WECC Renewable Energy System Models Webcast

Thursday, July 16th, 2015

9:00 am to 11 am Pacific Daylight Savings Time
(10 am – 12 pm MDT; 11 am – 1 pm CDT; 12 – 2 pm EDT)
Agenda
9:00 am – Welcome and Instructions and WECC Antitrust
9:05 am – Model Overview
9:20 am – Software Implementation Overview
9:30 am – Wind Model Validation
10:00 am – PV Model Validation and Guideline
10:30 am – Q&A1
11:00 am – Adjournment
Reference Materials (Download and peruse prior to the webcast)
WECC 2nd Generation WTG Model Specifications:
https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC‐Second‐Generation‐Wind‐Turbine‐Models‐
012314.pdf
WECC PV Model Specifications:
https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC‐Solar‐PV‐Dynamic‐Model‐Specification‐
September‐2012.pdf
WECC PV Modeling Guide:
https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC%20Solar%20Plant%20Dynamic%20Modeling%2
0Guidelines.pdf
WECC WTG Modeling Guide:
https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC%20Wind%20Plant%20Dynamic%20Modeling%2
0Guidelines.pdf
Model User Guide for Generic Renewable Energy System Models2
http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000003002
006525

1
Question may be taken at the end of each section for a few minutes and then 10 to 15 minutes saved at the end
for general Q&A.
2
Includes a full description of the usage of all the latest WECC approved wind, PV and battery energy storage models
 Model Overview

Pouyan Pourbeik
[email protected]
WECC Renewable Energy System
Models Webcast
July 16, 2015

© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

 MODELING A WIND OR PV POWER PLANT

Current WECC approved approach

• If type 1 or 2 WTG, explicitly model switched shunt

capacitors at generator terminals
• If SVC / STATCOM exists at PCC then model explicitly using
SVSMO1 or SVSMO3, respectively
• Approach for developing single equivalent feeder model explained
is explained in the NREL paper (http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/38940.pdf)

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© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 THE NEW 2nd GENERATION RENEWABLE ENERGY
SYSTEM (RES) MODELS

Model Function 1st or 2nd Generation

regc_a RES Generator/Converter Model 2nd
reec_a RES Electrical Controls Model A 2nd
reec_b RES Electrical Controls Model B 2nd
reec_c RES Electrical Controls Model C 2nd
repc_a RES Plant Controls Model A 2nd
repc_b RES Plant Controls Model B 2nd (not yet finalized)
New
wtgt_a WTG Turbine Shaft Model A 2nd
wtgar_a WTG Aero‐dynamice Model A 2nd
wtgpt_a WTG Pitch Controller Model A 2nd
wtgtrq_a WTG Torque Controller Model A 2nd
wt1p_b Pitch Controller for type 1 WTG Model B 2nd
wt1g Type 1 WTG generator model 1st
wt1t Type 1 WTG turbine shaft model 1st
wt2g Type 2 WTG generator model 1st
wt2e Type 2 WTG variable external rotor resistance controller 1st
wt2t Type 2 WTG turbine shaft model 1st
lhvrt low/high voltage ride‐through relay model 1st
lhfrt low/high frequency ride‐through relay model 1st

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© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 THE NEW 2nd GENERATION RENEWABLE ENERGY
SYSTEM (RES) MODELS

RES Model Combination

Type 1 WTG wt1g, wt1t, wt1p_b
Type 2 WTG wt2g, wt2e, wt2t, wt1p_b
Type 3 WTG regc_a, reec_a, repc_a, wtgt_a, wtgar_a, wtgpt_a, wtgtrq_a
Type 4 WTG regc_a, reec_a, repc_a (optional: wtgt_a)
PV plant regc_a, reec_b (or reec_a), repc_a
BESS regc_a, reec_c (optional: repc_a)

For a detailed explanation see: http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000003002006525

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© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 THE NEW 2nd GENERATION RENEWABLE ENERGY
SYSTEM (RES) MODELS
WTG Type 1 WTG Type 1 Vref/Vreg or
Qref/Qgen Freq_ref/Freq and
WTG Type 4
Vt Vt At plant level Plant_pref/Pgen

repc_a
wt1g wt2g
Plant Level Control
Id wt2e Id
Vt
External Rext
Generator Resistor Generator
reec_a
Control
regc_a
Iq Iq Qref
Iqcmd’ Iqcmd
(or Qext) Q Control Iq
Qgen Current Generator/
Limit Converter
  Logic Model
Ipcmd’ Ipcmd
wt1p_b Pm wt1t wt1p_b Pm wt1t Pref P Control Ip
(or TExt)
Pitch-Control Drive-Train Pitch-Control Drive-Train

Pqflag
Vref/Vreg or = 1 (P priority)
Qref/Qgen Freq_ref/Freq and = 0 (Q priority)
At plant level Plant_pref/Pgen

repc_a
WTG Type 3 Vref/Vreg or

PV
Qref/Qgen Freq_ref/Freq and
Plant Level Control At plant level Plant_pref/Pgen

Vt
repc_a
reec_a
Plant Level Control
regc_a
Qref Vt
Iqcmd’ Iqcmd
(or Qext) Q Control Iq
Qgen Current Generator/ reec_b
Limit Converter Qref
regc_a
wtgtrq_a Iqcmd’ Iqcmd
Pref0 Logic Model
Ipcmd (or Qext) Q Control Iq
Torque Pref Ipcmd’
P Control Ip Qgen Current Generator/
Control (or PExt)
Pe Limit Converter
Pord Logic Model
Ipcmd’ Ipcmd
spd Pref P Control Ip
ref (or TExt)

Pqflag
wtgpt_a
Pitch-Control
 wtgar_a
Aero
Pm wtgt_a
Drive-Train
= 1 (P priority)
= 0 (Q priority) Pqflag
= 1 (P priority)
= 0 (Q priority)
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© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 GENERIC STABILITY MODELS FOR WIND AND PV

• We are working on a white paper to explain their limitations

• Very briefly:
• Do not exactly model every detail of vendor equipment, so for
specialized studies and detailed (local) interconnection studies that
are unique (e.g. potential interaction with HVDC or other nearby
equipment) detailed OEM proprietary models may be needed
• Positive sequence models and so do not exactly represent
response to unbalanced events
• Not valid for dynamics and interaction issues with and across the
transmission system that are outside of the 0.1 to 3 Hz range (e.g.
SSR, SSTI, etc.)
• Not valid for extremely weak systems (e.g. short circuit ratios less
than ~2 or 3)
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© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 THE COMPLEX PLANT CONTROLLER MODEL

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© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 REFERENCES

WECC 2nd Generation WTG Model Specifications:

https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC-Second-Generation-Wind-Turbine-Models-
012314.pdf

WECC PV Model Specifications:

https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC-Solar-PV-Dynamic-Model-Specification-
September-2012.pdf

WECC PV Modeling Guide:

https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC%20Solar%20Plant%20Dynamic%20Modeli
ng%20Guidelines.pdf

WECC WTG Modeling Guide:

https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC%20Wind%20Plant%20Dynamic%20Modeli
ng%20Guidelines.pdf

Model User Guide for Generic Renewable Energy System Models

http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000003
002006525
8
© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Software Implementation
Overview

Pouyan Pourbeik
[email protected]
WECC Renewable Energy System
Models Webcast
July 16, 2015

© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION OVERVIEW

• The main commercial platforms of their own volition and effort have graciously
implemented the 2nd generation RES models

• The following slides give a brief overview

• GE PSLFTM – contact: Juan Sanchez-Gasca, GE

[email protected]

• PowerWorld Simulator – contact: Jamie Weber, PowerWorld

[email protected]

• Siemens PTI PSS®E - contact: Jay Senthil, Siemens PTI

[email protected]

• PowerTech Labs TSAT - contact: Pouya Zadehkhost, PowerTech Labs

[email protected]

2
© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
WTG, PV, and Battery Models in PSLF (v19.0_01)
WIND TURBINE GENERATOR MODELS
2nd generation
regc_a reec_a wtgq_a wtgt_a wtga_a wtgp_a repc_a

1st generation
wt1g wt1p wt1t wt2g wt2e wt2p wt2t
wt3g wt3e wt3p wt3t wt4g wt4e wt4t

PV MODELS
2nd generation
regc_a reec_b repc_a

1st generation
pv1g pv1e pvd1
ENERGY STORAGE MODEL
reec_c

PLANT_LEVEL CONTROLLER FOR MULTIPLE PLANTS/DEVICES

repc_b Copyright 2015 General Electric International, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
This material may not be copied or distributed in whole or in part, without
prior written permission of the copyright owner
 Renewable Energy Models
(Wind, Solar, Storage Models) July 2015
Class of Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Solar PV
1st
Generation Model Type Type 1 Type 1 Type 2 Type 2 Type 3 Type 3 Type 4 Type 4
Machine WT1G WT1G1 WT2G WT2G1 WT3G WT3G1 WT4G WT4G1 PV1G
Models Electrical Model WT2E WT2E1 WT3E WT3E1 WT4E WT4E1 PV1E
Mechanical WT1T WT12T1 WT2T WT12T1 WT3T WT3T1 WT4T
Pitch Controller WT1P WT12A1 WT2P WT12A1 WT3P WT3P1

2nd Generation Models Additional Uses

Class of Model Wind Wind Wind Wind Solar Distributed Energy
Type Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 PV PV Model Storage
Machine WT1G WT2G REGC_A REGC_A REGC_A PVD1 REGC_A
WT1G1 WT2G1
Electrical Model WT2E REEC_A REEC_A REEC_B REEC_C
WT2E1
Mechanical WT1T WT2T WTGT_A WTGT_A
WT12T1 WT12T1
Pitch Controller WT1P_B WT2P WTGPT_A
WT12A1
Aerodynamic WTGA_A
3 new classes Pref Controller WTGTRQ_A
of models Plant Controller REPC_A REPC_A REPC_A REPC_A
or REPC_B or REPC_B or REPC_B or REPC_B
REPC_B = Plant controller for up to 50 machines and SVCs
 2nd Generation
Type 3 Wind Turbine July 2015
2nd Generation adds the Aero,
PRef and Plant Controllers
Network
Plant Level
Controller
REPC_A
V, Pg, Qq
Iq Ip
Qref/Vref

Iqord
Pref0 PRef Controller Exciter Machine
WTGTRQ_A Pref REEC_A Ipord REGC_A

Pord

ωref
wt wg

Stabilizer ϴ Aero Pm Governor

WTGPT_A WTGAR_A WTGT_A
 2nd Generation
Type 4 Wind Turbine July 2015

Network
Plant Level
Controller
REPC_A
V, Pg, Qq
Iq Ip
Qref/Vref

Iqord
Exciter Machine
Pref REEC_A Ipord REGC_A

wg

Tm0 Governor
WTGT_A
PSS®E
2nd Generation Type 3 & 4 Wind Models

Model Description Model Name in V33.4 Model Name in V34

and above

Generator/Converter model REGCAU1 REGCA1

Electrical Control Model REECAU1 REECA1

Drive Train model WTDTAU1 WTDTA1

Aerodynamic Model WTARAU1 WTARA1

Pitch Control Model WTPTAU1 WTPTA1

Torque Control Model WTTQAU1 WTTQA1

Plant Control Model REPCAU1 REPCA1

Restricted © Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

Page 1
PSS®E
Large Scale PV Model

Model Description Model Name in V33.5 Model Name in V34

and above

Generator/Converter model REGCAU1 REGCA1

Electrical Control Model REECBU1 REECB1

Plant Control Model REPCAU1 REPCA1

Restricted © Siemens AG 2013 All rights reserved.

Page 2
2nd Generation Type 3 and 4 Wind Generator Model
Supported Supported User-Defined
Model Description TSAT Model
PSS/E Models PSLF Models Model

Generator Model REGC_A REGCAU1 regc_a WGNUDM

Electrical Control REECAU1 reec_a

REEC_A WPQUDM
Model REECBU1 reec_b

Drive Train Model WTGT_A WTDTAU1 wtgt_a N/A

Aerodynamics Model WTGA_A WTARAU1 wtga_a

WMCUDM
Pitch Control Model WTGP_A WTPTAU1 wtgp_a

Torque Control Model WTGQ_A WTTQAU1 wtgq_a WTQUDM

REPCAU1
Plant Control Model REPC_A repc_a WPTUDM
REPCTAU1
2nd Generation Large Scale PV Model

User-
Supported Supported
Model Description TSAT Model Defined
PSS/E Models PSLF Models
Model

Generator Model REGC_A REGCAU1 regc_a WGNUDM

REECAU1 reec_a
Electrical Control Model REEC_A WPQUDM
REECBU1 reec_b
REPCAU1
Plant Control Model REPC_A repc_a WPTUDM
REPCTAU1
User-Defined Models for 2nd Generation Models
 User-defined models can be developed in UDM Editor
 Users can modify generic models to improve accuracy
or reproduce certain dynamic behavior
 WECC and IEC templates are available to DSATools users
 Model Validation on
Wind Turbine
Generators Using the
2nd Generation Wind
Turbine Generator
Models
Pouyan Pourbeik
[email protected]
WECC Renewable Energy System
Models Webcast
July 16, 2015

© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

 BACKGROUND

 We started first with validation of single Wind Turbine

Generators (WTG)

 EPRI release the simple public tool WTGMV [1] for validating
single WTG 2nd generation models using measured
disturbance data

Measured: P, Q (sim)
Vt Model
Compare
and
optimize
P, Q

2
© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 FIELD MEASURED DATA – Single WTG

3
© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 VALIDATION SINGEL WTG – Type 3 [2]

Vendor 2 Vendor 2b

Vendor 3

4
© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 VALIDATION SINGEL WTG – Type 4 [3]

Vendor 1 Vendor 2

Vendor 3 Vendor 4

5
© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 PLANT LEVEL VALIDATION – THE NEXT STEP

A wind power plant (per the WECC guide):

6
© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 SIMPLE CASE

 Quite reasonable for power system stability studies looking

at impact of WPP on grid [4], [5] & [6]
 Single equivalent feeder model is proven NREL technique
[7]
 EPRI’s simple tool (REMV1) will allow for validation of this
case

1. REMV is the second version of WTGMV that was released by EPRI in 2014

7
© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 PLANT LEVEL MODEL VALIDATION – EXAMPLE [8]

PMU data provided by BPA

Measured: P, Q, V, f at 60 samples per second

Collector Data from WECC planning case powerflow model

8
© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 MEASUREMENT ISSUE

• Apparent measurement error in the PMU data

230 kV 34.5 kV
P, Q, V P, Q, V

R + jXt

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© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 EXTRAPOLATE BACK TO WTG TERMINALS

PMU data provided by BPA

Measured: P, Q, V, f at 60 samples per second

or

10
© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 PRELIMINARY RESULTS [8]

Event 1 Event 2

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© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 RUNNING IN GE PSLF

• Now take the data into GE PSLF and using play back see if
model fits

12
© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 COMPARE TERMINAL VOLTAGE

13
© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 SUMMARY

• Can get a reasonable fit with EPRI tool, however, MW

variations are neglected – assuming constant wind speed

• Yet to try other wind plants – data has been limited – so

tool may very well need updates/improvement

• Using the 2nd generation WTG models in GE PSLFTM

• GE PSLFTM has the play back feature that also can be used

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© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 DEMO EXAMPLE

• Show example of running REMV, if time permits.

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© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
 REFERENCES

[1] Wind Turbine Generator Model Validation Tool Version 1.0, EPRI Product ID 1024346, August 2012
http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000000001024346
[2] EPRI Report, “Proposed Changes to the WECC WT3 Generic Model for Type 3 Wind Turbine Generators”, Prepared
under Subcontract No. NFT-1-11342-01 with NREL, Final version 9/27/13
https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC-Type-3-Wind-Turbine-Generator-Model-Phase-II-012314.pdf
[3] EPRI Report, “Proposed Changes to the WECC WT4 Generic Model for Type 4 Wind Turbine Generators”, Prepared
under Subcontract No. NFT-1-11342-01 with NREL, Final version 1/23/13
https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC-Type-4-Wind-Turbine-Generator-Model-Phase-II-012313.pdf
[4] Asmine, M.; Brochu, J.; Fortmann, J.; Gagnon, R.; Kazachkov, Y.; Langlois, C. E.; Larose, C.; Muljadi, E.; MacDowell,
J.; Pourbeik, P.; Seman, S. A.; and Wiens, K., “Model Validation for Wind Turbine Generator Models” IEEE
Transactions on PWRS, August 2011, pages 1769 - 1782.
[5] J. Brochu, C. Larose, and R. Gagnon, “Validation of single-and multiple-machine equivalents for modeling wind power
plants,” IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, Apr. 2010.
[6] C. Larose, “Hydro-Quebec experience with Wind Turbine and Wind Power Plant Model Validation”, EPRI Workshop on
Modeling and Model Validation of Wind Generation, Charlotte, North Carolina USA, Sep 22, 2010
[7] E. Muljadi, C. P. Butterfield, A. Ellis, J. Mechenbier, J. Hochheimer, R. Young, N. Miller, R. Delmerico, R. Zavadil, and
J. C. Smith, “Equivalencing the collector system of a large wind power plant,” in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. General
Meeting, Montreal, QC, Canada, Jun. 2006.
[8] P. Pourbeik, EPRI Memo, “Analysis of PMU data from a wind power plant provided by BPA”, 8/29/13; issued to BPA,
REMTF and P173.003

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© 2015 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Model Validation for Central
Station PV Plants
Ryan Elliott, SNL
[email protected]
July 16, 2015

1
 Overview
• Model validation is the process by which we bring a
plant’s modeled and measured output into agreement
• Focus is on transmission-connected central station PV
plants (≥20 MW, ≥60 kV)
• NERC MOD-026 and -027 apply to facilities ≥75 MVA
– Pertain to a plant’s reactive power response to voltage
variations and real power response to frequency variations
• Achieving satisfactory model validation relies upon
much more than dynamic model performance

2
 Recommended Steps
1. Establish a power flow representation for the plant
(refer to power flow modeling guide)
2. Define the plant’s mode of operation (e.g., local vs.
plant-level control, etc.)
3. Select the flag combination that corresponds to the
mode of operation (check for conflicts)
4. Determine the appropriate dynamic model invocation
(discussed at a high level)
5. Identify tunable parameters based on the mode of
operation
6. Perform parameter estimation such that the modeled
and measured response agree
3
 Power Flow Representation

• Must be set up prior to tuning the dynamic model

• Common mistakes include connecting the equivalent
generator to a high-voltage bus
• See the WECC PV Plant Power Flow Modeling Guide
for further information 4
 Defining the Mode of Operation

• List of commonly employed modes of operation for

plant-level control
• The designation “N/A” means that the parameter
flag has no impact on the mode of operation
• We also developed an easy-to-follow guide to setting
the parameter flags
5
Flag Setting Procedure for REEC_B

6
 Verification of Flag Combination

• Clearly indicates whether or not a given flag

combination makes sense from a control perspective
• In this case, we see that local power factor control
should not be used with the plant controller module
7
 Dynamic Model Invocation

• It is not sufficient to set the parameter flags correctly

• The dynamic model invocation must be consistent
with the selected mode of operation
• Notably, the regulated bus and monitored branch
must be specified correctly
8
 Identifying Tunable Parameters

• There are between 45-75 dynamic model parameters

• It’s critical to fix as many as possible (typical ranges)
• Recommended to restrict membership in the set of
tunable parameters to control gains (see above)
9
 Parameter Sensitivity

• The real and reactive power control loops are

independent (for the most part…)
• Categorized potential free parameters according to
whether they affect the real or reactive response
• Can be broken down further into 4 quadrants
10
 Parameter Sensitivity Cont.
Real power response to voltage variations
Key models: REGC_A
Key parameters: lvplsw, zerox, lvpl1, brkpt, lvpnt0, lvpnt1
Real power response to frequency variations
Key models: REPC_A
Key parameters: frqflag, kpg, kig, ddn, dup
Reactive power response to voltage variations
Key models: REPC_A + REEC_B
Key parameters: kp, ki, kqv, kqp, kqi, kvp, kvi
Reactive power response to frequency variations
Key parameters: N/A
11
 Parameter Estimation Example

• Plant-level voltage control with local coordinated Q/V control

• Example created with simulated data for demonstration
purposes
• Captured data on both sides of the station transformer to use
as proxy PMU measurements
12
 Parameter Estimation Example

• Disturbance was a 6-cycle fault, resulting in a 50% voltage dip

• The key measured outputs were P and Q at the POI
13
 Parameter Estimation Example

• The level of residual error in the reactive power response

represents what is achievable with field data
14
 Parameter Estimation Example

• Since this is a simulated example, we can see not only how

well the fits match, but how close the parameter values are
• In this example, we started with a blind parameter set and
used the Nelder-Mead (downhill simplex) algorithm for
parameter estimation
15
 Summary
• Setting up the models correctly is half the battle
– Parameterizing them is the other half
• There is no substitute for engineering judgment
– We do not prescribe tests for “goodness of fit”
• It’s important that the modeled output agrees
with measured data for various disturbances
– Reserve some data for evaluation, rather than
model training
• See the WECC Central Station PV Plant Model
Validation Guideline for more information
16
Backup Slides

17
 Dynamic Model Interconnection

• REPC_A generates the real and reactive power references

based on the plant-level control scheme
• REEC_B translates the real and reactive power references
into current commands
• REGC_A reconciles the current commands with the
network solution to yield current injections
18
REPC_A Block Diagram

19
REEC_B Block Diagram

20
REGC_A Block Diagram

21