Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Bacoor City Campus
Soldiers Hills IV, Molino VI,
City of Bacoor, Cavite
 (046) 476 - 5029
www.cvsu.edu.ph

CHEM 05 – General Chemistry with Organic Chemistry

Objectives:

After the completion of the chapter, students should

be able to:
1. Discuss the essence of measurement.
2. Express measurements in the appropriate number of significant figures.
3. Use scientific notation to represent small and large numbers.
4. Convert measures of length, volume and mass from on unit to another using dimensional analysis.
5. Differentiate temperature, heat, density and specific gravity.
6. Compute for the specific heat of some materials.
7. Solve problems involving measurement

Measurement Systems

1. English System of Units

* Used in commerce

Ex. Inch, foot, pound, quart, and gallon

2. Metric System of Units

* Used in scientific works
Ex. Gram, meter, liter

Trivia
* Metric (greek word)  “measure”

* modern version of “metric system” is called the “International System” or SI

* SI (French word)  “Le Systeme International”

Metric System

Prefix Symbol Mathematical Meaning

Multiples giga- G 1,000,000,000 (109 billion)
mega- M 1,000,000 (106 million)
kilo- k 1,000 (103 thousand
Fractional parts deci- d 0.1 (10-1, one-tenth)
centi- c 0.01 (10-2, one-hundredth)
milli- m 0.001 (10-3, one-thousandth)
micro- µ 0.000001 (10-6, one-millionth)
nano- n 0.000000001 (10-9, one-billionth)
pico- p 0.000000000001 (10-12, one-trillionth)

Ex.
kilometer = km
microgram = µg

Ex. 1 kilometer = 1,000 m or 103 m

1 microgram = 0.000001 g or 10-6 g

a. Metric Length Units

*meter (m) is the base unit of length in the metric system.

Trivia
Laboratory  use cm, not m

b. Metric Mass Units

*gram (g) is the base unit of mass in the metric system.

Trivia
Laboratory  use g and mg, not kg

Mass vs. weight

Mass
Is a measure of the total quantity of matter in an object.

Weight
Is a measure of the force exerted on an object by the pull of gravity.

* mass of a substance is constant

* weight of a substance in not constant (it varies with the geographical location)
** equator  matter weighs less
** north pole  matter weighs higher

**on the moon, your weight is just 1/6 as to your weight on Earth.

c. Metric Volume Units

*liter (L) is the base unit of volume in the metric system.

Trivia
Abbrev. for liter is a “capital L,” because it easily confused with the number 1.

Ex. mL

Trivia
 cc  medical fields
mL  volumes of liquids and gases
cm3  volumes of solids

Significant Figures
Are the digits in any measurement that are known with certainty plus one digit that is uncertain.

Guidelines for Determining Significant Figures

1. In any measurement, all nonzero digits are significant.

Ex. 123  3 SF

2. Leading zeros, those at the beginning of a number, are never significant.

Ex. 0.0123  3 SF
0.00000012  2 SF

3. Confined zeros, those between nonzero digits, are always significant.

Ex. 1.02345  6 SF
0.00012003  5 SF

4. Trailing zeros, those at the end of a number, are significant if a DECIMAL POINT is present in the number.

Ex. 12.00  4 SF
0.01020  4 SF

5. Trailing zeros, those at the end of a number, are not significant if the number LACKS an explicitly shown
DECIMAL POINT.

Ex. 12,000,000  2 SF
1020  3 SF

Rounding Off Numbers

Is the process of deleting unwanted (nonsignificant) digits from calculated numbers.

2 Rules for Rounding Off umbers

1. If the first digit to be deleted is 4 or less, simply drop it and all the following digits.

Ex. 3.724567  3.72 (if 3 SF)

2. If the first digit to be deleted is 5 or greater, that digit and all that follow are dropped and the last retained digit is
increased by one.

Ex. 5.00673  5.01 (if 3 SF)

Operational Rules

1. In MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION, the number of significant figures in the answer is the same as the
number of significant figures in the measurement that contains the FEWEST significant figures.

Ex. 6.038 X 2.57 = 15.51766 calculator answer

4 SF 3 SF
= 15.5 final answer

2. In ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION, the answer has no more digits to the right of the decimal point than are
found in the measurement with the FEWEST digits to the RIGHT OF THE DECIMAL POINT.

Ex. 9.333 + 1.4 = 10.733 calculator answer

= 10.7 final answer

Scientific Notation
 Is a system in which an ordinary decimal number is expressed as the product of a number between
1 and 10 times 10 raised to a power.

Parts of Scientific Notation

Exponent
1.07 X 104

Coefficient Exponential Term

Ex. 93,000,000  9.3 X 107

Ex. 0.00000093  9.3 X 10-7

 Simple way to write and keep track of large and small numbers without a lot of zeros.

1. For numbers larger than 10, the decimal point must be moved to the left, so the exponent is a positive
number. ex: 602200
2. For numbers smaller than 1, the decimal point must be moved to the right, so the exponent is a negative
number. ex: 0.00000014

Significant Figures and Scientific Notation

Ex. 63  2 SF  6.3 x 101

Ex. 63.0  3 SF  6.30 x 101
Ex. 63.00  4 SF  6.300 x 101

a. To MULTIPLY exponential terms, ADD the exponents.

 Ex. (2.33 X 103) X (1.55 X 104) = 3.6115 calculator answer

= 3.61 X 107 final answer

or 36,100,000 final answer

b. To DIVIDE exponential terms, SUBTRACT the exponents.

Ex. (8.42 X 106) ÷ (3.02 X 104) = 2.7880794 calculator answer

= 2.79 X 102 final answer

or 279 final answer

Conversion Factors
Are ratio that specifies how one unit of measurement is related to another.

Length:
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
1 meter = 39.4 inches
1 kilometer = 0.621 mile
1 kilometer = 1,000 meters

Mass:
1 pound = 454 grams
1 kilogram = 2.20 pounds
1 ounce = 28.3 grams
1 gram = 1,000 milligrams

Volume:
1 quart = 0.946 liter
1 liter = 0.265 gallon
1 milliliter = 0.034 fluid ounce
1 liter = 1,000 milliliters

Time:
1 minute = 60 seconds
1 hour = 3,600 seconds
1 day = 86,400 seconds

Density (ρ)
Is the ratio of the mass of an object to the volume occupied by that object.

ρ = mass / volume

* density may also be used as a conversion factor.

Ex. 1.03 g / 1 mL 1.03 g = 1 mL

Trivia
 g / cm3  for solids
g / mL  for liquids
g/L  for gases

Problem Solving:
Blood plasma has a density of 1.027 g/mL at 25 °C. What volume in milliliters does 125 g of plasma
occupy? Correct answer = 122 mL

Temperature Scales

K = °C + 273

K = 5/9 (°R)

°C = K - 273

°C = 5/9 (°F - 32)

°F = 9/5 (°C) + 32

°R = 9/5 (K)

°R = °F + 460

Trivia
Zero on the Kelvin scale is known as “absolute temperature.” It is the lowest possible temperature allowed
by nature.