Software Engineer interviews: Everything

you need to prepare

👋 Hi there, I'm Yangshun, an ex-Meta Staff Engineer, author of this handbook and Blind 75. Follow
me on LinkedIn for Software Engineering advice and interview tips!

Nobody has time to grind hundreds of LeetCode questions, and the good
news is that you don't need to do that many to actually get the job at FAANG!

I was frustrated at my job at Grab, a ridesharing company in South-east Asia

and wanted to break into FAANG but I wasn't sure how to. After a few months
of research, studying and practicing, I interviewed at 11 companies and
managed to get 9 offers from top tech companies in the Bay Area - Facebook,
Google, Airbnb, Palantir, Dropbox, Lyft, and some startups. It was a tedious
process which I don't ever want to go through again. I went through that
process but with this guide, you don't have to.

This guide will provide a quick overview of the top tips on how to prepare
for a software engineer interview - both technical and non-technical
interview rounds. Where relevant, you can delve into greater detail by
accessing links in this overview article, or through the website's left sidebar.

How to prepare for your software engineering interview:

1. Maximize your chances of being shortlisted

2. Find out the interview format
3. Pick a programming language
4. Sharpen your Computer Science fundamentals for interviews
5. Practice for the coding interview
6. Prepare for the system design interview (for mid/senior levels)
7. Prepare for the behavioral interview
8. Negotiating the offer package

LeetCode for Front EndBuilt by ex-FAANG Senior Engineers, GreatFrontEnd is

the fastest way to prepare for a Front End interview.
Maximize your chances of being shortlisted
Do you still have trouble getting shortlisted at some or all of the top tech
companies? Your resume could be the issue.

Your resume is the single most important entry point to getting shortlisted in
major tech companies like FAANG / MANGA. After getting shortlisted, your
past achievements become markedly less important as compared to your
coding interview skills - which as we know, can be methodically learnt. Being
able to frame your past achievements well enough to get through the
screening stage is hence very important.

Unfortunately, even the most qualified candidates I know personally don't

know how to write a good resume and fail to get shortlisted. The truth is that
when many of us don't get shortlisted at top tech companies like FAANG /
MANGA, we tend to think that we were under-qualified - but in most cases,
it's probably just the lack of good framing.

If you want to learn how to write a good software engineer resume, I've
written a step-by-step guide here on software engineering resume
preparation for companies like Google, Facebook, Amazon, Netflix, Apple, with
examples for your reference as well.

Find out the interview format

You may encounter various interview formats in your software engineer
interviews (from early to late stage):

1. Quiz

Frequency: Occasional

Quizzes are meant to be a first-pass filter as a quick and dirty way of weeding
out extremely weak (or even non-technical) candidates. They are structured
questions and have clear-cut answers which makes them possible to be
administered by recruiters/non-technical folks or automated graders. They are
typically done early in the process.

Examples:

 What is 4 & 5 (in binary)? Answer: 4

 What is the time complexity of bubble sort? Answer: O(n 2)

2. Online coding assessment

Frequency: Occasional

Like quizzes, online coding assessments are usually given early in the process.
An algorithm problem is given with well-formed input and output and
candidates are expected to write code in an online coding interface to solve
the problem. HackerRank is a very common platform for conducting online
coding assessments. LeetCode would be a good way to practice for the
problem solving aspects of online coding assessments. However, in
HackerRank you are typically expected to write code to read from stdin and
also print to stdout, which can trip candidates up if they aren't familiar with
the APIs.

3. Take home assignment

Frequency: Rare

There have been numerous debates on whether asking algorithm questions

are a good way of assessing individual abilities as they aren't exactly the most
relevant skills needed on a day-to-day basis at a job. Take home assignment is
a format designed to address the shortcomings of the algorithm interview by
getting candidates to work on larger projects which allow them to
demonstrate software design skills.

However, this interview format takes up more time from both the candidates
and the company and hence it is not as commonly seen in large companies
where they have a high volume of candidates. This format is more common
among startups and small companies. Examples

 Build a flights listing app

 Build a kanban app
 Build a snake game

4. Phone screen interviews

Frequency: Common

Phone interviews are the most common format and every candidate will face
this at least once while interviewing. You will be asked to speak with an
interviewer either over a phone call or VoIP (BlueJeans/Skype/Google
Hangout). A question will be given to you and you will work on that question
using an online collaborative editor (CoderPad/CodePen/Google Docs).

You are usually not allowed to execute the code even if the editor supports
execution. So don't rely on that for verifying the correctness of your solution.
Formats would differ slightly depending on the roles you are applying to.
Many companies like to use CoderPad for collaborative code editing.
CoderPad supports running of the program, so it is possible that you will be
asked to fix your code such that it can be run. For front end interviews, many
companies like to use CodePen, and it will be worth your time to familiarize
yourself with the user interfaces of such web-based coding environments.

Check out coding interview best practices as well for do's and don'ts before
your phone screen interviews.

5. Onsite

Frequency: Almost always

If you have made it to this stage, congratulations! This is usually the final stage
before an offer decision. Candidates who made it to the onsite stage will be
required to have an in-person interview at the office. If you are an overseas
candidate, companies might even fly you in and pay for your
accommodations!

The onsite stage usually consists of multiple rounds (coding, system design,
behavioral) and is expected to last for a few hours. Since you are onsite, it is
possible that you will be asked to do a whiteboard exercise with an
interviewer, usually either solving an algorithm question or a system design
question. It is also possible that you have to bring your own laptop and work
on a project/solve a coding problem on the spot.

For onsite interviews at smaller (non-public) companies, most will allow (and
prefer) that you use your own laptop. Hence it is important that you prepare
your development environment in advance.

If the company provides lunch, you might also have a lunch session with an
employee where you can find out more about the company culture.

Pick a programming language

With your resume done, the next step of your software engineering interview
journey is a simple one and won't take long - decide on a programming
language. Unless you're interviewing for a specialist position like mobile or
front end where there are domain-specific languages, you should be free to
use any language you want for the algorithmic coding interviews.

Most of the time, you'd already have one in mind - pick the one you use the
most and you're the most comfortable with. The most common programming
languages used for coding interviews are Python, Java, C++, and JavaScript. I
wouldn't recommend learning an entirely new language just for coding
interviews as it takes a while (few weeks at least on average) to become
proficient enough in a language to wield it comfortably in an interview setting,
which is already stressful enough on its own. My personal programming
language of choice is Python because of how terse it is and the functions/data
structures the standard library provides.
Read more on programming languages for coding interviews: Picking a
programming language

Study and practice for coding interviews

The next and most important step is to practice solving algorithm questions in
your chosen programming language. While Cracking the Coding Interview is a
great resource, I prefer learning by actually solving problems.

There are many platforms that can be used for this - such as LeetCode,
HackerRank and CodeForces. From my personal experience, LeetCode
questions are most suitable for interview preparation whereas HackerRank and
CodeForces are more for competitive programming.

However, LeetCode has thousands of questions and it can be daunting to

know where to begin, or how to structure your practice. I have provided
recommended preparation plans and also structured resources here:

Coding interview study plan

The recommended time period to set aside for coding interview preparation is
3 months (11 hours a week i.e. 2-3 hours a day) for a more holistic
preparation. I shared my 3 month study plan here, which provides a list of
coding interview topics with resources and practice questions that you should
work through in order of priority every week. I will also be adding content on
recommended 1 month and 1 week study plans soon.

If you have less than 3 months to prepare, you can generate your own study
plans using the Grind 75 tool (built by me) which generates recommended
study plans for coding interviews based on the time you have left. The
algorithm behind it includes a ranking of questions by priority and also a
balance between breadth and depth of topics covered.

Resources to use in your practice

In the market, there are plenty of resources vying for your attention, plenty of
them just vying for your money but not providing any value. If I had to
prioritize - these are the top coding interview preparation resources I would
use in tandem:

1. Grokking the Coding Interview: Patterns for Coding Questions

2. AlgoMonster
3. My (free) coding interview best practices guide
4. My (free) coding interview techniques guide
5. My (free) algorithms study guide

AlgoMonster

Apart from helping you master important coding interview data structures and
algorithm questions through practice and easy to understand guides,
AlgoMonster has the added perk of synthesizing common interview question
patterns that you could apply to solve any other questions you have never
encountered before. Made by Google engineers, this is definitely a quality
platform to use as compared to the unstructured nature of LeetCode grinding.
Data structures and algorithms questions are covered in all the common
languages - Python, Java, C#, JavaScript, C++, Golang, and more. Join today
for a 70% discount →

Grokking the Coding Interview: Patterns for Coding Questions

This course by Design Gurus expands upon the questions on the

recommended practice questions but approaches the practicing from a
questions pattern perspective, which is an approach I also agree with for
learning and have personally used to get better at coding interviews. The
course allows you to practice selected questions in Java, Python, C++,
JavaScript and also provides sample solutions in those languages along with
step-by-step visualizations. Learn and understand patterns, not memorize
answers! Get lifetime access today →

My (free) coding interview best practices guide

If you have read the coding interview evaluation rubric used at top tech
companies, you may be overwhelmed by the number of items evaluated and
how to demonstrate hire behaviors consistently.

This coding interview best practices guide synthesizes actionable

recommendations of what to do before, during and after your coding
interviews to demonstrate hire signals.

I recommend to internalize and use the guide as an accompaniment while you

practice coding interview questions - to ensure that you cultivate good habits
and muscle memory with regards to interviews right from the beginning.

My (free) coding interview techniques guide

Is there a structured method to increase your chances of finding a good

solution to the coding interview question? How about optimizing your
approach's time and space complexity? My coding interview techniques guide
teaches you a few techniques for handling questions that you have never
encountered before - such as problem visualizing, solving by hand, breaking
the problem into subproblems, etc.

My (free) algorithms study cheatsheets

I'm not sure if these would qualify as an in-depth guide - they are more like 1-
page "study cheatsheets" of the best resources to study, best LeetCode
questions to practice and the things to remember. However, they ensure
you cover all the most important grounds, especially when you have no time.
Because these are also the notes that helped me clinch top tech offers - they
definitely work.

For more tips on coding interview preparation, refer to my full coding

interview preparation guide here.

Try out mock coding interviews (with Google and Facebook engineers)
Coding right in front of your interviewer can be a nerve-wracking experience
especially if you have never done it before - which is why getting hands-on
experience is so important.

interviewing.io is currently the best mock technical interview resource in the

market. It allows you to book mock coding interviews with real Google and
Facebook engineers, albeit anonymously. You could even book interviews for
specific roles like Mobile, Front End, Engineering Management. Even better - if
you want to have an easier transition into real world coding interview - you
could view recorded interviews and see what phone interviews are like.

Moreover, if you were to do well on your mock interviews, you will be able to
unlock the "jobs page" which allows you to book interviews directly with top
companies like Uber, Lyft, Quora, Asana and more. I've
used interviewing.io both as an interviewer and an interviewee and found the
experience to be excellent.

Prepare for the system design interview

If you are a mid or senior-level candidate, you may expect system design
questions as part of your technical interview. They aren't covered adequately
by LeetCode and good resources are still harder to come by.

The objective of system design interviews is to evaluate a candidate's skill at

designing real-world software systems involving multiple components.

Utilize the best system design interview preparation resources

Some of the best system design interview preparation resources include:

1. ByteByteGo - This is a new System Design course by Alex Xu, author of

the System Design Interview books, a bestseller on Amazon. The course
covers system designs basics, then goes into deep dives of the design of
over 10 famous common products (e.g. Designing YouTube, Facebook
Newsfeed, etc) and multiple big data and storage systems
(e.g. Designing a Chat System). For each deep dive, concepts are
 explained and comprehensive diagrams are used, making it very
approachable for any seniority level.
2. "Grokking the System Design Interview" by Design Gurus - This is
probably the most famous system design interview course on the
internet and what makes it different from most other courses out there
is that it is purely text-based, which is great for people who prefer
reading over watching videos (such as myself!). It contains a repository
of the popular system design problems along with a glossary of system
design basics. I've personally completed this course and have
recommended many others to use this. Highly recommended!
3. "System Design Interview Course" by Exponent - This course covers
system designs basics and has a huge database of popular system
design questions with videos of mock interviews. Some of the questions
have text answers and a database schema and APIs for reference (which
I find helpful). While the subscription might be a little pricey for just the
system design interviews content, they also offer quality technical
content for Data Structures, Algorithms and Behavioral Interviews. The
convenience of a one-stop platform which covers all aspects of technical
interview preparation is very enticing.
4. "Grokking the Advanced System Design Interview" by Design Gurus - I
haven't tried this but it's by the same people who created "Grokking the
System Design Interview", so it should be good! In my opinion you
probably wouldn't need this unless you're very senior or going for a
specialist position.

Check out other Systems Design preparation guides and resources here.

Prepare for the behavioral interview

Every top tech company has at least one round of behavioral interviews for
software engineers. Typically, behavioral interviews for software engineers
include: Sharing about details of previous experiences on resume Providing
examples of past situations and behavior that demonstrate certain behavioral
attributes (e.g. conflict management, data driven) Sharing of ambitions and
career plans
As much as these interviews seem "fluffy" or unstructured, there is actually a
structured way to prepare for behavioral interviews:

1. Know the STAR format for answering them

The STAR format helps you to organize your answers to behavioral questions.
This is most applicable to questions that require you to recount past
experiences or behavior.

 Situation: Share details about the situation that gave rise to the task
 Task: Explain what you needed to achieve or the problems you had to
solve; focus on the
o Scope
o Severity
o Specific benchmarks/outcomes required
 Action: Explain what you did to meet your objectives, describing
options you had and how you made decisions
 Results: Describe the outcome of your actions and what you learnt

Read more: The STAR format for answering behavioral questions

2. Practice the most common behavioral questions for software engineers

Refer to the top 30 most common behavioral questions for Software Engineers

For more tips on behavioral interview preparation, refer to my full behavioral

interview preparation guide here.

Negotiating the software engineer offer package

Finally, the last thing you absolutely need to prepare for before your interview
is salary negotiation for software engineers. At any point during the interview
process, conversation about salary may crop up. We also have in-depth guides
about negotiation strategies and software engineer compensation.
And that is all from me - for more detail on each step of the software engineer
interview preparation process, do dive into each topic within my handbook
through the sidebar or by navigating to the next page!