566 The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 19, No.

3A, Special Issue 2022

The Role of Artificial Intelligence Abilities in

Library Services
Jamila Hamdan Al-Aamri Nour Eldin Elshaiekh Osman
Information Specialist in Trans Gulf of Information Head of Information Studies Department
Technology Company, College of Arts and Social Sciences,
Sultan Qaboos University Sultanate of Oman Muscat
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract: Artificial intelligence applications are one of the most important modern technologies that have emerged in recent
times, which have shaped a major change in the functions of institutions, especially the scope of libraries and information.
This study was described the role of Artificial Intelligence Applications of knowledge management in different information
organizations, as well as to identify the reality of employing artificial intelligence applications in libraries to enrich the
Knowledge Management, exposing the relationship between artificial intelligence applications and its ability to develop
technical and administrative processes in libraries of Knowledge Management and Knowing the challenges facing the
libraries to apply the artificial intelligence applications.
The research is based on descriptive method by content analysis of literature review by listing the most important and related
published Arabic and foreign literature it was token the studies that are focused in Artificial Intelligence Applications of
knowledge management in information organizations.
The study conclude that the most important results of which are: There are a lot of libraries that apply artificial intelligence
technology in their services, whether technical in the provision of services, references and others, which undoubtedly
facilitated the ease of retrieval and search for the users, the available studies discussed various aspects of the reality that this
new application plays in facilitating library services, and most studies agree on that to facilitate services and their quality
intelligence and the application of artificial intelligence requires the availability of a set of basic ingredients and
requirements, such as strong technical equipment, and qualified human resources capable of using and developing this
technology. The study recommended the necessity for libraries and information centers to strive to keep pace with the changes
of artificial intelligence and to make the right investment for knowledge management, increasing field studies to explore the
requirements of artificial intelligence technologies and diversity in the services provided by artificial intelligence in the library
and activating them effectively.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, information organizations, knowledge management.

Received April 6, 2022; accepted April 28, 2022

https://doi.org/10.34028/iajit/19/3A/16

1. Introduction keep pace with these changes and respond to them in

The world now has witnessed many technological the communication services and sectors of the
changes, that affecting the lives of everyone and any beneficiaries.
institutions, and it is no longer confined to a specific Saleh [23] asserts that at the beginning of the third
group, but accompanied everyone and every millennium, there was a discussion arose about the
organization. importance of technology in knowledge in general and
This change of technologies due to the great benefit in libraries in particular, as the computer and the
that serves everyone. In light of this information Internet are among the priorities of education and
inflation, there are many applications that appeared and cognitive attention that was found specifically for
facilitated the operations, applications to share in that. management and organization in libraries and
Applications of artificial intelligence are a major information centers.
development that affected and facilitated many of the In addition to the development of information and
processes that humans perform and simulate their communication technologies it can utilizing it in
actions with the existence of systems designed for this, knowledge management because Artificial Intelligence
and it includes all processes that simulate the genius technologies have the ability to connect and support
and innovation of electronic computers. physical entities interact with the human element.
Modern information and communication They are undoubtedly able to delve into the use and
technologies are among the changes taking place in application of such applications to facilitate the
various fields and have a vital role in knowledge operations that they undertake.
management. Therefore, information institutions must
The Role of Artificial Intelligence Abilities in Library Services 567

2. Problem Statement information institutions that use it in many technical

and administrative services, so we hope that this study
There are many technological applications that are will contribute to the enrichment of the Arab and
witnessing a wide development in various fields, and foreign literature.
libraries and information centers have a share in that,
which will make a major change in the services 5.2. Practical Significance
provided, given the large and diverse intellectual
production witnessed by many libraries, so It is hoped that the results will benefit libraries to know
applications of artificial intelligence came to present a everything that related to artificial intelligence
new form in Library environment. technology and how it can be employed in technical
There are relation between the importance of and administrative processes, in order to improve the
artificial intelligence applications in supporting the services provided and to identify the most prominent
technical and administrative processes provided by challenges and work to address them and contribute to
academic libraries related to the Knowledge improving the cognitive services provided by
Management, and many of them have worked hard to information organization. Its also importance due to
implement such modern technology, hence the idea of the fact that most of the aspects related to employing
providing such modern technology and its application this new technology must be examined, with reference
in order to facilitate the operations of the library the to the most important requirements that it needs.
researcher may have the desire and need to conduct It is hoped that the results of this study will
such a study. contribute to improving the cognitive services provided
by information organization.
3. The Study Objectives
6. The Limits of the Study
1. Identify the reality of employing artificial
intelligence applications in libraries to enrich the Place Limits: The libraries (academics, public, school,
Knowledge Management. private..)
2. Exposing the relationship between artificial Objective Limits: Focusing on studying the
intelligence applications and its ability to develop applications of artificial intelligence that are usable and
technical and administrative processes in libraries of applicable in libraries, while clarifying the relationship
Knowledge Management. between applications of artificial intelligence on the
3. Knowing the challenges facing the libraries to apply development of technical and administrative processes
the artificial intelligence applications. provided by libraries from the studies.

4. The Study Questions 7. Terminology of the study

1. What is the reality of employing artificial 7.1. Artificial Intelligence:
intelligence applications in libraries to enrich the It is the science that makes machines imitate the way
Knowledge Management? human intelligence in their actions and actions. They
2. What is the relationship between artificial are a group of computers that have been developed and
intelligence applications and their ability to develop shaped to think like a human being, and they have the
technical and administrative processes in libraries of ability to learn from their mistakes, and carry out their
Knowledge Management? tasks in a fast and super skilled way.
3. What are the challenges that facing the libraries to
apply the artificial intelligence applications.
7.2. Libraries
5. The Importance of the Study A place that provide their services to their beneficiaries
of all categories of students, researchers or readers,
5.1. Theoretical significance under the supervision of persons who are
The application of artificial intelligence is one of the professionally specialized in libraries and
recent topics that have appeared in the technological administration. It includes all the resources that help
area at the present time, and due to the rapid the beneficiaries to benefit from them [1].
technological progress in this field and the resort for
many institutions to adopt modern technology, there 7.3. Knowledge Management
may be more studies that talk about this topic. By Knowledge Management as the practice of selectively
reviewing intellectual production, I find many Arab applying knowledge from previous experiences of
studies. And the foreigner that has dealt with this topic decision making to current and future decision-making
from different points of view and the extent of its activities with the express purpose of improving the
application in many institutions, including the organization’s effectiveness.
568 The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 19, No. 3A, Special Issue 2022

8. Research Method Bamfleh [12] asserts that as an attempt to

materialize human intelligence to produce machines,
The study aimed to identify the reality of employing software and applications with capabilities that
artificial intelligence applications in libraries, and to simulate human capabilities. The definitions included
reveal the relationship between artificial intelligence in Arab and foreign intellectual production as a result
applications and their ability to develop technical and of the basis of this application and its development.
administrative processes in academic libraries. As it is evident through the published intellectual
Therefore, the study applied the Descriptive method by output that there is great and wide interest in
content analysis of literature review with the most publishing and studying the applications of artificial
important and related published Arabic and foreign intelligence in various fields, including libraries and
literature. Actually, this paper was concerned with the information centers, and in this chapter, previous
relationship between artificial intelligence applications studies will be discussed in line with the objectives of
and their ability to develop technical and the current study
administrative processes in libraries of Knowledge The issue of artificial intelligence is one of the
Management. relatively recent topics in the field of technology,
despite the research conducted on the culture of the
9. Analysis of Previous Studies organization, but it still needs a lot of research and
The world has now witnessed many technological studies, as well as the need to delve into it by
changes, affecting the lives of everyone and addressing its elements in some detail
institutions, and is no longer limited to a specific
group, but accompanied everyone, even the finger of 9.1. Identify the Reality of Employing Artificial
the era in which we are now living in the age of Intelligence Applications in Libraries to
technology, as a result of what the world has witnessed Enrich the Knowledge Management
in terms of explosion and huge information inflation, The review of previous studies in the field of the
so it is necessary to keep pace with and keep abreast. reality of the use of artificial intelligence applications
This change is because it has a great benefit that serves in libraries gives the researcher a great basic
everyone. knowledge and base in the extent to which libraries
In light of this great information inflation, we find and information centers are directed to this new
many applications that appeared and facilitated the technological application, which gives the library a
operations, and libraries had a share in that, being a deeper, stronger and easier benefit in providing
huge educational environment that includes a great information to the beneficiaries, as the branches and
knowledge momentum and serves large communities fields of artificial intelligence vary especially with
in various fields, and among these applications regard Relates to libraries and their associated
appeared artificial intelligence applications that information retrieval in machine learning, expert
contributed to the facilitation of operations In both systems, and robots.
technical and administrative libraries. [23] asserts that On the use of artificial intelligence applications in
at the beginning of the third millennium, a discussion Sudanese libraries, especially in the reference service
arose about the importance of the presence of for libraries, given that university libraries in Sudan
technology in knowledge in general and in libraries in suffer from the problem of responding to inquiries, and
particular, as the computer and the Internet are among other library departments do not pay attention to the
the priorities of education and cognitive attention that importance of the presence of technology to facilitate
was found specifically for management and library operations. The study used the descriptive and
organization in libraries and information centers. analytical approach, and used the checklist and
McCarthy [20] study indicated that artificial interview, and through what it found, it suggested an
intelligence appeared as a term for the first time in easy application of this service for the auditors in the
1956, to give the start and defined it as “It is the reference service, that created an application of a
science and engineering of making intelligent container from an expert system to build a specialized
machines”. Years later, he modified his definition to knowledge base for reference sources for medical
become more relevant to smart computer programs, diagnosis. In her study, she also explained how the
noting that “Artificial intelligence is the science and referring specialist can convert the beneficiaries'
engineering of making smart machines, especially questions into retrieval rules for easy use by the
smart computer programs.” beneficiaries, especially for medical, health and
So, the artificial intelligence refers to a group of nursing students. She also approved a study that he
new methods and methods in programming accounting conducted [11] on the use of search engines for
systems that can be used to develop systems that databases for a random sample of 80 female students
simulate some elements of human intelligence with of the Faculty of Arts. And it showed them a great
intelligence.
The Role of Artificial Intelligence Abilities in Library Services 569

awareness of using this technology and a great use, and indications of the reasons for that centered
knowledge of benefiting from this service. around the lack of familiarity with the employees with
In another study by [8], its findings on the realism them, and the lack of sufficient experience to work. To
of application and use of expert systems for artificial manage and develop it in the future [12]. The study
intelligence coincide with a generic study (1993) he recommended the need to pay attention to those in
made on the use of a knowledge-based knowledge libraries because of the effectiveness and efficiency
base, and the user interface, in addition to the they achieve in providing information services.
mechanism of inference or inference (Engine
Inference). 9.2. Exposing the Relationship Between
Many libraries provided an appropriate combination Artificial Intelligence Applications and Its
with an identifier to use RFID technology, and the Ability to Develop Technical and
library's bibliographic records data to retrieve Administrative Processes in Libraries f
information from the repository and thus have the Knowledge Management
ability to deliver the book to the beneficiary who
requested it, this is confirmed by [16] as the library is In a study conducted on the applications of artificial
capable and has techniques that require the presence of intelligence to expert systems in the provisioning
intelligence software It is hoped from the results of this service, where the study relied on the language (VBA)
study that there is a great expectation of the increasing through the program (Access 2003), which consists of
use of technology in libraries, especially in the routine a knowledge base, a database and an automatic
operations and the provision of appropriate services to interface, and the study reached a set of results The
the beneficiaries. most important of which is that libraries in Sudan in
There was also talk about Google and the possibility those years were in their early stages, due to the lack of
of its applications in the field of artificial intelligence great interest of the library administrations with this
and what serves libraries in machine learning, and technology, and they recommend the necessity of
expert systems. The study dealt with the possibility of teaching courses that serve this field of application
retrieving information to provide benefits and benefits while working on holding training workshops to make
to the beneficiaries. This supportive company for this the most of these experiences. The study [18] also
field was chosen and its strong competition among its indicated attempts in the field of acquisitions and
counterparts from companies, it is able to Meet the group development, as it illustrated a design
needs of libraries and the applications. experience for expert systems that help in selecting the
The use of artificial intelligence applications in appropriate resource for sources of information. It also
libraries aims to simulate human thought and style, and contributes to the evaluation through data of
it also manages new ideas that lead to innovation for appropriate fields for the supply base that helps each
the operations needed by libraries, and this is publisher and resource to include a relationship with
confirmed by another study by [4] in discussing the libraries, to clarify the number of Orders, supply
role and existence of information. In applications orders, and delivery services.
capable of developing and designing them in a way Abdel-Hadi [3] also focused on talking about an
It is easy for the beneficiaries to refer to it and what experimental approach to expert systems in reference
they need, so I used the descriptive, analytical and service and their application at the Information Center
experimental approach in applying smart programs to Library for support and decision-making, as he used
see their ability to retrieve information. the pre and post experimentation of the system that he
“I am the robot, I found to help you, librarian” A designed and applied, and measuring the system’s
study conducted b [13] aimed at identifying the efficiency for this applied service. This is confirmed by
importance of robots for the librarian, conducted as an the study [18] in designing a system whose function is
exploratory study on a number of academic libraries in to direct readers to various sources of information that
eighteen countries, nine European countries, and nine suit their needs in the absence of a reference specialist.
Asian countries as well. And I found that robots Perhaps the results he referred to are somewhat
provide many services to libraries, some of them are consistent with previous studies, as he found weakness
simple and others are complex in the services it in the services provided, and the lack of capable human
provides, and the respondents had differing opinions in competencies to manage these new systems, and came
calling for the existence of such expert systems in up with a set of recommendations that center around
libraries, while others are afraid or perhaps pessimistic interest in continuous training and intense focus on
about their existence. modern technologies and practice in their use.
In another study, I reached a different conclusion In [5] a practical application was designed for an
about the reality of using artificial intelligence expert system that was implemented on a
applications in libraries, where the researcher found microcomputer for a knowledge base that includes
results that there is no use of expert systems for bibliographic information that includes all reference
artificial intelligence and there is no planning for their sources, so that the beneficiaries can refer to the
570 The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 19, No. 3A, Special Issue 2022

reference source that covers their field of interest inquiries, and thus includes in expert systems to
without relying on the reference specialist, so the study automatically respond to the inquiries of the
used a special container. For the information of the beneficiaries. From the above, the researcher discussed
medical field called (Geni), and (Prolog) language was the basic steps for doing this through the reference
used to collect the bibliographic cards for reference interview, drawing a map of the question and placing it
sources in university libraries in the medical field, and in the framework of the appropriate response to it. The
a special information retrieval strategy was developed required hardware for the application is reported
that could direct the beneficiaries to choose and define In addition, they need: knowledge engineers, expert
the databases that fit their information needs [18]. reference service providers, librarians, devices and
In the field of direct indexes, a study conducted by equipment for expert system development,
[3] was suggested. The researcher proposed an expert programmers and system designers.
system that works on indexes to develop the objective The beneficial ways of using and investing in
research of researchers, and the inferential construction artificial intelligence applications and how they can be
of objectivity indexes based on the list of subject employed, as this can only be done with the presence
headings at the Library of Congress (LCSH). The of specialists who have sufficient experience,
study found many difficulties centered around the necessary skills and accurate knowledge of the needs
established terminology and their difficulty in of the beneficiaries, this is what finds proper
matching and matching the terms used in the search in employment to facilitate business and improve the
direct indexes, and also in using the expansion and quality of services and technological expertise.
narrowing feature in the search process, and the study When talking about the principles for the selection
suggested designing an interface to help the and evaluation of expert systems, a study was
beneficiaries to use the appropriate subjective searches recommended by (Muthy and Cole) to find out
to conduct automatic searches in the natural language. appropriate databases and information to determine the
And rely on sophisticated thesaurus. appropriate when selecting expert systems, as it
When talking about the existence and operation of focused on the use of recall metrics
such libraries, it is natural to wonder about what will Accuracy and indicators to measure the
this proposed application serve as a new environment beneficiaries' satisfaction, the application that will be
for work, and what is the goal that the library seeks to applied in the office, then measuring the system’s
achieve, this is confirmed by [16]. ability to perform and knowing how it benefits from
About libraries, data and the fourth industrial that, as the study worked on responses by the
revolution in which we discussed the new impressions beneficiaries to direct a number of objective questions
of robots and artificial intelligence as a new technology when searching for appropriate sources for their
gradually entering our lives and applying it in performance according to the specific research
institutions, which described a change and a new questions. Analyze data using standard deviation.
reality to make a change in services. There are some examples of using the artificial
In 1967, the first expert system was applied in the intelligent systems in the library like AuRoSS Rebor in
field of reference service and responding to the Figure 1, it is an automated shelving system that was
inquiries of the beneficiaries, and in 1972 another developed in Singapore.
expert system was applied in the supply service in
libraries, and in 1977 it was in the extraction service,
and in 1983 in the detection services. These previous
historical years in the use and activation of these expert
systems and smart applications, it undoubtedly gives a
future based on the introduction of previous
experiences and practices in this field [6].
Designing a Model for an Expert System in
References for the University of Khartoum Library, as
it relied on applying the experimental applied approach
and case study methodology, using various tools such
as the interview and checklist, as well as the expert
system container (Mini). KSR Tool), in order to be
tested when designing and building the proposed Figure 1. The Robert AuRoS.
expert system in the reference service to serve the
response to reference inquiries. She also explained that Also the Robort Nao in the Figure 2 that presented
by setting up a record prepared in a manner that helps by Westport Libraryin America wich teaches the
the reference specialist to record questions and children computer programming skills with the ability
reference inquiries, to form a large and huge to speak different languages.
knowledge base that helps to obtain answers to similar
The Role of Artificial Intelligence Abilities in Library Services 571

10. A Summary of The Previous Studies

When reviewing the intellectual production that are
published about this new application, the researcher
found that there is an application and a lot of
abundance for it in various Arab and foreign studies,
this means the interest of institutions to develop and
keep pace with the waves of technology that facilitate
the technical and administrative processes that they
need.
The researcher came up with a set of conclusions,
the most important of which are:

Figure 2. The robert nao.  The existence of an abundance and There are a lot
of libraries that apply artificial intelligence
9.3. Knowing the Challenges Facing the technology in their services, whether technical in
Libraries to Apply The Artificial the provision of services, references and others,
Intelligence Applications which undoubtedly facilitated the ease of retrieval
and search for the beneficiaries.
It is no secret that the use of technology and smart  The available studies discussed various aspects of
machines relieves people of many risks and pressures the reality that this new application plays in
when doing work that requires extensive experience facilitating library services, and most studies agree
and great adequacy, but as we know that the presence on that to facilitate services and their quality. It also
of technology may facilitate operations and at the same discussed the most prominent services that can be
time it is in itself a double-edged sword that faces used in the application of artificial intelligence to
many challenges, There are many challenges that facilitate the provision of the service, and also
prevent the use of artificial intelligence services and explained to us the challenges that libraries may
what is related to them, and among the most prominent face in implementing this and what solutions can be
challenges is the lack of qualified material and human followed to avoid them, and work to manage and
equipment, which reflects the lack of acceptance of develop them.
artificial intelligence technology [11].  The application of artificial intelligence requires the
Another study indicated the causes and challenges availability of a set of basic ingredients and
centered around the employees ’lack of familiarity requirements, such as strong technical equipment,
with them, and the lack of sufficient experience to and qualified human resources capable of using and
work on managing and developing them in the future developing this technology as mentioned in this
[12]. When using these applications, some studies Table 1.
indicated the necessity of the rights of publishers or
technology owners as a solution to face the challenges Table 1. The potential of artificial intelligence in the knowledge
management system.
that serve proprietary data. And open to beneficiaries,
and this is confirmed by a study [16]. The potential of artificial intelligence in the knowledge
management system

The study of [11] also recommended the need to - Track the movement of sources in the shelves
Material resource
raise awareness for students about the correct and management - Track the status of sources (borrow, returns, technical
effective use of available networks and databases that operations)
accompany artificial intelligence. - Calculate the number of visitors and their movements
As a summary of the opinions of the studies that Human Resource
Management - Direct them to the resources they need
have been discussed about the challenges that libraries
face in applying artificial intelligence: the weakness of - Lighting activation in case if the users inside the libraries
Monitor the
qualified material and human equipment, lack of library - Feeling the presence of dangers in the library such as
familiarity with the staff with it, and the lack of environment fires and others
sufficient experience to work on managing and
developing it in the future, and as appropriate solutions
to these challenges: Increasing awareness of students 11. Conclusions and Recommendations
about the correct and effective use Available networks
This study that you have in your hands which is
and databases that keep pace with artificial
covered the reality of using artificial intelligence
intelligence.
applications to develop technical and administrative
processes in libraries, and included 3 chapters that able
the libraries to apply and employ artificial intelligence
572 The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 19, No. 3A, Special Issue 2022

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Jamila Hamdan Al-Aamri Information Specialist in

Trans Gulf of Information Technology Company,
Sultan Qaboos University.

Nour Eldin Elshaiekh Osman

Head of Information Studies
Department, College of Arts and
Social Sciences, Sultanate of Oman
Muscat.