They often work as agents of the gods or God.

Introduction to Readings in THE GREAT MIND THEORY — Anaxagoras said

“Reason governs the world.”
Philippine History and Philippine The prime mover of the universe and ultimate
animator of everything within it was God.
Historical Periodization God was defined as pure mind
engaged in thinking about self.
HISTORY Set of brilliant intellects or one mental
genius supplies the mainspring of human
advancement.
THE BEST PEOPLE THEORY — Some elite, the
Best Race, the favored nation, the ruling class alone
Study of the past, particularly the human past.ss make history.
Greek word historia meaning “learning by inquiry.” THE HUMAN NATURE THEORY — History has
A chronological record of the significant events that been determined by the qualities of human nature (good
transpired in the past. or bad).
Affects a nation or institution
Often includes an explanation of their causes. BATIS
Tale or story.
A branch or knowledge that records and explains past Sources
events. A spring of historical information.
Usually archival documents.

TYPES OF SOURCES
HISTORIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES — Considered the lifeblood of
history.
Directly talks about the subject matter.
History of history. Accounts of people who are direct participants
The writing of history. or eyewitnesses to an event.
Based on the critical examination of sources, selection Sources produced at the same time as the
of particular details from the authentic materials, and subject being studied.
synthesis of detail into a narrative. A first-and account, record, or evidence about
a person, place, object, or an event.
The most reliable.
QUOTES ABOUT HISTORY “I was there.”
SECONDARY SOURCES — Documents or works
made by individuals who are not directly involved.
CICERO — To know nothing of what happened Made by people who obtained the information
before you were born is to forever remain a child. from somebody else or from primary sources.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT — “The more you know An account, record, or evidence that comes
about the past, the better prepared you are for the from an original or primary source.
future. “I heard or learned about it from somebody
MICHAEL CRICHTON — If you don’t know history, who was there.”
then you don’t know anything. You are a leaf that GENERAL REFERENCES — Points the
doesn’t know it is part of a tree. reader to the primary or secondary sources.

APPROACHES OF PRESENTING HISTORY

FACTUAL HISTORY — Emphasizes on the who, TYPES OF SOURCES OR EVIDENCE

what, when, and where.
SPECULATIVE HISTORY — Answers the questions
of subjectivity as to how and why events happen or
exist. ARTIFACTS — Human remains, pottery, weapons,
Attempts to get the truth and demand tools, coins and art.
explanation about the origin of things or IMAGES — Photographs and film from recent history.
events. ORAL — Histories passed down from generations or
recorded in paintings, dances and ceremonies.
THEORIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING — Inscriptions carved in stone and writing
on walls, papyrus, clay, wood, and paper.
HISTORY
THE GREAT GOD THEORY — Most primitive
attempts to explain the origin and development of the
world. HISTORCAL CRITICISM OF DOCUMENTS
Man are the creation myths to be found among
preliterate peoples.
God(s) are in control, shape, and direct things. All sources of historical data must be analyzed to
The cause of events happening in the determined authenticity and accuracy.
world. HISTORICAL DATA — Must be subjected to
THE GREAT MAN THEORY — The immense external and internal criticism.
powers attributed to the gods become transferred to and
concentrated in some figure.
People change and shape history. EXTERNAL CRITICISM
 National Museum of the Philippines
Established authenticity to ensure that the documents University of the Philippines (UP) Main Library
are not forgeries or inventions. Diliman
Applies science to a document. Ateneo de Manila University (ADMU) Rizal Library
Involves physical and technical tests (dating of De La Salle University Library
paper). University of Santo Tomas
Involves a knowledge of when certain things National Archives and Record Administration
existed or were possible. Museum of Philippine Economic History
Practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence.
Examines the physical characteristics, consistency with
the historical characteristic of the time when produced,
and materials used for evidence.
Answers questions such as: PHILIPPINE HISTORICAL
When was it written? Where? PERIODIZATION
Why did it survive?
Who was the real author?
Is it authentic?

1521 – 1565 (EXPEDITIONS)

Ferdinand Magellan was the first European
recorded to have landed in the Philippines.
INTERNAL CRITICISM Arrived in March 1521 during his
global circumnavigation.
Claimed land for the king of Spain
but was killed by a local chief.
Established accuracy and worth of data. Followed several more Spanish expeditions:
Looks withing the data itself to determine the truth 1525 — Garcia Joefre de Loaisa
(facts and reasonable interpretation). 1526 — Sebastian Cabot
Answers the questions: 1527 — Alvaro de Saavedra
Is it the eyewitness or secondhand account? 1542 — Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
Why was it written? 1564 – Miguel lopez de Legaspi
What is the literal meaning? First permanent settlement was established in
Does it have internal consistency? Connotations? Cebu in 1565.
Meaning in context?

AMBETH R. OCAMPO 1565 – 1599 (ESTABLISHMENT OF SPANISH

COLONY BY MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGASPI UNTIL
THE REFERENDUM OF 1599)
Filipino historian, journalist, cultural administrator, and From Cebu, Legaspi expanded Spanish rule
author. across the Philippines.
Best known for his writings about Philippines’ national Took possession of Manila for Spain in 1571
hero Jose Rizal. – 1599.
Spain was considered to have established legitimate
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CRITICISMS sovereignty.
OF “SA AKING KABATA” BY JOSE RIZAL REFERENDUM OF 1599

A Royal Cedula.
No original manuscript in Rizal’s own hand exists. Decreed undertaking by which the natives (referred as
Rizal had 35 years to publish or assert authorship but he Indians) freely render to submission.
did not. By which the natives would acknowledge Spanish
Rizal was eight based on the use of the letter “k,” which rule was underway.
was a reform in Tagalog orthography proposed by the
mature Rizal.
In Rizal’s childhood, they spelled words with a “c”
rather than “k.” 1599 – 1719 (FRAILOCRACY)
The word “Kalayaan” is used twice and there is a Invisible government existed in Spanish
mention of “sanlaang Kalayaan.” Philippines.
It was not widely used in the 19th century Spanish friars were so influential and powerful
because it signified rebellion. that they practically ruled the Philippines.

SOME REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY

SOURCES
National Archives of the Philippines
National Library of the Philippines
National Historical Commission of the Philippines
 1719 – 1745 (AGRARIAN REVOLT)
Between 1745 – 1746, Filipino landowners in
Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, and Laguna
revolted against the Spanish rule.
Due to the land grabbing by
Spaniards who took over their
ancestral lands.

Spain ceded control of the

POLO Y SERVICIO
Philippines and other territories to the
United States.
Forced labor (ages 15 – 60).
An uneasy peace around Manila.
Either pay the Spanish government or work.
American forces controlling
the city and the weaker
VELARDE MAP Philippines forces
surrounding them.
A hydrographical and chorographical chart of the
Philippines. JAN. 4, 1899 (BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION)
Drawn by Jesuit Father Pedro Murillo Velarde. US declared its intention to impose
Published in Manila in 1734. sovereignty over the Philippines.

1745 – 1841 (CONFRADIA REVOLT) 1899 – 1901 (THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC)
Revolt for religious freedom in the Tagalog On Jan. 23, 1899, the First Philippine Republic
provinces. was inaugurated in Malolos.
Led by Apolinario dela Cruz. Emilio Aguinaldo as its first
president.
APOLINARIO DELA CRUZ Ended on April 1, 1901 when Aguinaldo was
captured and swore allegiance to the
Popularly known as Hemano Puli. Americans.
Barrio Pandak, Lukban, Tayabas (Quezon)
Started his own religion in 1840.
Called the Confradia de San Jose 1899 – 1948 (AMERICAN PERIOD IN THE
(Confraternity of St. Joseph). PHILIPPINES)
They had their own rituals, prayers, and leaders FEB. 4, 1899 (OUTBREAK OF THE FILIPINO-
especially suite for Filipinos. AMERICAN WAR)
Spanish officials didn’t allow any other religion that JUL. 4, 1902
wasn’t Catholic. Referred to as Philippine Insurrection by the
Banned Hermano Puli’s new religion. Americans.
1841 – 1872 (GOMBURZA) Philippine American War was declared over by American
On Feb. 17, 1872, three martyred priests Pres. Theodore Roosevelt.
(Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Apolonio
Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora) were executed by
the garote by the Spaniards in Bagumbayan.
In connection with the 1872 Cavite 1935 – 1946 (TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT)
mutiny. Tydings-McDuffie Act provided for a ten-
Three priests incurred the hatred of the year transition period to independence.
Spanish authorities for leading the campaign The Commonwealth of the
against the abusive Spanish friars and fighting Philippines would be established.
for equal rights among priests. The commonwealth would have its own
Fought on unresolved issues about institution and would be self-governing.
secularization that resulted in a conflict among Foreign policy would be the responsibility of
the religious regulars and the church seculars. the United States.
Execution left a profound effect on the Filipinos, including Laws passed by the legislature affecting
the national hero, Jose Rizal who dedicated his two novels immigration, foreign trade, and the currency
to their memory. system had to be approved by the United
1872 – 1898 (DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE States president.
INDEPENDENCE)
The government of Rafael de Izquierdo
(Governor-General) experienced the uprising
of Filipino soldiers at the Fort San Felipe
arsenal in Cavite el Viejo.
Seven days after the mutiny, many people
were arrested and tried.
Three were secular priests known as
GomBurZa.
Philippine revolution began in 1896 when
the Spanish authorities discovered the
Katipunan (anti-colonial secret organization).
The Spanish rule officially ended with the
Treaty of Paris of 1898.
Also ended the Spanish-American
war.
1942 – 1945 (JAPANESE OCCUPATION)
On Dec. 8, 1941, Japan launched a surprise
attack to the American naval base in Pearl
Harbor.
Bombed Davao, Tuguegarao, Iba,
Zambales, Pampanga, and Tarlac.
On Jan. 3, 1942, Japanese military announced
the end of the American sovereignty in the
Philippines.
On Aug. 14, 1945, Japan surrendered to the
Americans after the atomic bombs were
dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

1945, JUNE 9 (SECOND REPUBLIC)

With the nullification of all acts of the Second
Republic, Pres. Sergio Osmeña convened
(assembled) the Congress, elected on Nov. 11,
1941.

1946 – 2022 (THE REPUBLICAN YEARS)

On Jul. 4, 1946, the Third Republic was
inaugurated, with Manuel Roxas as the first
president of the independent Philippines.
The inauguration of the Third Republic
marked the fulfillment of the long struggle
for independence.
Began with the Philippine Revolution
on Aug. 23, 1896.
Formalized on June 12, 1898 with the
Proclamation of Philippine
Independence in Kawit, Cavite.
Marked the recognition by the global
community of nations of the nationhood of the
Philippines.
A process that began when the
Commonwealth of the Philippines
joined the Anti-Axis Alliance (United
Nations) on June 14, 1942.
Received recognition as allied nation
even before independence.