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Preparation of potash alum from aluminium scrap

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The Preparati
on Of Potas...

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Tarun Rana

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY 0 Je
PROJECT 5

PREPARATION OF POTASH ALUM

FROM ALUMINIUM SCRAP

Guided By

[f saveslide

Name of the Institution

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that NAME, a student of class XII has successfully

completed the research on the below mentioned project under the guidance
of (Subject Teacher) during the year ____ in partial fulfillment of
chemistry practical examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.

Signature of External Signature of Chemistry Teacher

DECLARATION

1.do hereby declare that the project being entitled “PREPARATION OF POTASH
ALUM FROM ALUMINIUM SCRAP" being submitted is my original work in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for AISSCE certificate.

Name

Roll No;

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have best
owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I

am utilizing to thank all the people who have been concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this project with

success. Then T would like to thank my principal Name and Chemistry

teacher Name, whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof success his suggestions and his
instructions has served as the major contributor towards the completion of
the project. Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have
helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in

various phases of the completion of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates and my lab

attendant Name who have helped me a lot.

Name of the student

INDEX

© CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE
0 DECLARATION

© ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

© INTRODUCTION

© AIM OF THE PROJECT

© APPARATUS REQUIRED

o THEORY

© REACTIONS

© PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

© OBSERVATION

© CONCLUSION
© PRECAUTION
© BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Aluminium because of its low density. high tensile strength and

resistance to corrosion is widely used for the manufacture of aero
planes, automobiles lawn furniture as well as for aluminium cans.
Being good conductor of electricity it is used for transmission of
electricity. Aluminium is also used for making utensils. The
recycling of aluminium cans and other aluminium products is a very
positive contribution to saving our natural resources. Most of the
recycled aluminium is melted and recast into other aluminium metal
products or used in the production of various aluminium
compounds, the most common of which are the alums. Alums are

double sulphates having general formula:-

X,S04. Ms (S04). 24H,0

X = Monovalent cation; M = Trivalent cation;

Some important alum and their names are given below:
vK.S0,.AL(SO,),.24H,0 Potash Alum
¥Na,S0,.AL(SO,):.24H,0-Soda Alum
¥'K.S04.Cr(S04);.24H.0 -Chrome Alum
V (NH),80..Fe;(S0.);.24H;0 - Ferric Alum

Potash alum is used in papermaking, in fire extinguishers, in food

stuffs and in purification of water soda alum used in baking powders

and chrome alum is used in tanning leather and water proofing

fabrics.

In addition to these primary uses, alum is also used as

i. An astringent a substance or preparation that draws together

or constricts body tissues and is effective in stopping the flow of
blood or other secretions. Alum has also been used by conventional

hairdressers for treating shaving cuts,

A mordantsubstances used in dyeing to fix certain dyes on

cloth. Either the mordant (if it is colloidal) or a colloid produced by

the mordant adheres to the fiber, attracting and fixing the colloidal
mordant dye. The insoluble, colored precipitate that is formed is

called a lake. Alum is a basic mordant used for fixing acid dyes.

iii. For the removal of phosphate from natural and

waste watersthe aluminium ions of alum combine with the

orthophosphate around pH 6 to form the solid aluminum

hydroxyphosphate which is precipitated.

iv. For fireproofing fabrics:-The major uses of alums are

based on two important properties, namely precipitation of Al(OH);
and those related to the acidity created by the production of

hydrogen ions.

v Al(H0),"— Al(OH), + 3H,0 + 3H

The H' ions generated are used foe reacting with sodium
bicarbonate to release CO. This property is made use of in baking

powder and CO; fire extinguishers.

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT

To prepare potash alum from aluminium scrap.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

“+250 ml flask

«Funnel

«+ Beaker

“Scrap aluminium or cola can

«+ Potassium hydroxide solution (KOH)

“6 M Sulphuric Acid (H.SO.)
“Water Bath

«Ethanol

THEORY

Aluminum metal is treated with hot aqueous KOH solution.

Aluminium dissolves as potassium aluminate, KAI (OH) ,, salt.

» 2A, + 2KOH) + 6H20y, 2KAIOH)i + 3H,

Potassium aluminate solution on treatment with dil. Sulphuric acid

first gives precipitate Al (OH) ,, which dissolves on addition of

small excess of H,SO, and heating.

» 2KOHg) + H;S04q) 2A1OH)s) + KaSOuq) + 2H:0q

> 2AOH); (+ 3H:S04) AL(SONug +6H:0)

The resulting solution is concentrated to near saturation and cooled.

On cooling crystals of potash alum crystallize out.

#K:SO04 ag) + Al: (SO4)sag) +24H:0 (KoSO5. AL (SO). 4H:0,,

10

REACTIONS

> 2Aly +2KOH iq + 6H,0 8 (12KAI (OH) 4 (nq + 3H;

+ K;SO4 (ag + AL(SOg)sq+ 24PHEP 0K:S04.AL(SOL)s.

24H,04
-—)

7 2AIOH)39+ 3 HySO ump, Al(SOa)sq) +6H;0q

» 2KOHpg + H2SO040q 2AI(OH)3) + K;SOuaq) +

2H;00

> KiSO4 (ag) + Al (SOa)3eq +24H:0

K2S04.Al2(S04)3.24H;0¢)

PROCEDURE

© Clean a small piece of scrap aluminium with steel wool and cut
it into very small pieces. Aluminium foil may be taken instead

of scrap aluminium.

® Put the small pieces of scrap aluminium or aluminium foil

(about 1.00g) into a conical flask and add about 50 ml of 4 M
KOH solution to dissolve the aluminium.

® The fl

may be heated gently in order to facilitate

dissolution. Since during this step hydrogen gas is evolved this

step must be done in a well-ventilated area.

© Continue heating until all of the aluminium reacts.

® Filter the solution to remove any insoluble impurities and

reduce the volume to about 25 ml by heating.

© Allow the filtrate to cool. Now add slowly 6 M H,SO, until

insoluble Al (OH); just forms in the solution. Procedure

© Gently heat the mixture until the Al(OH); precipitate dissolves.

© Cool the resulting solution in an ice-bath for about 30 minutes

whereby alum crystals should separate out. For better results
the solution may be left overnight for crystallization to

continue.

® In case crystals do not form the solution may be further

concentrated and cooled again.

© In case crystals do not form the solution may be further

concentrated and cooled again.

® Filter the crystals from the solution using vacuum pump, wash

the crystals with 50/50 ethanol-water mixture.

© Continue applying the vacuum until the crystals appear dry.
® Determine the mass of alum crystals.

OBSERVATIONS

B
Mass of aluminium metal =

Mass of potash alum

Theoretical yield of potash alum =.

Yo

Percent yield =.

CONCLUSION

Potash alum of...

. % yield was

prepared from aluminium scrap.

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PRECAUTIONS

>» Handle the glass wares safely.

» Allow the time required to set.
> Spray only required amount of water.

5
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45/5 ass 8/5 5/5 3

1. CLASS. XII CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT GuidedBy: Teacher'sName

“Investigatory Project Submitted in the partial fulfillment for the requirement of
the award of class - 12th Board Certificate of the

Session___

2.1 Name of the Institution DEPARTMENTOF CHEMISTRY CERTIFICATE This is to certify

that NAME, a student of class XI has successfully completed the research on the
below mentioned project under the guidance of
(Subject Teacher) during the year __ in partial fulfillment of chemistry practical
examination conducted by AISSCE,New Delhi. Signature of External Examiner Signature
of Chemistry Teacher

3.2 DECLARATION | do hereby declare that the project being entitled “PREPARATION OF
POTASH ALUM FROM ALUMINIUM SCRAP" being submitted is my original work in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for AISSCE

certificate. Name Roll No:

4.3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people
have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support, this time |
am utilizing to thank all the people who

have been concerned with project. Primarily | would thank god for being able to
complete this project with success. Then | would like to thank my principal Name
and Chemistry teacher Name, whose valuable guidance

has been the ones that helped me patch this project and make it full praof success
his suggestions and his instructions has served as the major contributor towards
the completion of the project. Then | would like to

thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable suggestions and
guidance has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project, Last
but not the least | would like to thank my

classmates and my lab attendant Name who have helped me a lot.

5. 4 Nameofthestudent. INDEX o CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE o DECLARATION 0

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT o INTRODUCTION o AIM OF THE PROJECT 0 APPARATUS REQUIRED o THEORY 0
REACTIONS 0 PROCEDURE

FOLLOWED 0 OBSERVATION

6.5.0 CONCLUSION 0 PRECAUTION 0 BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION Aluminium because of its

low density, high tensile strength and resistance to corrosion is widely used for
the manufacture of aero planes,

automobiles lawn furniture as well as for aluminium cans. Being good conductor of
electricity it is used for transmission of electricity. Aluminium i also used for
making utensils. The recycling of aluminium cans and

other aluminium products is very positive contribution to saving our natural

resources. Most of the recycled aluminium is melted and recast into other aluminium
metal products or used in the production of various

aluminium compounds, the most common of which are the alums. Alums are double
sulphates having general formula:-

7.6 X2504.M2(S04)3.24H20 X = Monovalent cation; M = Trivalent cation; Some

important alum and their names are given below: K2504 AI2(SO4)3.24H20 Potash Alum
Na2504 A2(S04)3.24H20-500a Alum
K2504.C12(S04)3.24H20 -Chrome Alum (NH)2504.Fe2(504)3.24H20 - Ferric Alum Potash
alum is used in papermaking, in fire extinguishers, in food stuffs and in
purification of water soda alum used in baking

powders and chrome alum is used in tanning leather and water proofing fabrics. In
addition to these primary uses, alum is also used asi. An astringent a substance or
preparation that draws together or constricts body

tissues and is effective in stopping the flow of blood or other secretions. Alum
has also been used by conventional hairdressers for treating shaving cuts, il. A
mordantsubstances used in dyeing to fix certain dyes on cloth

Either the mordant if itis colloidal) or a colloid produced by

5.7 the mordant adheres to the fiber, attracting and fixing the colloidal mordant
dye. The insoluble, colored precipitate that is formed is called a lake, Alum is 2
basic mordant used for fixing acid dyes. i. For the

removal of phosphate from natural and waste watersthe aluminium ions of alum
combine with the orthophosphate around pH & to form the solid aluminum
hydraxyphosphate which is precipitated. iv. For fireproofing

fabrics: Themajor uses of alums are based on two important properties, namely
precipitation of Al(OH)3 and those related to the acidity created by the production
of hydrogen ions. ~ AIIH20)6 +3 — Al(OH)34 + 3H20 +

34+ The H+ ions generated are used foe reacting with sodium bicarbonate to release
CO2. This property is made use of in baking powder and CO2 fire extinguishers.

9.8 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT To prepare potash alum from aluminium scrap.

10.9 APPARATUS REQUIRED 250 miflask Funnel Beaker Scrap aluminium or cola can
Potassium hydroxide solution (KOH) 6M Sulphuric Acid (H2504) Water Bath Ethanol

11. 10 THEORY Aluminum metal is treated with hot aqueous KOH solution. Aluminium
dissolves as potassium aluminate, KAI (OH) 4, salt. 24s) + 2KOH(ag) + 6H20()
2KAI(OH)4(ag) + 3H2 Potassium aluminate solution

on treatment with dil. Sulphuric acid first gives precipitate Al (OH) 3, which
dissolves on addition of small excess of H2504 and heating. ~ 2KOH(aq) + H2504(aq)
2A1(OH)3(s) + K2SO4(aq) + 2H20() 2AI(OH)3 5)

3H2504(aq) AL2(SO4)3(2q) +6H20(1) The resulting solution is concentrated to near

saturation and cooled. On cooling crystals of potash alum crystallize out. K2504
(aq) + AI2 (SO4)3(aq) +24H20()K2SO4.AI2 (SO4)3.

4H20(5)

12. 11 REACTIONS 2AI(s) +2KOH (aq) + 6H20 (1)2KA1 (OH) 4 (aq) +3H2 K2504 (aq) +
A12(S04)3(a0)+ 24H20 (1K2SO4.A12(504)3. 24H20(s) 2A1(0H)3(5)+ 3 H2504(aq)
AL2(SO4)3(aq) +6H20(1) 2KOH(aq) + H2504(aa)

2AI(0H)3(s) + K2504(aq) + 2H20(1) K2504 (aq) + AI2 (S04]3(aq) +24H20 (1) K2SO4 A
(S04)3 2420s)

13. 12 PROCEDURE ~ Clean a small piece of scrap aluminium with steel wool and cut
it into very small pieces. Aluminium foil may be taken instead of scrap aluminium.
Put the small pieces of scrap aluminium or

aluminium foil (about 1.00) into a conical flask and add about 50 ml of 4 M KOH
solution ta dissolve the aluminium. ~The flask may be heated gently in order to
facilitate dissolution. Since during this step hydrogen gas

is evolved this step must be done in a well-ventilated area.

14.13 Continue heating until all of the aluminium reacts. Filter the solution to
remove any insoluble impurities and reduce the volume to about 25 mi by heating.
Allow the filtrate to cool. Now add slowly 6M

12504 until insoluble Al (OH)3 just forms in the solution. Procedure Gently heat
the mixture until the Al(OH)3 precipitate dissolves. Cool the resulting solution in
an ice-bath for about 30 minutes whereby alum

crystals should separate out. For better results the solution may be left overnight
for crystallization to continue. In case crystals do not form the solution may be
further concentrated and cooled again. In case crystals

do not form the solution may be further concentrated and cooled again. Filter the
crystals from the solution using vacuum pump, wash the crystals with 50/50 ethanol-
water mixture. ~ Continue applying the vacuum

until the crystals appear dry. Determine the mass of alum crystals. OBSERVATIONS

15.14 Mass of aluminium metal = gMassof potash alum =. g Theoretical yield of

potash alum =. Percent yield =, 4 CONCLUSION Potash alum of. 9% yield was

prepared from aluminium scrap.

16.15 PRECAUTIONS Handle the glass wares safely. Allow the time required to set.
Spray only required amount of water. BIBILOGRAPHY

17.160MELPFROMINTERNET www google.com wwawwikipedia.org w wiichse.com | N FORMATION

F ROM LIBRARY 0 HELP FROM TEACHERS