For More Visit -https://upscpdf.

com/

1. Ethics and Human Interface

• Since time immemorial Ethics was practised by several personalities across the
ancient India such as Buddha’s Ashtanga Marga and Ashoka’s realisation after
Kalinga war. Pub. Admin

• But Ethics became more relevant after Industrial Revolution started when man
became greedy and started exploiting the nature, colonisation, imperialism and rich
becoming richer, poor becoming poorer, crime and discrimination started every
Philosophy Psychology
nook and corner of the society.
• As a civil servant, he has to gone through various critical circumstances in his
service. Therefore, it’s important to study Ethics and inculcate those values into
administration. It is not only helping him in decision making but also give him opportunity
to uplift the weaker sections of the society. ETHICS

Why Ethics?

To satisfy basic Improve decision

Create credibility Self realisation
need making

ETHICS:
Etymologically the term “Ethics” correspond to the Greek word “Ethos” which mean Character, Habit, Customs
or Way of behaviour, etc. Hence, Ethics, defined as Systematic study of human actions from the point of view of
their rightfulness or wrongfulness. Simply it’s “A set of principles which guides us what to do and what not
to do the way acceptable to the society.”

But what is acceptable to society and what is not acceptable to society?

What is right and what is wrong?
What is good conduct and what is bad conduct?

What Ethics is not about?

• Ethics is not morality
• Ethics is not religion.
• Ethics is not following the law
• Ethics is not following culturally accepted norms
• Ethics is not likes and dislikes
• Ethics is not beliefs

ESSENCE OF ETHICS:
Essence is the intrinsic quality of something that determines its character.
• Ethics originate from the sense of justice prevailing in a particular society.
• Ethics operates at different level like individual, organisation, socio-cultural, political and international.
Ethics at each level affect each other.
• Ethics are interrelated to each other. E.g. – honesty, truthfulness, integrity; values of equality and justice
cannot exist without tolerance etc
• Ethical behaviour leads to various benefits for an individual as well as the society at large. Ethics leads to
peace, harmony, respect, justice etc.
• Ethics preach a certain kind of behaviour to us. It tells us how should people behave.
• Ethics are abstract and subjective in nature i.e., they are affected by individual’s emotion and perception.

https://upscpdf.com/ 1
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

• Ethics are determined in a social setting at a given point of time. A society’s history, culture, values etc.
determine ethical standards which may vary from society to society.
• Ethics is not an objective universal concept. Its understanding varies from time to time, person to person,
society to society.
• Ethical standards may transcend the narrow stipulations of law and code of regulations.

COMPONENTS OF ESSENCE OF ETHICS:

The basic components of essence of ethics are:
• Choices – Certain preferences and priorities makes us to decide what we
want. Such choices which we made reflects in our actions
• Actions – Choices in turn shown through our actions physically.
• Behaviour – It is the way we act or conducts ourselves. The behaviour in
which we exhibit influenced by choices we made and acts we did. If its ethical,
it called as ethical behaviour for example, treating others with respect or no
respect.

NEED OF ETHICS:
• To regulate social relationships
• Ethical values help in Growth and Development overall
• For self-satisfaction
• To live a happy life and meaningful
• Making a good citizen
• Man, as social animal by nature is so selfish and exploit others for his own benefit and satisfaction, therefore
to achieve greater good ethics are required.

CONSEQUENCES OF ETHICS:

Consequences for individual Consequences for society

• Happiness • Peace and harmony
• Positive outlook toward society • Good governance
• Elevated sense of being • Justice and inclusion
• Credibility • Equitable and inclusive development
• Accomplishment • Future generations:
• Acceptability and likeability: • Environment
• Interpersonal relations: • Healthy society
• Decision making • Faith

ETHICS IN INDIA AND SOURCES OF ETHICS:

Source Ethics
Historic Texts • Ashoka’s giving up war and spreading dharma
• Harshvardhan’s Charity and truthfulness
Ramayana & Mahabharat Ideal governance, consequences of bad intentions, Nishkam karma
Gandhi Ethics Non-Violence, Self-sustenance, swaraj, satyagraha, Courage of conviction,
sustainable development
Constitution Liberty, Equality and fraternity, secularism, justice etc.
Buddhist Ethics Four Nobel truths, middle path, non-violence
Jain Ethics Not harm to anyone including small creatures
Sikh Ethics Langar, brotherhood
Islamic Ethics Collectivism, code of conduct
Laws Laws lay down the basic framework for ethical action, and indicate the
guidelines for such action.
Society It plays a crucial role in laying down the norms for acceptable community
behaviour.
2

2 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

Conscience Our inner conscience perhaps serves as the final point, where the actual
decision-making about what is ethical, and what is not, are eventually made.
Human values The determinants of ethics are often regarded as the universal human values
such as truthfulness, honesty, integrity, etc.

Constitutional Buddhist
values Ethics

Gandhi
Ethics
Jain Ethics

Ramaya
and Sikh Ethics
Mahabharth

Historic Ethics in Islamic

Texts India Ethics

DETERMINANTS OF ETHICS:
• Person: Depends on mental make-up of individual. It depends upon how the person has internalised
personal attitudes and values regarding ethical behaviour.
• Place: It refers to the external environment which includes family, school, etc. For example, as kids we we re
told by our parents and teachers to not to steal things. As we grow up we tend to carry such knowledge and
apply it to real world. Similarly, work place teaches us ethics of teamwork, punctuality, responsibility, etc.
• Time: Different individuals, societies and culture have different set of moral codes at different times. It was
once considered ethical to own a slave. But today such a practise is unethical.
• Object: It is unethical to lie despite any circumstances, purpose or intention. Telling a truth to intentionally
harm a person is also unethical as the intention of telling a truth is not pure.
• Circumstances: Stealing is unethical. But a poor person stealing to feed her children reduces unethically of
the act. Such situation ethics bring subjectivity as it often makes morality subjective.
• End purpose: To give donation to a poor person is good but if such donation is to lure poor person to do
something for you, then it becomes immoral.
• Culture: Culture has profound effect on shaping individual values. As western culture surrounds around
individualistic and Indian culture based on universalism.
• Role Models/Celebrities/Famous Personalities: The leadership or role models and celebrities of a society
or an organization or nation also helps to determine the conduct of their followers or admirers is ethical.
• Constitution: Constitution of various countries also is a way to establish moral disposition of their society.
• God & Religion: Every religion and god advocate universal peace and ethical practices. Religious textbooks
teach how one should behave in a society and how the society should be.
• Conscience & Intuition: A person who follows his conscience & Intuition feel that what is good is good
because it is good and what is bad is bad because it is bad. Intuition don’t need any justification while
following its actions. But conscience is justified based on his actions because of its moral nature and it has
reasoning and justification.
• Family: Family is the first interaction where a children personality develops since his birth. Today’s Children
are tomorrow’s citizens. Therefore, its utmost important that Family environment teaches what is ethically
correct.

https://upscpdf.com/ 3
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

Ethical Management and Management of Ethics:

ETHICS, VALUES AND MORALS:

Ethics Values Morals

Ethics are standards of human Values can be defined as qualities Morals are principles of right and
conduct that society adopts for that are instrumental to us. Values wrong held by an individual. Unlike
itself. Ethics are a set of dos and are benchmarks or standards on ethics, morals are standards of
don’ts that govern human conduct which the desirability of an action behaviour pertaining to an
in a social setting. can be measured. Values act as an individual and not social conduct.
internal compass which help a Morals arise from personal
person evaluate different choices experience, character, conscience
of conduct and behaviour. E.g. and so on. For instance,
honesty, integrity, empathy, Homosexuality might be moral
courage, dedication, compassion form individual’s perspective. But
etc. it might be unethical in a society’s
point of view.

BELIEF:
• A belief is most common term used to explain the behavioural component of a person. It is an internal feeling
that something is true, even though that belief may be unproven and irrational.
• E.g. My belief is that god plays important role in success and achievements in life.
• E.g. Gandhiji believed that swaraj can be attained within one year of launching non-cooperation movement.
• Belief can be peripheral (weak) and core (strong). Beliefs which are formed by direct interaction are
generally strong.
• Belief is also referred as cognition.

Essence of Ethics in Human Actions:

• Essence of ethics in human actions refers to the influence of ethical values in human conduct. Ethics is a
set of standards that society places on itself and which helps guide behaviour, choices and actions.
• What kind of conduct a person follows reflects in his
actions. Either he wants to follow good ones which will
make him a good human being or he wants to follow the
bad one that will cause only harm to him as well as to Ethical Behaviour
the society.
• But standards alone don’t ensure ethical behaviour
which requires a robust culture of integrity. The crux of Adoption in actions Sanactions against
ethical behaviour does not lie only in standards, but in their viloations
their adoption in action and in sanctions against their
violations.
• Deciding between Good and Bad is not easy. Our Course of action decides which is good and bad. Because
good is not always pleasurable but bad always attracts us which is by nature easy thing to do.

Examples:
4

4 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

• Habituating to smoking is easy but Quitting smoke is very much hard to achieve. By smoking, we get
pleasure but quitting smoke requires we need self-determination.
• Therefore, our Course of action decides our Ethical conduct. The underlying principles to decide whether
it is ethical or not decided by factors like larger public good, conservation and sustainable development.

CONSEQUENCES OF ETHICS IN HUMAN ACTIONS

Consequences of Ethics means consequences of human actions which are guided by ethical practices. This
means, if there is an action then definitely there is a reaction so being ethical will bring you good consequences
like awards, rewards, appreciation etc but it will also bring bad consequences like transfers at work place,
societal stigma, fear of harm to family members etc.

• 20 year old girl, Rukhsana Kausar, from the Kashmir won the Indian National Bravery
Examples: Award for the killing of Terrorist.
• IAS officer Ashok Khemka transferred more than 50 times just because he is honest civil
servant.

Consequential Ethics – where an act can be considered as good if it’s able to produce positive results.

At Individual level it will builds self-confidence, courage of conviction, trust and

credibility.
Examples:
• Court ruled out accusation charges against Ex Chairperson of ISRO Madhavan Nair
At Individual and also asked govt to pay compensation for his mental suffer.
level • Edward Snowdon’s leaking of highly classified CIA personal data monitoring across
the world
• Wiki leaks founder Julian Assange’s home arrest by Leaking US army’s intelligence
mischief.
At organisational Level, its brand quality improves, creates trusts among people. But
whistle blowers may face life threat for leaking mischief happening in the organisation
At organisational Examples:
Level • Election Commission of India – Even after seven decades it conducting elections
free and fair manner. People and political parties posed tremendous faith on ECI for
conducting elections
• TATAs known for their social service. Its brand never become as history even after
independence.
• Recent Infosys whistle-blower’s letter to SEBI regarding mischief happening in
management salary structure. Such an organisation protects such whistle blowers.
At societal level, it creates social capital, communal harmony, absence of greed,
At societal level distributive justice.
Examples:
• Bhutan is one the happiest nation across the countries because they measure wealth
in terms of Gross National Happiness

CONSEQUENCES OF LOSS OF ETHICS:

Ethics plays and instrumental role in human life and society. Ethics helps in arriving at decisions more quickly as
it assist making choices. It reveals the value dimension of a decision that would otherwise seems value free.
However, loss of ethics could cause following consequences:

Dimension Consequences
Individual level Petty crimes, domestic violence, urinating and spitting on public spaces, abusive
and filthy language, crime against aged, jumping rad light.
Social level Corruption, Rise in crime rate, acknowledging goons and mafias, joint family,
parent’s respect, drug addiction, regionalism, castes.

https://upscpdf.com/ 5
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

Organisational level Nepotism, Corruption, rise in inequalities, loss of trust, decrease in efficiency,
economy and effectiveness, destruction of work culture, loss of trust in the
administration, lawlessness.
Political level Hung parliament, corruption, criminalisation of politics, Coalition govt.
International level Trust deficit, frictions, disputes, unhealthy competition, damage to the
environment and unsustainable development, disregard to international
conventions and laws.
Bioethical level Abortion, animal rights, cloning, artificial intelligence, consent, confidentiality, GM
organisms, Suicide.
Environmental level Loss of flora and fauna, unsustainable development, polluter shall pay principle is
diminishing, increase in pollution levels, disregard to Common But Differentiated
Responsibility (CBDR)

VALUE SYSTEM:
• Since human born, he will undergo several stages of personality development. The basic pillar on which
his Behaviour depends on the Values he adopted in his life cycle.
• A strong value system defines character and character allow him to follow specific code of conduct. Such
conduct finally turns into Behaviour. Therefore, a strong value system makes a person stronger either they
are good values or bad values.

“Values are defined as a set of standards of Human Conduct which are important for humans based on
human preferences, beliefs & Knowledge “

Core
Emotions Values
Belief

Core Values • Universal across the time and space

• Examples: Love, self-lessness, Compassion
Peripheral values • Changes with time and space
• Examples: Truthfulness, Impartiality

“All Ethics Are Values. All Values Are Not Ethics”

Example:

6 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

Bad Values Good Values

• Believe in Patriarchy and women subordinate to • Kindness
men • Respecting elders, women
• Generation “Ok boomer”, who believe in Climate • Protecting Environment
change is a myth • Honesty
• Killing of animals • Tolerance
• Corruption
• Opaqueness in a Govt organisation

Personal Values vs. Social Values

Personal Values Social Values

• Important for individual wellbeing. • Important for other people’s wellbeing.
• Examples: self-respect, comfortable life, freedom • Examples: equality, social justice, national
etc. security, world peace etc.

A positive and fulfilling life requires a coordinated and balanced pursuit of both self-serving and other serving
values.

Different Types of Values:

We are having different types of value system based on where they are applicable according to the time and
space.

Strong Values: No change in his value system . Not subjected to others influence
Weak Values: Frequent change and subject to influence by others
Universal Values: Does not changes Time& Space they are Universal in nature
Time specific Changes according to time & Space
Values:
Individual Values: Follow according to his conscience
Social Values: Untouchability, Child Marriage, Gender equality, Social Justice etc
Economic Values: Fair in Trade, Economic Justice, Adulteration, Crony capitalism etc
Ethical Values: Honesty, Truthful, Integrity etc
Political Values: Public Service, Democracy, Rights etc

• Tolerance
Indian values • Atithi devo bhava
• Universal Brotherhood
• Non-Violence
• Vasudhaivaa kutumbakam
• Living with Nature etc
• Liberal
Western Values • Individualism
• Egalitarian society
• Materialism
• Privacy etc
• Universalism
• Benevolence
• Compassion
Universal Values • Empathy
• Self-Sustenance
• Sustainable Development
• Universal Brotherhood
• Service to Mother earth and Humanity
• Selflessness
7

https://upscpdf.com/ 7
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

Source to the Universal Values:

• Universal Values derived from Primary laws that is Nature
• Vedas and other religious scriptures Talk about primary laws which are always universal.
• Example: Selflessness

Knowledge and wealth always beneficial to the people so if we hit a tree with stone it will give fruits instead of
hitting us back. Universal values are primary, unconditional & self-lessness. Service based on complete
Compassion and Love.
Relative Values: Relative values are -
• Depends on time and space
• Secondary values
• Subject to change

Examples:
1. Untouchability & Slavery was considered as upper-class
value but its abolished over a period of time
2. Child marriages was banned which were considered earlier
customary practice
3. Dowry system
4. Sea voyage was a sin to Hindus but its misconception was
removed by Raja Rammohan Roy after travelling to England
through sea route.

Values can also be classified as:

1) Terminal Values: related to an ultimate goal or end of a
person
2) Instrumental Values: related to means of achieving the
desired outcome or an end

Terminal Values Instrumental Values

• Beauty • Ambitious, Hardworking and aspiring
• Equality • Broad and open minded
• Family Security • Courageous
• Freedom • Honesty
• Inner harmony • Self-Control
• Self-Respect • Obedience
• Wisdom • Intelligent and reflective
• True friendship • Politeness
• National Security • Forgiveness
• Salvation • Helpful and welfare oriented
• Sense of accomplishment • Cheerful, light hearted and joyful
• Competence and effectiveness

ETHICS (What Is Right?) Vs VALUES (What Is Important?)

ETHICS VALUES
Set of principles which are accepted by the society Values are nothing but Choices of Individuals
Macro in Nature Micro in Nature
Basically, at societal level Individual level
It can be only good choices made by individuals It can be either good or bad

8 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

ATTITUDES:
• Attitudes are views, beliefs, or evaluations of people about something (the object). The attitude object can be
a person, place, thing, ideology, or an event. Attitudes can be positive or negative.
• E.g.: I hate men with long hair. In this example, the person is having a negative attitude towards men who
grow long hair.
• Both Attitudes and Values are the beliefs (views) of a person. However, attitude is the belief (views) of a
person towards ‘something’. Examples: I hate snakes, I don’t like big cars.
• Thus you can see that attitude is all about whether you like or dislike something.
• Value is also a belief (about what is important), but it’s not towards anything.
• Value can exist in itself.
• Then how is attitude connected with value? Attitude is the view of a person regarding a value.

Attitudes vs. Values

Attitudes Values
What do you like / dislike? What is important for you?
Derives from Beliefs Derives from Beliefs
E.g. They like honest people E.g. They value honesty

MORALS:
• Ethics, Morals and Values often use interchange. Morals are part ethics based on concept of goodness.
• Here Bad part of ethics excluded. Morality is standards of individuals for right and wrong. Derived from Latin
word ‘Moralitus’ which means character.
• Examples: Being Honest, Transparency, Fair choice to everyone in recruitment exam etc

Private Morality Public Morality Political Morality

This is called Inter personal Inter group Morality Morality among rulers
Morality
Obligations to our children, spouse, Harmony between differentPolitical morality specifying what
parents, teachers and relatives religious-philosophical groups rulers and the ruled owe one
generated by the exercise of self-
another and also subjects owe
restraint obedience to their king. But the
ruler too owed something to his
subjects to ensure the good of all
Here Morality is guided by As there is no personal Values such as political freedom,
unarticulated emotions among attachments, Individual goals and solidarity, shared traditions and
members of family self-interest guides morality. There cultural heritage guides morality
is no commonly held ethic either. as citizens are subjects of political
state.
We have a duty towards those Neither hate speech nor speech The core of political morality is a
under our special care, including glorifying oneself was acceptable as commitment to justice, to
the aged, ‘servants’, animals and, part of public morality impartiality.
occasionally, strangers.
We can’t completely escape from Some degree of partiality exists We have to overcome our loyalty
being impartial because obligation to blood relations, not pursue only
towards our personal relationships our private interests, and commit
instead to using power grounded
in shared principles and complete
impartiality and no
discrimination

https://upscpdf.com/ 9
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

One’s private life automatically Public morality transforms to elect Political morality need not be
guarantees high moral stature in morally correct leaders shown private morality after
political life. assuming the power

CONSTITUTIONAL MORALITY
• Constitutional morality is substantive content of the constitution in the form of Ethical Ideas that underlines
formal provisions.
• Justice, liberty, equality, fraternity, can be taken as elements of modern constitutional morality.
• According to the Ambedkar, constitution could be at best provides a legal framework, a necessary but not
sufficient condition for such a transformation.
• To be effective, constitutional laws have to be rest upon substratum of Constitutional morality. It is not
a natural sentiments but has to be cultivated.
• Constitutional morality:
o Enhances values like liberty, equality and fraternity
o Secularism i.e., respect for plurality
o Political, social and economic justice
o Open culture of dissent and constructive criticism
o Tolerance, restraint and mutual accommodation in public life
o Respect for formally prescribed rules and procedures
o Constitutional morality is the basis for which any statutory acts should be made.

VOICE OF CONSCIENCE
• It’s part of sub conscious state that which instructs us to act in a particular way. Power to think decisions
about value system. Here Ends have given more importance than means.
• Voice of Conscience is our ability to make a practical decision in light of ethical values and principles.
• Voice of Conscience is a person's moral compass of right and wrong as well as the consciousness of one's
actions. It is the small voice from inside and also voice of god. But usually, we don’t pay heed to such voice so
we end up taking wrong decisions.
• Man loses his state of mind and for moment he will act and later realisation happen with punishment. Lot of
criminal cases happens when a person loses his state of mind and don’t listen to his Voice of Conscience.
• Examples:
o When we have to choose between family or organisation in a case involved from your family, it is the
conscience guides you what decision you have to take.
o When appointing Vivekananda as chief disciple of Ramakrishna paramahamsa he asked to steal rice
from home with condition of nobody watching but Vivekananda replied that, “his inner conscience
always watching himself”.
o Famous business woman and her husband Indrani Mukherjee killed her own daughter. In this world
only snakes kill their own babies where their inner conscience became blind.

COURAGE OF CONVICTION
It means you will do what you believe and have that courage to accept what you believe. If you have
the courage of your convictions, you have the confidence to do what you believe is right, even though other
people may not agree or approve.

Examples:
• Gandhiji fought against discrimination happened to Indians and blacks in South Africa
• Raja Rammohan Roy fought against sati abolition
• Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar fought against child marriages and supported widow remarriage

CRISIS OF CONSCIENCE

10

10 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

• It is a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what

is the right thing to do. It’s one of the ethical dilemmas Aristotle’s Golden Mean Principle:
but in strong sense. Moral behaviour is the mean between two
• Example: To withdraw Non-cooperation movement extremes - at one end is excess, at the other
Gandhiji underwent such situation. If withdraws the deficiency. Find a optimum position
movement he will face backlash from fellow leaders and between those two extremes, and you will
if it was not withdrawn it will lead to more violent nature. be acting morally.
But he followed what he believed and subsequently
withdrawn.

ETHICS Vs MORALS

ETHICS MORALS
• Ethics are standards of human conduct that • These are principles of right and wrong held by an
society adopts for itself. individual.
• Ethics are a set of dos and don’ts that govern • Self-regulation in a personal life
human conduct in a social setting.
• Ethics is the standards of “good and bad” • Morality as something that’s personal and normative
distinguished by a certain community or social
setting.
• ethics is the term used in conjunction • Moral connotation linked theology and spirituality
with business, medicine, or law
• Uniform across the cultures • Vary person to person and culture to culture
• Examples: Ethically adultery is wrong • But at personal level you may either support to
adultery or you feel it’s wrong.

Relationship Values Examples

Ethical & Moral Selflessness & Integrity Helping to downtrodden section of people or
any act which is in consistency between moral
and ethics
Ethical but not moral Neo-liberal values like freedom Live-in relationship moral to youngsters but
and liberty not acceptable to older generations. Another
example is Home sexuality
Moral but not ethical Selfishness, cultural values War

ETHICS Vs LAW

ETHICS LAW
Ethics means the science of a standard human The law is defined as the systematic body of rules that
conduct. governs the whole society and the actions of its
individual members
Ethics comprises of guidelines and principles that The law consists of a set of rules and regulations
inform people about how to live or how to behave in
a particular situation.
Ethics are governed by an individual, legal or The law is created by the Government, which may be
professional norm, i.e., workplace ethics, local, regional, national or international
environmental ethics and so on.
It cannot be found in written form. The law is expressed in the constitution in a written
form or statute books
It is internal – Intrinsic It is externally driven – Extrinsic
Breach or violation may not result in immediate The breach of law may result in punishment or penalty,
punishment. or both
Ethically acceptable can also be acceptable to the law Legally acceptable need not be Ethical
Ethics has no such binding on the people Legally binding
11

https://upscpdf.com/ 11
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

PSIR QUEST 500 plus for UPSC 2022

PSIR "QU"ality "E"nhancement with "S"yllabus coverage "T"hrough 500+ PYQs and
other questions

Coverage of all important Previous year questions Extra questions than PYQ Topic-wise notes will be
topic of the syllabus with model answers from to cover more dimension provided before topic
through question answer 2013 to 2020 will be starts
format covered

Course will be valid till mains 6 Tests- 4 sectional and 2 full Online mentor support
2022 length with detailed evaluation ENROLL NOW

OPTIONALS ADMISSION OPEN UPSC CSAT EXPERT PROGRAM

2022 (UCEP) Batch -2
Syllabus Covered

Quantitative Aptitude
Logical Reasoning
Data Interpretation
Reading Comprehension
Course Features

Hindi Sahitya Optional 50+ Hours of Lectures

Practice Question after
PSIR Optional every Lectures
4 Full Length Test
Geography Optional Video Solution of Full
ENROLL NOW ENROLL NOW
Length Test
Sociology Optional

All INDIA UPSC MOCK TEST PRAGYAAN

FREE Online Mock Test
All India Ranking
6 7 4
FEBRUARY 2022 MARCH 2022 APRIL 2022

Subject Wise Analysis Report GS-1

MOCK-I
GS-1
MOCK-II
GS-1
MOCK-III

Available in both English and Hindi

A

Mock Explanation Video 7

MAY 2022

GS-1 / CSAT
MOCK-IV ENROLL NOW!

 +91-7007-931-912
https://upscpdf.com/ 
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

Integrated Daily MCQs + Mains Answer Writing

Comprehensive Solution to Mains (CSM)
Program for UPSC 2022
always keeps you ahead in the UPSC Exam
Mains Video
Well Planned 2 Lectures
Prelims Test (Daily+Full Length) Schedule 1

Answer and
1 Mains Test (Daily+Full Length) Essay Writing
2 Dedicated Classes
Mentorship 3
CSAT + Essay Test
3
6

IDMP-3 4 NCERT Lectures

Study Material 4 Mains

5
NCERT Test (Soft Copy) 5
Test Series
6
7 Dedicated Mentorship

21 Books soft Copy

ENROLL NOW! ADMISSION OPEN ENROLL NOW!

Last Mile Leap (LML)

UPSC CSE Prelims Test Series 2022

Special Features Of This Test Series

ENROLL NOW
TejaS
Hardwork Beats Destiny
UPSC Prelims Crash Course 2022

19 Sectional Tests
5 Current Affairs Tests
250+ hours of Video Lectures

Inclusive of NCERT important topics

15 Full Length Tests
Prelims Strategy and Elimination Method
4 CSAT Tests
500 Days Subject Wise Current Affairs Lectures

Regular Topic Based Test

15 Full-Length Test

ENROLL NOW! Prelims Study Material

Dedicated Mentorship

Price: ₹ 2000+18%GST
Just 90 Days are left for UPSC CSE 2022 Prelims

ance UPSC
Adv
Core
Basic

UPSC FOUNDATION COURSE

Basic
NCERT Video Lectures (Class 6th to 12th)
NCERT Test Series
Basic Answer Writing Classes Core
500+ Hours of Video Lessons on Prime Subjects
Printed OnlyIAS Comprehensive Materials at your doorstep
CSAT classes on every Sunday
Extra marks booster topics for Prelims Advanced
Prelims Test series
300+ Hours of Video Lessons on Mains Subjects
Special Answer Writing Classes
Essay writing Classes & Tests
ENROLL NOW 8 Sectional + 4 Full Length Mains-Test Series
Personal Guidance on DAF Filling
Interview Sessions from the Expert Panel

 +91-7007-931-912
https://upscpdf.com/ 
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

Ethics that are the code of conduct that helps a The objective of the law is to maintain social order and
person to decide what is right or wrong and how to peace within the nation and protection to all the
act. citizens.

APPROACHES TO ETHICS
• Every day we come across several ethical and moral dilemmas in our daily
life. Dealing with these moral issues is often perplexing. How, should we think
through an ethical issue?
• What questions should we ask? What factors should we consider? Therefore,
Ethics(E)
to solve an ethical dilemma the first step in analyzing moral issues is to get
the facts.
• But having the facts is not enough. Facts by themselves only tell us what is;
they do not tell us what ought to be. In addition to getting the facts, resolving
an ethical issue also requires an appeal to values. Philosophers have
Morality(M) Law(L)
developed five different approaches to values to deal with moral issues. They
are:
1. Utilitarian approach
2. Rights approach
3. Justice approach
4. Common good approach
5. Virtue approach

1. Utilitarian Approach
• Utilitarianism was conceived in the 19th century by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill to help
legislators determine which laws were morally best. Both Bentham and Mill suggested that ethical actions
are those that provide the greatest balance of good over evil. To analyze an issue using the utilitarian
approach,
1) First identify the various courses of action available to us.
2) Second, we ask who will be affected by each action and what benefits or harms will be derived from each.
3) Third, we choose the action that will produce the greatest benefits to the greatest no of peoples with the
least harm.

“The ethical action is the one that provides the greatest good for the greatest number.”

2. Rights Approach
• Proposed by Immanuel Kant and similar thought of philosophers, who focused on the individual's right to
choose for herself or himself. According to this school of philosophers, what makes “human beings different
from mere things is that people have dignity based on their ability to choose freely what they will do with
their lives, and they have a fundamental moral right to have these choices respected”.
• In deciding whether an action is moral or immoral using this approach:
1) Does the action respect the moral rights of everyone?
2) Actions are wrong to the extent that they violate the rights of individuals
3) The more serious the violation, the more wrongful the action.

People are not objects to be manipulated. It is a violation of human dignity to use people in ways they do not
freely choose. Some of the examples of individual rights are right to privacy, right to truthful, right to not be harm
by anyone.

3. The Fairness or Justice Approach

• The fairness or justice approach to ethics has its roots in the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher
Aristotle, who said that "equals should be treated equally and unequal unequally."
• The basic moral question in this approach is:
1) How fair is an action?

12

12 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

2) Does it treat everyone in the same way, or does it show favouritism and discrimination?
• Favouritism gives benefits to some people without a justifiable reason for singling them out; discrimination
imposes burdens on people who are no different from those on whom burdens are not imposed. Both
favouritism and discrimination are unjust and wrong.

4. The Common-Good Approach

• This approach to ethics assumes a society comprising individuals whose own good is linked to the good of
the community. Community members are bound by the pursuit of common values and goals.
• The common good is a notion that originated more than 2,000 years ago in the writings of Plato, Aristotle,
and Cicero. More recently, contemporary ethicist John Rawls defined the “common good as certain general
conditions that are equally to everyone's advantage." In this approach, we focus on ensuring that the
social policies, social systems, institutions, and environments on which we depend are beneficial to all.
• Examples of goods common to all include affordable health care, effective public safety, peace among
nations, a just legal system, and an unpolluted environment.

5. The Virtue Approach

• There is another kind of approach apart from above four, The virtue approach. In this approach, certain ideals
strive towards full development of our humanity. These ideals are discovered through thoughtful
reflection on what kind of people we have the potential to become.
o Virtues are attitudes or character traits that enable us to be and to act in ways that develop our highest
potential.
o They enable us to pursue the ideals we have adopted.
o Honesty, courage, compassion, generosity, fidelity, integrity, fairness, self-control, and prudence are all
examples of virtues.
o Virtues are like habits - that is, once acquired, they become characteristic of a person.
o Moreover, a person who has developed virtues will be naturally disposed to act in ways consistent with
moral principles. The virtuous person is the ethical person.
• In dealing with an ethical problem using the virtue approach, we might ask:
o What kind of person should I be?
o What will promote the development of character within myself and my community?

Ethical Problem solving using above approaches:

• Using the above five approaches, once we have ascertained the facts, we should ask ourselves five questions
when trying to resolve a moral issue:
1. What benefits and what harms will each course of action produce, and which alternative will lead to the
best overall consequences?
2. What moral rights do the affected parties have, and which course of action best respects those rights?
3. Which course of action treats everyone the same, except where there is a morally justifiable reason not
to, and does not show favouritism or discrimination?
4. Which course of action advances the common good?
5. Which course of action develops moral virtues?
• This method, of course, does not provide an automatic solution to moral problems. It is not meant to. The
method is merely meant to help identify most of the important ethical considerations. In the end, we must
deliberate on moral issues for ourselves, keeping a careful eye on both the facts and on the ethical
considerations involved.

Challenges to Ethics :
Although value conflicts occur in manifold areas and at all levels of the public service, there are specific challenges
to current public service values which are considered here. They arise in the context of:
• New modes of governance
• Market-based reforms
• Politicisation
• Agencification
• Decentralisation/relocation
• Changes in HRM and recruitment
13

https://upscpdf.com/ 13
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

• Information and Communication Technology

• Red Tapism

BRANCHES OF ETHICS
Branch of Ethics Description
Meta Ethics • This branch seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties and judgments
such as if truth values can be found and the theory behind moral principles.
• Determines validity of theories advanced in normative ethics branch. Its described
by thinkers as study & origin of meanings of ethical concepts.
Normative • Focuses on what is right things to do? Also called as prescriptive ethics. It is study
(Prescriptive) of ethical acts.
Ethics • The largest branch, it deals with how individuals can figure out the correct moral
action that they should take. Philosophers such as Socrates and John Stuart Mill
are included in this branch of ethics.
Descriptive Ethics • Kohlberg’s moral education explains this kind of ethics. Studies history and
development of ethics.
• This branch is more scientific in its approach and focuses on how human beings
actually operate in the real world, rather than attempt to theorize about how they
should operate.
Applied Ethics • Analyses the application of ethical issues.
• This is the study of applying theories from philosophers regarding ethics in
everyday life. This uses application of moral knowledge to practical problems and
uses philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in
various fields of human life.

Consequentialism Ethics:
Consequentialism is based result-based ethics. It gives us this guidance when faced with a moral dilemma. It is
based on two principles:
o Whether an act is right or wrong depends only on the results of that act
o The more good it produces, it treated as a good act

Different forms of consequentialism are:

1) Utilitarianism states that people should maximise human welfare or well-being (which they used to call
'utility' - hence the name).
2) Hedonism states that people should maximise human pleasure.
3) Other forms of consequentialism take a more subtle approach- for example stating that people should
maximise the satisfaction of their fully informed and rational preferences.

DIMENSIONS AND TYPES OF ETHICS:

Ethics can be classified into different categories based on its Nature and area of application.
• Depends on its Nature (Theoretical Dimensions):
1) Deontological Ethics - Both Means & End important
2) Teleological Ethics - End is the only Important means are not important

• Depends of Area of Application (Applied Dimension):

1) Personal Ethics -Kind, Truthful, Donations from his earnings etc.
2) Societal Ethics - Respect to each weaker sections, Social service, Social Responsibility etc
3) Administrative Ethics - Honesty, Integrity, Transparent, Attitude and Aptitude etc
4) Media Ethics
5) Ethics Of Journalism
6) Corporate Ethics – trusteeship etc.
7) Business Ethics
14

14 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

8) Bio-Ethics
9) Environmental Ethics - Sustainable development, Conservation, Resource efficiency etc.
10) Medical Ethics - Treat every patients without discrimination, Service to Humanity etc.
11) Professional Ethics - Business Ethics, Corporate governance, Safe work place for women, Equal
opportunities in the Organisation etc.

DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS
• Derived from the word “Deont” means duty. The MEANS or instruments adopted to achieve outcome is very
much important along with the desired END. Both MEANS and ENDS both should be good.
• Thinkers like Gandhiji, Vivekananda, Kant, Nehru Comes under this category.
• Example: Gandhiji’s recalling of Non-cooperation movement is example of Deontological Ethics. After the
Chauri chaura incident he called off the movement before it gets more violent. Gandhiji always believed in
Non-Violence.

TELEOLOGICAL ETHICS
• Derived from the Greek philosophy. Telos means Ends/Goals. According to this school of thought if the
outcome is good then the actions followed to reach that goal or objectives or ends are also considered as good
actions.
• Thinkers like Epicurus, Thomas Aquinas, Aristotle, Thomas Hobbes, JS Mill and Bentham’s Utilitarian
principle, Karl Marx etc who are considers ends are more important than means.
• Example: Robbin Hood – He Plunders the food and distributes it to poor.

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
• Since Ancient times Indians started living with Nature. We respect the
rights of the animal species and plant species. But after the Industrial
revolution and LPG era India entered into POLLUTERS CLUB having
members include USA, China, EU.
• Emergence of New concept “Anthropocentrism”, is the belief that
HUMAN BEING is the most important entity of this Universe. Then humans
started exploited the nature and disturbing the Natural cycle.
• We are heading towards SIXTH MASS EXTINCTION. India took several
Initiatives to protect our Environment like enacting acts like Wild life
Protection Act, Environmental Protection Act etc, setup National Green
Tribunal (NGT), to protect endangered species took initiatives like Project
Tiger, Project Elephant, ZSI Red data book etc. Even Judiciary too time to
time interfering where Environment is at stake.
• Examples: Uttarakhand High Court declared River Ganga as
living entity where it has equal rights along with Human beings. Thomas Aquinas: If there is a
Conflict between Primary laws
Some of the noted Initiatives across the Globe are India’s pledge (Natural Laws) and Secondary laws
towards going green with Renewable Energy, Friday for Future, EU (Manmade), We shall always
net zero carbon emissions by 2050 etc. Therefore, Sustainable prioritize Primary laws.
Development and Environmental Justice is the way forward.

15

https://upscpdf.com/ 15
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

Chritsian
stewardship
Consequentialistic
Nature
Mangement
Anthropocentric
Kentensian
Deontologic
Rawlesian
Environmental
Ethics
Animal
Protection
Consequentialistic
Biocentric
Non- individulism
Anthropocentric
Animal rights
Deontologic
Biocentric
Holism

Approaches to Environmental Ethics:

To solve ethical problem in solving environmental ethics we should adopt a liberal, conservative and
ecological approach which means we should promote development while conserving the other species and
didn’t harm to ecological balance.

Economic Development Vs Environmental Conservation

Hence, Ethical values help in Growth and Development overall. But the question here is, whether we should limit
to just Economic Growth or Overall Sustainable Development? Growth is important for a country like India but
without sustainable development that growth can never be an Inclusive growth. While giving more importance
to Ethical& social values but at the same time we give equal importance to economic values. Capitalism is not bad
but never let crony capitalism rule the country.

Growth Sustainable Development

Value Neutral Value Centric
Quantitative Qualitative
Either Positive or Negative Always Positive
Social Attitude and Behaviour plays very minimum Social Behaviour plays an important role
role
E.g.: GDP growth or Indian per capita increase etc E.g.: Open Defecation free by 2022 and Success of
Swachh Bharat Mission.

Ecological Environmental
Liberal Conservation
balance Ethics

MEDICAL ETHICS
Pillars and Principles to be followed in Medical Ethics:
• Autonomy
• Beneficence, act of charity, mercy and Kindness
16

16 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

• Confidentiality
• Non – Maleficence/ Do no harm
• Equity/Justice
• Dignity
• Service oriented
• Examples: Padmashri Award 2019 winner Dr. Ravindra and his wife Dr. Smita who dedicated their entire
life to serving to the rural people who don’t have access to medical facilities and there is no proper
infrastructure. With minimum equipment they learnt basic surgeries.

BIOETHICS
Bioethics is commonly understood to refer to the ethical implications and applications of the health-related
life sciences. Components of bioethics are:
• Genetics:
o Much of medicine today is about genetics, whether for disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment, or
reproductive decision-making.
o Emerging genetic technologies and knowledge generate numerous value conflicts. Consequently,
bioethicists ask what is ethically appropriate if individuals have a mutation for a serious and now
untreatable genetic disorder.
• Ethics in Clinical trials:
o Clinical trials are research studies performed in people that are aimed at evaluating a medical, surgical
or behavioural intervention. Patients who are involved in clinical trials are not used as a means to an end.
o Clinical ethics is a practical discipline that aims to resolve ethical questions or disagreements that emerge
in the practice of health care. Clinical ethicists work to identify, analyse, and resolve value conflicts that
arise when providers, patients, families, surrogates, and other stakeholders disagree or are uncertain
about the ethically best course of action.
o For example, patients or their surrogates may refuse recommended treatments or demand non-beneficial
treatments, which puts their requests at odds with providers’ medical judgment.
o Clinical ethicists help to identify and clarify ethical questions, find ethically acceptable courses of action,
encourage honest and respectful communication between all parties, and recommend ethically
acceptable solutions for the case at hand.
o Clinical ethics also works to improve institutional responses to ethical dilemmas through education and
policy formation.

Ethical Issues Involved:

• Protection of Trail subjects
• Prior informed consent
• Quality of data
• Regulation and Monitoring the trail
• Compliance with Trial protocol
• Professional Competence
• Accountability and Transparency
• Privacy & Confidentiality
• It should be voluntary
• Useful for advancement of society but not for profits

Rights Of Participants:
• Right to prior consent
• Access to information
• Privacy
• Post trail access to remedy
• Compensation for side effects if trail fails

Contemporary Ethical Issues Involved In Bioethics Are:

• Privacy and Confidentiality

17

https://upscpdf.com/ 17
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

• Cyber-attacks against medical devices

• Bio hackers
• With growing level of technology treating, one’s own disease with the help of internet and machines
• Accessibility of quality treatment
• Bio terrorism
• Sexuality becoming technological where physical relations at stake

Examples:
• COVID-19 vaccine volunteer sued 100cr against serum institute, Pune for making him ill in the trail
• A scientist in China using CRISPER technologies to edit baby human genome for desired characters.

ETHICS IN RELIGION
• Ethics are part of every religion but can a person be ethical
without religious? This is a long-standing debate. Central aspect God as a basic requirement of ETHICS
of ethics is “good life”. Greeks called it is a happiness. The - Immanuel Kant
ancient Greeks believed happiness was brought about by living
one’s life in accordance with virtue – positive traits of character.
• Virtue in the highest sense, in an adult who has been brought up well, will not just involve good personal
habits such as courage and temperance, but also friendship and justice and intellectual virtue. The essence of
virtue is in the wholeness of the person brought about by integrity.

If religion has a role in moral decision-making, then what should be that role?

• For many individuals, their religion is a centrally defining characteristic of who they are, such that they would
be nearly incapable of making ethical decisions independently of their religious beliefs.
• Further, some of our most basic moral sentiments are directly connected to religious ideology.
• Examples:
o Most people agree that things like murder and adultery are always wrong, regardless of
circumstances. Most major world religions echo these sentiments
o In some of the catholic countries it is illegal to abortion
• The link between religion and morality is best illustrated by the Golden Rule: “Do unto others as you would
wish them do unto you”. In other words, we should treat others the way we would want to be treated. This
is the basic ethic that guides all religions. If we do so, happiness will ensue.

ETHICS IN TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION

• Ethics in Technology and Innovation becomes the important area of study due to
advancement in science and technology. With the growing innovations like
automation, data management, artificial innovations, gene editing etc poses huge
challenges to the ethical practices.
• Some of the recent incidents where technology misused are:
1) Cambridge Analytica – Voters social media profiles scanned to observe their
voting behaviour
2) Tech giants Google & Facebook – Pro govt sand elected hate speech content
removal
3) Automation and artificial intelligence able to control humans in future
4) Gene editing technologies

ETHICS IN AI
• Humans have something called “a moral compass”. It is an area of our cognition (mental processes of
gaining knowledge and understanding) which tells right from wrong. When you see an injustice, your
brain tells you something is not right.
• The standards of your moral compass strongly depend on your upbringing and environment. This 'moral
compass' and environment is also what companies build their ethics on, i.e., to decide what is right and
what is wrong.

18

18 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

• AI is a technology that could affect public values, human rights or public decision-making and hence there is
a strong need for ethics here. In the same way that parents raise a child, companies must teach and test their
AI systems to learn, communicate, make unbiased decisions and comply with norms and regulatio ns.
Artificial Intelligence is a very vast field, and today most of the AI code developed across the world falls
under the bucket of Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI). There should not be any pre-existing bias in the
data that is collected from the real-world.
• Examples:
o Gender bias - when you search for 'Doctor' on a search website, the results for Doctor images might
mostly come up as 'male'. Whereas for 'Nurse' most results would be 'female'. This shows inherent bias
in the search results.
o AI model for face recognition identifies a person as a criminal incorrectly - this will lead to a loss of that
person’s reputation and false criminal charges against the person

Pillars of Ethical AI:

• AI Systems should be built such that they are fair and inclusive for all. Impartial behavior of AI model
without any discrimination should be our goal. Unfair models can create improper outcomes, for example,
the AI model for face recognition identifies a person as a criminal incorrectly - this will lead to a loss of that
person’s reputation and false criminal charges against the person. Unfair models can injure people, damage
reputations and become legal liabilities. The consequences of biased AI systems could be an injustice at a
large scale.
• AI models are highly susceptible to all sorts of attacks, including many based on adversarial AI methods.
In these methods, adversaries exploit AI models for potential gain, in most cases, by predicting the decisions
machine learning models will make and then manipulating subsequent sets of data to produce the attacker’s
desired outcomes—rather than the correct decisions.
• When AI systems are to be built using sensitive data, we need to consider the privacy implications in using
it. Legal & regulatory requirements, social norms and individual expectations should be obeyed. If AI models
remember or can reveal the sensitive data that they have used, rules should be put in place to ensure that the
data is safe. The possibility that AI models reveal data can be decreased by applying various techniques.

Recommended actions to ensure ethics in AI:

• Chalk out exact goals for ensuring fairness and inclusion so there is no pre-existing bias
• Representative datasets should be used
• Analyse performance – Real-world scenarios
• Identify Potential threats to system and find solutions to face cyber attacks
• Learn and stay updated
• Handle data responsibly
• Limit usage of sensitive data as much as possible.

19

https://upscpdf.com/ 19
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

• Obey the laws, standards, privacy principles etc. Provide users with clear notice and give them any necessary
controls over data use. Follow best practices such as encryption (the process of converting information or
data into a code, mainly to prevent unauthorized access).
• Masking, Anonymizing and/or aggregating the data (i.e., the process of hiding original data with modified
data, i.e., characters or other data) using some techniques (data scrubbing, etc.). E.g., consider removing
personally identifiable information (PII) like Date of Birth etc
• Implement the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a regulation in European Union (EU) law on
data protection and privacy for all individuals within the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA). It
requires companies to protect the privacy of their EU customers. Hence the appropriate measures must be
put in place to prevent privacy breaches

There is no one size fits all approach to privacy protection. In real-world, we must iterate to find an approach
that balances privacy and utility for the task we need to work on to make use maximum benefits from AI for the
progress of Human kind.

ETHICS IN MEDIA
• Media refers to communication channels through which we disseminate news, music, movies, education,
promotional messages and other data. Media from the value development point of view, they are the most
important medium through which we get influenced our biases. The role of the mass media in influencing the
values is becoming increasingly very high.
• Examples:
o The recent TRP scam case one of television media resorted to fake TRP ratings by bribing subscribers
o Journalist crime investigation in the actress suicide case.
These are all few examples where values and ethics degrading in media houses and journalism.

Media’s Positive role in shaping our values Negative role

• Eradicating stereotypes • Sensationlisation of News articles covering only
• Telecasting some of the inspiring stories across partial news poses risk to objectivity and
the world impartiality
• High coverage of some of social issues prevailed in • Media trial
the society • Fake news
• Example: Swachh Bharath Abhiyan • Media trails in criminal cases
• Supporting some of the pro people’s movements • Hatred and social disharmony by telecasting
• Example: RTI movement socially disturbed news
• Obscene and violent content
20

20 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

• Paid news

Role of Media in fighting against Corruption:

• A free media has a crucial role in the prevention, monitoring and control of corruption. Such media can
inform and educate the public on corruption, expose corruption in government, private sector and civil
society organizations and help monitor codes of conduct while policing itself against corruption. Investigative
reporting by media or reporting of instances of corruption as they occur can be a significant source of
information on corruption.
• Daily reporting of instances of corruption as they occur is another type of contribution. Timely action should
be taken by the authorities to immediately respond to such reports and to take steps to bring the culprits to
book and to keep the press and the public informed from time to time of the progress of such action.
• It has been observed that sometimes under pressure of competition, the media does not verify allegations
and information before putting them in the public domain. Occasionally, such allegations/complaints are
motivated. It is necessary to evolve norms and practices that all allegations/complaints would be duly
screened, and the person against whom such allegations are made is given a fair chance to put forth his
version.
• Therefore, the second ARC opined that since the electronic media plays a role as important as the one played
by the print media, there is need to have a code for the electronic media covering different aspects of its
functioning.

Recommendations:
• It is necessary to evolve norms and practices requiring proper screening of all allegations/complaints by
the media, and taking action to put them in the public domain
• The electronic media should evolve a Code of Conduct and a self-regulating mechanism in order to adhere
to a Code of Conduct as a safeguard against malafide action.
• Government agencies can help the media in the fight against corruption by disclosing details about corruption
cases regularly

The media has played an important role in positive developments like the fight against racism, gender bias,
unemployment, poverty and spreading awareness about the need for world peace. That’s why media called
fourth pillar of democracy.

ETHICS IN JOURNALISM
• Journalistic ethics are basically a set of principles, standards, guidelines and code of conduct prepared for
professional journalists. It deals with conduct, character and behaviour of a journalist and how s/he works
before, during and after the news gathering and dissemination.

• Mahatma Gandhi - “The Sole aim of journalism should be service. The newspaper is a great power, but
just as an unchained torrent of water submerges whole countryside and devastates crops, even so an
uncontrolled pen serves but to destroy.”
• Napoleon - “Four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets.”

• Since the days of ‘Yellow Journalism’ many leading newspapers were partisan, biased, sensational,
intrusive, propagandists, manipulating and distorting the facts, passing off rumours as news. Since quality of
information directly reflects the health of a democracy.
• Examples: Vernacular press act during British Raj to supress Indian newspapers who supported national
independence
• Such biased, partisan, manipulated media, slowly a concerted campaign started to bring in ethics and
principles with a set of guidelines and code of conduct for news media and journalists. In the US, for the first
time, in 1922, the American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE) adopted a set of ethical principles. It
proposed six key principle:
1) Responsibility
2) Freedom of the Press

21

https://upscpdf.com/ 21
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

3) Independence
4) Truth and Accuracy
5) Impartiality and Fair Play.
• Another landmark intervention came in 1940s when Hutchins Commission in the US articulated in its report
the principle of Social Responsibility of the Press. The Commission reiterated that while the freedom of
press is paramount, it also has a moral obligation to consider the well-being of the general public when
making its decisions and choices.

Why it is Important ethics in Journalism?

• Journalism plays a crucial role of keeping the citizens informed about the issues and ideas of public
interest.
• Journalism must be socially responsible, serve the people with devotion, and educate them while avoiding
sensationalism, distortion and manipulation of facts.
• As the fourth estate of democracy, free and vibrant news media is treated as a key parameter for the success
of a democracy.
• Journalism with such so much influence and power comes with great responsibility. Therefore, news media
must follow the principles and norms of journalism and be transparent and accountable.

Principles of Journalist Ethics:

• Should be non-biased and non-Sensetionlisation
• It is expected from the news media outlets and its professional journalists to not only strictly follow these
principles and norms but to also self-regulate in alignment with them.
• There should be code of conduct for journalists. Though its voluntary in nature but it should be followed with
utmost respect
• Do not get influenced by powerful corporate lobby to influence govt decisions against public interest
• There is always public good as first motto
• To become the voice to voiceless
• Ideas like objectivity, fairness, truth, accuracy, impartiality and independence.
• In a democracy everyone is accountable to the people, and so is the media. The Indian media must develop a
sense of responsibility and maturity.

In India, the Press Council of India (PCI), a statutory and quasi-judicial body functions as a “watchdog of the
press, for the press and by the press. Similarly, NGO the News Broadcasting Standard Authority (NBSA) oversees
the news channels.

Case study: Fall of Media Mogul

Not long ago even the incredibly influential Media Mogul, Rupert Murdoch, was forced to shut the publication
of his 168-year-old tabloid, ‘News of the World’, in the UK after it was found regularly indulging in gross
violation of ethical norms and standards and even breaching the law.

Therefore, there is a need for serious introspection from news media outlets and the journalists’ community
to take steps to minimise the flouting of ethical norms, and to improve the quality and standards of the news
media in India. In this context, professional bodies like the Editors Guild of India, NBA, PCI etc. can take lead and
initiate debate and discussion and propose remedial measures.

BUSINESS ETHICS & CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Business Ethics is defined as “the application of ethical values to business behaviour”.

What is Ethical & Unethical in Business:

• Profit is ethical but sole motive of profit is unethical
• Capitalism is ethical but crony capitalism is unethical
• Going against public good is unethical
• Organisations can be compliant to internal processes and fulfil all statutory laws yet be unethical.

22

22 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

• Promoting alcohol consumption is banned on national television. If a company advertises an alternative

product with the same brand name, it is indirectly trying to increase brand recall to the intended product.
Legally, the company is not flouting any law. However, the practice is clearly unethical.
• Harmful cosmetics without providing harmful chemicals in it.
• Advertising about fairness creams that promotes colourism
• Threat to conservation is unethical

Case study: Fair & lovely

Recently fair& lovely changed its brand name to glow & lovely after colourism controversy as it promotes
whitening and showing discriminating black skinned people.

Ethical Framework for Corporates:

A strong ethics framework is required to drive the culture of ethics across the board. The elements for such a
framework include:
o Ethics programme with the continued support of middle and lower-level teams.
o An ongoing dialogue across levels to address tough questions that may arise during the business ethic s
journey.
o A two-way communication process, cutting across levels, to foster an environment of openness and trust.

Corporate Governance:
• Fair & transparent business
• Corporate governance framework should protect and facilitate the exercise of shareholders’ rights and
ensure the equitable treatment of all shareholders, including minority and foreign shareholders.
• Ensure that timely and accurate disclosure is made on all material matters
• Integrity should be a fundamental requirement in choosing corporate officers and board members.
• Protection to Corporate whistle-blowers

Code of Conduct for Business:

• It specifies the general principles of behaviour which employees and other stakeholders are expected to
follow.
• It is a mix of rules to be adhered and aspirations towards which the organisation seeks to evolve.
• Top leadership acts as a role models, senior managers should practise principles of ethics in their day-to-day
dealings.
• To deal with ethical dilemmas an effective training programme should be organised on how to deal ethical
dilemmas
• Integrity at two levels: the hiring process and every performance appraisal cycle.
• Building a team of Ethics Counsellors is often seen as a good practice.
• Unethical behaviour demands prompt action. Gifts and Hospitality While it may be customary to exchange
gifts/ offer hospitality as part of cultural practices, such exchanges sometimes mask the act of bribery or
corruption. Hence organization must delve into decide the nature of gifts.
• Employees and stakeholders must be encouraged to speak up against any suspected or known situations or
persons where the Code has been compromised and report the dilemmas faced.

You're looking for three things, generally, in a person. Intelligence, energy and integrity. And if they don’t
have the last one, don’t even bother with the first two - Warren Buffet

ADMINISTRATIVE ETHICS
Administrative ethics are “The values and morals should be followed by a bureaucrat during his public
duty”. We will study about Administrative ethics in detail in various chapters. In brief they are:
• Integrity
• Honesty
• Strict adherence to code of conduct
23

https://upscpdf.com/ 23
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

• Respecting rules and regulations

• Showing empathy and compassion towards downtrodden people
• Non-discrimination
• Ensuring good governance

PERSONAL Vs PROFESSIONAL ETHICS:

Professional Ethics Personal Ethics

It is a Code of Conduct imposed by an organisation It is a Code conduct and personal values which governs
on its employee to expect some kind of desired one’s individual personal life
behaviour.
Learns relatively later in life when she joins any work Learns from Childhood through Family, Society,
force Education system and Religion
Acts according to the Laws or rules or customs of an Acts according to her own Conscience
Organisation where she works
Duty Bounded and Very strict Code of conduct at Value Bounded and Freedom to do what she believes.
work place.
Examples: Integrity, Punctuality, Time Management, Examples: Kindness, Truthful, Honesty, Empathy,
Accountability, Transparency, Confidentiality, Loyal Service oriented etc
to the organisation etc.

ETHICS IN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC RELATIONSHIPS

Ethical values has a wide-ranging impact on individuals. But it vary from situation to situation with time and
space and it also different from public to private relationships.

Private Relationships Public Relationships

It is between the people we personally connected It is between the people that we externally connected
out of personal space like community, Colleagues at
office, govt-citizen
Relations build in a closed space called Family, Builds at office, society, community.
friends, spouse.
Based on personal values, morality and family values Based on societal and personal norms
Not codified generally Generally Codified
Violation generally goes unpunished but can have Legal, social, professional and such implications if
social consequence e.g. Loss of reputation in society norms are violated
Relations here permanent in nature Temporary in nature in the form of transfers, moving
different company
There is no limit to express our emotions here. For There should be a desirable way of emotion
example, we can get anger on between family expression. Example, there is a limit to express our
members anger on subordinates
There are expectations between closely connected There won’t be any expectations between members of
people the public life
Regulated by emotional bonding Regulated by rules, regulations, laws
Get punished by parents if we hurt others or apology Penal provisions there for wrong doings
in words
Partiality between members can be shown No partiality and no discrimination unless specifically
made by law.
Ethics For Private Relationship: Love and care, Ethics For Public Relationship: Openness, Honesty
Confidentiality, Truthfulness, Responsibility, and integrity, Respect, Rule of law, Equality and
Perseverance uniformity, Accountability.

24

24 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

Reasons for such separation:

• Although all citizens are subject to the laws of the land, in the case of public servants there must be standards
of behaviour more stringent than those for an ordinary citizen.
• Personal emotions always mix of emotions. Such mixed emotions brings undesirable consequences in the
administration
• There should be a conflict between public action and private interest.
• High Emotional intelligence required for those who serve in public life.
• Keeping public and private relationships separate helps in preventing conflicts of interest.
• Society tends to judge people separately in their public and private sphere, and hence it’s better to keep them
separate.

Common ethics for Public and private relationship:

• Honesty: Both kinds of relationships expect truthful behaviour without which there is loss of trust and
confidence.
• Interpersonal factors: Both relationships are not mechanical but involve interpersonal behaviour.
Therefore, both require individuals to have basic sensitivity, empathy, care etc. so that both parties
understand each other better.
• Accountability: We are held responsible for our behaviour in both relationships. We must answer and
account for our actions to maintain trust and confidence.
• Compassion: Helping others is a good deed which is desirable in both public and private relationships.

ETHICS IN PRIVATE LIFE & PUBLIC LIFE

ETHICS IN PRIVATE LIFE
• Private life integrated with family members, life partner, friends, colleagues etc. These kinds of relationships
based on emotional attachments, personal bonding with them rather than simply a formal mechanism. Our
habits, our lifestyle, our behaviour in society all gets influenced by a people we are personally attached to
them.
• Epics like Ramayana and Mahabharat a classic example of ethics in private relationships. Either they are good
side or bad side they will reflect in our actions. Here Ethics in private life lays the foundation for ethics in
public life.
• Self-Morality - Ethics in private life starts with self-morality. Just mere having good values not enough they
should put into practice and before you preach.

Examples:
• Once an old lady brought his son to Gandhiji to preach him stop eating sugar. But didn’t say anything that
moment and asked that lady come back after one month. In this gap Gandhiji practiced stop eating sugar
because he has same habit. After one month he said that young boy not to eat sugar.
• Satya Harischandra always speaks truth

Family:
• Family is the first foundation where ethical values seeds into one’s own mind. Interaction with parents and
the instruments adopted by them shapes children behaviour. If a family encourages and supports you in
times of crisis then you can take any hard decision which is ethically correct.
• A person’s ethical orientation towards others is determined to a large extent by his/her spouse.
• Also, parent is the first friend and guide to a child. They teach him not to be greedy, kind towards others, be
empathetic. It will helpful in shaping child’s intellectual ability and cognitive skills.

Friends:
• Role of friends play in moulding one’s personality. One famous quote says “Our friend circle tells our
character “

Examples:

25

https://upscpdf.com/ 25
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

PSIR QUEST 500 plus for UPSC 2022

PSIR "QU"ality "E"nhancement with "S"yllabus coverage "T"hrough 500+ PYQs and
other questions

Coverage of all important Previous year questions Extra questions than PYQ Topic-wise notes will be
topic of the syllabus with model answers from to cover more dimension provided before topic
through question answer 2013 to 2020 will be starts
format covered

Course will be valid till mains 6 Tests- 4 sectional and 2 full Online mentor support
2022 length with detailed evaluation ENROLL NOW

OPTIONALS ADMISSION OPEN UPSC CSAT EXPERT PROGRAM

2022 (UCEP) Batch -2
Syllabus Covered

Quantitative Aptitude
Logical Reasoning
Data Interpretation
Reading Comprehension
Course Features

Hindi Sahitya Optional 50+ Hours of Lectures

Practice Question after
PSIR Optional every Lectures
4 Full Length Test
Geography Optional Video Solution of Full
ENROLL NOW ENROLL NOW
Length Test
Sociology Optional

All INDIA UPSC MOCK TEST PRAGYAAN

FREE Online Mock Test
All India Ranking
6 7 4
FEBRUARY 2022 MARCH 2022 APRIL 2022

Subject Wise Analysis Report GS-1

MOCK-I
GS-1
MOCK-II
GS-1
MOCK-III

Available in both English and Hindi

A

Mock Explanation Video 7

MAY 2022

GS-1 / CSAT
MOCK-IV ENROLL NOW!

 +91-7007-931-912
https://upscpdf.com/ 
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

Integrated Daily MCQs + Mains Answer Writing

Comprehensive Solution to Mains (CSM)
Program for UPSC 2022
always keeps you ahead in the UPSC Exam
Mains Video
Well Planned 2 Lectures
Prelims Test (Daily+Full Length) Schedule 1

Answer and
1 Mains Test (Daily+Full Length) Essay Writing
2 Dedicated Classes
Mentorship 3
CSAT + Essay Test
3
6

IDMP-3 4 NCERT Lectures

Study Material 4 Mains

5
NCERT Test (Soft Copy) 5
Test Series
6
7 Dedicated Mentorship

21 Books soft Copy

ENROLL NOW! ADMISSION OPEN ENROLL NOW!

Last Mile Leap (LML)

UPSC CSE Prelims Test Series 2022

Special Features Of This Test Series

ENROLL NOW
TejaS
Hardwork Beats Destiny
UPSC Prelims Crash Course 2022

19 Sectional Tests
5 Current Affairs Tests
250+ hours of Video Lectures

Inclusive of NCERT important topics

15 Full Length Tests
Prelims Strategy and Elimination Method
4 CSAT Tests
500 Days Subject Wise Current Affairs Lectures

Regular Topic Based Test

15 Full-Length Test

ENROLL NOW! Prelims Study Material

Dedicated Mentorship

Price: ₹ 2000+18%GST
Just 90 Days are left for UPSC CSE 2022 Prelims

ance UPSC
Adv
Core
Basic

UPSC FOUNDATION COURSE

Basic
NCERT Video Lectures (Class 6th to 12th)
NCERT Test Series
Basic Answer Writing Classes Core
500+ Hours of Video Lessons on Prime Subjects
Printed OnlyIAS Comprehensive Materials at your doorstep
CSAT classes on every Sunday
Extra marks booster topics for Prelims Advanced
Prelims Test series
300+ Hours of Video Lessons on Mains Subjects
Special Answer Writing Classes
Essay writing Classes & Tests
ENROLL NOW 8 Sectional + 4 Full Length Mains-Test Series
Personal Guidance on DAF Filling
Interview Sessions from the Expert Panel

 +91-7007-931-912
https://upscpdf.com/ 
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

Though Karna individually Ethical and having greater war skills than Arjuna but his decision to fight along with
Kauravas’s side makes him unpopular which led to his death in Kurukshetra. It’s just because he promised his
friend Duryodhana to help in the war.

ETHICS IN PUBLIC LIFE:

Public life also refers to collection of a person’s relationships, interactions and dealings with the society at large.
Every Individual’s interaction with his/her surrounding environment. He should adhere certain moral values
while behaving in society.
• Though he has freedom to roam and live anywhere but on certain conditions like health his freedom of
expression may be curtailed
• Social responsibility
• Help towards others as a Good samaritan

Importance of Ethics in Public life:

• Ethics in public life are the ends to achieve any ethical principles such as responsibility and accountability.
• In democracy, every holder of public office is accountable to the people. Such accountability is enforced
through a system of laws and rules. Ethics in public life provides the basis for the creation of such laws and
rules.
• It is the moral ideas of people that give rise to and shapes the character of laws and rules.
• It strengthens the trusteeship relationship between the public and the officials.

Dimensions of Ethics in Public life:

• The role of ethics in public life has many dimensions. At one end is the expression of high moral values and
at the other end, public functionary can be held legally accountable for his actions while performing duty.
• Any framework of ethical behaviour must include the following elements:
o Codifying ethical norms and practices.
o Disclosing personal interest to avoid conflict between public interest and personal gain.
o Creating a mechanism for enforcing the relevant codes.
o Suitable mechanism for incentivizing ethical behaviour.
o Providing norms for qualifying and disqualifying a public functionary from office.
o Accountability mechanism in place.

A system of laws and rules, however elaborate, cannot provide for all situations. It is highly desirable, to govern
the conduct of those who occupy positions in the lower hierarchy where they don’t have any discretion. But the
higher officials in public service, the greater is the ambit of discretion. And it is difficult to provide for a system
of laws and rules that can comprehensively cover and regulate the exercise of discretion in high places.

VALUES IN PUBLIC RELATIONSHIP:

One of the most comprehensive statements of what constitutes ethical standards for holders of public office came
from the Committee on Standards in Public Life in the United Kingdom, popularly known as the Nolan
Committee, which outlined the following seven principles of public life:
1) Selflessness: Holders of public office should take decisions solely in terms of public interest. They should not
do so in order to gain financial or other material benefits for themselves, their family or their friends.
2) Integrity: Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to
outside individuals or organizations that might influence them in the performance of their official duties.
3) Objectivity: In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding contracts or
recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make choices on merit.
4) Accountability: Holders of public office are accountable for their decisions and actions to the public and
must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is appropriate to their office.
5) Openness: Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the decisions and actions they
take. They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict information only when the wider public
interest clearly demands.
6) Honesty: Holders of public office have a duty to declare any private interests relating to their public duties
and to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a way that protects the public interest.
7) Leadership: Holders of public office should promote and support these principles by leadership.
26

26 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

These principles of public life are of general applicability in every democracy. Arising out of such ethical
principles a set of guidelines of public behaviour in the nature of a code of conduct becomes essential for public
functionaries. Indeed, any person who is privileged to guide the destiny of the people must not only be ethical
but must be seen to practice these ethical values.

CODE OF CONDUCT & CODE OF ETHICS IN PUBLIC LIFE:

Although all citizens are subject to the laws of the land, in the case of public servants there must be standards of
behaviour more stringent than those for an ordinary citizen. It is at the interface of public action and private
interest that the need arises for establishing not just a code of ethics but a code of conduct.
• A code of ethics would cover broad guiding principles of good behaviour and governance
• Code of conduct should, in a precise and unambiguous manner, stipulate a list of acceptable and
unacceptable behaviour and action.
Examples:
• Following social distance and wearing mask during covid-19 pandemic. As a responsible citizen to not get
infected and wastage of national resources.
• Flushing after toilet in public toilets
• Throwing dust only in dustbin
• If you face an incidence of someone who met with an accident and joining in a hospital
• Social awareness
• Patriotism and service to the nation in times of need

Ethics in Private life Ethics in Public life

More about welfare of family members and friends Welfare of society
Guided by personal morality Guided by social values
There should be partiality shown towards members Non-discrimination and impartiality
of private life
Ethics in private life laid foundation for ethics in Private life ethics will be first step towards achieving
public life ethics in public life
Can be enforceable informally Can be enforceable legally

ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION:

Currently, the concept of ethics has extended itself to involve all major areas of human existence. There are
certain prominent aspects of ethics in public administration. These are summarized as following maxims:
1) Maxim of Legality and Rationality: An administrator will follow the law and rules that are framed to govern
and guide various categories of policies and decisions.
2) Maxim of Responsibility and Accountability: An administrator would not hesitate to accept responsibility
for his decision and actions. He would hold himself morally responsible for his actions and for the use of his
discretion while making decisions.
3) Maxim of Work Commitment: An administrator would be committed to his duties and perform his work
with involvement, intelligence and dexterity.
4) Maxim of Excellence: A bureaucrat would ensure the highest standards of quality in administrative
decisions and action and would not compromise with standards because of convenience or complacency.
5) Maxim of Fusion: An administrator would reasonably bring about a combination of individual,
organisational and social goals to help evolve agreement of ideals and imbibe in his behaviour a commitment
to such a fusion.
6) Maxim of Responsiveness and Resilience: An administrator would respond successfully to the demands
and challenges from the external as well as internal environment. He would adapt to environmental
transformation and yet sustain the ethical norms of conduct.
7) Maxim of Utilitarianism: While devising and implementing policies and decisions, an administrator will
certify that these lead to the greatest good (happiness, benefits) of the greatest number.
8) Maxim of Compassion: An administrator, without violating the prescribed laws and rules, would establish
compassion for the poor, the disabled and the weak while using his discretion in making decisions.

27

https://upscpdf.com/ 27
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

9) Maxim of National Interest: Though universalistic in orientation and liberal in outlook, a civil servant, while
performing his duties, would keep in view the impact of his action on his nation’s strength and prestige.
10) Maxim of Justice: Executives who are responsible for formulation and execution of policies and decisions of
governance would ensure that respect is shown to the principles of equality, equity, fairness, impartiality and
objectivity and no special favours are given on the criteria of status, position, power, gender, class, caste or
wealth.
11) Maxim of Transparency: An administrator will make decisions and implement them in a transparent
manner so that those affected by the decisions and those who wish to evaluate their rationale, will be able to
understand the reasons behind such decisions and the sources of information on which these decisions were
made.
12) Maxim of Integrity: An administrator would accept an administrative action on the basis of honesty and not
use his power, position and discretion to serve his personal interest and the illegitimate interests of other
individuals or groups.

Human Values- Lessons from Lives of Great Leaders, Administrators & Reformers
• Leader - leadership is the exercise of high-level conceptual skills and decisiveness. It is envisioning mission,
developing strategy, inspiring people, and changing culture.
• Reformer - A reformer is a person who wants to improve the prevailing conditions in society by bringing
about reforms in any area of human activity. e.g. politics, social customs and religion. E.g. Social reformer,
religious reformer, political reformer.
• Administrator is one who is responsible for carrying out administration - a process of working with and
through others to accomplish the agreed goals efficiently.

Common Values: Leader, Administrator and Reformer

• Attitude to serve the people,
• Uplifting the downtrodden,
• Impartiality and integrity,
• Benevolence and compassion
• Tolerance

Lessons from the Lives of Great Lessons from the Lives of Great Lessons from the lives of Great
Administrators Leaders Reformers
Verghese Kurien, M. S. Mahatma Gandhi, Abraham Mahatma Gandhi, Raja Ram mohan
Swaminathan, Sam Pitroda, E. Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr, Roy, Kabir, Vivekananda etc.
Sreedharan, V.P, Menon, T. N Nielson Mandela, Nehru, etc.
Sheshan, etc.
• Integrity • Love for Justice • Respect for Humanity
• Non-discrimination • Selflessness • Dignity for all
• Discipline • Respect for Humanity Dignity • Humanism
• Citizenly-duty for all • Reason and Inquiry for seeking
• Social Equality • Loving and caring behaviour the truth Kindness and
• Lawfulness • Peace loving compassion
• Sense of ethical accountability • Non-violence • Contentment Social Equality
• Loyalty • Benevolence Compassion
• Courage
• Solidarity and respect

Let’s have a quick look at the lessons from the lives of eminent persons. We shall deal with each of them in detail
in the coming chapter:

Personalities What they Valued

Mahatma Gandhi Simplicity, Minimalism, Satyagraha, Sarvodaya, Secularism, Ahimsa, Non-Violence,
Truth, Forgiveness, Self-Sufficiency, Dignity of labour etc.
28

28 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

Jawaharlal Nehru Democracy, institution building, consensus building, socialism, secularism, self-
determination, internationalism etc
Nelson Mandela Service, dignity, self-belief, equality of the human race, freedom, fairness, justice, etc
Abraham Lincoln Humanism, equality of the human race, integrity, idealism, honesty, freedom etc.
Martin Luther King Jr Self-belief, equality of the human race etc
Raja Rammohan Roy Social equality, equality of the human race, women empowerment, scientific thinking
etc
Swami Vivekananda Self-belief, equality of the human race, patriotism, compassion etc
B R Ambedkar Self-belief, equality of the human race, radical thinking, compassion etc
Mother Teresa Compassion, altruism, helpfulness, kindness, cleanliness, determination.
Verghese Kurien Self-belief, co-operative societies, entrepreneurship, innovation, farmer welfare etc.
E. Sreedharan Punctuality, self-belief, integrity, high-quality standards etc.
M .S. Swaminathan Sustainable development, green revolution, poverty alleviation, farmer welfare etc.

ROLE OF FAMILY, SOCIETY AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN INCULCATING ETHICAL VALUES

Importance of Value inculcation:
Values are a certain principle possessed by an individual
which guide them towards desirable behaviour. They are
either moral, immoral and amoral but inculcating moral
values very much important. They are important because:
• Inculcates ethical behaviour like honest, service
towards nation, kindness towards poor
• They make an individual bold and strong. They will
have lifelong impact on our lives. For example, Hunger
strike unto death by Shri Potti Sriramulu to achieve
separate Telugu state.
• They socialise an individual. Example, gender
sensitisation, equality
• Acts as an anchor to exhibit certain way of behaviour where society accepted
• They shapes our personality
• Inculcating values in early age will have long lasting effect. So, we can make good citizens in future through
moral values.

Process of Value Inculcation

Lawrence Kohlberg developed six stages of moral education among the people. He proposed three levels and
six steps to inculcate values.

Level 1: Preconventional At the preconventional level, morality is externally controlled. Rules imposed
level (Child stage) by authority figures are conformed to in order to avoid punishment or receive
rewards. This perspective involves the idea that what is right is, what is
personally satisfying. Level 1 has two stages:
• Stage1: Punishment or obedience orientation- Behaviour is determined by
consequences. The individual will obey in order to avoid punishment.
• Stage 2: Instrumental purpose - Behaviour is determined again by
consequences. The individual focuses on receiving rewards or satisfying
personal needs.
Level 2: Conventional At the conventional level, conformity to social rules remains important to the
level (Teenage stage) individual. However, the emphasis shifts from self-interest to relationships with
other people and social systems. The individual strives to support rules that are
29

https://upscpdf.com/ 29
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

set forth by others such as parents, peers, and the government in order to win
their approval or to maintain social order.
• Stage 3: Good boy/girl orientation: Behaviour is determined by social
approval. The individual wants to maintain or win the affection and
approval of others by being a “good person.”
• Stage 4: Law and order: Social rules and laws determine behaviour. The
individual now takes into consideration a larger perspective, that of societal
laws. Moral decision making becomes more than consideration of close ties
to others. The individual believes that rules and laws maintain social order
that is worth preserving.
Level 3: Post At the postconventional level, the individual moves beyond the perspective of
conventional or his or her own society. Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and
principled level (Maturity values that apply to all situations and societies. The individual attempts to take
stage) the perspective of all individuals.
• Stage 5: Social contract orientation- Individual rights determine
behaviour. The individual views laws and rules as flexible tools for
improving human purposes. That is, given the right situation, there are
exceptions to rules. When laws are not consistent with individual rights and
the interests of the majority, they do not bring about good for people
and alternatives should be considered.
• Stage 6: Universal ethical principles- According to Kohlberg, this is the
highest stage of functioning. However, he claimed that some individuals will
never reach this level. At this stage, the appropriate action is determined by
one’s self-chosen ethical principles of conscience. These principles are
abstract and universal in application. This type of reasoning involves taking
the perspective of every person or group that could potentially be affected
by the decision.
• Examples: Gandhiji, Raja Rammohan Roy, Martin Luther king JR, Rosa parks
who was unwilling to stand her from bus seat causes civil rights movement
– All are examples for last level who driven individual morality than societal
conditions

Sources of Values
At an early age of children, we can mould like, clay pot, good desired behaviour by inculcating moral values. The
various sources where values inculcate are:
1) Family
2) Society
3) Education

1) ROLE OF FAMILY IN VALUE INCULCATION

Family is a social institution where we will spend our half of life together with family members. During formative
years of his/her age our behaviour gets it shapes where our family values and morals have an impact on it. These
formative years shapes personality development. Being ethical or not is nothing but a part of personality and
this, family plays a critical role in determining ethics in human action.

How Family Imparts Values?

• Parents as role models: For anyone the first person who has influence is either father or mother. And also,
grandparents bed time stories guides us what is right and wrong through moral stories from Panchatantra,
religious books, moral books etc.

30

30 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

• Examples:
1) I, myself learnt discipline from my father and being
hygiene and cleanliness from my mother
2) Thomas Alva Edison can able to study at home when his
school kicked off from school and became great scientist
only because of his mother.
3) If elders taught us about king treated equally in his
kingdom, such perception develops a positive thought in
children mindset where they treat everyone equal in the
society.
• Respect towards others and Lower sections of people:
Respecting elders and mingling with downtrodden sections
of people by family members creates positive attitudes
towards lower sections of people. Then he/she will treat
everyone equal and develops a habit of empathy towards
lower section kids which makes him soft hearted personality.
• Charity: If parents are doing charity work children too develops such habit ff donating. This instils kindness
in children.
• Examples:
1) Manipuri 6yrs old boy and Bengaluru 6yrs old girl donated all their savings to PM CARES fund during
lockdown
2) In Chennai, A saloon shop owner, on request of his daughter he spends all his savings saved for his
daughter education spent on poor people who were suffering with basic necessities. Even she , Netra 13,
appointed as UN good will ambassador to the poor.
• Pampering or Punishment: Pampering makes parents eyes and ears blind and deaf when their children
do wrong things. Parents should be in a position to make them realise their wrong acts. Even harsh
punishments results counter results. Therefore, counsel them and treat them like friends so they won’t
afraid to share their thoughts with parents. Hence, in order to inculcate good values parents should not
pamper the kid but limited freedom to be expected.
• Examples:
1) Instagram Boyz locker room – All the members of this group including admin who created this group
on Instagram having age group below 15 where they are discussing sexual comments against their class
girls
2) Nirbhaya case in 2012 – A juvenile involved in such heinous crime
• Dignity of Labour: Children should adopt doing their own work that is self-help. This instil a kind of dignity
of labour and respect towards the daily wage workers. Parents should teach them how it’s important to self -
help.
• Examples:
1) In India we feel that cleaning our own toilets is not our duty, its someone’s else comes and cleans our
toilets. India should adopt from western societies where they feel it’s embarrassing when someone clean
their toilets. It should start with elders, starts cleaning our own washrooms. This kind of attitude creates
an egalitarian society.
2) Open defecation is very much prevailed even today. Children should start teach parents that open
defection is not good practise.
• Observational learning: Children observe what happens at home and begin to see such behaviour as normal
and morally correct. This is a basic process of attitude formation. For example, children who witness domestic
violence and gender discrimination at their home themselves develop similar vices and fail to develop values
of gender equality.
• Joint family: The joint family structure stands for certain values like tolerance, cooperation, sacrifice, care
etc. Living in a joint family and its healthy functioning imparts these values to the children.
• Traditions and customs: Families follow certain practices as a norm which are always adhered to by the
children. Traditions themselves become a value for children due to regular and repetitive behaviour.

Strengths In Role Of Family In Value Inculcation:

• First stage of moral education start from family so it acts as bedrock in shaping one’s ethical personality
31

https://upscpdf.com/ 31
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

• Family as permanent source of ethics and value. There is no brokage of relationships here.
• Family consists of all kinds diverse people, elders, youngsters, women, men, children, adults. Therefore, there
is chance to learn diverse views and opinions.
• Family is the first place of creating trust
• Family is the first place where self-confidence develops
• Family punishes and rewards for bad behavior. Therefore, it’s a fist place learn both good and bad.

Problems In The Role Of Family

• Anti-Social- Family as studied as a first place to learn values; hence it can be as a first place where we can
become anti-social by adopting various means which is not acceptable to society
• Harsh Means- Sometimes parents adopts harsh and regressive measures to bring desired behaviour, this
creates a sense of fear and erodes a self confidence among the children.
• Outsourcing Parental care- Parents more time spend with children; they get to know about their children.
If parents get busy with their work and outsourcing children care it will bring negative consequences
• Grandparents care- Children also need grandparents cares and their bed time stories so keeping them
children away from elders may leaving a good chance to learn values
• Patriarchy vs Gender equality, bribing vs Honesty – Children should not confuse between those two
values families’ certain kind of behaviour. They should practice what they preach.

2) ROLE OF SOCIETY IN VALUE INCULCATION:

• Ethics are set of standards which are acceptable to the society. Therefore, it’s the society is the main pillar
where ethical values mould their shape.
• History of human civilisation divided into two phases
1) Pre-Industrial society
2) Post Industrial revolution society

Nature of society Pre-Industrial Society Post Industrial Revolution society

Family System Joint family; Children here opportunity Nuclear Families
to learn from grand parents
Economy Sharing & Caring Business and profits
Role of Money Money didn’t play much important role Techno- Economic advancement gave
importance to money
Society Village based society and not Urban based society and became
materialistic societies, Peaceful and no materialistic, more violent society and
communal clashes communal clashes
Ways to happiness In Human relations and family Momentary pleasures
members
Education Value based Education which consist of Education mainly focussed on marks and
Morals and Ethics grades and how to earn money instead of
how to earn ethical assets
Form of Entertainment Plays, dramas picked up from Movies, Erotic content, Violent reality
Ramayana and Mahabharata shows for ratings (WWE)
Role of Technology Technology did not enter into personal Technology running human kind now. We
lives of people are running on computer simulation
where mobile and gadgets part of our
lives.
Environment Living in harmony with nature and Exploitation of nature; Pollution and
Sacred groves taking away tribal and forest inhabitant
rights

Capitalistic Society: Ethics Vs Capitalism

32

32 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

• Emergence of Capitalism gives maximum

importance to capital intensive machinery or • Adam Smith: Self Interest led to societal
technology. Objective is to maximise profits. welfare
Capitalism strengthened Physical, Financial and • Karl Marx: All human relations are
Huma infrastructure in the society but the most economic nature in the capitalistic society.
important Ethical Infrastructure it ignored. Such relations can sustain as long as they are
• Adam smith to be considered as father of capitalism. profitable.
He gave moral boost to Capitalism laid foundation for
ethical capitalism. His concept of Invisible hand creates demand and in turn it promotes growth. But over a
period of time profits and business takes place and started exploiting ethical infrastructure. In place of
capitalism crony capitalism adopting.

Human relations in the capitalistic society:

• Human relations became materialistic
• Joint family became nuclear family
• Breakdown of marriage system and high rate of divorce
• Growing child care homes and old age homes where elders don’t have time for their children and age-old
parents

ROLE OF EDUCATION IN VALUE INCULCATION:

• Education defined as 'adjustment ability to a changing
situation and environment’. Education should be a
means to empower children and adults alike to become
active participants in the transformation of their societies.
Education means a change in man's conduct of life. It
means the upgrading of a man's ability to choose the best
alternative available in any circumstances he faces. It
means the development of the person to prepare him to
adopt the best approach to a problem at any given time.
• Learning should also focus on the values, attitudes and
behaviours which enable individuals to learn to live
together in a world characterized by diversity and
pluralism. Education therefore has a crucial long-term
role in developing a knowledge and understanding of
human rights, the values base they represent and the
skills required to strengthen a democratic culture.

Purpose of Education:
• The purpose of education is to educate individuals within society, to prepare and qualify them for work for
an economy as well as to integrate people into society and teach them values and morals of the society.
• Role of education is means of socializing individuals and to keep society smoothing and remain stable.
• After the family a person spends most of his/her life with educational institutions starting from school. Even
after schooling during graduation and post-graduation education helps to develop ethical behaviour in the
students.

Value
Intelligence Character
Education

Role of Educational Institutions:

• Producing new generation that enable in solving the real problems in our society.
• Community service is another area that can help in cultivating and instilling the sense of national identity.
It includes the activity that stressed about tolerance and harmony value regardless religion and race aspect.
33

https://upscpdf.com/ 33
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

• Youths’ development toward a positive sense of ethnic identity.

• It can give them an opportunity to interact in others from various backgrounds.
• Produces leaders and develops leadership qualities.

Problems In Today’s Education System

• Today’s Modern education deals only knowledge-based education but not value based education.
• Educational institutions running after marks and trophies but there are no specific chapters on ethics or
how to be happy in the curriculum.
• Consequences is that we are producing number of professionals like doctors, engineers or lawyers but not
producing a good human being.
• We are creating professional without kind heart but with intelligent mind just like a robot.
• We are facing a moral crisis in the education system which leads to suicides among the students those who
are failing at subjects and not in a position to accept failures in life.
• Forcing children to take the areas of subjects where parents are interested instead of exploring children’s
creativity.
• Even parents too run after the competition with neighbour children’s and relatives.

Measure To Improve Value-Based Education System

There is a need to overhaul the educational system in India. More importance should be given to value -based
education along with rationality and science. We are teaching them how to be successful but not teaching them
how to be happy.
• Inculcate discipline and punctuality starting from early days of schooling
• Charity habit should inculcate among the students. Example: Coins for the Country Initiative: Hyderabad
based school took an initiative to encourage students to save money at home while reducing unnecessary
expenditure and without borrowing money from anyone. At the end of academic year, saved money will be
used for the betterment of society.
• Constitutional values should be part of every level of education curriculum.
• Field visits to rural areas and teach how land & farmer inter linked so they will understand the value of
food and stop wasting the food.
• Develop scientific temper among the children and it’s a part of school curriculum. Example:
a. We can adopt Nordic countries education system
b. Fundamental duties mentioned in the Article 51A of the Gandhiji’s Seven sins
Indian constitution reads that “to develop scientific 1) Wealth without work,
temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform” 2) Pleasure without conscience,
• Happiness curriculum become part of the school books. So, it 3) Science without humanity,
helps students not worrying about marks and grades. Example: 4) Knowledge without character,
Delhi govt’s Happiness curriculum. American first lady visited 5) Politics without principle,
one of the Delhi school and interacted with students and 6) Commerce without morality,
enquired how these happy hours to be implemented 7) Worship without sacrifice.
• Stop giving too much importance to only engineering and
medicine. Let’s encourage students to explore various areas of
subjects. Example: New Education Policy 2020 has such provisions. It should get implemented in letter&
spirit.
• Teach students how to accept failures
• Education should happen at mother tongue at primary level.

ESSENCE OF HUMAN LIFE

Birth and Death not in our hands so the essence of human life is to remain happy forever. Happiness should be
our ultimate objective.

What is Happiness?

34

34 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

• It’s a state of mental and emotional stage with positive and pleasurable feeling with intense joy. For an
average common man happiness all about securing a good salary job, family, weekend fun, less uncertainty
about future, success in professional career etc.
• But that’s not the real happiness, A real happiness should be forever. All human relations are transitory in
nature so they can give us only momentary pleasure and joy.
• A real happiness should be:
o Permanent
o It can’t be taken away from our life that is It should be something internal happiness but not external
happiness
o Should not be attached to any material thing.

ARISTOTLE ON HAPPINESS
Aristotle believed that happiness was the most important thing in life. He taught that one should no t waste
one’s time in the pursuits of pleasure, but should seek happiness instead. According to him, true happiness
lay not in material things, but in understanding one’s true nature, and regaling one’s full potential. In short,
happiness depends upon ourselves, and not on the outside world.

“...happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence...”

Why we need to be Happy?

Positive Reasons Negative Reasons

• For peace of mind • Disturbed state of mind
• Happiness is an emotion in which there is no • Paves the way for allowing other negative
limitations so we can joy utmost happiness emotions like sad, angry, depression etc which
• Our positive state of mind also impacts on others leads to sudden heart attacks and other diseases.
• If we are happy, we can make others happy • Our productivity levels decrease
• Helps us in more productive and efficient • Failures may welcome into our life
• Short life span
• People surrounds us don’t like to stay with us if
we are not happy and always sad and depressed.

How to be Happy forever:

• Gratitude: Help selflessly without expecting anything in return.
• Don’t complain, be grateful that you have.
• We can be really happy only when we do right actions, right conduct
• Believing in the philosophy of “Good actions will bring you good fruits” – As you sow, so shall reap
• Able to differentiate between goodness and badness.

• Bhagavat Gita – Nishkam karma – Act selflessly without expecting anything in return
• Buddha – Find an enlightened soul to be happy forever
• Veda Vyas - परोपकार: पुण्याय पापाय परपीडनम्
• “Doing good to others conduces to merit and doing harm to them leads to Sin”

• Even every other religious scripture preaches how to be happy by following only good actions.

Previous Year Questions:

Theme Question Year
35

https://upscpdf.com/ 35
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

Essence of ethics “A man is but a product of his thoughts. What he thinks he becomes.” 2019
Lessons from the lives and “Where there is righteousness in the heart, there is beauty in the 2019
teachings of great leaders, character. When there is beauty in the character, there is harmony in
reformers and the home. When there is harmony in the home, there is order in the
administrators nation. When there is order in the nation, there is peace in the world”
– A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Dimensions of ethics – What is meant by the term ‘constitutional morality’? How does one 2019
Constitutional ethics uphold constitutional morality?

Ethics in private and What are the basic principles of public life? Illustrate any three of these 2019
public relationships with suitable examples.
Human Values The crisis of ethical values in modern times is traced to a narrow 2017
perception of the good life. Discuss.
Human Values The crisis of ethical values in modern times is traced to a narrow 2017
perception of the good life. Discuss.
Lessons from the lives and “Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed 2017
teachings of great leaders, with it may perform very good or very bad acts. All depends on the
reformers and principles which direct them.” – Napoleon Bonaparte. Stating examples
administrators mention the rulers (i) who have harmed society and country, (ii) who
worked for the development of society and country.
Role of family, society and “If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful 2017
educational institutions in minds, I strongly feel there are three key societal members who can
inculcating values make a difference. they are father, the mother and the teacher.” Abdul
Kalam. Analyse.
Consequences of Ethics in Without commonly shared and widely entrenched moral values and 2017
human actions. obligations, neither the law, nor democratic government, nor even the
market economy will function properly. What do you understand by
this statement? Explain with illustration in the contemporary times.
Consequences of Ethics in Explain how ethics contributes to social and human well-being. 2017
human actions.
Lessons from the lives and “Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed 2017
teachings of great leaders, with it may perform very good or very bad acts. All depends on the
reformers and principles which direct them.” – Napoleon Bonaparte. Stating examples
administrators mention the rulers (i) who have harmed society and country, (ii) who
worked for the development of society and country.
Role of family, society and Our attitudes towards life, work, other people and society are generally 2016
educational institutions in shaped unconsciously by the family and social surroundings in which
inculcating values we grow up. Some of these unconsciously acquired attitudes and values
are often undesirable in the citizens of modern democratic and
egalitarian society. (a) Discuss such undesirable values prevalent in
today’s educated Indians. (b) How can such undesirable attitudes be
changed and socio-ethical values be cultivated in the aspiring and
serving civil servants?
Essence of ethics Law and ethics are considered to be the two tools for controlling 2016
human conduct so as to make it conducive to civilized social existence.
(a) Discuss how they achieve this objective. (b) Giving examples, show
how the two differ in their approaches
Lessons from the lives and “The weak can never forgive; forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.” 2015
teachings of great leaders,
reformers and
administrators
Determinants of Ethics in We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy 2015
human actions of life is when men are afraid of the light.

36

36 https://upscpdf.com/
 For More Visit -https://upscpdf.com/

Dimensions of ethics – What is meant by ‘environmental ethics’? Why is it important to study? 2015
Environmental Ethics Discuss any one environmental issue from the viewpoint of
environmental ethics.
Essence of ethics Social values are more important than economic values. Discuss the 2015
above statement with examples in the context of inclusive growth of a
nation.
Essence of ethics + Differentiate between the following (200 words); a) Law and Ethics; b) 2015
Dimensions of ethics Ethical management and Management of ethics; c) Discrimination and
Preferential treatment; d) Personal ethics and Professional ethics.
Role of family, society and We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against 2014
educational institutions in women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions against it, the
inculcating values number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest some innovative
measures to tackle this menace.
Lessons from the lives and Which eminent personality has inspired you the most in the context of 2014
teachings of great leaders, ethical conduct in life? Give the gist of his/her teachings giving specific
reformers and examples, describe how you have been able to apply these teachings
administrators for your own ethical development
Ethics in private and The current society is plagued with widespread trust-deficit. What are 2014
public relationships the consequences of this situation for personal well-being and for
societal well-being? What can you do at the personal level to make
yourself trustworthy?
Lessons from the lives and Which eminent personality has inspired you the most in the context of 2014
teachings of great leaders, ethical conduct in life? Give the gist of his/her teachings giving specific
reformers and examples, describe how you have been able to apply these teachings
administrators for your own ethical development.
Essence, determinants All human beings aspire for happiness. Do you agree? What does 2014
and consequences of happiness mean to you? Explain with examples.
Ethics in human actions
Essence, determinants What does ethics seek to promote in human life? Why is it all the more 2014
and consequences of important in public administration?
Ethics in human actions
Essence of ethics What do you understand by ‘values’ and ‘ethics’? In what way is it 2013
important to be ethical along with being professionally competent?
Determinants of Ethics Some people feel that values keep changing with time and situation, 2013
while others strongly believe that there are certain universal and
eternal human values. Give your perception in this regard with due
justification.
Human Values There is enough on this earth for every one’s need but for no one’s 2013
greed. Mahatma Gandhi.
Human Values Nearly all men can withstand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s 2013
character, give him power. —Abraham Lincoln.

37

https://upscpdf.com/ 37