ACTIVIT

Y
3
VERBS

Activity Intended Learning Objectives

At the end of the activity, you must have:

3.3.1. discussed the different classes, formations and properties of

verbs in your own words;

3.3.2. used correct forms of the verbs in the given sentences; and

3.3.3. constructed paragraphs which employ correct forms of verbs.

 Introduction

And
Then…
Mechanics:
1. Pick a verb from the list of verbs provided in your individual handouts.
2. Use that verb to construct the first line in a story.
3. Once done, choose another student from the class to create the next line of the
story using one of the verbs on the list.
4. Make sure that you do not choose the verbs which have already been chosen.
5. Repeat the previous steps until the list is through.

List of Verbs

Become Cost Dive Arrive Go Eat Freeze

Make Write Leave Blow Hit Know Rise
Ring Run See Show Plant Teach Wake
Allow Dream Fall Build Beat Feel Cry
Drive Fight Draw Fly Give Hear Choose
Come Lose Say Pay Sing Read Drink

Interaction

VERBS

Verbs are words which are used to describe an action, state, or occurrence.
They also form the main part of the predicate of a sentence.

Classes of Verbs
1. Action Verbs
 They express an activity that a person or thing can do. They express
action and are the best ones to use in writing to move the story forward and
create tension.
e.g. Leonard eats a cake.
The bear chased the salmon in the shallow rapids.
I drank milk from the pack.

2. Stative Verbs
They describe a state rather than an action. They often relate to
thoughts and opinions, feelings and emotions, senses and perceptions, and
possession and measurement.
e.g. I know the answer.
She really likes you.
He seems happy at the moment.

3. Transitive Verbs
They require a direct object to receive the action. They can also have
an indirect object, which is a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that comes
before a direct object and indicates the person or thing that receives what is
being given or done.
Direct objects answer the question “what”.
e.g. I saw a dog.
The postman gives Sarah a letter.
I eat ice cream a lot.

4. Intransitive Verbs
They do not need direct objects to receive the action. There is no
word in the sentence that tells who or what received the action of the verb.
While there may be a word or phrase following an intransitive verb, they
typically answer the question “how”, “where”, “when” or “how long”
e.g. Her car died suddenly last week.
Someone coughs loudly.
Rose went outside.

5. Linking Verbs
 They connect the subject of a sentence to a noun or adjective that
renames or describes the subject. This noun or adjective is called the subject
complement.
e.g. Lisa is in love with Charles.
I am a teacher.
We are very happy.

6. Auxiliary Verbs
They are also called helping verbs. They accompany main verbs to
help express possibility, tense, voice or mood. The main verb with its
accompanying helping verb is called as verb phrase.
e.g. The children are going to school.
Maggie has washed the dishes.
The trip might be fun.

7. Modal Verbs
They are used to express ideas such as ability, possibility,
permission, and obligation. When adding a modal verb in the sentence
together with the main verb, you have formed a verb phrase.
e.g. I can speak four languages.
May I borrow your phone?
I have to take off my shoes before entering the house.

8. Regular Verbs
They form their past tense and past participle by adding -d or -ed (or
in some cases -t) to the base form.
e.g. We finished the project.
She walked away.
I tasted her cookies.

9. Irregular Verbs
They do not form their simple past tense and past participle forms by
adding -d nor -ed.
e.g. She wrote the script for the movie.
 Uncle Ben came to work.
Aira forgot to finish her coffee.

Properties of Verbs
1. Voice
The voice of the verb describes the relationship between the action
or state that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its
arguments. In other words, it is a term used to describe whether a verb is
active or passive.

a. Active Voice
In active voice, the subject of the verb is doing the action of the verb.
e.g. The dog bit the postman.
We play basketball.
The sharks will attack the cage.

b. Passive Voice
In passive voice, the subject of the verb is being acted upon.
e.g. Our dinner was eaten by the dog.
The bank got robbed last night.
Philosophy was considered science once.

2. Mood
Mood is the attitude a verb conveys in a sentence. Verb moods
indicate a state of being or reality. Changing the verb’s mood will change the
tone of the sentence.

a. Indicative
It expresses an assertion, facts, or opinions. It is the “normal” verb
form.
e.g. She is happy.
This book is three-hundred pages long.
I walk my dogs to the park every day.

b. Imperative
 It expresses command, prohibition, entreaty or advice. This mood is
used to give order or make requests. Often the subject is implied rather
than stated.
e.g. Smile!
Call me when you get home.
Get in this house right now!

c. Interrogative
It expresses a state of questioning. You will often notice inversion in
the order of subject and verb.
e.g. Is she happy?
Are you going home?
Did you turn off the lights?

d. Conditional
It indicates a conditional state that will cause something else to
happen. It is used to make requests and to refer to situations which are
uncertain or which depend on something else happening or being the
case.
It is made from the auxiliary verb would, could, or should and the
infinitive of the other verb without “to”. They are often set off by the
words if or when.
e.g. They could be happy.
If I study hard, I will do well on the test.
We would live in Spain if we had the money.

e. Subjunctive
It is used to express a wish or possibility. Specifically, it expresses
doubt or something contrary to fact. Something is not factual, but
probable, unlikely, hoped for, or feared.
It is typically found in formal English constructions with “that” and
with verbs such as suggest, demand, insist, ask, recommend, and
others.

 Present Subjunctive
 The form in the present tense is exactly the same as the base
form in all persons of the verb. That is, there is no -s on the 3 rd
person singular.
The subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses that follow verbs
expressing a desire, a demand, a formal recommendation, or a
resolve.
e.g. I only ask that he cease behaving in this extraordinary
manner.
I demand that he do something to make up for this.
Is it really necessary that she work all hours of the day?

 Past Subjunctive
The past subjunctive form were is sometimes used with the 1st
and 3rd person singular, in place of the normal past form was.

The past subjunctive may be used after if or I wish to express

regret or longing.
e.g. If your father were alive he would help you.
I wish I were taller.
If I were rich I would buy a Ferrari.

The past subjunctive may be used after as if / as though and

similar expressions, to express doubt or improbability.
e.g. You talk to him as if he were your slave.
Some people behave as though dogs were human.
She cries a lot as if she were a two-year old brat.

3. Tense
The tense of a verb is determined by when the action took place.
The three main tenses are past tense, present tense, and future tense. The
tense of a verb can also tell us things like whether the action is habitual,
ongoing, or completed. This is called the aspect of the verb, which is part of
tense.
a. Simple Present
It refers to the present in general.
  We use it to talk about our thoughts and feelings at the present
moment or about our immediate reactions to something.
e.g. I am terribly busy.
He looks excited.
She seems sad about the result.

 We use it to talk about a settled state of affairs which includes the

present moment.
e.g. He lives in Tangub City now.
Our teacher is very competent and considerate.
We study in GADTC.

 We use it to say something that is always or generally true.

e.g. There are 24 hours a day.
The earth revolves around its own axis.
The earth’s natural satellite is the moon.

 We use it to talk about something about a particular person or thing

does regularly or habitually.
e.g. I read a book every day.
Shelly gets up early every day to take a bath.
Every Sunday, Leonard attends church services.

 We use it to discuss what happens in a book, play, or film.

e.g. In the movie, he plays the character of Juan Tamad.
In those early chapters, he keeps himself isolated from the other
people in the village.
In the TV sitcom, Kaley plays the character of Penny.

 We use it to describe an event such as a sports match or a

ceremony at the time it is happening as radio and TV
commentators do.
e.g. Doods takes the ball, then passes it quickly to Alfie. Alfie turns,
shoots, and scores two points.
b. Simple Past
It states a definitive time in the past. An adjunct of time or other time
expression is necessary to specify the particular time in the past we are
referring to.
 We use it to say that an event occurred or that something was the
case at a particular time in the past.
e.g. The university officials flew into Jakarta last week to sign a
memorandum of agreement with a sister school.

 We use it to say that a situation existed over a period of time in the

past.
e.g. He lived in his ancestral home in the countryside during his last
years.

 We use it to talk about an activity that took place regularly or

repeatedly in the past, but which no longer occurs.
e.g. We swam in the river a great deal in my childhood.

c. Simple Future
It is an expression of what we think might happen or what we intend
to happen.
 We use it to say that something is planned to happen, or that we
think it is likely to happen in the future.
e.g. What do you think will Ella do to fix it?

 We use it to talk about general truths and to say what can be

expected to happen if a particular situation arises.
e.g. An attack of dengue fever will keep a man off work for a few days.

d. Present Perfect
It talks about past in relation to the present. We cannot use adjuncts
or expressions which place the action at a definite time in the past.
 We use it to mention something that happened in the past but we
do not want to state a specific time.
e.g. I have read the book several times.
e. Past Perfect
It talks about events before a particular time in the past.
 We use it to talk about a past event or situation that occurred
before a particular time in the past.
e.g. Mimi washed the dishes after she had finished her homework.

f. Future Perfect
 We use it to refer to something that has not happened yet, but will
happen before a particular time in the future.
e.g. By the time he graduates, his parents will already have left for New
Zealand.

g. Present Progressive
 We use it to talk about something that is happening at the moment
we are speaking.
e.g. He is already feeling bored and hungry.

 We use it to emphasize the present moment or to indicate that a

situation is temporary.
e.g. She is spending the summer in her hometown.

 We use it to indicate changes, trends, developments, and progress.

e.g. Their performances in class are improving.

 We use it to talk about a habitual action that takes place regularly,

especially one which is new or temporary.
e.g. I am spending a lot of time on my assignments these days.

h. Past Progressive
 We use it to talk about continued states or repeated actions which
occurred in the past.
e.g. His body was trembling; his fever was rising.

 We use it to contrast a situation with an event which happened just

 after that situation existed. We use the past continuous to describe
the first event and the simple past to describe the event which
occurred after it.
e.g. We were standing at the main gate waiting to welcome the guest
speaker when Howard arrived 20 minutes later.

i. Future Progressive
 We use it to say something will surely happen because
arrangements have been made.
e.g. They will be sending their students regularly to the university for
English proficiency enhancement.

j. Present Perfect Progressive

 We use it to talk about an activity or situation that started at some
time in the past, continued, and is still happening now.
e.g. The economy has been declining in many parts of the world.

k. Past Perfect Progressive

 We use it emphasize the recentness and duration of a continuous
activity which took place before a particular time in the past.
e.g. The old woman had been living alone in that dilapidated house
when she died last month.

 We use it to say that something was expected, wished for, or

intended before a particular time in the past.
e.g. I had been expecting a phenomenal rise in his political career
before he suddenly gave up on it.

l. Future Perfect Progressive

 We use it to emphasize the duration of an event at a specific time in
the future.
e.g. By September 2025, Clara will have been serving this college for 23
years.
 Perfect
Simple Progressive Perfect
Progressive

Base form + s Am/is/are + Has/have + Has/have +

Present base form + past participle been + base
-ing form + -ing
Base form + was/are + Had + past Had + been +
Past -d/-ed base form + participle base form +
-ing -ing
Will/shall + Will/shall + be Will/shall + Will/shall +
base form + base form + have + past have + been +
Future
-ing participle base form +
-ing

4. Person
There are three persons of the verb in relation to the subject of the
sentence. They are first person, second person, and third person. First
person refers to the person who is speaking. Second person refers to the
person being spoken to. Third person refers to the person who is spoken of.

5. Number
Just like nouns and pronouns, the numbers of the verb depend on
the subject of the sentence. There are two namely singular and plural.

(Note: To see the relationship between person and number relating to verbs, examine
the table below.)

Singular Number Plural Number

First Person I am We are
Second Person You are You are
Third Person He/she/it is They are

Principal Parts of the Verbs

In English, there are four principal parts or forms of a verb. These parts are used
to form tenses, which tell us when an action occurred.

Principal Parts
Present Past
Base Present Past
Participle Participle
 walk walk/s walking walked walked

dance dance/s dancing danced danced

write write/s writing wrote written

sing sing/s singing sang sung

Verbals
They are words formed from a verb but function as a different part of speech.
There are three kinds of verbals: gerunds, participles, and infinitives.

1. Gerunds
These are formed by adding -ing to the base form of the verb. They
function as nouns.
e.g. Watching TV makes me happy.
My hobby is baking chocolate cakes.
There is no point in talking.

2. Participles
These are formed from verbs and function as adjectives. There are two
types of participles: present participles and past participles.
Present participles end in -ing, while past participles end in -d, -ed, or -
en.
e.g. The soaring price of wool affected my business.
He is a forgotten hero.
The singing bird made my day.
She had some grilled beef for lunch.

3. Infinitives
These are formed by using “to” + verb. They function as nouns, adjectives
or adverbs.
e.g. I like to run.
To win, you need the highest number of points.
This is the best time to start.
ACTIVIT
Y
5
PREPOSITIONS

Activity Intended Learning Objectives

At the end of the activity, you must have:

3.5.1. determined appropriate usage of prepositions; and

3.5.2. used correct prepositions in either oral or written

discourses.
 Interaction

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word that indicates the relationship between a noun and the
other words of a sentence. They explain relationships of sequence, space, and logic
between the object of the sentence. They help us understand order, time connections,
and positions.

Some Trivia on Prepositions

1. They are closed class of words. This means that no new preposition gets added
to the language. We use a fixed set of prepositions.
2. Prepositions do not have any other form. They cannot be plural, possessive,
inflection, or anything else.
3. Most of the prepositions have many different contextual and natural uses. So, it
is easy to be confused about preposition.
4. Sometimes a preposition works as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.
5. Prepositions can be of one, two, three, or even more words. Prepositions with
two or more words are called phrasal prepositions.

Types of Prepositions
1. Prepositions of Time
They show the relationship of time between the nouns to the other parts of
a sentence.
On, at, in, from, to, for, since, ago, before, till/until, by, and others the
most common prepositions of time.
 e.g. He started working at 10 AM.
The company called meeting on December 4.
There is a holiday in April.
He has been ill since Monday.

2. Prepositions of Place and Direction

They show the relationship of place between the nouns to the other parts of
a sentence.
On, at, in, by, from, to, towards, up, down, across, between, among,
through, in front of, behind, above, over, under, below, and others are the
most common prepositions of place/direction.
e.g. He is at home.
He came from England.
The police broke into the house.
I live across the river.

3. Prepositions of Agents or Things

They indicate a casual relationship between nouns and other parts of the
sentence.
Of, for, by, with, about, and others are the most used and common
prepositions of agents or things.
e.g. This article is about smartphones.
Most of the guests have already left.
I will always be here for you.
He is playing with his brothers.

4. Phrasal Prepositions
It is not a prepositional phrase, but they are a combination of two or more
words which functions as a preposition.
Along with, apart from, because of, by means of, according to, in front
of, contrary to, in spite of, on account of, in reference to, in addition to,
in regard to, instead of, on top of, out of, with regard to, and others are
the most common phrasal prepositions.
e.g. They along with their children went to Guimaras.
According to the new rules, you have to pay your fine.
In spite of being a good player, he was not selected.
I’m moving out of the dorm.