CONTENT

S.no Description Page.no

1 Introduction 1

2 Pythagoras 2

3 Euclid 4

4 Archimedes 6

5 Hypatia 8

6 Isaac Newton 10

7 Conclusion 12

8 Bibliography 13
 INTRODUCTION

 A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of

mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical
problems. Mathematicians are concerned with numbers, data,
quantity, structure, space, models, and change.

 Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of

numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in
which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These
topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major
subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis,
respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians
about a common definition for their academic discipline.

 Mathematics is essential in the natural sciences, engineering,

medicine, finance, computer science, and the social sciences.
Although mathematics is extensively used for modeling
phenomena, the fundamental truths of mathematics are
independent from any scientific experimentation. Some areas of
mathematics, such as statistics and game theory, are developed in
close correlation with their applications and are often grouped
under applied mathematics. Other areas are developed
independently from any application (and are therefore called pure
mathematics), but often later find practical applications.

 Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of

abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These
objects consist of either abstractions from nature or—in modern
mathematics—entities that are stipulated to have certain properties,
called axioms.
 PYTHAGORAS

 Pythagoras of Samos was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher,

polymath and the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism. His
political and religious teachings were well known in Magna
Graecia and influenced the philosophies of Plato, Aristotle, and,
through them, the West in general. Knowledge of his life is
clouded by legend; modern scholars disagree regarding
Pythagoras's education and influences, but they do agree that,
around 530 BC, he travelled to Croton in southern Italy, where he
founded a school in which initiates were sworn to secrecy and lived
a communal, ascetic lifestyle.

 ANGLE SUM PROPERTY - The angle sum property of a

triangle states that the sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to
180º. A triangle has three sides and three angles, one at each
vertex. Whether a triangle is an acute, obtuse, or a right triangle,
the sum of its interior angles is always 180º.
 According to the angle sum property of a triangle, the sum of all
three interior angles of a triangle is 180 degrees. A triangle is a
closed figure formed by three line segments, consisting of interior
as well as exterior angles. The angle sum property is used to find
the measure of an unknown interior angle when the values of the
other two angles are known.

 Pythagorean theorem - Pythagoras is most famous for his

theorem about right triangles. He said that the length of the longest
side of the right angled triangle (called the hypotenuse) squared
would equal the sum of the other two sides squared: a² + b² = c².
There are many different proofs for this Pythagorean theorem

 His contributions were not limited only to triangles rather he also

contributed to the Polygon Angles where he stated that the sum of
interior angles n is 2n- 4 right angles and the sum of exterior angles
will be equal to 4 right angles, which means 4 right angles
subtracted from 2n then adding exterior angles will be equivalent
to four right angles or simply 360.

 Lastly, the most famous contribution for which Pythagoras is

popular worldwide is the discovery of the Pythagoras Theorem
which applies to all Right Angled Triangle. In the theorem, he
stated that the sum of the square of both Base and Height will be
equal to the square of Hypotenuse of a Right Angle Triangle. This
theory was a massive achievement in his career which even
unlocked many treasures of mathematics out of which
Trigonometry is the most prominent.
 EUCLID

 Euclid (fl. 300 BC) was an ancient Greek mathematician active

as a geometer and logician. Considered the "father of geometry
", he is chiefly known for the Elements treatise, which
established the foundations of geometry that largely dominated
the field until the early 19th century.

 His system, now referred to as Euclidean geometry, involved

new innovations in combination with a synthesis of theories
from earlier Greek mathematicians, including Eudoxus of
Cnidus, Hippocrates of Chios, Thales and Theaetetus. With
Archimedes and Apollonius of Perga, Euclid is generally
considered among the greatest mathematicians of antiquity, and
one of the most influential in the history of mathematics.

 The Father of Geometry - Euclid is called the father of

geometry because he basically created the geometry that people
do today. In his book "Elements," Euclid gathered up all of the
known mathematics of his time, as well as a lot of his own, and
then he subjected it all to logical, mathematic proofs. His proofs
 were so well-constructed and his work so influential that
"Elements" is still in print today.

 Euclid’s Geometry - Euclidean geometry, developed by Euclid,

is a mathematical system. Euclidean geometry studies solid
figures and planes on the foundation of theorems and axioms.
He describes this in his book of geometry, Euclid’s Elements.
Euclid’s method consists in believing a small set of axioms and
deducing many other theorems from these. (An axiom is like an
assumption. It is a statement that is accepted to be true and to be
a starting point for further reasoning, logic and arguments)

 Euclid’s geometry was the only form of geometry available for a

long period of time, and geometry only meant “Euclid’s
geometry” until mathematicians like René Descartes introduced
analytical geometry that uses coordinates instead of axioms to
express geometric concepts like algebraic expressions. Hence,
there are two forms of geometry Euclidean geometry and
analytical geometry.

 Elements of Euclid - Euclid’s Elements is a collection of

definitions, postulates, theorems and constructions and also
contains mathematical proofs of the propositions. The books
also cover plane and solid Euclidean geometry, elementary
number theory, and incommensurable lines. Elements are the
oldest existent large-scale reasoned treatment of mathematics. It
has been instrumental in the development of logic and modern
science.

 Euclid’s geometry always starts with certain fundamental

foundations. He began Elements with certain unclear phrases,
such as “a point is something which has no part” and “a line is a
length that does not have a breadth.” Moving from these terms,
he further defined notions such as angles, triangles, circles, and
varied other polygons and figures.
 ARCHIMEDES

 Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287 – c. 212 BC) was an Ancient

Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and
inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily. Although few
details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading
scientists in classical antiquity. Considered the greatest
mathematician of ancient history, and one of the greatest of all
time, Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by
applying the concept of the infinitely small and the method of
exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of geometrical
theorems.

 While he is often regarded as a designer of mechanical devices,

Archimedes also made contributions to the field of mathematics.
Plutarch wrote that Archimedes "placed his whole affection and
ambition in those purer speculations where there can be no
reference to the vulgar needs of life", though some scholars believe
this may be a mischaracterization.

 Method of exhaustion - Archimedes was able to use indivisibles

(a precursor to infinitesimals) in a way that is similar to modern
integral calculus.Through proof by contradiction (reductio ad
 absurdum), he could give answers to problems to an arbitrary
degree of accuracy, while specifying the limits within which the
answer lay. This technique is known as the method of exhaustion,
and he employed it to approximate the areas of figures and the
value of π.

 Myriad of myriads - In The Sand Reckoner, Archimedes set out

to calculate a number that was greater than the grains of sand
needed to fill the universe. In doing so, he challenged the notion
that the number of grains of sand was too large to be counted.

 Archimedes devised a system of counting based on the myriad. The

word itself derives from the Greek- murias, for the number 10,000.
He proposed a number system using powers of a myriad of myriads
(100 million, i.e., 10,000 x 10,000) and concluded that the number
of grains of sand required to fill the universe would be 8
vigintillion, or 8×10^63

 The infinite series - In Quadrature of the Parabola, Archimedes

proved that the area enclosed by a parabola and a straight line is
4/3 times the area of a corresponding inscribed triangle as shown in
the figure at right.

 If the first term in this series is the area of the triangle, then the
second is the sum of the areas of two triangles whose bases are the
two smaller secant lines, and whose third vertex is where the line
that is parallel to the parabola's axis and that passes through the
midpoint of the base intersects the parabola, and so on.

HYPATIA
 Hypatia (born c. 350–370; died 415 AD) was a Neoplatonist
philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who lived in
Alexandria, Egypt, then part of the Eastern Roman Empire. She
was a prominent thinker in Alexandria where she taught
philosophy and astronomy.

 Although preceded by Pandrosion, another Alexandrian female

mathematician, she is the first female mathematician whose life
is reasonably well recorded. Hypatia was renowned in her own
lifetime as a great teacher and a wise counselor.

 Hypatia refined several scientific instruments, wrote math

textbooks, and developed a more efficient long division method.
Hypatia wrote a piece on Diophantus's thirteen volume
Arithmetica, which contains 100 mathematical problems, whose
solutions are proposed using algebra.

 Hypatia also constructed an Astrolabe, which is a device used to

calculate the date and time according to the positions of stars and
 planets. She also built a Hydrometer, a tool used to determine
densities of fluids.

 It is not evident that she took part in any original mathematical

research. However, she assisted her father in producing a new
version of Euclid’s Elements.

 Hypatia was a Neoplatonist, believing that mathematics has a

spiritual aspect, divided among the four branches of arithmetic,
geometry, astronomy, and music. She thought that the numbers
are the sacred language of the universe.

 The most interesting and influential involves her work in algebra

with a particular focus on problems related to Diophantine
equations described above.

 The techniques developed for these equations allowed Greek

mathematicians such as Hypatia to solve problems that were
beyond the scope of geometry.

 Hypatia was the daughter of the mathematician and philosopher

Theon of Alexandria and it is fairly certain that she studied
mathematics under the guidance and instruction of her father. It
is rather remarkable that Hypatia became head of the Platonist
school at Alexandria in about 400 AD.

 She had a gift for breaking down complicated subjects into

smaller pieces that were easier to understand. Because of this,
their notes influenced mathematicians and astronomers for
centuries. As an adult, students came from all over the city to
learn math and astronomy from Hypatia.

ISAAC NEWTON
 Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726) was an
English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist,
astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was
described in his time as a natural philosopher.

 Newton also made seminal contributions to optics, and shares

credit with German mathematician Leibniz for developing
infinitesimal calculus, though he developed calculus years
before Leibniz.

 Newton formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation

that formed the dominant scientific viewpoint for centuries until
it was superseded by the theory of relativity.

 Newton used his mathematical description of gravity to derive

Kepler's laws of planetary motion, account for tides, the
trajectories of comets, the precession of the equinoxes and other
phenomena, eradicating doubt about the Solar System's
heliocentricity.

 Newton's work has been said "to distinctly advance every

branch of mathematics then studied". His work on the subject,
 usually referred to as fluxions or calculus, seen in a manuscript
of October 1666, is now published among Newton's
mathematical papers.

 His work De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum

infinitas, sent by Isaac Barrow to John Collins in June 1669, was
identified by Barrow in a letter sent to Collins that August as the
work "of an extraordinary genius and proficiency in these
things".

 His work extensively uses calculus in geometric form based on

limiting values of the ratios of vanishingly small quantities: in
the Principia itself, Newton gave demonstration of this under the
name of "the method of first and last ratios"explained why he
put his expositions in this form,remarking also that "hereby the
same thing is performed as by the method of indivisibles."

 Newton had been reluctant to publish his calculus because he

feared controversy and criticism.He was close to the Swiss
mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier.

 Newton is generally credited with the generalised binomial

theorem, valid for any exponent. He discovered Newton's
identities, Newton's method, classified cubic plane curves
(polynomials of degree three in two variables)

CONCLUSION
 Mathematics, often referred to as the universal language, is an
indispensable area of knowledge that provides a framework for
understanding, modelling, and solving problems related to
quantity, structure, space, and change. It is the systematic
exploration of patterns and relationships that govern our world.
As we delve into this realm, we encounter several key concepts

 The Sumerians hold the credit for devising the first counting
system. It is widely accepted among scientists that fundamental
mathematical operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division have been in use for over 4,000
years.

 Some of the most common applications of mathematical

expertise in the modern world are in business, finance, and
engineering. In business, mathematical expertise can be used to
calculate financial ratios and statements, to analyse data, and to
make predict future financial trends.

 Mathematical Applications focuses on extending the

mathematical skills and knowledge of students in both familiar
and new contexts. Some of these contexts include financial
modelling, matrices, network analysis, route and project
planning, decision making, and discrete growth and decay.

 In order to perform our routine chores, we need math to do them

effectively. The whole day we use math in some way or another,
such as cooking, buying groceries, measuring, doing fitness
exercises, playing games, doing home tasks, and numerous other
things that you can not do without the help of math.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics
 https://www.tntech.edu/cas/math
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras
 https://www.worldhistory.org/Pythagoras
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia
 https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hypatia
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton
 https://knowledge-hub.com/2023/03/31/the-importance-of-
math-in-the-modern-world/#:~:text=Some%20of%20the
%20most%20common,make%20predict%20future%20financial
%20trends.
 https://www.gungahlincollege.act.edu.au/our_curriculum/
overview/mathematics/
mathematical_applications_t#:~:text=Mathematical
%20Applications%20focuses%20on%20extending,and
%20discrete%20growth%20and%20decay.