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Lect2 Chapter2

The document discusses fluid pressure and its measurement. It defines different types of pressure including standard atmospheric pressure, local atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure and absolute pressure. It also describes various instruments used to measure pressure hydrostatically including barometers, piezometers, U-tube manometers, and differential manometers.

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muhs2628
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7 views

Lect2 Chapter2

The document discusses fluid pressure and its measurement. It defines different types of pressure including standard atmospheric pressure, local atmospheric pressure, gauge pressure and absolute pressure. It also describes various instruments used to measure pressure hydrostatically including barometers, piezometers, U-tube manometers, and differential manometers.

Uploaded by

muhs2628
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hydraulics

Chapter2: Fluid Pressure and its


Measurement
Lecture2
Prepared/Edited By
Dr. Wael Elham Mohamed Sabry Mahmod
Revised By
Dr. Abdulrazak H. Almaliki
Lecture 2—(Fluid Pressure and its Measurement)
1. Pressure at a Point & Pressure Head

2. Standard Atmospheric Pressure & Local Atmospheric Pressure &


Absolute Pressure & Gauge Pressure

3. Hydrostatic Measurement of Pressure

4. Examples
Pressure at a Point & Pressure Head
Pressure is the normal force per unit area at a given point acting on a given plane
within a fluid mass of interest.
P = F / A = (m water g) / A
= (m water g h) / (A h)
= (m water g h) / V water =  water g h

P = F / A = (m water g) / A
= ( water g A h) / (A)
=  water g h Pressure
Head
Pressure at a Point & Pressure Head
Important Physical Facts:
1-The pressure acting at a point in the fluid is the same in all direction. And
depends on the fluid density, and depth from the surface
h (m)

Pressure the same in


all directions P=rgh

2-The Pressure in a homogenous, incompressible fluid at rest depends on the


depth of the fluid relative to some reference and is not influenced by the shape of
the container (not influenced by the weigh of the fluids).
Pressure at a Point & Pressure Head
Important Physical Facts:
3-The pressure is directly proportional with fluid specific weight and fluid depth.
(for one fluid, pressure is linear increase with fluid depth)

h1
Pa-a =  water g h1
Pa-a =  water g h1

Pa-a =  water g h1
Pressure at a Point & Pressure Head
Important Physical Facts:
4-A pressure change at any point in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted
throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere (Pascal Law)
F1 F2

A1 A2

5-For any continuous fluid, the pressures at all the


points in a horizontal level are the same

P1=P2=P3=P4=P5
P1 P2 P3 P4
P5
Standard Atmospheric Pressure & Local Atmospheric Pressure &
Absolute Pressure & Gauge Pressure
1-Standard Atmospheric Pressure
(barometric pressure):
Force per unit area exerted by an atmospheric
column (body of air ) above the mean sea
level.
(pressure of water head of 10.34m= pressure of
mercury head of 76cm)
2-Local Atmospheric Pressure:
Force per unit area exerted by an atmospheric
Pressure Types column above a specific location has a specific
1-Standard Atmospheric Pressure level.
2-Local Atmospheric Pressure (Local Atmospheric Pressure<Standard Atmospheric
3-Gauge Pressure Pressure)
4-Absolute Pressure
Standard Atmospheric Pressure & Local Atmospheric Pressure &
Absolute Pressure & Gauge Pressure
Gauge Pressure:
The pressure measured above or below
atmospheric pressure
(has positive or negative values)
Absolute Pressure:
The sum of both atmospheric and gauge
pressure
(always has positive values)

Pressure Types
1-Standard Atmospheric Pressure
2-Local Atmospheric Pressure
3-Gauge Pressure
4-Absolute Pressure
Hydrostatic Measurement of Pressure Aneroid Barometer
Atmospheric Pressure:

Barometer Device

Barograph Barometer
Hydrostatic Measurement of Pressure
Piezometer Tube

Gauge Pressure Absolute Pressure


PA =  g h PA =  g h+Patm
Hydrostatic Measurement of Pressure
U-Tube Manometer

Gauge Pressure Absolute Pressure


PA = 2 g h2-1 g h1 PA = Patm+2 g h2-1 g h1
Hydrostatic Measurement of Pressure
Differential Manometer
Gauge Pressure
At A-A level
P1 P2 P1+1 g h1=P2+ g h+ 1 g h2
1 1 P1+1 g h1=P2+ g h+1 g (h1-h)
P1+1 g h1=P2+ g h+1g h1- 1 g h
 P1- P2 = g h-1 g h
P1- P2 =gh( -1)
P1- P2 =h( -  1)
P/  1 =h[( / 1)-1]
Hydrostatic Measurement of Pressure
Differential Manometer
Gauge Pressure
At A-A level
P1 h P1+1 g h1=P2+ g h+ 1 g h2
1
P1+1 g h1=P2+ g h+1 g (h1-h-h)
P2
P1+1 g h1=P2+ g h+1g h1- 1 g h- 1 g h
1
P1- P2 = g h-1 g h- 1 g h
P1- P2 =gh( -1) - 1 g h

P1- P2 =h( -  1) -  1 h
P/  1 =h[( / 1)-1] - h
(P/  1) + h =h[( / 1)-1]
Hydrostatic Measurement of Pressure
Inverse Differential Manometer
Gauge Pressure
At A-A level
P1-1 g h1=P2- g h- 1 g h2
P1-1 g h1=P2- g h-1 g (h1-h)

P1-1 g h1=P2- g h-1g h1+1 g h
P1- P2 = 1 g h - g h
1 1
P1- P2 =gh(1 - )
P1- P2 =h( 1 - )
P2 P1
P/  1 =h[1-( / 1)]
Hydrostatic Measurement of Pressure
Inverse Differential Manometer
Gauge Pressure
At A-A level
 P1-1 g h1=P2- g h- 1 g h2
P1-1 g h1=P2- g h-1 g (h1-h-h)
1 P1-1 g h1=P2- g h-1g h1+1 g h+ 1 g h
P1- P2 =1 g h- g h+ 1 g h
P2 1 P1- P2 =gh(1 - ) + 1 g h
h
P1- P2 =h( 1 - ) +  1 h
P1 P/  1 =h[1-( / 1)] + h
(P/  1) - h =h[1-( / 1)]
Examples
Example1
Examples
Example2
Examples
Example3

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