18 CHAPTER SUMMARY UNIT 1

CHAPTER SUMMARY: NUMBER 1

WORKING WITH FRACTIONS
4 2×2 2
Always simplify fractions to their lowest terms: = = ·
6 2×3 3
1 1 1 1 1
The word ‘of’ means the same as ‘multiplied by’: of 3
= × =
2 2 3 6
1 9
Convert mixed numbers into improper fractions: 2 4 = 4

5
Treat whole numbers as fractions, e.g. 5 =
1
1 1 1 2 2
To divide by a fraction, turn the fraction upside down and multiply: ÷ = × =
3 2 3 1 3

1 1 3 −2 1
To add or subtract fractions, put them over a common denominator: − = =
4 6 12 12

ORDER OF OPERATIONS (BIDMAS)

• First B Brackets
• Second I Indices
• Third DM Division and/or Multiplication, working from left to right
• Fourth AS Addition and/or Subtraction, working from left to right

The part of the expression being worked out at each step is highlighted in yellow.

5 + (2 + 1)2 × 4 = 5 + 32 × 4 Brackets
5+3 ×4=5+9×4
2
Indices
5 + 9 × 4 = 5 + 36 Division and/or Multiplication
5 + 36 = 41 Addition and/or Subtraction

Note that calculators use the correct order of operations.

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND DECIMAL PLACES

The first significant figure is the first non-zero digit in the number, counting from the left.
The first s.f. is highlighted in yellow.
a 3400 b 0.367 c 0.008 45

For decimal places, count after the decimal point (going from left to right).
The third d.p. is highlighted in yellow.
a 12.3456 b 0.000 73

For example, when rounding to 2 s.f., look at the third s.f. If this is greater than or equal to 5 then round the second
figure up. If rounding to 3 s.f., look at the fourth s.f. and so on.
2499 = 2000 (1 s.f.), 2499 = 2500 (2 s.f.), 0.2499 = 0.2 (1 d.p.), 0.2499 = 0.25 (2 d.p.)
112 CHAPTER SUMMARY UNIT 2

CHAPTER SUMMARY: NUMBER 2

STANDARD FORM PERCENTAGE CHANGE
Standard form is used to express large and small value of change
Percentage change = ×100
numbers more efficiently. original value

A number in standard form looks like this: Per annum (p.a.) is frequently used and means
per year.
2.5 × 106

This part is written as a This part is written PERCENTAGE INCREASE AND DECREASE
number between 1 and 10. as a power of 10.
R
1 To increase a quantity by R%, multiply it by 1 +
For negative powers of 10: 10
n
= n 100
10
R
To decrease a quantity by R%, multiply it by 1 −
It is always written as a × 10 , where 1 ≤ a < 10 and b
b 100
is an integer which can be positive or negative.
PERCENTAGE CHANGE MULTIPLYING FACTOR
1000 = 1 × 10 , 0.001 = 1 × 10 are two numbers
3 –3
+5% 1.05
written in standard form. +95% 1.95
–5% 0.95
10m × 10n = 10m+n
10m ÷ 10n = 10m-n –95% 0.05
(10m)n = 10mn

PERCENTAGES
x
To calculate x as a percentage of y: × 100
y

To calculate x percent of y:
y y ⎛ x ⎞
1% of y = so x% of y = x × = y×⎜ ⎟
100 100 ⎝ 100 ⎠

x
The part of the last expression is the
100
multiplying factor.

5% of a quantity can be found by using a multiplying

factor of 0.05.

95% of a quantity can be found by using a multiplying

factor of 0.95 and so on.
1 10 1
1% = = 0.01 10% = = = 0.1
100 100 10

50 1 75 3
50% = = = 0.5 75% = = = 0.75
100 2 100 4
184 EXAM PRACTICE
CHAPTER SUMMARY UNIT 3

CHAPTER SUMMARY: NUMBER 3

PRIME FACTORS RATIO

Prime factors are factors that are prime numbers. Add the ratios together to find each proportion.

Divide a number repeatedly by prime numbers Ratios stay the same if both sides are multiplied
to find the prime factors. or divided by the same number.

The product of the prime factors is written in Compare ratios by writing them as unit ratios in
index form. the form 1 : n or n : 1.

There is only one way of expressing a number • Divide $50 in the ratio 3 : 7.
as a product of prime factors.
3 + 7 = 10
84 = 2 × 42 = 2 × 2 × 21 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 = 22 × 3 × 7 3
First part is × 50 = 15
10
or
7
Second part is × 50 = 35
84 = 12 × 7 = 4 × 3 × 7 = 22 × 3 × 7 10

⇒ $15 and $35

• Which is larger, 3 : 2 or 13 : 9?
HCF AND LCM
Divide the first ratio by 2 and the second ratio by 9
The HCF is the highest (largest) factor common to give 1.5 : 1 and 1.4 : 1
to a set of numbers.
Therefore 3 : 2 is the larger ratio.
The LCM is the lowest (smallest) multiple common to
a set of numbers.

To find the HCF or LCM, express the numbers

in prime factor form in a Venn diagram

Find the HCF and LCM of 84 and 70.

84 = 22 × 3 × 7

70 = 2 × 5 × 7

84 70
2 2 5
3 7

HCF is the intersection = 2 × 7 = 14

LCM is the union = 22 × 3 × 7 × 5 = 420
246 CHAPTER SUMMARY UNIT 4

CHAPTER SUMMARY: NUMBER 4

COMPOUND PERCENTAGES

‘Per annum’ (p.a.) is frequently used and means ‘per year’.

‘Appreciation’ (inflation: prices increase) means a gain in value while ‘depreciation’ (deflation: prices decrease)
means a loss in value over a period of time.
n
⎛ R ⎞
To increase a quantity by R% p.a. for n years, multiply it by ⎜1+ ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠

n
⎛ R ⎞
To decrease a quantity by R% p.a. for n years, multiply it by ⎜1− ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠

PERCENTAGE CHANGE p.a. n YEARS MULTIPLYING FACTOR

+5% (appreciation) 3 (1.05)3

–5% (depreciation) 7 (0.95)7

INVERSE PERCENTAGES

To calculate the original amount, divide by the multiplying factor.

• A sun-hat is sold at a discount of 25% for €15.

Find the original price of the sun-hat.
15
Let €p be the original price. p × 0.75 = 15 p= = 20
0.75
Original price = €20

• A drone is sold for €1750 making a profit of 25%.

Find the original price of the drone.
1750
Let €p be the original price. p × 1.25 = 1750 p= = 1400
1.25
Original price = €1400
310 CHAPTER SUMMARY UNIT 5

CHAPTER SUMMARY: NUMBER 5

CALCULATORS ROUNDING, UPPER AND LOWER BOUNDS

Use the word BIDMAS to Measurements rounded to the nearest unit can be up
help you remember the to half a unit smaller or larger than the rounded value.
order of calculations. Longer
calculations will require If x = 10 (nearest integer), the exact value lies in the
brackets. Be familiar with region 9.5 x < 10.5 .
your calculator and use the
If y = 10.5 (1 d.p.), the exact value lies in the region
instruction booklet provided
10.45 y < 10.55 .
when you bought it.
The upper bound is half a unit larger than the rounded
measurement.
ESTIMATING
The lower bound is half a unit smaller than the
To estimate the answer to a calculation, including rounded measurement.
calculations involving powers, round numbers to 1 s.f.
and then perform the calculation. If z = 50 (nearest 10), the exact value lies in the region:
(lower bound) 45 z < 55 (upper bound)
For very large or very small numbers, it is often easier
If p = a × b (where a and b are rounded values) and
to estimate a calculation if the numbers are written in
pmin and pmax are the lower and upper bounds
standard form.
for p then

pmin = amin × bmin and pmax = amax × bmax

a
If q = (where a and b are rounded values) and qmin
b
and qmax are the lower and upper bounds for q then
amin amax
qmin = and qmax =
bmax bmin
20 CHAPTER SUMMARY UNIT 6

CHAPTER SUMMARY: NUMBER 6

DIRECT PROPORTION
y
If two quantities are in direct proportion
◼ the graph of the relationship will always be a straight line through the origin
◼ when one is multiplied or divided by a number, so is the other
◼ their ratio stays the same as they increase or decrease.

The cost of ribbon is directly proportional to its length.

A 3.5 m piece of ribbon costs £2.38. What is the cost of 8 m of this ribbon?
1 m of ribbon costs £2.38 ÷ 3.5 = £0.68 ⇒ 8 m costs 8 × £0.68 = £5.44
x
0

INVERSE PROPORTION

If two quantities are in inverse proportion y

◼ the graph of the relationship is a reciprocal graph

◼ one quantity increases at the same rate as the other quantity decreases,
for example, as one doubles (× 2) the other halves (÷ 2)
◼ their product is constant.

A farmer has enough food for 250 chickens (c) for 24 days (d).
He buys 50 more chickens. For how many days will the food last?
The quantities are in inverse proportion
x
so c × d will be constant and equal to 250 × 24 = 6000 0

The number of chickens is now 300 ⇒ 300 × d = 6000 ⇒ d = 20 so it will last for 20 days.

FRACTIONAL INDICES

Write the numbers in prime factor form first:

1
m __ 1 3 __ 1 1 1
3 ×–
8 3 = √8 = 2
– – – –

◼ xm = √x or 8 3 = (2 3)3 = 2 3
= 21 = 2
__ __
8 3 = ( √8 ) = 22 = 4
n __ n m 2 3 2 2 2 2
3 ×–
◼ x m = ( √x ) = √xn
–
m – – –

or 8 3 = (2 3)3 = 2 3
= 22 = 4

NEGATIVE INDICES
1 for any number n, x ≠ 0
◼ x −n = __ 1 = __
2 −3 = __ 1
xn 23 8

x n (x) (5) = 3 2 = (3) = 9

y n −2 2

(y)
−n
◼ x
__ 1 = __
= _____ , x, y ≠ 0 3
__ 1
_____ 5
__ 25
___

(y) (5)
__ __

1, x ≠ 0
◼ x −1 = __ 1
5 −1 = __
x 5
◼ x 0 = 1, x ≠ 0 20 = 1
 UNIT 7 CHAPTER SUMMARY 111

CHAPTER SUMMARY: NUMBER 7

RECURRING DECIMALS

Fractions that have a decimal equivalent that repeats itself are called recurring decimals.
The dot notation of recurring decimals should be clearly understood.
0.3̇ = 0.333 333…
̇ ̇
0.32 = 0.323 232…
̇ 1̇
0.32 = 0.321 321…
All recurring decimals can be written as exact fractions. To change a recurring decimal to a fraction, first form an
equation by putting x equal to the recurring decimal. Then multiply both sides of the equation by 10 if one digit
recurs, by 100 if two digits recur, and by 1000 if 3 digits recur etc.

NO. OF REPEATING DIGITS MULTIPLY BY

1 10
2 100
3 1000

Change 0.1̇ to a fraction. Change 0.6̇ 3̇ to a fraction. Change 0 . 74̇ 5̇ to a fraction.

Let x = 0.111 … Let x = 0.636 363... Let x = 0.74̇ 5̇
10x = 1.111… 100x = 63.636 363... 10x = 7.454 545...
9x = 1 99x = 63 1000x = 745.454 545...
1
x = __ 63 = ___
x = ___ 7 990x = 738
9 99 11
738 = ___
x = ____ 41
990 55

ADVANCED CALCULATOR FUNCTIONS

It is important to learn how to operate your calculator efficiently.

The instruction manual will give clear steps for how to achieve best practice.
194 CHAPTER SUMMARY UNIT 8X

CHAPTER SUMMARY: NUMBER 8

CONVERTING BETWEEN UNITS OF LENGTH COMPOUND MEASURES

Convert 5 mm to km. distance

speed = _______
time
5 mm = 5 ÷ 1000 m = 5 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 km = 5 × 10−6 km The maximum speed of a cheetah is 120 km/hr. What
is this speed in m/s?
CONVERTING BETWEEN UNITS OF AREA
distance = 120 km = 120 × 1000 m
A diagram can help convert areas.
1 km time = 1 hour = 60 × 60 seconds

distance = __________
speed = _______ 120 × 1000 = 33 __
1 m/s
time 60 × 60 3
1 km 103 m

mass
density = _______
volume
100 cm3 of lead weighs 1.134 kg.
103 m
What is its density in g/cm3?

Convert 1 km2 to m2. mass = 1.134 kg = 1134 g

The diagram shows that 1 km2 equals volume = 100 cm3

103 × 103 m2 = 106 m2
mass = _____
density = _______ 1134 = 11.34 g/cm3
volume 100
CONVERTING BETWEEN UNITS OF VOLUME
A diagram can help convert volumes. force
pressure = _____
10 mm
3 area
1m A pressure of 12 N/cm2 acts on an area of 8 cm2.
What force is exerted?

103 mm force to give

Rearrange pressure = _____
area
1m
force = pressure × area

103 mm Substituting the values ⇒ force = 12 × 8 = 96 N

1m

Convert 1 m3 to mm3.

The diagram shows that 1 m3 equals

103 × 103 × 103 m3 = 109 m3
 UNIT 9 CHAPTER SUMMARY 275

CHAPTER SUMMARY: NUMBER 9

COMPARATIVE COSTS SALARIES AND INCOME TAX

Shopkeepers show the cost per 100 grams or cost A salary is a fixed annual sum on payment for a job
per litre. of that is normally stated per annum (p.a.).

This enables a consumer to compare the value of Income tax is paid on money earned. Most
items they might wish to buy. governments believe that richer people should pay
more tax than poorer people. Therefore the amount
of tax falls into different tax rates or ‘tax bands’.

FOREIGN CURRENCY

A person visiting a foreign country for a holiday or on

a business trip may need to buy foreign currency.
Different currencies are exchanged and converted
around the world, so an agreed rate of conversion is
needed.

These rates are constantly changing and are shown in

comparison to the unit rate of currency in the country
where the money is being exchanged, for example, £1,
Cars can be compared for efficiency of fuel by finding $1 or €1.
miles per litre of fuel used by the engine at a fixed
speed, often 80 km/h.

TAXATION

Governments collect money from their citizens through

tax to pay for public services such as education,
health care, defence and transport.

SALES TAX

Sales tax is paid on spending and is a fixed rate, often

15% or 20%. It is included in the price paid for most
articles. In many countries some articles are free from
sales tax, for example, children’s clothing.
 UNIT 10 CHAPTER SUMMARY 361

CHAPTER SUMMARY: NUMBER 10

RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
a where a and b are integers and b ≠ 0.
◼ Rational numbers can be written as a fraction in the form __
b
4
◼ 4 is rational as it can be written as __
1
4
◼ 0.4̇ is rational as it can be written as __
9
◼ Irrational numbers cannot be written as a fraction.
__
◼ √ 2 and π are both irrational.
◼ The decimal expansion of irrational numbers is infinite and shows no pattern.

SURDS

◼ A surd is a root that is irrational. The roots of all prime numbers are surds.
__
◼ √ 2 means the positive square root of 2.
◼ When an answer is given using a surd, it is an exact answer.
◼ These rules can be used to simplify surds:
_____ __ __
◼ √a × b = √a × √b
__ __
◼ √b __ √a
a = __
__
√b

◼ Surds can be cleared from the bottom of a fraction by multiplying the top and bottom of the fraction by
a suitable surd. To rationalise
__
the denominator of
√
a__ multiply by __b
◼ __ __
√b √b
__
a + √__
1 __ multiply by ____
◼ ____ b
a − √b a + √b
__
◼ a − √__
1 __ multiply by ____
____ b
a + √b a − √b

EXAMPLES OF MANIPULATING SURDS

__ __
√2 × √2 = 2
__ __ __
3√ 2 + 5√ 2 = 8√ 2
__ __ __ __
(3 + √ 2 )(3 + √ 2 ) = 9 + 6√ 2 + 2 = 11 + 6√ 2
__ _____ __ __ __
√ 18 = √ 9 × 2 = √ 9 × √ 2 = 3√ 2
__ __
√__ __
6__ = __
__ 6__ × __ 6 √3 = 2 √3
3 = ___
√3 √3 √3 3