Class 8 Geography Chapter 1 Local Time and Standard Time

1. Complete the sentence by selecting the correct option:

1.The earth requires 24 hours for one rotation. In one hour, ……………. .
(a) 5 longitudes will face the sun
(b) 10 longitudes will face the sun
(c) 15 longitudes will face the sun
(d) 20 longitudes will face the sun
Answer:
(c) 15 longitudes will face the sun
2.To calculate the difference between the local times of any two places on
the earth, …………. .
(a) the noon time at both the places should be known
(b) the difference in degrees of their longitudes should be known
(c) the difference in standard times of both the places should be known
(d) changes need to be made according to International Date Line.
Answer:
(b) the difference in degrees of their longitudes should be known
3.The difference between the local time of any two consecutive longitudes
is …………… .
(a) 15 minutes
(b) 04 minutes
(c) 30 minutes
(d) 60 minutes
Answer:
(b) 04 minutes

2. Give geographical reasons for the following:

a) The local time is decided by the noontime.

Ans : When at a particular place, the sun reaches the maximum height in
the sky it is assumed that almost half of the daytime is over and this time
is considered 12 noon.
2. The time of a particular place as decided by the overhead position of
the sun in the sky is considered as the local time of that place

3) During the rotation of the earth, when a particular longitude comes

exactly in front of the sun, it is considered as noontime (12 noon) on that
longitude. This noontime is considered as local time of that longitude.In
this way, the local time is decided by the noontime.

Question b.

The local time at Greenwich is considered to be the International

Standard Time.

Ans)The International Standard Time has been decided according to 0°

longitude.

0° longitude passes through Greenwich, England.

For an international coordination, it is essential to bring compatibility

between the standard times of various countries in the world.

For this purpose, the local time at Greenwich is considered to be the

International Standard Time.

Question c.

The standard time of India has been decided by the local time at 82°30′
E longitude.

Ans) With respect to the longitudinal extent, 82°30’E longitude passes

through the middle of India.
 The difference between the local time at 82°30’E longitude and the local
time at the extreme east and west longitude passing through India is not
more than one hour.

Therefore, the standard time of India has been decided by the local time
at 82°30’E longitude.

Question d.

Canada has 6 different standard times.

Ans) The longitudinal extent of Canada is between 52°37′ W and 141° W.

Thus, the difference between the extreme east and west longitude passing
through Canada is of 88 degrees.

The difference between the local time at extreme east and west longitude
passing through Canada is of 352 minutes i.e. 5 hours and 52 minutes.

Therefore, it is not practically helpful to consider single standard time in

Canada. Therefore, for synchronizing the routine activities in the country,
Canada has 6 different standard times.

Answer in brief:

Question a.

If it is 12 noon at 60° E longitude, then explain what would be the time

at 30° W longitude.

1. The difference between 60° E longitude and 30° W longitude will be

of 90 degrees. (The difference of 60 degrees between 0° and 60° E +
the difference of 30 degrees between 0° and 30° W = 90 degrees.)
2. Difference in local time = 90 × 4
 = 360 minutes.

= 360 minutes ÷ 60 minutes = 6 hours.

3. Longitudes lying to the east of any longitude are ahead of the time of
that longitude while those lying to the west are behind.

4. Therefore, if it is 12 noon at 60° E longitude, then it would be 6 a.m. at

30° W longitude, (behind by 6 hours)

Question b.

How is the standard time of a place determined?

Ans) The local time at the longitude passing through the middle of a
country/ place is generally considered as a standard time of that
country/place.

2 .If the difference between the local time at the extreme east and west
longitude passing through a country is less than one or two hours,
one standard time is considered for a country. Thus, there exists only
one standard time in a country having comparatively less longitudinal
(east-west) extent.

3. If the difference between the local time at the extreme east and west
longitude passing through a country is more than one or two hours,
more than one standard time zones are considered for a country. Thus,
there exists more than one standard time zones in a country having
comparatively more longitudinal (east-west) extent.

Question c.

A football match being played at Sao Paulo, Brazil started in India at 6 a.m.
IST. Explain what would be the local time at Sao Paulo?
Ans )1. Statement: For any longitude lying to the west of particular
longitude, the local time decreases by 4 minutes for every longitude. (Sao
Paulo is located to the west of India)

2. The difference between the longitudes of Sao Paulo and India = 127°30’.

3. Difference in local time = 127.5 × 4

= 510 minutes.

= 510 minutes ÷ 60 minutes

= 8 hours 30 minutes

3. Thus, if it is 6 a.m. at India, it would be 9.30 p.m. of the previous day

at Sao Paulo. Therefore, if a football match being played at Sao Paulo,
Brazil started in India at 6 a.m. 1ST, the local time at Sao Paulo would
be 9.30 p.m. of previous day.
Chapter 2 Interior of the Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

1. Tick [✓] the correct options in the box:

Question A.
There are two layers in the crust.
(a) Inner and outer crust [ ]
(b) Continental and oceanic crust [ ]
(c) Surface and oceanic crust [ ]
(d) Mantle and core [ ]
Answer:
(b) Continental and oceanic crust [✓]

Question B.
Which element is found in both mantle and crust?
(a) Silica [ ]
(b) Magnesium [ ]
(c) Aluminium [ ]
(d) Iron [ ]
Answer:
(b) Magnesium [✓]

Question C.

Which of these minerals are found in the core of the earth?

(a) Iron – magnesium [ ]

(b) Magnesium – nickel [ ]

© Aluminium – iron [ ]

(d) Iron – nickel [ ]

Answer:

(d) Iron – nickel [✓]

Question D.

The inner core is in which state?

(a) Gaseous [ ]

(b) Solid [ ]

© Liquid [ ]

(d) Semi-solid [ ]

Answer:

(a) Gaseous [✓]

Question E.

The outer core is made up of

(a) Iron [ ]

(b) Gold [ ]

© Hydrogen [ ]

(d) Oxygen [ ]

Answer:

(a) Iron [✓]

Question F.

The layer of the earth on which we live…

(a) Mantle [ ]

(b) Core [ ]

© Crust [ ]

(d) Continental crust [ ]

Answer:

(d) Continental crust [✓]

1. Tell whether right or wrong. Correct the wrong statement

Question A.

The density of various materials is not the same in the interior of the earth.

Answer:

Correct.
Question B.

The core of the earth’s interior is made up of hard rocks.

Answer:

Incorrect.

Correct statement: The core of the earth’s interior is made up of elements,

viz. iron and nickel.

Question C.

Secondary waves cannot pass through outer core.

Answer:

Correct.

Question D.

Continental crust is made up of silica and magnesium.

Answer:

Incorrect.

Correct statement: Continental crust is made up of silica and aluminum.

 2. Answer the following

Question A.

What are the two parts of the crust? What is the basis of classification?

Answer:

Continental crust and the Oceanic crust are the two parts of the crust.

The crust is classified on the basis of whether it lies below the land or the
ocean.

The part of the crust lying below the continent is known as the continental
crust.

The part of the crust lying below the ocean is known as the oceanic crust.

Question B.

Why is the upper layer of the mantle known as the asthenosphere?

Answer:

The upper layer of the mantle is in liquid state.

The rocks in the upper 100 to 200 km of the mantle melt due to the heat
and magma is created. Magma chambers are found in this layer of the
earth.
Due to the heat and pressure, the energy waves are created in mantle.
These energy waves move in vertical direction and magma comes out on
the surface of the earth by volcanic eruptions.

These endogenitic movements continuously occur in the upper layer of the

mantle. Therefore, the upper layer of the mantle is known as the
asthenosphere.

Question C.

Magnetosphere of the earth is a result of rotation. Explain.

Answer:

1. The average temperature of the outer core of the earth is around

5000° C. The average temperature of the inner core of the earth is
around 6000° C. This difference between the temperature results in
formation of vertical currents.

2. The rotation of the earth gives eddy (circular) motion to these

currents.

3. Electric currents develop in these spiral eddies of liquid iron leading

to generation of the magnetic field of the earth. This magnetic field is
called magnetosphere. In this way, the magnetosphere is formed due
to the rotation of the earth.
3. Answer the following

Question A.
What are the two parts of the crust? What is the basis of classification?
Answer:

1. Continental crust and the Oceanic crust are the two parts of the
crust.
2. The crust is classified on the basis of whether it lies below the
land or the ocean.
3. The part of the crust lying below the continent is known as the
continental crust.
4. The part of the crust lying below the ocean is known as the
oceanic crust.
Question B.
Why is the upper layer of the mantle known as the asthenosphere?
Answer:

1. The upper layer of the mantle is in liquid state.

2. The rocks in the upper 100 to 200 km of the mantle melt due to
the heat and magma is created. Magma chambers are found in
this layer of the earth.
3. Due to the heat and pressure, the energy waves are created in
mantle. These energy waves move in vertical direction and
magma comes out on the surface of the earth by volcanic
eruptions.
4. These endogenitic movements continuously occur in the upper
layer of the mantle. Therefore, the upper layer of the mantle is
known as the asthenosphere.
Question C.
Magnetosphere of the earth is a result of rotation. Explain.
Answer:
1. The average temperature of the outer core of the earth is around 5000°
C. The average temperature of the inner core of the earth is around 6000°
C. This difference between the temperature results in formation of vertical
currents.

2. The rotation of the earth gives eddy (circular) motion to these currents.

3. Electric currents develop in these spiral eddies of liquid iron leading to

generation of the magnetic field of the earth. This magnetic field is called
magnetosphere. In this way, the magnetosphere is formed due to the
rotation of the earth.

4 Draw neat diagrams. label them and explain.

Question A.
The interior of the earth
Answer:
Explanation:

1. Inner Core: It is the center and the hottest layer of the Earth.
The inner core is solid and made up of iron and nickel.
2. Outer Core: The outer core of the Earth is similar to a very hot
ball of metals. It is composed of metals such as iron and nickel.
The outer core surrounds the inner core.
 3. Mantle: Mantle is the widest section of the Earth. Mantle is
mainly made up of semi-molten rock known as magma. The
rock is hard in the upper part of the mantle, but lower down the
rock is softer and begins to melt. The mantle consists of very
hot and dense rock.
4. Crust: The crust is the outer layer where we live. It’s a solid rock
layer divided into two types: Continental crust covers the land
and Oceanic crust covers water.
Question B.
Magnetic pole and equatorAnswer:

5. Give geographical reasons:

Question A.
There are discontinuities in the interior of the earth.
Answer:
1. There is a difference between the elements, temperatures and the
pressure found in the three parts of the interior of the earth, viz, crust,
mantle and core.
2. In the interiors of the earth, the transitional areas are found between (a)
continental crust and oceanic crust (b) crust and mantle (c) upper mantle
and lower mantle (d) mantle and core and (e) outer core and inner core.
Therefore, there are discontinuities in the interior of the earth.

Question B.
There is correlation between the density of metals and their location in the
interior of the earth.
Answer:
1. The rocks found in the crust have predominance of the compounds of
silicon, aluminium, magnesium, etc. These compounds are lighter in weight.
Therefore, they are found in the upper layer of the interior of the earth.

2. The elements like iron, nickel are found in the core of the earth. These
elements are heavier in weight. Thus, metals with low density are found in
upper level in the interior of the earth and the metals with high density are
found in the lower level in the interior of the earth. Thus, there is correlation
between the density of metals and their location in the interior of the earth.

Question C.
Mantle is the centre of earthquake and volcanic eruptions.
Answer:
1. The rocks in the upper 100 to 200 km of the mantle melt due to the heat
and the magma is created.
2. Magma chambers are found in this layer of the earth.

3. Due to the heat and pressure, the energy waves are created in mantle.
These energy waves move in vertical direction and magma comes out on
the surface of the earth by volcanic eruptions. Thus, mantle is the centre of
earthquake and volcanic eruptions.

Question D.
The thickness of the crust below the continents is more as compared to
oceans.
Answer:
1. The density of the crust below the continents is 2.65 to 2.90 gm/cm 3 The
density of the crust below the oceans is 2.90 to 3.3 gm/cm 3

2. As the density of the crust below the continents is comparatively low, it

keeps floating on the mantle. It does not subduct into mantle. As its effect,
the thickness of the crust below the continents is found to be high.

3. As the density of the crust below the ocean is comparatively high, it

subducts into mantle leading to its low thickness. Thus, the thickness of the
crust below the continents is more as compared to oceans.

Question E.
Earth is protected because of the magnetosphere.
Answer:

1. The ozone layer protects the earth from ultraviolet radiation.

2. The earth’s magnetosphere serves to deflect most of the solar
wind, whose charged particles would otherwise strip away the
ozone layer. In this way, the earth is protected because of the
magnetosphere.