ROAD TRANSPORTATION NETWORK DESIGN METHODS: “Philosophies of Safety”

National Highway Network 1. Allowable Stress Design (ASD by AISC)

Collection of national roads maintained by the DPWH -working stress design or Service Load Design (AASHTO)
Route Numbering System 2. LOAD FACTOR DESIGN
N xxx -Ultimate/Strength Design
N1 to N49 3. LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN
-main routes or corridors
-connects three (3) or more cities WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD)
N50 to N99 “Allowable Stress Design (ASD by AISC)” “Service Load Design (AASHTO)”
-other primary routes connecting two (2) cities -does not recognize that some loads are more
PRIMARY (NATIONAL ROADS) variable than others.
-contiguous length of significant roads, no breaks or forks -treats each load in a given load combination
-connects three or more major cities and metropolitan areas of at least as equal.
10,000 population. -the maximum applied stress in a structural
NORTH-SOUTH BACKBONE component does not exceed certain allowable
-Also known as the Pan – Philippine Highway (N1 or AH26) stress under normal service or working conditions.
EAST-WEST LATERAL LOAD FACTOR DESIGN (LFD)
-roads travelling the back bone and runs east-west across different islands. “Ultimate Design ( older ACI code)” & “Strength Design (ACI and AASHTO)”
SECONDARY (NATIONAL ROADS) -mainly recognizes that the live load (vehicular loads and wind forces), in
-Provide access to other major population centers; three assignments (Nxxx) particular, is more variable than the dead load.
-Directly link smaller cities and provincial capitals, ports (air and water), and -Was developed to overcome drawbacks of ASD method.
tourist centers to primary roads. -Loads are multiplied by factors greater than unity and added to other
TERTIARY (NATIONAL ROADS) factored loads to produce load combinations for design purposes.
-Include other roads administered by perfrom local function.
TOTAL ROAD LENGTH: 205,045.97 as pf 15 Oct 2019
PAVED: 61,093km DPWH, 2017
Provincial
DPWH, 2017 roads: 31,620km LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN (LRFD)
City and Municipal roads: 1,950km -Design methodology where applicable failure and serviceability conditions
Barangay roads: 121,702km can be evaluated considering uncertainties associated with loads by using load
National Road Length: 34,250.97km (DPWH As of 15 Oct. 2022) factors and material resistances by considering resistance factors.
National Road Length
(DPWH As of
Concrete: 21,646.10km GOOD: 44.33%
15 Oct. 2022)
Asphalt: 10,440.98km FAIR: 33.37%
Earth: 41.96km POOR: 10.17%
Gravel: 888.21km BAD: 4.72%
UNASSESSED: 7.41%
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS:
LOADS ON BRIDGES: DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
AASHTO specification require highway
bridges be designed for: with due regard to issues of:
 Constructability -Inspectability
 Safety -Economy
 Serviceability -Aesthetics
CONSTRUCTIBILITY
-refers to the ability to successfully complete construction of bridge being
designed
-a prerequisite for the bridge to start its design life by entering the stage of
operation. Thus, discussed before other general design issues.
SAFETY
-public safety is the primary responsibility of the design engineer
STRUCTURAL SURVIVAL -structure should not collapse under design event.
IMITED SERVICEABILITY -structure should remain stable under designated
emergency vehicular live loading.
IMMEDIATE USE -structure may be reopened to all traffic after inspection
following an extreme event.
BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
-to ensure bridge safety such that minimum resistances exceed the potential
maximum demand or force effects due to various loads during its design life.
In terms of: Strength, Stiffness, and Stability of structural system
 Recommended deflection limits for steel, aluminum and concrete structure
Load and Structure Deflection Limit
Vehicular load, general span/800
Vehicular and pedestrian loads span/1000
Vehicular load on cantilever arms span/300
Vehicular and pedestrian loads on cantilever arms span/375
INSPECTABILITY
-To be assured through adequate means for permitting inspectors to view all
parts of structure that have structural or maintenance significance
-AASHTO specifications also explicitly require inspection ladders, walkways,
catwalks, covered access holes and lightings, if necessary, where other means
of inspection are not practical
-Where practical, the specifications also require access to permit manual or
visual inspection, including adequate headroom in box sections, to the inside of
cellular components and interface areas, where relative movement may occur
ECONOMY
-Economic consideration is required at every stage and step of bridge design
-Starting from preliminary design to taking into account the location and
dimensions of members and amount of reinforcement in concrete components,
-COST SAVING IS ALWAYS A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR
AESTHETICS
-Bridges due to their significant geometric dimensions, become part of
environment or landscape after construction
-Design engineer should be conscious about possible impact of bridge to the
surrounding
VISUAL DESIGN ELEMENTS
-noticeable elements that the eye and mind seek.
-perception of form and space
a) Line d) Color
b) Shape e) Texture
c) Form
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
-Aesthetic qualities of design are intangible, perceived qualities arising from
relationships of design elements.
a) Proportion e) Balance
b) Rhythm f) Contrast
SERVICEABILITY c) Order g) Scale
DURABILITY d) Harmony h) Unity
-Contract documents should call for high quality materials and require that LINE -continuous extent of length, straight or curved.
those material subject deterioration from moisture content and/or salt -for bridges, lines are seen in the profiles of spans, piers, abutments,
attack be protected. wingwalls, noise walls, and railings.
MAINTAINABILITY -line has different meaning and psychological influence on the viewers
-Highway bridges need adequate maintenance over their design lives. FORM -three-dimensional arrangement of an object
-Maintenance of traffic during rehabilitation or replacement of bridge. -adds depth to the shape
components or entire bridge is often required since completely closing the -the visual experience of moving under or over a bridge is primarily
road for such maintenance operations is unacceptable to the traveling public. influenced by the form of the bridge
RIDEABILITY COLOR -when used with understanding it can define, clarify, modify,
-Relevant to the bridge deck since it provides driving surface of the bridge. accentuate, or subdue the visual effects of structural elements
-Deck is required to be designed to permit smooth movement of vehicle -influenced by its setting or designer’s intention
Traffic. -each color has different characteristics and it gives psychological
FACILITATING UTILITIES impacts to the viewer.
-Bridge shall be made to support and maintain conveyance for utilities. In daytime, light color gives less visual importance while
ALLOWANCE FOR FUTURE WIDENING -warm colors such as reds, yellows, browns
-Load carrying capacity of exterior beams not be less than that of an interior -tends to emphasize the presence and size of forms,
beam unless future widening is virtually inconceivable. -cool colors (blues, greens, purples)
-When future widening can be anticipated, consideration should also be given -diminish the visual importance of elements to which they are applied
to designing the substructure for widened condition. TEXTURE -perception is altered with distance
CONTROLLED DEFORMATION -Fine textures blend int o single tone and appear flat
-Bridges should be designed to avoid undesirable structural effects due to -Greater distance or larger object requires coarser or larger texture
deformations
-While deflection and depth limitations are optional, except for orthotropic
plate decks, any large deviation from past successful practice regarding
slenderness and deflections should be cause for review of design to
determine adequate performance.
PROPORTION -method of creating a sense of order by assigning appropriate
relative sizes to the various elements
GOAL: FACTORS CONSIDERED:
-Height vs Width vs Depth -Slenderness Ratio
-Solids vs Voids -Relation b/n bridge height and span
-Sunlight vs Shadows -Pier thickness and superstructure
-Deck overhang and parapet depth
ORDER AND RHYTHM
ORDER -refers to arrangement
-elements work together as a unit without visual confusion; having a proper
-place and function
-selection of a constant girder depth throughout the structure is an element
Of good order.
HARMONY -the relationship of the elements of a design based on similarity of
their visual characteristics.
-SHAPE, SIZE, DIRECTION, and COLOR
LAW OF THE SAME LAW OF SIMILAR
-through the repetition of the same -through the repetition of similar
Elements, forms, or space. elements, forms, or space.
BALANCE
CONTRAST -the dynamic relationship among parts of a design based on
complementary opposition of visual characteristics.
-relieves the monotony of simple harmony by complementing the
Harmonious characteristics of some design elements with their
Opposites, thus adding a heightened awareness of each other.
-Second principle is dominance
-relates to one of two contrasting elements commanding the visual
attention over the other.
-features vs background
-dominant element is essential in organizing the design into a pleasing
aesthetic experience.
SCALE -sizes relationship among
-various features of the structure and
-between the total structure and its surroundings
-concerned with things used by people
-a bridge that is too small may appear insignificant,
-while one that is too large may dominate the landscape.
-Human Scale: respond to size of human (pedestrian bridge)
-Monumental Scale: exceptionally large (piers, pylons)
UNITY -combined effects of all others aesthetic qualities applied simultaneous.
-implies harmony where all of the elements are in accord, producing an
undivided total effects.
-provides observer with a sense of wholeness, generated by some central
dominating perception in the composition.