Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers
COMPLEX NUMBERS
( ) ( ) x = -1 ± 2i
(c) 2x2 – 3x + 4 = 0
√ √
√
√
The above simple examples reveal the
√ following
Z1 + Z2 = (x1 + x2) + i(y1 + y2) When diving a complex number with another,
the result is also a complex number. It can be
Illustration done in two ways
If Z1 = 2 + 3i and Z2 = 1 – 2i Either:
Z1 + Z2 = (2 + 1) + i(3 + -1)
Let for some real numbers p and
= 3 + 2i q.
Subtraction of complex numbers Z1 = (p + iq)Z2
When subtracting two or more complex x1 + iy1 = (p + iq)(x2 + iy2)
numbers, real parts are subtracted from real
parts and imaginary parts subtracted from = px2 + ipy2 + iqx2 +i2qy2
imaginary parts. = px2 – qy2 + i(py2 + qx2)
Z1 – Z2 = (x1 – x2) + i(y1 – y2) Equating the corresponding real and
Illustration imaginary parts of the resulting complex
number
If Z1 = 2 + 3i and Z2 = 1 – 2i
x1 = px2 – qy2 and x2= py2 + qx2
Z1 + Z2 = (2 – 1) + i(3 – -1)
Solving these equation simultaneously for p
= 1 + 4i and q
Example 3
Sum of roots x + iy + x – iy = 3
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2x = 3; x = When k = -4, y = -4 which is inadmissible
since y must be real.
Product of roots = (x + iy)(x – iy) =
When k = 9; y2 = 9 => y = ±3
x2 + y 2 = x= = ±2
Substituting for x;
√ = 2 + 3i or -2 – 3i
2 √
+y = ;y= Approach 2
√ Let √ = x + iy
The roots of the equation are x = 3,
x2 – y2 + i2xy = -5 + 12i
Finding the square root of a complex
number Equating corresponding parts
Approach 1
x2 + y2 = 13 …………….(iii)
Let √ = x + iy
Eqn.(i) + eqn. (iii)
By squaring both sides
2x2 = 8; x = ±2
-5 + 12i = x2 - y2 + i2xy
Substituting for x in eqn. (iii)
Equating corresponding parts
4 + y2 = 13; y = ±3
x2 - y2 = -5 ………. (i)
2xy = 12 √ = 2 + 3i or -2 – 3i
(b) 3 + 4i
x = ……………… (ii)
Let √ = x + iy
Substituting eqn.(ii) into eqn. (i)
x2 – y2 + i2xy = 3 + 4i
( )
Equating corresponding parts
4 2
36 – y = -5y x2 - y2 = 3 ………. (i) and 2xy = 4…………… (ii)
Let k = y2 Eqn. (i)2 + eqn. (ii)2
k2 – 5k – 36 = 0 x4 - 2x2y2 + y4 = 9
(k – 9)(k + 4) = 0 i.e. k = 9 or k = -4 + 4x2y2 = 16
x4 + 2x2y2 + y4 = 25
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√
=
x2 + y2 = 5 …………….(iii)
But √
Eqn.(i) + eqn. (iii)
2x2 = 8; x = ±2
4 + y2 = 5; y = ±1 Example 8
Example 6 Solution
Z1 + Z2 = 8 Z2 – 2Z + 1 = iZ2 + 2iZ + i
Solution Z2 – 2iZ + 1 = 0
Z1 + Z2 = 8 √ √
Z= √
Z1 = 8 – Z2 ……………………… (i)
Z = (1 ± √ )i
4Z1 – 3iZ2 = 26 + 8i…………. (ii)
Revision exercise 1
Substituting eqn. (i) into eqn. (ii)
1. Simplify each of the following and
4(8 – Z2) +3iZ2 = 26 + 8i express your answer in the form a + bi
(a) (3 + 4i) + (2 + 3i) [5 + 7i]
32 – 4Z2 – 3iZ2 = 26 + 8i
(b) (3 + 4i) – (2 – 3i) [1+ 7i]
(4 + 3i)Z2 = 6 – 8i (c) (2i)2 [-4]
(d) (2 + 3i)(2 – 3i) [13]
(e) (3 + 4i)(1 – 2i) [11 – 2i]
2. If Z is a complex number in form (a + bi)
Substituting for Z2 into (i) solve
Z1 = 8 + 2i (a) ( ) [Z = (1 ± √ )i]
Z1 = 8 + 2i and Z2 = -2i (b) * +
(c) Express each of the following complex
Example 7
numbers in the form a + bi
Solve the equation 6x2 – 2(1+ 2i)x – 1 = 0 (a) Z1 = (1 – i)(1 + 2i) [3 + i]
Solution (b) Z2 = [2i]
(c) Z3 = [2 – 2i]
√
Using (d) Find the square root of
(a) 12i – 5 [2 +3i or -2 – 3i]
√
(b) 5 + 2i [±(3 +2i)]
(c) 15 + 8i [±(4 + i)]
Arg(Z1) = ( )
Arg(Z2) =
(c) Z3 = -3 + 4i √
Solution √ ( )
| | √ =
Im | | √( √ ) √
4 5
θ
-3 O Re
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(iv)
Im
3 Example 11
2√
Given that Z1 = 3 + 4i and Z2 = 1 – i, find
θ
O (i) | |
-√ Re
(ii)
Solution
Arg(Z2) = ( )= 1200 =
√
| | √
0 0
Z2 = 2√ (cos120 + isin120 )
arg(Z1) = ( )
Z2 = 2√ (cos + isin )
| | √ √
Multiplication and division of polar form
arg(Z2) = ( )
The two operations offer valuable results in
complex plane (i) | | | || | √
(ii)
Let | | and arg(Z1) = θ1 i.e.
| | Example 12
Given that Z1= 3(cos + isin )
Let | | and arg(Z2) = θ2 i.e.
And Z2 = 5(cos + isin ) find
| |
(i) | |
(a) Multiplication of polar form (ii)
Solution
Z1Z2 = For
=r1r2(cosθ1cosθ2 + i cosθ1sinθ2 + isinθ1cosθ2 – Z1= 3(cos + isin ); | |
sinθ1cosθ2)
For
= r1r2,(cosθ1cosθ2 - sinθ1cosθ2)+ i(cosθ1sinθ2 +
sinθ1cosθ2)} Z2 = 5(cos + isin ); | |
= r1r2{cos(θ1 + θ2) + isin(θ1 + θ2)} (i) | | | || |
Deductions: (ii) = =
(b) Division of polar form
(i) | | | || |
(ii)
(iii) | | | || | | | { }
(iv)
= { }
In general = { }
(i) | | | || || | | |
Deduction
(ii) | | | || || | | | | |
(iii) | |
(a)
| |
(b) ( )
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√
arg(Z1) = ( )
Example 13
| | √
(a) | | | |
=
Given that Z1 = 3 + 4i and Z2 = 1 – i, find
(b) ( )
(i) | |
(ii) ( )
| | √
Solution (c) | | | | | | √
(d) ( )
| | √
arg(Z1) = ( ) = ( ) ( )
=3
| | √ √
= 3(1200) – 2(300) + 1350 = 750 =
arg(Z2) = ( )
Note: the reader should correlate the
| | √
(i) | | | |
= computations of arguments Z1Z2 and with
√
(ii) ( ) the laws of logarithms
Example 15
Example 14 (a) Given that Z1 = 3 + 4i, Z2 = 12 + 5i find
Three complex numbers are given as (i) | |
(ii)
Z1 = -1 – i; Z2 = 3 -i√ ; Z3 = -1 + i√ (iii) | |
Find (iv) arg
(a) | | Solution
(b) ( ) | | √
(c) | | Arg(Z1) = ( )
(d) ( ) | | √
Solution Arg(Z1) = ( )
| | √ √ (i) | | | || |
arg(Z1) = ( )
(ii)
Solution
( ( ) ( ))
Approach 1
√ Given 2 + 3i is a root, its conjugate 2 - 3i is also
=
a root of the equation
Solving equations of higher order
The equation of these two roots
When one or more roots of a complex
Sum of roots 2 + 3i + 2 – 3i = 4
number is(are) given, their conjugates are also
the roots of the same equation Product of roots = (2 + 3i)(2 – 3i) = 13
To prove that a certain root is a factor of a The equation is Z2 – 4Z + 13 = 0
complex function, we either use long division
to show that the quotient of division is zero or Using long division
we substitute the factor given into the Let f(Z) = Z4 – 5Z3 + 18Z2 – 17Z + 13
equation to note the remainder or we get the
product of the already existing roots and then Z2 – Z + 1
carry on long division to observe the Z2 – 4Z + 13 Z4 – 5Z3 + 18Z2 – 17Z + 13
remainder or we use the synthetic approach
Z4 – 4Z3 + 13Z2
Example 16
-Z3 + 5Z2 -17Z + 13
Given that (1+ 3i) and (2 – i) are roots of the
equation -Z3 + 4Z2– 13Z
√ Procedure
The roots are 2 ± 3i and
(a) Write down the root and coefficients of
Approach 2 the expression in the first row (as shown
Taking Z = 2 + 3i and substituting in the given above)
equation (b) Write zero immediately below the first
coefficient (this is the only entry in the
LHS = (2 + 3i)4 – 5(2 + 3i)3 + 18(2 + 3i)2 – 17(2+ second row that is simply written, the
3i) + 13 = 0 (RHS) other are to be obtained by
multiplication)
Z1 = 2 + 3i is a root
(c) At the first coefficient to zero to get the
This means Z2 = 2 – 3i is also a root of the first entry in the third row
equation as it is a conjugate of the given root. (d) Obtain the second entry in the second
row by multiplying 1 by 2 + 3i, then add to
Given f(Z) = Z4 – 5Z3 + 18Z2 – 17Z + 13 = 0
-5 to get the second entry in the third row
Sum of roots = 5 and i.e. -3 + 3i
(e) Repeat (d) by multiplying -3 + 3i to get the
Product of roots = 13 third entry in the second row, this entry is
Let the other roots be α and β added to 18 to get to get the third row i.e.
3 – 3i. continue with this trend up to the
Sum of the roots = 2 + 3i + 2 – 3i + α + β = 5 last entry. If the last entry in the table is
4+α+β=5 zero, then the value being tested is a root.
α+β=1 Example 18
= 2 ± 3i (a) | | * +
(b) ( )* +
Hence the other roots are 2 + 3i and 2 – 3i
(c) | |[3]
Revision exercise 2
(d) ( )* +
1. Given Z1 = 7 – 4i and Z2 = -1 + 3i, express in
the modulus-argument form the following 11. If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers
(a) Z1Z2 such that | | | |. Show that
,r = 25.45 *cos(0.437π) + isin(0.437π)+- the difference of their arguments is or
(b) | | .
12. Find the modulus and argument of
{ [ ]
[5, 0.6435 rad]
2. Find the modulus and the principal
13. If and find the
arguments of
moduli of
(a) * +
(a) z1 [5]
(b) *√ + (b) z2 [6.5]
√ (c) z1 + z2 [2.061]
(c) * +
(d) z1z2 [32.5]
(d) [ √ ]
Demoivre’s theorem
3. If z1 and z2 are complex numbers, solve
the simultaneous equation, giving your This states that for all rational integers
answer in the form a + bi.
r(cosθ + isinθ)n = r(cosnθ + isinnθ)
4z1 + 3z2= 23
z1 + iz2 = 6 [2 +3i, 5 – 4i] The theorem can be proved by induction
4. Given that 2 + I is a root of the equation approach or otherwise
z3 – 11z + 20 = 0. Find the remaining roots
[2 – i, -4] By induction
5. Show that 2+ i is a root of the equation Given that (cosθ+ isinθ)n = cosnθ + isinnθ
2z3 – 9z2 + 14z – 5 = 0. Hence find other
roots [2- i, ½ ] Suppose n = 1
6. Find equation whose roots are -1 ± i, cosθ+ isinθ = cos1θ + isin1θ
where i = √ [z2 +2z + 2 = 0]
cosθ+ isinθ = cosθ+ isinθ i.e. the proof
holds for n = 1
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Suppose n = k Hence the theorem holds for all values of
n.
(cosθ+ isinθ)k = coskθ + isinkθ
For n = k + 1
Applications of Demoivre’s theorem
k+1 k 1
(cosθ+ isinθ) = (cosθ+ isinθ) (cosθ+ isinθ)
It is mainly employed in proving trigonometric
= (coskθ + isinkθ)( cosθ + isinθ) functions and finding roots of complex
function.
= coskθcosθ + icoskθsinθ + isinkθcosθ + i2sinkθsinθ
Proving identities
= coskθcosθ – sinkθsinθ + i(coskθsinθ + sinkθcosθ)
Example 19
= cos(k+1)θ + isin(k+1)θ
By using Demoivre’s theorem, show that
which is true when n = k + 1
(cosθ+ isinθ)n = cosnθ + isinnθ hold for all Dividing terms of the R.H.S by cos5x
positive values of n
tan5x =
Also, (cosθ+ isinθ)n = cosnθ + isinnθ holds for
fractional and negative indices (b)
= =
=
z-1 =
=
(b) suppose n = -m
(c)
z-m =
=( )( )
=
=
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=
= Im
4
(d) 16sin5x = sin5x -5sin3x + 10sinx 530
O 3 Re
Given Z = cosx + isinx
̅ = cosx – isinx
z = 5[ ]
(Z – ̅ ) = 2isinx
This means that (Z – ̅ )n = 2isinnx
(Z – Z*)5 = 2isin5x = 32isin5x
= * ( ) ( )+
(Z – ̅ )5
= Z5 -5Z4 ̅ + 10Z3 ̅ 2 + 10Z2(- ̅ )3+ 5Z ̅ 4 - ̅ 5 Substituting for k = 0
= Z5 -5Z3 + 10Z - 10( ̅ )+ 5 ̅ 3 - ̅ 5
=[ ̅ ] [ ̅ ] [ ̅] = * ( ) ( )+= -2 - i
= 2isin5x – 10isin3x + 20isinx
√ 2±i
32isin5x = 2isin5x – 10isin3x + 20isinx
(b) -3 – 4i
16sin5x = sin5x -5sin3x + 10sinx
Solution
Finding roots
Solution
Let f(z) = z3 – 1
z = 13[ ]
f(1) = 13 – 1 = 0
= * ( ) ( )+
z – 1 is a factor.
Substituting for k = 0 Using long division
= * ( ) ( )+ z2 + z +1
= 3 - 2i z-1 z3 – 1
Substituting for k = 1 z3 – z2
= z2 – 1
* ( ) ( )+ z2 – 1
Example 21 Or z2 + z +1 = 0
√
(a) Use roots 1, α and α2 of unity. Hence √
show that 1 + α + α2 = 0
√
Solution the cube roots are 1,
Let √ Hence
√
z= (In mod-Arg form Letting α = , the
√ √
=[ ] , k = 0,1,2 α2=( ) =
= ) √
Letting α = , the
When k = 0
√ √
α2=( ) =
z1 = =1
Hence the roots can be written as 1, α + α2
When k = 1
√
Adding these roots
z2 = )=
√ √
When k = 2
Solution
* ( ) ( )+
Let z = =2 When k = 0
=[ ] * ( ) ( )+
= * ( ) ( )+, k = 0, 1, 2, 3 =1.2160 +1.0204i
When k = 0 When k = 1
z1 = [ ]=√ √ * ( ) ( )+
When k = 1
= -1.4917 + 0.5429i
Z2 = [ ]=-√ √
When k = 2
When k = 2
* ( ) ( )+
Z3 = [ ]=√ √
When k = 3
= 0.2756 – 1.5633i
z4 = -4 = 4(-1 + 0i)
Solution
arg(z) = ( )
( √ ) *( √ ) +
z4 = [ ]
[( √ )( √ )]
* ( ) ( )+
[ √ ] When k = 0
Let z = -2 + 2√ i
* ( ) ( )+
| | √ ( √ ) √ ( )
√ √
√ When k = 1
Arg(z) = ( )
1200 When k = 2
- O Re
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* ( ) ( )+ (c) 2| | | |
(d) arg( )
√ ( )
√ √ Solution
When k = 3
Let z = x + iy
* ( ) ( )+ (a) | | i.e. √
√ ( )
√ √
The locus of z is a circle with centre (0, 0) and
the roots of z4 + 4 = 0 are 1 ± i and -1 ± i
radius 2units
The locus of a complex number Im
2
This is an equation of a set of point
representing a variable complex number or a 1
path traced. It may be in form of an equation
of a circle or a straight line.
-2 -1 0 1 2 3
Re
Example 25 -1
Determine the locus of z if
-2
(a) | |
(b) Arg(z+2) =
(b) Arg[(x – 1) + iy] =
Solution
( )
Let z = x + iy
(a) | |
| |
The locus is a straight line
Im
The locus of z is a circle with centre (4, 0) 2
(b) Arg(x + iy +2) = Y=x-1
1
Arg((x+2) + iy) =
( ) -1 0 1 2 3
-2
√
Re
-1
√
-2
√
or z = 2[ ]
( ) ( )
(i) On the same Argand diagram plot ̅ and
The locus of Z is a circle with the centre ( ) 2 ̅
√
and radius √ ̅ √
arg( ) ̅ (√ ) = 2√ + i
arg[ ] – arg[ ]= | ̅ | √( √ ) =√
( ) ( )= Finding arg( ̅ :
( ) ( ) Arg( ̅ ( ) = -300
√ √
( )( )
Finding arg ̅ :
√
Arg ̅ = ( )
√
√
√ √ (√ ) (√ ) =
√ √ √
( ) ( )
* ( √ ) ( √ )+and radius √
Example 27
The complex number z = √ . (b) What are the greatest and least values of
̅ | | | | ?
tanθ =
√
θ = Arg (z) = ( )=
√
Lowest value of | | =1 z + 1= 0
z = -1
Example 28
So the roots are 2±3i and -1
(a) Given that the complex number Z and its
conjugate ̅ satisfy the equation Example 29
Z ̅ . Find Z.
(a) If z1 = and z2 = , find | |
Let z = x + iy then ̅
(x + iy)(x – iy) +2i(x + iy) = 12 + 6i Solution
Solution
[ ][ ]
Sum = 2 + 3i + 2 – 3i = 4 =
[ ][ ]
=
-
(ii) Show that the locus of is a straight
line when its imaginary part is zero.
- State the gradient of the line.
0
x2 + y2 – 6x + 12y + 45 4x2 + 4y2
y= +1 x2 + y2 + 2x – 4y – 15 = 0
2x = 6 => x = 3 4
9 + y2 + 2y = 12
y2 + 2y – 3 = 0 -8 -4 0 4 8
Re
(y – 1)(y + 3) = 0 => y = 1 or y = -3 -4
When y = -3; z = 3 + 3i and
When y = 1, z = 3 –i Example 31
If n is a variable and z = 4n + 3i(1 – n), show
The possible values of z are 3 + 3i and 3 - i that the locus of Z is a straight line. Determine
the minimum value of | |
(b) Find the Cartesian equation, in its simplest
Solution
form of the curve described by
| | | | where z is the complex Let z = x = iy
x + iy = 4n +3i(1 – n)
number x + iy.
Equating real parts
Hence sketch an Argand diagram the
region satisfying | | | | x = 4n => n =
Solution
Equating imaginary parts
Substituting z = x = iy
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y = 3(1 – n) If the above expression is wholly imaginary,
then the real part must be zero
y= ( )
i.e.
y= which is a straight line with
=> x2 + y2 – 3x + y = 0
gradient and intercept 3
Given z = 4n + 3i(1 – n) ( ) ( )
| |
The locus is a circle with centre with
| | and radius √
The minimum value can be obtained by
completing squares or differentiation Revision exercise 4
By completing squares
| | 1. Use Demoivre’s theorem to show that
(a) cos6x = cos6x -15cos4xsinx + 15coxsin4x –
[( ) ] sin6x
[( ) ] (b) tan3x =
( ) 2. (a) Evaluate ( √ )
[1.2160 + 1.0204i, -1.4917 +0.5429i]
| | is minimum when
(b) Find the roots of z4 + 4 = 0 using
| | = Demoivre’s theorem
| | [1± i, -1± i]
3. (a) Given that the complex number Z and
By differentiation its conjugate satisfy the equation
Z . Find possible
| || |
values of Z. (06marks)
[Z = ]
n=
(b) Prove that if is real, then the
| | ( ) ( ) locus of the point representing the
complex number Z is a straight line.
| | (06marks) [y = + 6]
4. (a)Express 5 + 12i in polar form
Example 32 [5 + 12i = 13(cos 67.380 + isin67.380)]
Show that the locus of z if is wholly Hence, evaluate√ , giving your
answer in the form a + ib where a and b
imaginary is a circle with centre at and are corrected to two decimal places.
radius √ (12marks)
Let z = x + iy
5. (a) The total impedance z in an electric
circuit with two branches z1 and z2 is given
by . Given that z1= 3 + 4i and z2
[
=
passes through -3 but does not touch the and hence find z2 and in the form
y-axis] a + bi
9. (a)(i) Express each of the following ( ( ) ( ))
complex numbers in the form a + bi [ ]
√
z1 = (1 –i)(1 + 2i) [3 + i] √
z2 = [2i] 13. (a)Given that z1 = -i + 1, z2 = 2 + i, and
z3 = [2 – 2i] z3 = 1 + 5i, represent z2z3, z2-z1 and
(b) Find the modulus and argument of o, Argand diagram
z1z2z3 [17.889, 63.43490] (b) Prove that for positive integers
(c) Find the square root of 12i – 5 .
[1 + 3i or -2 – 3i] Deduce that this formula is also true
10. (a) given that z = √ + i, find the modulus for negative values of n.
and argument 14. If z is a complex number, describe and
(i) z2 * + illustrate on the Argand diagram the locus
given by each of the following
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(a) | | 21. Given the complex number z =
(i) Determine z in form a + bi where a and
[it is a circle centre ( ) radius 0. 8385] b are constant [-4,- 3i]
(ii) arg(z) [-143.130]
(ii) Arg (z + 3) = [is it a straight line
√
represented by equation y = ] 22. (a) Express the complex numbers z1 =4i
and z2 = 2 – 2i in trigonometric form
15. (a) Use Demoivre’s theorem or otherwise r(cosθ + isinθ).
to simplify [z1 =4(cos900 + isin900),
z2 = 2√ (cos-450 + isin-450)]
* ( ) ( )+
Hence or otherwise evaluate * +
(b) Express in modulus-argument (b) Find the values of x and y in
form. [x = 2.8, y =0.4]
,z = 0.1387*cos(0.187π)+ isin(0.187π)+- 23. Find the fourth root of 4 + 3i
(c) Solve (z + zz*)z = 5 + 2z where z* is [±(1.4760 + 0.23971i), ±(0.2397 – 1.4760i)]
the complex conjugate of z.
[z = 1 + 2i, z* = 1 -2i] 24. (a) Given that ; find the
16. Show that 2 + I is a root of the equation values of x and y
2z3 – 9z2 + 14 – 5 = 0. Hence find the other [x = 2, y= 1.5 or x = -2 and y = -1.5]
roots 2 – i and ½ (b) If z = x +iy, find the equation of the
17. (a) find the equation whose root are -1 ± i locus | |
where i = √ [z2 + 2z + 2 = 0]
(b) Find the sum of the first 10 terms of * +
the series 1 + 2i+ -4 – 8i + 16 + …. 25. (a) given that the complex number z and
[205 + 410i] its conjugate Z*, satisfy the equation
(c) Prove by induction that zz*+ 3z* = 34 – 12i, find the value of z.
. [z = 3 - 4i and z = -6 + 4i]
18. Show that z = 1 is a root of the equation (b) Find the Cartesian equation of the
z3 – 5z2 + 9z – 5 = 0. locus of a point P represented by
Hence solve the equation for other roots equation| |
[2 ± i] [the locus P is an equation of line
19. (a) Use Demoivre’s theorem to express 8y + 2x = 11]
tan5 in terms of tan . 26. (a) form a quadratic equation having
(b) Solve the equation z3 + 1 = 0 -3 + 4i as one of its roots. [z2 + 6z + 25]
√ √
* + (b) Given z1 = -1 + i√ and z2 = -1 - i√
20. (a) Without using tables or calculators, (i) Express in form a + i√ , where
( ) a and b are real number
simplify [-1]
( ) √
* +
(b) Given that x and y are real, find the
(ii) Represent on an Argand
values of x and y which satisfy the
diagram
equation: [x = -1
(iii) find| | [1]
when y = -2 and x = 1 when y = 2]
27. If z =
(a) Find the
24 Approved: 0777 023 444
Kampala Mathematics Club
(i) Modulus of z [5.814] (b) Given the complex number z = x + iy
0
(ii) Argument z [-86.055 ] (i) Find * +
(b) Represent z on a complex plane
(c) Write z in the polar form (ii) Show that the locus of is a
0
[ z = 5.814(cos(-86.055 ) + isin(- straight line when its imaginary
86.0550) or z = 5.814(cos (0.47 ) + part is zero. State the gradient of
isin(0.47 )] the line. [y = + 1]
28. (a) the complex number z = √ . 31. (a) Given that the complex number Z and
̅
its conjugate satisfy the equation
(i) Express Z in the modulus argument
Z . Find possible
form
values of Z. [Z = ]
[z = 2* ( ) ( )+ or z =
2[ ]] (b) Prove that if is real, then the locus of
(ii) On the same Argand diagram plot ̅
the point representing the complex
and 2 ̅
number Z is a straight line. [y = + 6]
(b) What are the greatest and least values
of | | | | ? 32. (a) Express 5 + 12i in polar form
[Greatest value of | | , Lowest value of Hence, evaluate√ , giving your
| | = 1] answer in the form a + ib where a and
b are corrected to two decimal places.
29. (a) Given that the complex number Z and (12marks)
its conjugate ̅ satisfy the equation
Z ̅ . Find Z.
[possible values of z are 3 +3i and 3- i] [√ √ * ( )
(b)One root of the equation
( )+ ;
Determine
other roots 2.17 + 0.90i; -1.86 + 1.43i; -0.31 – 2.33i]
[other roots are 2-3i and -1]
33. Show that the modulus of =4√
[ ]