Useful Formulae in Advanced Level Physics

v 2
A1. a= = w 2r centripetal acceleration
r

A2. a = w 2c simple harmonic motion

A3. L = Iw angular momentum of a rigid body

dL
A4. .T = torque on a rotating body
dt

1 2
A5. E= Iw energy stored in a rotating body
2

T
B1. v= velocity of transverse wave motion in a stretched string
m

E
B2. v= velocity of longitudinal wave motion in a solid
r

B3. n = tan q p refractive index and polarizing angle

lD
B4. d= fringe width in double-slit interference
a

B5. d sin q = nl diffraction grating equation

u - u0
B6. f '= f ( ) Doppler frequency
u - us

I2
B7. 10 log10 ( ) definition of the decibel
I1

Gm1 m2
C1. F= Newton’s law of gravitation
r2

GM
C2. V = gravitational potential
r

C3. r3 / T2 = constant Kepler’s third law

Q
C4. E= electric field due to a point charge
4pe 0 r 2

Q
C5. V= electric potential due a point charge
4pe 0 r

1
 V
C6. E= electric field between parallel plates (numerically)
d

Q e0 A
C7. C= = capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor
V d

C8. Q = Qo e - t / RC decay of charge with time when a capacitor discharges

C9. Q = Qo (1 - e -t / RC ) rise of charge with time when charging a capacitor

1
C10. E= CV 2 energy stored in a capacitor
2

C11. I = nAuQ general current flow equation

rl
C12. R= resistance and resistivity
A

C13. F = BQu sin q force on a moving charge in a magnetic field

C14. F = BI‫ ﺎ‬sin q force on a current carrying a conductor in a magnetic field

BI
C15. V= Hall voltage
nQt

m0I
C16. B= magnetic field inside a long straight wire
2pr
m 0 NI
C17. B= magnetic field inside long solenoid
l
m 0 I1 I 2
C18. F= force per unit length between long parallel straight current
2pr
carrying conductors

C19. T = BAN sin f torque on a rectangular current carrying coil in a uniform

magnetic field

C20. E = BANw sin wt simple generator e.m.f.

Vs N
C21. » s ratio of secondary voltage to primary voltage in a transformer
Vr N r

C22. E = - LdI / dt e.m.f. induced in an inductor

1 2
C23. E= LI energy stored in an inductor
2

C24. X L = wL reactance of an inductor

2
 1
C25. XC = reactance of a capacitor
wC

C26. P = IVCOS q power in an a.c. circuit

C27. RL voltage gain of transistor amplifier in the common emitter

DVout / DVin = - b
RB
configuration

C28. Vo = Ao (V+ - V- ) output voltage of op amp (open-loop)

Rf
C29. A=- gain of inverting amplifier
Ri

Rf
C30. A = 1+ gain of non-inverting amplifier
Ri

D1. pV = nRT = NkT equation of state for an ideal gas

1
D2. pV = Nmc 2 kinetic theory equation
3

3RT 3
D3. Ek = = kT molecular kinetic energy
2N A 2

F x
D4. E= / macroscopic definition of Young modulus
A L

1
D5. E= Fx energy stored in stretching
2

dU
D6. F =- relationship between force and potential energy
dr

D7. E = .k / r microscopic interpretation of Young modulus

1 2
D8. P+ rv + rgh Bernoulli’s equation
2
= constant

D9. ∆U = Q + W first law of thermodynamics

13.6
D10. En = - eV energy level equation for hydrogen atom
n2

D11. N = N o e - kt law of radioactive decay

ln 2
D12. t1 = half-life and decay constant
2
k

3
 1
D13. mu m2 = hv - f Einstein’s photoelectric equation
2

D14. E = mc2 mass-energy relationship