforcement are bounded by the surfaces of the
cross section and a line parallel the neutral axis divided by the number of bars (mm2), clear cover here also≤50mm.
S = spacing of bars.
f r = modulus of rupture
f cten= tensile strength of the concrete
If Fcten> 0.8fr, the section has cracked. 7.51 3.33 2.66
MDu=450.762 222 Section has cracked
f r=0.63√ (f c’) = 3.33 Mpa 0.8fr = 2.66 MPa
6*450.762E+6 N-mm
Fcten = =7.51 MPa
1000*600^2
Section has cracked

Steel stress for elastic cracked section for which moment of inertia of the composite transformed section, Icr, should be used.

If fs > fsa, then the area of reinforcing bars has to be increased by reducing the spacing of bars or the section depth
has to be increased.
a) Interior Strip

2
bX 2
Moment about the NA: =nApi  d 1 -X 2 
2 b =1000mm
3
bX 2 b 2 -31260.5 187886.14 156.626
Icr = +nApi  d 1 -X 2 
3 3 2
Icr=(b*x
M Du  2d1)/3+(n*A
-X 2  n pi*(d1-x2) ) = 6.094 *E+09 mm4 1.28E+09 4.813E+09 #######
fs=
I cr
fs=(MDu(d 1-x2)n)/Icr = 203.18 Mpa 203.1775 203.18 6.094
Z 2 1/3
Fsafsa=23000/(2*((D-d 1 1) )Si) 235.2 #VALUE!
 2( D  d1 ) Si 
2 3

where:
x2 is the neutral axis depth from top fiber #VALUE! ########
MDu= unfactored max moment, interior strip. #VALUE! Provide 32 mm rebars spaced at 180 mm
Icr = moment of inertia of the composite transformed section

Δs= 0 mm (change in spacing of bars)

Try Si = 180 mm As =4465.78 mm2 0 4465.78 180
Api =4465.78mm2, Si=180mm d1=549mm, n=Es/Ec, MDu=450.762kN-m/m
2
The equivalent concrete area, nApi = 31260.46 mm = 6.094E+09 mm4 = 203.18 MPa
= 235.2 MPa
Substitution yields:
x2=156.626 mm ,Icr= 6.094E+09 mm4, fs= 203.18 MPa, fsa= 235.2 MPa -31260.5 187886.14 156.626
fs (= 203.18 MPa) < fsa ( =235.2 MPa) No problem of Cracking! 240 fsa =235.2 MPa
Thus, Provide Φ32 c/c 180 mm fsa ( =235.2 MPa

Designed by Dr. Abrham G. Deck Design 11/1/2016, Page 6

 b) Edge Strip

x3=((-nApe)+ √((nApe)2+1500n de2Ape))/((Cw-0.05)*1000) 7.8E+08 6.524E+09 7.3E+09

X 3=
((-nApe)+
Icre
  nA  +1500n d A 
w
pe
3
3 e
= ((C -0.05)*1000)/3x +(n A (d -x )(d -x ))
pe
pe e 3 e 3
1000  Cw -0.05 

3 2 2 3
Icre=(Cw-0.05)/3*C
1000 dC+n*A s2*(de-x
w -0.05  X 3
3 ) +(C -0.05)*C *(x -C /2) +850/3*(x -C )
3 w 2d 3 d 3 d
I cre = +n Ape  d e -X 3 
fse=(Muse3(de-x3)n)/Icre = 218.78 Mpa fsa = Mpa fsa ( = MPa
M Dse  d e -X 3  n 2 1/3
f se = fsae=23000/(2((D-de) )Se) = Mpa 240 fsa = Mpa
I cre
Z
f sae  1

 2( D  d e )2 Se  3

* if x3>cd, then recalculate x3 and Icre using the method of superposition.

Trial Δs = 0 mm (change in spacing of bars)

Try Se= 140 mm As =5741.71 mm2 0 5741.71 140 7 40192
Ape =5741.71mm2, Se=140mm de=549mm, n=Es/Ec, MDue=566.59kN-m/m
The equivalent concrete area is nApe= 40191.97 mm2 = 7.304E+09 mm4 = 218.78 MPa
= 255.75 MPa
Substitution yields:
x3=146.124mm, Icr= 7.304E+09 mm4, fs= 218.78 MPa, fsa= 255.75 MPa -40192
7.8E+08 186315.54 146.124
6.524E+09 7.3E+09
fsa =240 MPa 240 fsa =240 MPa
fs (= 218.78 MPa) < fsa =240 MPa) No problem of cracking fsa =240 MPa
Thus, provide Φ32 c/c 140 mm. < fsa
No (problem
=240 MPa
of cracking

iii) Deformations 11 Thus, provide Φ32 c/c 140 mm.

Deflection and camber, AASHTO Article 5.7.3.6.2
Deflection and camber calculations shall consider dead load, live load, erection loads, concrete creep and shrinkage.
Immediate (Instantaneous) deflections may be computed taking the moment of inertia as either the effective moment of
inertia Ie, or the gross moment of inertia Ig.

Unless a more exact deformation calculation is made, the long-term deflection due to creep and shrinkage may be taken as
the immediate deflection multiplied by the following factor (AASHTO, Article 5.7.3.6.2).
4, if the instantaneous deflection is based on Ie.
 A' 
3.0 – 1.2  s   1.6 if the instantaneous deflection is based on Ig.
 As 
Dead load camber
Total dead load of the bridge and the whole bridge cross section is considered.

Cw = 0.8 m
D= 0.6 m
Rw = 7.32 m
Cd = 0.25 m
8.62 m

Dead Loads of the whole bridge 8.62 0.6

Components Weight Width (m) Total wt.
Wt. of slab 14.13 (Rw+2Cw-0.3) 8.62 121.766
Wearings wt. 2.21 Rw 7.32 16.155
Curb wt. 2.534 2Cw 1.6 4.054
Railing wt. 0.589 2Ee 3.6 2.120
Posts wt. 0.870 20 posts 20 17.4 5.32
Wdd = 161.496
Wdd = 161.496 KN/m

Designed by Dr. Abrham G. Deck Design 11/1/2016, Page 7

 The total, maximum and critical moments due to dead and live load of the whole slab bridge, respectively are given by the
equations:
Mlld=Mmd+max(Mtrl,Mtml)*Em1*NL ; Em1 (interior strip width) is in m and NL is the number of design lanes.
Mmd= Wdd*L12/8 =161.496*11.5^2/8 =2669.731kN-m 2669.73
Mlld= 2669.731+1.33*170.95*3.3154*2=4177.33kN-m 4177.33

(Rw+2Cw-0.3)D2/2+2*Cw*Cd(Cd/2+D)
Yt =
(Rw+2Cw-0.3)*D+(Cw*2Cd)

Yt = 8.62*0.6^2/2 +0.8*0.25*2*(0.25/2+0.6) 1.8416

= 0.331m (Yt= 331mm)
8.62*0.6+(0.8*0.25*2) 5.572
Thus, the gross moment of inertia of the whole slab bridge becomes 0.331
Ig = 8.62*0.6^3/12 +(8.62*0.6*(0.6/2-0.331)^2)+2*0.8*0.25^3/12+(2*0.8*0.25*(0.725-0.331)^2) 331
Ig= 2.24E+11 mm4 0.224 0.331
The critical moment of inertia is 0.725
Icr =(Icr)interior *(W-2Ee)+2(Icr)edge = (6.094E+9)*5.32 + 2*7.304E+9 0.224
Icr = 4.70E+10 mm4 1000
1E+12

Where: W is the total width of the bridge

Ee is Edge strip width

The effective moment of inertia is calculated using the following equation: 2.2E+11
3  3
 M cr   M cr  
Ie    I g  1     I cr  I g
 Ma    M a  
Where:
Mlld= total moment due to dead and live load of the whole slab bridge
Mmd= total dead load moment of the whole slab bridge <
Mcr= critical moment of the whole slab bridge The Secton cracks under 2.3E+09
DL, Use Ie.
Ig
M cr  f r = 3.33*0.224E+12/331 = 2253.53kN-m
yr Ic 7.481E+10 2253.53
Ie= 7.48E+10 4
mm
Mcr < Mmd The Secton cracks under DL, Use Ie.

E C  0 .0 4 3  c 1 . 5 f c ' , Ec = 7
 c : unit density of concrete (kg/m3); refer to Table 3.5.1-1 or Article C5.4.2.4
f c ': Specified compressive strength of concrete (MPa)

Thus, the dead load deflection of the slab bridge is given by:
5WdlL14 1.838E-08 18.377
ddl= = 18.377 mm
384Ec* Ic 73.508
Camber =ddl+long term deflection, Long term deflection = 3ddl 14.375
Camber =ddl(1+3)= 73.508 mm Thus, provide a camber of 73.508 mm

b) Live Load Deflection (AASHTO, Article 2.5.2.6.2)

For vehicular load in general, dmax=L1/800 = 11500/800 =14.375mm

Where: L1: span length of the bridge in mm

dmax : the permissible limit ( max. deflection)
In the computation of live load deflection, design truckload alone or design lane load plus 25% of truckload is considered.

Designed by Dr. Abrham G. Deck Design 11/1/2016, Page 8

 i) Deflection due to truck load
PLL1=1.33*145NL = 385.7kN 385.7
PLL2=1.33*35NL = 93.1kN 93.1
where:
PLL1 and PLL2 are truck loads.

P LL1 P LL1 P LL2

The second load is to the

0.863 right
At x1=6.6125 m, Mtr =169.462 kN-m/m (Location of maximum truck load effect) 2.313 9.19
The maximum deflection of the bridge due to truck load occurs at a wheel load position where moment is a maximum.Thus,
the deflection at the point of maximum moment, x, due to each truck load at 'a' distance a from the left support is given by:

of the
The second load is to the right ,0.863mm, of the center 4.89 center

where:
dtri= deflection due to each truck load. 0.59
a= location of the load to be considered, b=L1-a and x=L1-X1 10.91
(EI)conc=26752*0.07E+12= 2.00E+15 (Nmm2) #REF! 2.00E+06 #######
a) First Load 17320.266 #######
a=9.187m, b=2.313m, x=4.887m 1.38E+08 1.29E-02
385.7*2.313*4.887 #######
dtr1= (11.5^2-2.313^2-4.887^2) = 0.00325m= 3.25mm
6*2E+6*11.5 2.00E+06 #######
2.00E+15 26752
b) Second Load 2.00E+06 7.00E-02
a=6.613m, b=4.887m, x=6.613m
385.7*4.887*6.613 1.25E+04 #######
dtr2= (11.5^2-4.887^2-6.613^2) = 0.00583m= 5.83mm
6*2.001E+6*11.5 1.38E+08 5.83E-03
#######
c) Third Load
a=10.913m, b=0.587m, x=6.613m #######
93.1*0.587*6.613 3.63E+02 #######
dtr3= (11.5^2-0.587^2-6.613^2) = 0.00023m= 0.23mm
6*2.001E+6*11.5 1.38E+08 2.30E-04
2.30E-01
Using the method of superposition, the total live load deflection due truckload is the sum of each deflections, dki’s.
Thus, compare the value obtained with the permissible limit.
dtr=dtr1+dtr2+dtr3 = 3.25+ 5.83+0.23 = 9.31mm 18.98 mm #######

ii) Deflection due to tandem load

The maximum deflection due to tandem load occurred when a single concentrated tandem load is acting at the mid span.
dtl=Pstl*L13/48EcIc = 1.33*110*2NL
where:
dtl = deflection due to tandem load.
Pstl = Single concentrated factored tandem load = 1.33*110*2NL = 585.2kN 585.2
dtl= 585.2*11.5^3/(48*2001303.03) = 0.00926m = 9.26 mm 9.26E+00 9.26E-03

Designed by Dr. Abrham G. Deck Design 11/1/2016, Page 9

 iii) Deflection due to lane load
WL1=9.3*NL 18.6
dLa = 5WL1*L14/(384EIe) = 5*(9.3*2)*11.5^4/(384*2001303.03) 2.12E-03
= 0.00212m =2.12 mm 2.12E+00

dmax= max(dt1, dtr)+dla

#######
Where:
dla = deflection due to lane load.
WL1= lane load
<
dmax= 11.43mm (< 14.375mm) The deflection is within the limit.

Investigation of Fatigue Limit State (AASHTO, Section 5.5.3)

Magnitude and Configuration of Fatigue Load
The fatigue load shall be one design truck or axles thereof specified in Article 3.6.1.2.2, but with a constant spacing of 9000mm
between the 145 000-N axles. The dynamic load allowance specified in Article 3.6.2 shall be applied to the fatigue load.
U=0.75(LL+IM) ; F.S for LL is 0.75
where:
U= Fatigue load shall be one design truck with 9m spacing.
Maximum moment results when the two front axles are on the span and the rear axle is out of the span.
M = 0.75*1.15(Mmax )
24 mf
24 0 L1
0.1 0 L2
1.15 11.50
10.35
m1 -4.3
-2.8206818
m2 0
1.02977273
m3
0.08886360 m2 0 m3
1.029773 0 Mtr 0
24
23 0.125
0.15 1.4375
1.725 10.06
9.78 -2.4884233
-2.1711932 1.24964489
1.45448864 0.0735085
0.043125 1.249645 0.0888636
1.454489 0.0735085
0.043125
162.202
191.857
217.154
22
21 0.175
0.2 2.0125
2.3 9.49
9.20 -1.8689915
-1.5818182 1.64430398
1.81909091 -0.002287
-0.062727 1.644304
1.819091 0
0 238.424
263.768
20
19 0.225
0.25 2.5875
2.875 8.91
8.63 -1.3096733
-1.0525568 1.97884943
2.12357955 -0.138196
-0.228693 1.978849
2.12358 0
0 286.933
307.919
18
17 0.275
0.3 3.1625
3.45 8.34
8.05 -0.8104688
-0.5834091 2.25328125
2.36795455 -0.334219
-0.454773 2.253281
2.367955 0
0 326.726
343.353
16
14 0.325
0.35 3.7375
4.025 7.76
7.48 -0.3713778
-0.174375 2.46759943
2.55221591 -0.590355
-0.740966 2.467599
2.552216 0
0 357.802
370.071
13
11 0.375
0.4 4.3125
4.6 7.19
6.90 0.00759943
0.17454545 2.62180398
2.67636364 -0.906605
-1.087273 2.621804
2.676364 0
0 380.428
394.182
9
7 0.425
0.45 4.8875
5.175 6.61
6.33 0.32646307
0.46335227 2.71589489
2.74039773 -1.282969
-1.493693 2.715895
2.740398 0
0 405.231
413.575
5
4 0.475
0.5 5.4625
5.75 6.04
5.75 0.58521307
0.69204545 2.74987216
2.74431818 -1.719446
-1.960227 2.749872
2.744318 0
0 419.214
422.148
2
3 0.525
0.55 6.0375
6.325 5.46
5.18 0.78384943
0.860625 2.7237358
2.688125 -2.216037
-2.486875 2.723736
2.688125 0
0 422.376
419.9
3
3 0.575
0.6 6.6125
6.9 4.89
4.60 0.92237216
0.96909091 2.6374858
2.57181818 -2.772741
-3.073636 2.637486
2.571818 0
0 414.718
406.832
3
3 0.625
0.65 7.1875
7.475 4.31
4.03 1.00078125
1.01744318 2.49112216
2.39539773 -3.38956
-3.720511 2.491122
2.395398 0
0 396.24
382.943
7.48 422.38
364.30
80.88
Mmax occurs at x= 7.475m and equals to 422.376 kNm 39.336 4.504
Mmf= 0.75*1.15(Mmax) = 364.299kNm/lane 39.336283 6.1E+09
Mmf= the maximum moment for fatigue.
240 <
a) Tensile live load stresses
One lane loaded, Strip width is Em1 (for interior strip)
Mllf= Mmf/Em1 (Em1 is in meter)
= 364.299 /4.504 =80.88kNm/m

=7*80.88E+6*(580-156.626)/(6.09E+9) mm4 =39.336 Mpa 6.09

f smax = 39.336Mpa (< 240Mpa) OK!

where:
Mllf is the maximum moment per meter width for fatigue.

b) Reinforcing Bars
The stresses range in straight reinforcement bars resulting from fatigue load combination shall not exceed (AASHTO, Section 5.5.3.2).
If fsmax < ff , then there is no problem of fatigue. Otherwise increase the area of reinforcing bars.
where:
f f is the stress range.
f min is the minimum live load stress resulting from fatigue load, combined with the more severe stress from permanent loads. For
simply supported slab bridge, r/h is 0.30 and fmin is zero.
ff=166-0.33f min +55(r/h ) =166+55*0.3=182.5MPa > 39.336MPa OK! No problem of fatigue. 182.5
>
OK!
THE DESIGN IS COMPLETED!

Designed by Dr. Abrham G. Deck Design 11/1/2016, Page 10

 Design of Curbs

According to AASHTO Bridge Design Manual (Art. 2.7), curbs will be designed to resist a lateral force of 7.3
kN/m applied at the top of the curb or the railing load of 44.5kN whichever produces larger force effect.

1.825 M1=7.3Cd= 1.825 kN-m/m

M2 =44.5Ph/E 20.43 E= 0.833P h +1.143 1.851
M2 = 20.43KN-m/m E=1.851 m
M2 will be taken for design. will be taken for design.
Mu = 1.3max(M1, M2) M2
Design Moment, Mu 26.559
Mu = 26.559 kN-m/m 26.559
617
b=1000mm
d =Cw-cover-Φ/2 d =617mm d = D+Cd-cover-Φ/2
150 15.000 ## 15
ρ = 0.00019 ρmin = 0.0021 (Using 16 mm diameter reinforcing bars)
As As =ρminbd 0.0021
1295.7 As= 1295.7 mm2, Use Φ 16 c/c 150 mm

Temperature Reinforcement 1275 637.5

Ast = 0.75Cw(D+Cd)/400=1275 mm2 177.32 17 ##
Spacing =min(ast*1000/Ast, 250) = min(170,250 )
Use Φ12 mm rebars c/c 170mm 4.7058824 5

Φ 16 c/c 150 mm
5 Φ12

Designed by Dr. Abrham G Curb Design 11/1/2016

 ABUTMENT DESIGN

Enter Dimensions and Material Properties

Bottom width of the foundation on the left side, BL1= 1.30 m

Bottom width of the toe on the right side, BL3 = 3.00 m
slope V:H = 2.5
Top width of the abutment cap, x = 0.20 m
Depth of the abutment cap, Bf1= 0.25 m
Depth of the base concrete, ht= 1.00 m
Depth of the base concrete, hh= 1.00 m
Top height of the abutment, H= 5.00 m
Allowable stress of the foundation Soil, S all = 250 kPa
Friction angle of the backfill material, δ = 18 degrees
3
Density of the backfill material,γbm = 18.9 kN/m
Cohesion of the backfill material, C = 0
Unit weight of the abutment,γm = 26 kN/m3 (Stone masonry)
3
Unit weight of the abutment cap,γac = 24 kN/m (Concrete)
Soil thickness (surcharge), ts = 0.22 m
Percentage of creep, shrinkage & temperature = 10 % of DL
Passive Pressure is considered.
Height, H2 = 2.00 m
CALCULATIONS Ebd=Rgr-D
1 DIMENSIONS
Net height of the abutment, Hnet=(H-ts)= 4.78
H1=Hnet-hh-Bf1 = 3.53m
B1=H1/Slope=3.53/2.5=1.41m
BL2=B1+Wrs+X = (1.41+0.5+0.2)=2.11 m 2.11
B2=Wrs+X = 0.5+0.2=0.7 m
B=BL1+BL2+BL3 = 1.3+2.11+3=6.41m 6.41

Designed by: Dr. Abrham G. Abutment Design 11/1/2016, 2

 2 LOADS
i) Dead Load Reaction
Rdl=(Wdc+Wdw)L1/2
=161.496*11.5/2 =928.602 kN/m
ii) Live Load Reactions
Rlli=2Ee*(max(Vtrel,Vtmel)+Vln)+(Rwt-2Ee/1000)*(max(Vtrl,Vtml)+Vln)
=2*1.8*(81.537+17.824)+(8.92-2*1.8)*(73.781+16.129)=836.021kN/m
iii) Wind Load on Live Loads
WL=1.46*(H1+1.8), 1.8m above roadway surface.
WL = 1.46*(5+1.8)=9.928kN
iv) Breaking Force, Brf
Brf=0.25*(2*P2+P1)*NL ,Braking force,25%, 1.8m above roadway surface.
=0.25*(2*145+35)*2= 162.5kN
v) Creep, shrinkage & temperature...(10% of DL)
CR_SH_TU = 92.86 kN
vi) Lateral active earth pressure
sult = 1.5S all = 375kPa
ϕ=1.5*δ= 27deg.
Ѳ=180-tan-1(H1/B1) = 111.8 deg.
η=(1+Sqrt(Sin(δ+Ѳ))*Sinϕ)/(Sin(δ+Ѳ)*SinѲ)2 = 2.399
Ka= (Sin(ϕ+Ѳ))2/(η*Sin2Ѳ*(Sin(Ѳ-δ))) = 0.296
γ= 180-(δ+Ѳ)= 50.2deg.
Pmax=ka*γbm*Hnet -2C*√Ka
= 0.296*18.9*4.78-(2*0*√0.296) =26.741 kN/m2
Pa=0.5PmaxHnet
= 0.5*26.741*4.78=63.911 kN/m
Pah=Pa*Sinγ=49.116 kN/m Pah=Pa*Sinγ
Pav=Pa*Cosγ=40.893 kN/m Pav=Pa*Cosγ
vii) Lateral passive earth pressure
Kp = 1/Ka = 3.377
Pmaxp=kp*γbm*Hnet +2C*√Kp = 127.7 kN/m2
Pp=0.5* Pmaxp*H2 = 127.7 kN/m
Pph=Pp*Sinγ= 98.1 kN/m Pph=Pp*Sinγ
Ppv=Pp*Cosγ= 81.68 kN/m Ppv=Pp*Cosγ
viii) Dead load Surcharge
qss=γbm*ts
=18.9*0.22 =4.158Kpa
Pressure=ka*qss= 1.23 kN/m
Qsh=ka*qss*Sin(γ)= 0.945 kN/m
Qsv=ka*qss*Cos(γ)= 0.787 kN/m
xi) Live load Surcharge heq
Pressure=ka*heq*γbm= 4.872 kN/m
Qlh=Pressure*Sin(γ)= 3.685 kN/m
Qlv=Pressure*Cos(γ)= 3.188 kN/m
3 LOAD COMBINATIONS
Strength I:DC=1.25, EV=1.35, EH=1.5, LL=1.75, BR=1.75, LS=1.75, WS=0, WL=0,
ES=1.5, CR_SH_TU=0.5
Strength Ia:DC=0.9, EV=1, EH=0.9, LL=1.75, BR=1.75, LS=1.75, WS=0, WL=0,
ES=0.75, CR_SH_TU=0.5

Designed by: Dr. Abrham G. Abutment Design 11/1/2016, 2

 Total Width of the abutment = 8.92m
Factored Factored Moment Factored Factored
Unfactored Unfactored
Forces Forces Arm from Moments Moments
Loads Moments
(Strength I) (Strength Ia) Pt. A (Strength I) (Strength Ia)
W1 695.76 869.70 626.18 1.50 1043.64 1304.55 939.28
W2 573.07 716.34 515.77 3.35 1919.80 2399.75 1727.82
W3 37.46 46.83 33.72 3.35 125.50 156.88 112.95
W4 25.69 32.11 23.12 3.60 92.48 115.60 83.23
W5 413.66 517.08 372.30 4.17 1724.98 2156.22 1552.48
W6 327.01 408.76 294.31 4.41 1440.47 1800.58 1296.42
W7 301.50 376.87 271.35 5.54 1671.29 2089.12 1504.16
Vertical Loads

W8 300.70 375.88 270.63 4.64 1395.26 1744.07 1255.73

W9 149.76 187.20 134.78 4.41 659.68 824.60 593.71
W10 1047.61 1309.51 942.85 5.54 5807.23 7259.04 5226.51
W11 505.76 632.21 455.19 1.50 758.65 948.31 682.78
RDL 928.60 1160.75 835.74 3.25 3017.96 3772.45 2716.16
RLL 836.02 1463.04 1463.04 3.25 2717.07 4754.87 4754.87
Pav 195.47 263.88 195.47 6.41 1252.95 1691.49 1252.95
Ppv 163.35 220.53 163.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Qsv 33.56 45.30 33.56 6.41 215.09 290.38 215.09
Qlv 28.43 38.39 28.43 6.41 182.26 246.05 182.26
TOTAL 6,563.42 8,664.36 6,659.77 24,024.30 31,553.94 24,096.41
Brf 162.50 284.38 284.38 6.58 1069.25 1871.19 1871.19
WL 9.93 0.00 0.00 6.58 65.33 0.00 0.00
Horizontal Loads

CR,SH,TU 92.86 46.43 46.43 4.78 443.87 221.94 221.94

Pah 234.77 352.16 211.30 1.59 374.07 561.11 336.67
Pph 196.20 294.30 176.58 -0.67 -130.80 -196.20 -117.72
Qsh 40.30 60.46 36.27 2.39 96.33 144.49 86.69
Qlh 32.87 49.30 29.58 2.39 78.55 117.82 70.69
TOTAL 769.43 1,087.02 784.54 1,996.60 2,720.35 2,469.46
∑M 28,833.60 21,626.96
Stability and Safety Criteria
1 Eccentricity %=(emax-e)*100/emax
Design Margin
V ∑M Xo=∑M/V e=B/2-Xo emax=B/4 Remark
(%)
Strength I 8,664.362 28,833.60 3.328 -0.123 1.603 92.33 OK!
Strength Ia 6,659.774 21,626.96 3.247 -0.042 1.603 97.35 OK!

2 Sliding %=(φs*Fr-H)*100/φs*Fr φs = 0.8

Design Margin
V tanδ Fr=V*tanδ φs *Fr HL Remark
(%)
Strength I 8,664.362 0.33 2816.430 2253.144 1087.024 51.76 OK!
Strength Ia 6,659.774 0.33 2164.820 1731.856 784.537 54.70 OK!

3 Bearing Capacity %=(φb*RI*qult-qmax)*100/(φb*RI*qult) φb = 0.5 2

3
sult= 500 Kpa RI=(1-(H/V)) =0.688 qmax=Vn/(2*Xo*B)
Design Margin
Hn Vn Hn/Vn φb*RI*qult qmax Remark
(%)
Strength I 769.434 6,563.42 0.117 171.981 153.844 10.55 OK!
Strength Ia 769.434 6,563.42 0.117 171.981 157.654 8.33 OK!

Designed by: Dr. Abrham G. Criteria (Abt) 11/1/2016