ASSIGNMENT

Unit 1: Introduction to Management

1. Define management

"Management is the art of getting things done through and with people in
formally organized groups”. It is art of creating the environment in which
people can perform and individuals could cooperate towards attaining of
groups goals. It is the art of removing blocks to such performance, a way of
optimizing efficiency in reaching goals”.

Management is principally the task of planning, coordinating, motivating

and controlling the efforts of others towards a specific objective.

Management is a distinct process consisting of planning, organizing,

actuating and controlling, performed to determine and accomplish stated
objectives by the use of human being and other resources.

2. What is the importance of management?

Management is essential for the success and growth of any organization,

whether it is a small business, a non-profit organization, or a large
corporation. The following are some of the reasons why management is
crucial:
1. Goal Setting: Management sets objectives for the organization to
achieve. These goals help to provide direction and focus, ensuring
that everyone is working towards the same common goal.
2. Resource Allocation: Management is responsible for allocating
resources effectively to achieve the goals of the organization. This
includes human, financial, and material resources.
3. Decision Making: Management makes important decisions that
 affect the organization, including strategic decisions, financial
decisions, and operational decisions.
4. Planning: Management is responsible for creating a plan that
outlines how the organization will achieve its objectives. This
includes setting timelines, allocating resources, and defining the
steps needed to achieve the goals.
5. Leadership: Management provides leadership for the organization.
Effective leadership inspires and motivates employees to work
towards the organization's goals, leading to higher productivity and
better results.
6. Control: Management ensures that the organization is operating
effectively and efficiently by monitoring progress, identifying
potential problems, and taking corrective action as needed.
In summary, management plays a crucial role in ensuring that an
organization operates effectively and achieves its goals. Without effective
management, an organization may struggle to succeed and grow.

3. Management is art. Explain.

Management is an art because

1. Practical Knowledge: Every art requires practical knowledge

therefore learning of theory is not sufficient. It is very important
to know practical application of theoretical principles. E.g. to
become a good painter, the person may not only be knowing
different colour and brushes but different designs, dimensions,
situations etc to use them appropriately. A manager can never be
successful just by obtaining degree or diploma in management;
he must have also know how to apply various principles in real
 situations by functioning in capacity of manager.

2. Personal Skill: Although theoretical base may be same for every

artist, but each one has his own style and approach towards his
job. That is why the level of success and quality of performance
differs from one person to another. E.g. there are several qualified
painters but M.F. Hussain is recognized for his style. Similarly
management as an art is also personalized. Every manager has
his own way of managing things based on his knowledge,
experience and personality, that is why some managers are
known as good managers (like Aditya Birla, Rahul Bajaj) whereas
others as bad.

3. Creativity: Every artist has an element of creativity in line. That is

why he aims at producing something that has never existed
before which requires combination of intelligence & imagination.
Management is also creative in nature like any other art. It
combines human and non-human resources in useful way so as to
achieve desired results. It tries to produce sweet music by
combining chords in an efficient manner.

4. Perfection through practice: Practice makes a man perfect.

Every artist becomes more and more proficient through constant
practice. Similarly managers learn through an art of trial and error
initially but application of management principles over the years
makes them perfect in the job of managing.

5. Goal-Oriented: Every art is result oriented as it seeks to achieve

concrete results. In the same manner, management is also
directed towards accomplishment of pre-determined goals.
Managers use various resources like men, money, material,
machinery & methods to promote growth of an organization.
 Thus, we can say that management is an art therefore it requires
application of certain principles rather it is an art of highest order
because it deals with moulding the attitude and behavior of people at
work towards desired goals.

4. Management is science. Explain.

Management is science because

• Universally acceptance principles - Scientific principles

represents basic truth about a particular field of enquiry. These
principles may be applied in all situations, at all time & at all
places. E.g. - law of gravitation which can be applied in all
countries irrespective of the time. Management also contains
some fundamental principles which can be applied universally
like the Principle of Unity of Command i.e. one man, one boss.
This principle is applicable to all type of organization - business or
non-business.

• Experimentation & Observation - Scientific principles are

derived through scientific investigation & researching i.e. they are
based on logic. E.g. the principle that earth goes round the sun
has been scientifically proved. Management principles are also
based on scientific enquiry & observation and not only on the
opinion of Henry Fayol. They have been developed through
experiments & practical experiences of large no. of managers. E.g.
it is observed that fair remuneration to personal helps in creating
a satisfied work force.

• Cause & Effect Relationship - Principles of science lay down

cause and effect relationship between various variables. E.g.
when metals are heated, they are expanded. The cause is heating
 & result is expansion. The same is true for management, therefore
it also establishes cause and effect relationship. E.g. lack of parity
(balance) between authority & responsibility will lead to
ineffectiveness. If you know the cause i.e. lack of balance, the
effect can be ascertained easily i.e. in effectiveness. Similarly if
workers are given bonuses, fair wages they will work hard but
when not treated in fair and just manner, reduces productivity of
organization.
• Test of Validity & Predictability - Validity of scientific principles can be tested at
any time or any number of times i.e. they stand the test of time. Each time these
tests will give same result. Moreover, future events can be predicted with
reasonable accuracy by using scientific principles. E.g. H2 & O2 will always give
H2O.Principles of management can also be tested for validity. E.g. principle of unity
of command can be tested by comparing two persons - one having single boss and
one having 2 bosses. The performance of 1st person will be better than 2nd.
Management is science because

• Universally acceptance principles - Scientific principles

represents basic truth about a particular field of enquiry. These
principles may be applied in all situations, at all time & at all
places. E.g. - law of gravitation which can be applied in all
countries irrespective of the time. Management also contains
some fundamental principles which can be applied universally
like the Principle of Unity of Command i.e. one man, one boss.
This principle is applicable to all type of organization - business or
non-business.

• Experimentation & Observation - Scientific principles are

derived through scientific investigation & researching i.e. they are
based on logic. E.g. the principle that earth goes round the sun
has been scientifically proved. Management principles are also
based on scientific enquiry & observation and not only on the
opinion of Henry Fayol. They have been developed through
 experiments & practical experiences of large no. of managers. E.g.
it is observed that fair remuneration to personal helps in creating
a satisfied work force.

• Cause & Effect Relationship - Principles of science lay down

cause and effect relationship between various variables. E.g.
when metals are heated, they are expanded. The cause is heating
& result is expansion. The same is true for management, therefore
it also establishes cause and effect relationship. E.g. lack of parity
(balance) between authority & responsibility will lead to
ineffectiveness. If you know the cause i.e. lack of balance, the
effect can be ascertained easily i.e. in effectiveness. Similarly if
workers are given bonuses, fair wages they will work hard but
when not treated in fair and just manner, reduces productivity of
organization.

• Test of Validity & Predictability - Validity of scientific principles

can be tested at any time or any number of times i.e. they stand
the test of time. Each time these tests will give same result.
Moreover, future events can be predicted with reasonable
accuracy by using scientific principles. E.g. H2 & O2 will always give
H2O.Principles of management can also be tested for validity. E.g.
principle of unity of command can be tested by comparing two
persons - one having single boss and one having 2 bosses. The
performance of 1st person will be better than 2nd.