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Circular Motion

The document discusses factors that affect the speed of chemical reactions including the nature of reactants, concentration of reactants, temperature, surface area, and use of catalysts. Catalysts increase the speed of reactions without being used up and examples of catalysts discussed include enzymes and manganese dioxide.

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Mohamed Essam
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8 views7 pages

Circular Motion

The document discusses factors that affect the speed of chemical reactions including the nature of reactants, concentration of reactants, temperature, surface area, and use of catalysts. Catalysts increase the speed of reactions without being used up and examples of catalysts discussed include enzymes and manganese dioxide.

Uploaded by

Mohamed Essam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Laws of circular motion

When a net force acts on a body its velocity changes and acquires
acceleration
In the case of circular motion the direction of acting force is
perpendicular to the direction of motion
So the velocity doesn’t change but the direction of
motion changes
As you can see for an object to undergo a uniform
circular motion (move in a
Circular path with a constant speed), it must be affected continuously by a
constant net force that is perpendicular to its direction of motion towards
.the circle's center which is called the Centripetal force

1- Very fast reactions that occur in very short time as Fireworks


2- Relatively slow reactions They occur in short time as the reaction of Oil
with caustic Soda (NaOH) to form soap
3-Very slow reactions they need several months to occur as rusting of iron.
4-Too slow reactions need millions of years to as reaction of oil formation
inside Earth
The concept of the speed of the chemical reaction:
• The following graph represents the speed of a chemical reaction :
by passing time Products
→ Reactants
At the beginning of the reaction the concentration of the reactants is
(100%) and by-passing time the concentration decreases and at the end of
the reaction concentration become (Zero)
At the beginning of the reaction concentration of products is (Zero) and by-
passing time the concentration increases and at the end of the reaction
concentration become (100%)
The measuring unit of concentration of the substance is mole/liter

Application The speed of decomposition


(dissociation) of nitrogen pentoxide (N2O5)

Nitrogen pentoxide decomposes into nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gas

At the beginning of the reaction the At the beginning of the reaction


concentration of the reactants concentration of products (NO2 ,O2) is
(N2O5) is (100%) and by-passing (Zero) and by passing time the
time the concentration decreases and concentration increase and at the end
at the end of the reaction of the reaction concentration become
concentration become (Zero) (100%)

Measuring the speed of chemical reaction


The speed of a chemical reaction can be measured practically by the rate of
Disappearance of one of the reactants or appearance of one of the products
NaOH+ CuSO4 → Na2SO4+ Cu(OH)2
Sodium Copper sodium sulphate Copper Hydroxide
Hydroxide sulphate
Application: The rate of reaction of sodium hydroxide solution with copper
sulphate solution

The speed in the previous reaction is measured practically by:


The disappearance rate of the blue colour of copper sulphate solution
(reactant) Or the formation rate of the blue colour precipitate of copper
.hydroxide (Product)
Factors affecting the speed of chemical reaction
Factors affecting the speed of chemical reaction
The nature of the reactants-1
The concentration of the reactants-2
The temperature of the reaction-3
Catalysts -4

1-The kind of bonding in reactants


The ionic bonding molecules react faster than the covalent molecules
As the reactions of ionic compounds are take place between ions where they
break up (dissociate) completely into ions on dissolving in water while in
covalent compounds the reaction take place between molecules, where they
are difficult to ionize on dissolving in water.
Ex: reaction between sodium chloride and silver nitrate

2-The surface area of reactants exposed to reaction


The surface area of the reactants exposed to reaction
affects the speed of chemical reaction as the surface
area exposed to reaction increase the rate (speed) of
reaction increase
Ex: The rate of reaction of hydrochloric acid with iron filings is faster than
that in case of piece of iron

Fe + 2HCl dil FeCl


→ 2 + H 2↑
iron + Hydrochloric acid ferrous chloride

3-The concentration of the reactants


When the concentration (no. of molecules of the reactants Increases, the
number of probable collisions between molecules increases, thus the speed
of chemical reaction increases

Activity: The reaction of Magnesium with both Dil HCl and Conc HCl
Mg + 2HCl dil Mg Cl
→ 2 + H 2↑
iron + Hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride

The speed (rate) of this reaction is measured by the amount of the evolved
gas through a certain period of time
Observation: The evolved bubbles (the amount of the gas formed) in case
of using conc. hydrochloric acid is more than that in case of dil HCl acid.
Conclusion: The speed of chemical reaction increases by increasing the
concentration of the reactants
4-The temperature of the reaction
On increasing the temperature of the reactants, the speed of the reactants
molecules increases, so the number of probable collision between them
increases so the speed of the chemical reaction increases

4-Catalysts
To change the speed of the reactions, it is necessary to add certain chemical
substances to them that don't affect the nature of the products, these
chemical substances are known as catalysts.

A catalyst: It is a chemical substance which changes the rate of


.the chemical reaction without changing or being used up

Catalytic reactions are Chemical reactions in which catalysts are used


Types of catalytic reactions
Positive catalytic reactions Negative catalytic reactions
They are chemical reactions in They are chemical reactions in
which the catalyst increases which the catalyst decreases
their speeds their speeds

Most catalysts are Positive catalysts speed up the chemical reaction.


Common factors (properties) of catalysts
1- Change the speed of reaction but don't affect in beginning or stopping
2- Used in a few amounts enough to complete the reaction
3-They are bonded to reactants during the reaction but separated from them
quickly after formation the resultants at the end of the reaction
4- After ending the reaction there’s no chemical changes or decrease in it
occurs to the catalyst
5-They decrease the energy needed for the reaction

↑2H2O2 2H2O + O2
→

Manganese dioxide is catalyst that increases the speed of decomposition of


Hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas which evolves as bubbles.

Enzymes
* The human body contains thousands types of chemical substances which
act as Catalyst known as Enzymes.
Enzymes: They are chemical substances produced by the body
of living organism act as catalyst that increase the speed of
biological reactions
The biological reactions occur in the presence of enzymes are more rapid
than that with the enzymes-thousands or even millions times
• Each enzyme has a specific function, a molecule of one enzyme can do its
function million times per minute
• Without enzymes, man can never breathe, move or even digest food
Activity: The effect of enzymes on the speed of the chemical
reaction
1. Put an amount of hydrogen peroxide in a glass beaker, then add the piece
of sweet potato to it
2. Compare between the number of the evolved bubbles before and after
adding a piece of sweet potato.

↑2H2O2 2H2O + O2
→

Explanation: Oxidase enzyme in sweet potato acts a catalyst which


increases the rate of decomposition of H2O2 into water and oxygen.
Conclusion:
The speed of the chemical reaction Increases by adding an
enzyme

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