A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of requirement for the course

On
Fundamentals of IoT

By

V.GAYATHRI (2003A51081)

A .ROHITH (2003A51109)

N. MEGHANA (2003A51133)

R. GNANA PRASANNA (2003A51136)

Under the guidance of

Mr. Rajeshwar Rao Arabelli

Asst. Prof. & Director, Centre for Embedded Systems and IoT

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

 A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of requirement for the course
On
Internet of Things

By

V.GAYATHRI (2003A51081)

A .ROHITH (2003A51109)

N. MEGHANA (2003A51133)

R. GNANA PRASANNA (2003A51136)

Under the guidance

of

Dr. Sumit Gupta

Asst. Prof.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

 Center for Embedded Systems and Internet of things
SR UNIVERSITY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the course project entitled “

” is the bonafied
work carried out by GAYATHRI.V(2003A51081),GNANAPRASANNA.R
(2003A51136), MEGHANA.N(2003A51133), ROHITH.A(2003A51109) in the
partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of course
Internet of Things during the academic year 2022-2023 under our
guidance and Supervision.

Dr. Sumit Guptha

Asst. Prof.

Department of ECE

iii
 Abstract
Now a days, the major problem which leads to the drastic change in nature is
pollution. There are many reasons to pollution such as release of harmful gases to the
atmosphere, deforestation etc. They are many types of wastes such as biomedical, e
waste etc. Each waste shows its great impact on atmosphere and leads to damage of
human organs. As we know any experiment in this world leads to some kind of
generation of waste. It is our main duty to clean the waste in time to time. It is much
important to clean up the waste in order to protect our livelihood. Generally
household waste is the most common form of waste which we observe, it leads to
pungent smell which is not at all tolerable by humans which causes disharmony in
nature.

In order to dump the wastes, many waste management techniques were introduced.
This project explains one of the efficient waste management technique by using latest
technology IoT. It leads to the clean and healthy environment. The main idea of the
project is, if the waste is filled up to the marked level in dust bins ,then it alerts the
user by giving an indication in the form of message or a buzzer. This project is a safe
based on low cost equipment. This project can be implemented mainly in open areas
like our localities. This is the best solution to collection of uncollected waste materials.

In the present project, an attempt is made to develop and explain the use of Internet
of Things (IoT) in collection of waste from dust bins and cleaning it in a safe and
secured manner.

iv
 CONTENTS

Chapter No. Title Page No.

1 Introduction 6

2 System Description 7

2.1 Block Diagram 8

3 Hardware & Software Tools 9

4 Implementation 12

5 Results 15

6 Conclusion 16

7 References 16

v
 1.INTRODUCTION
The Internet of things concept motivates us to link up the typical
day-to-day life gadgets with one another connected over the web. The
gadgets which are linked through IOT idea can be controlled and
monitored from a distance(i.e in mobile apps etc). The IOT idea gives the
fundamental idea and best ways to form an association between the
physical world and digital world(PC based frameworks.) The idea has
been acquiring significance with an ever increasing number of remote
gadgets that are expanding quickly on the lookout. It interfaces the
equipment gadgets with one another over the web.

The Smart waste collection monitoring system provides a best

method to implement cleanage of waste from our surroundings from time to time
using the IOT technology. There is also scope for differentiating the type of wastes
like medical waste,e-waste etc. This proposed system provides a proper evidence
based device which helps the user by eradicating the spread of harmful gases or
chemicals which are released from the overflow of the wastes. Amount of the waste
which is generated is increasing day by day due to rapid increase of population.
Thus the amount of waste generated is more but the amount of waste which is to be
recycled is very less.

The block diagram of smart waste monitoring system consists of an

Esp-32 Integrated Wi-Fi and bluetooth , an ultrasonic sensor and a buzzer.
The Wi-Fi module is the main component which is used to implement Iot named
enabling technology into existing operation. The most important component which
is being the Esp-32 board whose main function is to establish the connections
between the different components of the smart waste collection monitoring and
alert system. The country will see drastic change in the society interms of the
health. As there is no proper waste management technique,waste increases from
day to day hence the no of waste gases also increases which shows great impact in
the society.
The following figure shows how waste is not cleaned from time to time.

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 2.SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

In the project model , the user gets a initial idea of fulfilment of the dustbin level , so that he
can clean it from time to time. The main idea of designing this project is stopping the
overflow of waste materials from dust bins.
Overflow of wastes from dust bins causes huge chance of spoiling the
minerals and quality of resources of ground which they underlie. In
addition to the assumed project/ system, in order to make it more
creative, an alert message is designed to the user, when the dust bin is
filled up to the desired level then automatically, a constant alert message will pop up in your
mobile
The main components which is used in order to design an IOT based
smart waste collection monitoring and alert system are ultrasonic sensor , esp-32 which is a
integrated wi-fi and Bluetooth module which is connected further to an IOT based app
called Blynk.
The following figure shows the connections of the project:

7
BLOCK DIAGRAM

8
 3.HARDWARE & SOFTWARE TOOLS

ESP-32
 Esp-32 is an integrated Bluetooth and Wi-Fi module which is used
to connect an hardware device to the internet.
 It is a low cost integrated based microcontroller.
 It is next generation ( Node MCU) of ESP-8266.
 It consists of total 39 number of digital pins , out of these 34 can be
used as GPIO’s.
 These GPIO’s ( general purpose input and output registers) which
can be used for both analogue and digital input and output pins,
out of these GPIO’s some of them has no Functionality.
 Remaining 5 pins are only input pins.
 It consists of 18 channels of 12-bit Analog to digital converters and
2 channels of 8-bit Digital to Analog converters.
 Esp-32 uses 16 channels of total channels in order to generate PWM
( Pulse width modulated signals) signal generation.
 In our working model we use two ground pins , one input ( i.e
connected to trigger pin) and one GPIO pin (connected to echo pin
of ultrasonic sensor).

Ultrasonic Sensor
 Ultrasonic sensor is a type of sensor which is used to measure the
distance of the objects.
 As the name follows, It operates and calculates the distance of
objects by using ultrasonic waves.
 It measures the distance by emitting the ultrasonic wave and
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waiting for to return back.
 It consists of two modules namely, transmitter module and receiver
module.
 Transmitter module emits the ultrasonic wave, it calculates the time
taken by the ultrasonic wave to reach back to the receiver module
of the ultrasonic sensor.
 It consists of 4 pins namely Vcc, Trigger pin, Echo pin and Ground
pins respectively.
 +5V is the required voltage in order to start the ultrasonic sensor.
 Trigger pin is the input pin of ultrasonic sensor , it triggers the
function(starts) of the ultrasonic sensor by starting the emitting of
the ultrasonic waves.
 Echo pin acts as the output pin of the ultrasonic sensor , it converts
the time taken by the wave to distance.
 Vcc and ground pins are connected to respective pins of the esp-32
which are general connections in order to establish a secure one

Internet of things based cloud

 Every internet connectivity based project needs a platform to store
the results of his/her experiment or project.
 The platform which is used to store the results is called IOT based
platform.
 In this project, the IOT based app which is used to store the
application graphs or analysis is Blynk .
 Blynk application is a type of application in which we can interface
the hardware components, in order to take the command of control
by the humans.
 It is user friendly , a low cost application .
 In order to use the Blynk application one must create the Blynk
account using existing email id or any other alternatives.
 After establishing the account , we have to choose the board which
we are using to design our project and connect with it.
 IOT basic level protocols are used in the Blynk application.
 We can customize the design of the application by using virtual pins
and we can make the app more innovative.
 The following screenshot shows the main screen of Blynk
application:

10
Connecting wires

 It is a type of jumper wires which is used connect physically

different hardware components.

11
 4.IMPLEMENTATION

The main perspective of the project is to stop the overflow of waste

material from the bins. The main motto to design this project is to monitor
the level of the bin from time to time in order to stop the overflow of bin.
In order to monitor the level of the bin ,respective coding is done in the
Esp-32 board. Hence we can observe, when the dust level is filled up to
the mark then automatically it senses and sends the notification to the
user. The desired project is a combination of software and hardware
components.
Ultrasonic sensor and Esp-32 are the main components which are
used to design the project. As we discussed earlier Ultrasonic sensor
consists of 4 pins namely trigger , echo , Vcc and ground. The input and
output pins of ultrasonic sensor are connected to GPIO’s of the Esp-32.
Five volts are required in order to start the functionality of ultrasonic
sensor. The ultrasonic sensor is placed on the top of dust bin. When it is
already interfaced with Esp-32 , by connecting to the laptop enables the
power supply to the sensor. Trigger pin which is the input pin goes high
for 10 micro seconds and then again goes to low state.
Trigger pin goes high , in order to start the triggering process by
emitting the ultrasonic wave. Then again goes off due to triggering
process is not continuous, since ultrasonic wave speed is so high.
Ultrasonic sensor consists of two modules namely transmitter module
and receiver module. These both are placed very close to each other. The
emitted wave travels long in the free space. When the wave hits an object
the path of the travel of ultrasonic sensor is disturbed , hence the wave
traces the return path to the receiver module of the ultrasonic sensor.
When the ultrasonic wave is reached back to the receiver, hence the echo
pin which is associated to the receiver section goes high.
Echo pin which is output of ultrasonic sensor goes high for a
particular period of time. The time duration in which the echo pin goes
high is equal to the time taken by the emitted ultrasonic wave reaches back to the
receiver section. Then further the echo pin is connected to the
esp-32 using the general purpose input and output pins. Ultrasonic sensor
measures the distance of the object by using general physics formula (i.e
speed= distance/ time). As we know the speed of ultrasonic sensor is
330m/s, it converts the time taken by the ultrasonic wave to again reach
back. The duty of sensor is to sense the things and alerts the user if there
are harmful effects.
Generally implementing internet in the project not only relates to
storing the results , analyzing them but also creating an useful
applications which creates awareness about science and technology
among the citizens of society. When the sensor is placed on the top of bin
it senses the level of the bin from time to time by emitting the waves. If
the level of bin is filled up to the mark , the output pin of the sensor sends
high voltage to the GPIO pin of Esp-32. As a result in the app designed by
12
the user the bin gets full by activating the virtual pins. When the dust bin
goes high then automatically the Blynk app sends the notification to the
user that dustbin is full please clear it.

13
 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Algorithm:
• Initially in the code the assembler directives which are used to
linkup the Blynk app in Arduino.
• Next step defines the common Wi-fi directives which are should be
used in the program in order to connect the internet over the
hardware components.
• Pins of ultrasonic sensor, and its connections to the Esp-32 are
defined.
• Wi-fi name and password are mentioned, which results the
connection of the device to the internet.
• Auth token of the Blynk app is to be mentioned , in order to link the
virtual pin based app.
• The duration of trigger and echo pin are to be mentioned, which
starts the triggering of the ultrasonic sensor .
• Sensor converts the time duration of echo pin (i.e period of high) to
the distance using the basic physics formula.
• After placing the sensor on top of bin, if the bin is filled above the
desired level , then the notification is created and it is sent to the
user with immediate effect.
• In the project desired level is marked as 10cm, but we can vary it by
changing the value
• Loop function is created in order to start the functionality or
running of the app simultaneously with the functioning of sensor.
• We can observe and note down the points of the functionality of the
sensor

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 5.RESULT

The following pictures shows the final result of the project , the message
to be send to the user by Blynk app.

a. Notification bar b. Application bar

According to the latest surveys from various countries , it is clearly said

that the amount of garbage that is not dumped properly is equal to the
twice of the waste generated by human beings. On a average note around
of 45-50 tons of the waste being dumped into the oceans. Imagine our
house being surrounded by the disposal of different type of wastes. We
can tolerate the situation for very minutes. Then how can we assume that
how would earth sustain . It is our own sole responsibility to protect the
earth from very harmful wastes which are ready to degrade the
environment

15
 6.CONCLUSION

A Smart waste monitoring and alert system using Esp-32 and Ultrasonic
sensor is designed which alerts the user by sending an alert message. This
project is an solid example of IOT Technology can be easily implemented
into our day-to-day life activities. The present waste management
technique used by the municipal workers, it is not up to mark the level ,
since they are also humans. Hence an attempt is made by using the
technology of IOT which resembles how human can efficiently use his
intelligence to solve the common problems of society. Hence an attempt
of Smart waste monitoring and alert system , which provides better
results. There is Another important advantage of the design is it reduces
the consumption of the fossil fuels like petrol, diesel because frequent up
down of the waste collection vehicles get reduced.

7.REFERENCES
 W. Chen, Y. Wang, P. Huang, Y. Huang and M. Tsai, "A Smart IoT
System for Waste Management," 2018 1st International Cognitive
Cities Conference (IC3), Okinawa, 2018, pp. 202-203.
 G. K. Shyam, S. S. Manvi and P. Bharti, "Smart waste management
using Internet-of-Things (IoT)," 2017 2nd International Conference
on Computing and Communications Technologies (ICCCT),
Chennai, India, 2017, pp. 199-203.
 S. S. Chaudhari and V. Y. Bhole, "Solid Waste Collection as a Service
using IoT-Solution for Smart Cities," 2018 International Conference
on Smart City and Emerging Technology (ICSCET), Mumbai, 2018,
pp. 1-5.
 M. Adam, M. E. Okasha, O. M. Tawfeeq, M. A. Margan and B.
Nasreldeen, "Waste Management System Using IoT," 2018
International Conference on Computer, Control, Electrical, and
Electronics Engineering (ICCCEEE), Khartoum, 2018, pp. 1-4
 R. N. Subrahmanian, S. K. S, T. Suvidharbabu, and B. Manikandan,
“Smart Bin using IoT with Fog Computing,” International Journal
of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics vol. 24,
no. 6, pp. 13–16, 2017.

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