Chemistry: grade 11 Unit 3: Laboratory Chemistry

UNIT 3 - AS LABORATORY CHEMISTRY

Carrying out flame test

• Use a clean Nichrome wire or platinum wire.

• Dip nichrome wire into CONCENTRATED hydrochloric acid and then into the salt.
• The wire is held in progressively hotter parts of a non-luminous Bunsen flame.

Platinum wire

Flame tests

FLAME COLOUR INFERENCE

yellow Sodium ion
Lilac Potassium ion
Yellow-red Calcium ion
Red Lithium
Red Strontium
Pale green barium
Note: Further tests would be needed to distinguish between Li, Sr and Ca

Action of heat on solids – gases or vapour maybe evolved when a solid compound is
heated

GAS OR VAPOUR POSSIBLE SOURCE

Carbon dioxide Carbonates of metals other than group 1
Oxygen Group 1 nitrates (other than Li)
Oxygen and nitrogen dioxide Nitrates (other than Na and K)
water Hydrated salts

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Chemistry: grade 11 Unit 3: Laboratory Chemistry

Recognition and Identification of common gases

GAS TEST OBSERVATION

Oxygen (O2) Insert a glowing splint into the The splint relights/rekindles
gas
Carbon dioxide Bubble gas through lime water The lime water turns milky/forms white
(CO2) ppt
Ammonia (NH3) Insert a piece of moist red litmus The moist red litmus paper turn blue
paper into the gas
Dip a glass rod in dilute Dense white fumes are formed
hydrochloric acid and insert it
into the gas
Nitrogen dioxide Appearance or colour of gas Brown gas (insoluble in organic solvents)
(NO2) Add starch - iodide paper Gas turns starch iodide paper blue black
Hydrogen (H2) Insert a lighted/burning splint Colourless gas which ignites with a “pop”
into the gas OR burning splint goes off with a “pop”
sound
Hydrogen Dip a glass rod in aqueous Dense white fumes/smoke formed
chloride (HCl) ammonia and insert into the gas
Test with blue litmus paper The steamy fumes produced changes blue
litmus to red
Chlorine (Cl2) Insert a piece of moist blue litmus The pale green gas turns moist blue litmus
paper into the gas paper to red and then bleaches it
Bromine (Br2) Appearance or colour of gas Brown gas that dissolves in organic
solvents
Iodine (I2) Appearance or colour of gas Purple vapour
Water vapour Insert a piece of blue anhydrous The blue cobalt chloride paper turns pink
(H2O) cobalt(II) chloride paper into the
gas
Sulphur dioxide Pass the gas through acidified Orange colour turns to green
(SO2) potassium dichromate (VI)
solution

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Chemistry: grade 11 Unit 3: Laboratory Chemistry

Tests for anions

ANION TEST OBSERVATION

Carbonate , CO32- Add aqueous acid to the solid Effervescence observed. A colourless gas
carbonate oraq carbonate which turns lime water milky is given off.
solution (eg. HCl or H2SO4)
Heat the solid carbonate Carbonates other than Na, K and Ba give off
carbondioxide
Add magnesium suphate A white precipitate is formed at room
(MgSO4) temperature
Hydrogen Add solid HCO3- to almost Effervescence observed. Colourless gas
carbonate, HCO3- boiling water given off turns lime water milky.
Add magnesium suphate No precipitate formed at room temperature.
(MgSO4) A white precipitate is formed on heating.
Sulphate, SO42- Add barium chloride (BaCl2) A white precipitate (BaSO4) is formed which
followed by dilute HClacid is insoluble in excess dilute HClacid
Sulphite, SO32- Add barium chloride (BaCl2) A white precipitate (BaSO3) is formed which
followed by dilute HCl is soluble in excess dilute HCl acid
Add dilute H2SO4to the solid or The orange solution turns green
solution and warm. Test the
gas given off by passing it into
acidified K2Cr2O7 solution
Nitrate, NO3- Add aqueous sodium A pungent smelling gas that turns red litmus
hydroxide (NaOH) and Al (or paper to blue is given off
Zinc powder), warm. Test gas
given off using damp red litmus
paper

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Chemistry: grade 11 Unit 3: Laboratory Chemistry

Tests for cations

CATION TEST OBSERVATION

NH4+, ammonium ion Add aqueous sodium Pungent smelling gas
hydroxide to solid or aq (ammonia) given off which
solution and warm. Test gas turns damp red litmus paper
given off with damp red litmus blue
paper
Na+ Flame test Yellow

K+ Flame test Lilac

Mg2+ Add dilute aqueous ammonia A white precipitate is formed

to a solution containing
magnesium ions
Add ammonium carbonate A white precipitate(of
solution magnesium carbonate) is
formed
Ca2+ Flame test Red
Add concentrated NaOH A white precipitate is formed
Ba2+ Flame test Pale green

Li+ Flame test Crimson Red

Sr2+ Flame test Red

Tests for halide ions in aqueous solution

(1) Test with AgNO3 and HNO3: To the test solution add dilute nitric acid followed by silver
nitrate solution. Test the solubility of precipitate formed by adding dilute aqueous ammonia
and concentrated aqueous ammonia.
HALIDE ION OBSERVATION
White precipitate formed, which is soluble in dilute and
Cl-
concentrated aq. ammonia
Cream precipitate formed, which is insoluble in dilute aq.
Br-
Ammonia but soluble in concentrated aq. ammonia

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Chemistry: grade 11 Unit 3: Laboratory Chemistry

A pale yellow precipitate formed, which is insoluble in dilute

I-
and concentrated aq. ammonia

(2) Test with Pb(NO3)2: To the test solution add few drops of lead (II) nitrate solution. Heat the
precipitate and allow the liquid to cool
HALIDE ION OBSERVATION
White precipitate formed dissolves on heating. White crystals
Cl-
reappear on cooling
Whiteprecipitate formed dissolves on heating. White crystals
Br-
reappear on cooling
Yellow precipitate formed dissolved on heating. Golden or
I-
yellow crystals reappear on cooling

(3) Chlorine water test: To the test solution add few drops of chlorine water followed by about
2.00cm3 of organic solvent (eg: Hexane, CCl4, CHCl3). Shake the mixture well.
HALIDE ION OBSERVATION
No change when shaken with organic solvent
Cl-
Cl2(aq) + Cl-(aq) → No Reaction
The organic layer turns reddish brown in colour
Br-
Cl2(aq) + 2Br-(aq) → Br2(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)
The organic layer turns purple or violet in colour. Aqueous layer
I- turns brown
Cl2(aq) + 2I-(aq) →I2(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

Tests for halide salts in solid state

To the solid halide add concentrated sulphuric acid.

SOLID SODIUM HALIDE OBSERVATION INFERENCE

NaCl White misty fumes HCl
NaBr White misty fumes HBr
Brown fumes or vapour Br2
Colourless gas with choking odour SO2
NaI White misty fumes HI
Purple vapour and a black precipitate

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 Chemistry: grade 11 Unit 3: Laboratory Chemistry

Rotten egg smelling colourless gas I2

Colourless gas with choking smell H2S
Yellow precipitate SO2
S

Tests for halogens

TEST Cl2 Br2 I2

Effect on damp red Bleach rapidly Bleach slowly than No effect
litmus paper chlorine
Effect on damp blue Turns red and Turns red and No effect
litmus paper bleaches it bleaches it, slower
than with Cl2
Add KBr followed by A brown solution is No effect No effect
an organic solvent formed. On adding
(such as hexane) and hexane the organic
shake well layer turns reddish
brown in colour
Add KI followed by A brown solution is A brown solution is No effect
hexane. Shake the formed. On shaking formed. On shaking
mixture with hexane, the with hexane, the
organic layer turns organic layer turns
violet in colour violet in colour
Add starch solution No effect No effect Turns blue-black
colour

Lab apparatus for unit 3

Distillation Distillation, process used to separate

Distillation is a complicated method that really will only the substances composing a mixture of
miscible liquids of varying boiling points
work with the right equipment.
Method:
1. Pour your solution into a flask , then place the flask
onto Bunsen Burner and heat.
2.The liquid with the lowest boiling point will evaporate.
3. The vapor will then pass through the Liebig
Condenser.
4.The Condenser has 2 pipes, the vapor will pass
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5. The outer pipe will have water running through it.
6. The vapor will condense and then drip into a beaker.
Chemistry: grade 11 Unit 3: Laboratory Chemistry

Question: Explain how the Liebig condenser works and its purpose in distillation.
• Cold water passing through the condenser cools and condenses the vapours or
gases rising from the reaction mixture.
• It prevents escape of reactants and products so that the reaction can continue to
completion.

Heat under reflux

Heating under reflux enables a mixture including volatile
materials to be heated for a long time without loss of solvent.

Notes:

• The water goes in at the bottom of the condenser

• There must not be a stopper in the top of the condenser -
the apparatus must not be sealed.
• There must not be a thermometer in the top of the
condenser, partly for the same reason as above but also
because it wouldn't measure the temperature of anything
that mattered. The vapour doesn't get that far.

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Chemistry: grade 11 Unit 3: Laboratory Chemistry

Separating Funnel
A separating funnel is used to separate two liquids
with different densities
1. Get a immiscible solution e.g. oil and water
( Liquid with higher density)
2.The liquids are placed in the separating filter, they
form two layers
3.Then you slowly turn the tap,so that all the water
(which is denser than oil)trickles out
4. When all the water is gone you close the tap.
It is not perfect as you can never be sure were one
liquid ends and the other begin.

Filtration
A method to separate an insoluble solid is to pour
the mixture onto filter paper in a filter funnel.
The filter paper will absorb the liquid, which will
then drip through the funnel
The solid sediment will be left behind

Method:
1. Fold the filter paper into quarters.
2. Fit it into the funnel.
3. Slowly pour the liquid and sediment.
4. Liquid will drip through the funnel.
5. Sediment will be left behindAnd you are left
with a pure liquid.

Fractional distillation
Fractional distillation is the separation of a liquid
mixture into fractions differing in boiling point by
means of distillation, typically using a fractionating
column.

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Chemistry: grade 11 Unit 3: Laboratory Chemistry

Energetics

To determine the enthalpy change of combustion

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