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Casim, Amerah - Experiment #1

Computer Engineering (Rizal Technological University)

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RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Second Semester, School Year 2019-2020

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND THEIR SYMBOLS

EXPERIMENT TITLE

Experiment Number 1
Name : CASIM, AMERAH B. Room/Building : _______________________
ND
Course/Year : BSCPE / 2 YEAR Date Performed : _______________________
Subject : ECE01 Date Submitted : _______________________
Day/Time : MH / 3:00-6:00 PM Instructor : PROF. RICARDO MARTINEZ
Status heck Evaluation Criteria Poor Fair Good Excellent
C
Advance Reasoning

Accuracy

On Time Completeness

Analytical Ability

Late Neatness of Work

Remarks : ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Rating Signature

Date

1-GNR
Experiment Number One

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ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AND THEIR SYMBOLS

OBJECTIVES :
1. To identify electrical and electronic components from their physical
appearance.
2. To be able to draw the circuit symbol for each of these components.
3. To give a physical description and electrical characteristics for each of
these components.

COMPONENTS :
1. Vacuum Tube 12. NPN Transistor

2. Semiconductor Diode 13. PNP Transistor

3. Silicon-Controlled Rectifier 14. Diac

4. Uni-junction Transistor 15. Zener Diode

5. Triac 16. Varactor Diode

6. Fixed Resistor 17. Tunnel Diode

7. Variable Resistor 18. Fixed Capacitor

8. Photo-Sensitive Resistor 19. Variable Capacitor

9. Photo-Sensitive Diode 20. Coil (Air Core)

10. Light-Emitting Diode 21. Coil (Iron Core)

11. Field-Effect Transistor 22. Speaker

PROCEDURES :
1. Study, then briefly describe in Table 1 the physical feature of the
components listed.

2. Draw the circuit symbol for each part and label them appropriately.

3. In describing the component, give its shape, size and characteristic

markings and facilities for mounting.

4. Lastly, give a brief electrical description of the component including

characteristic graph and ratings if possible.

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Electrical
Components Symbol Description
Characteristics
VACUUM TUBE An electronic A vacuum tube is a
device that hollow glass bulb,
controls the flow of approximately cylindrical
electrons in a in shape, that contains a
vacuum. It is used positive electrode and a
as a switch, negative electrode
amplifier or display between which a current
screen (CRT). is conducted through a
Used as on/off full or partial vacuum. A
switches, vacuum grid between the
tubes allowed the electrodes controls the
first computers to flow of electricity.
perform digital
computations.

SEMICONDUCTOR Semiconductor diodes

A semiconductor
diode is a diode are characterized by
DIODE non-linear current–
made of
semiconductor voltage characteristics as
material, most the current flowing
often silicon. It's through a forward-biased
kind of like a door common silicon diode is
for electricity to limited by the ohmic
move through, but resistance of the PN-
it only opens one junction.
way. A diode is a
device for
controlling
electrical currents
so that they only
flow the desired
way

Silicon-Controlled A silicon controlled

Rectifier rectifier or SCR is a unidirectional
semiconductor- device that allows the
controlled rectifier current in one direction
is a four-layer and opposes in another
solidstate current- direction. SCR is a three
controlling device. terminal device; anode,
SCRs are mainly cathode and gate as
used in electronic shown in figure. SCR has
devices that built in feature to turn ON
require control of or OFF and its switching
high voltage and is controlled by biasing
power.

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Uni-junction A unijunction conditions and gate input

Transistor transistor (UJT) is terminal.
a three-lead
electronic The device has a unique
semiconductor characteristic that when it
device with only is triggered, its emitter
one junction that current increases re-
acts exclusively as generatively until it is
an electrically restricted by emitter
controlled switch. power supply. It exhibits
The UJT is not a negative resistance
used as a linear characteristic and so it
amplifier. can be employed as an
oscillator. The UJT is
biased with a positive
voltage between the two
Triac A Triac is defined bases.
as a three terminal
AC switch which is
different from the
other silicon
controlled rectifiers
in the sense that it
can conduct in
both the directions
that is whether the
applied gate signal
is positive or
negative, it will
conduct. Thus, this
device can be
used for AC
systems as a
switch.
Fixed Resistor

The voltage is directly

Fixed resistors are
proportional to the
the resistors
current. Doubling the
whose resistance
amount of energy into
does not change
the resistor results in a
with the change in
current twice as fast
voltage or
through the resistor.
temperature. Fixed
resistors are
available in various
shapes and sizes.
An ideal fixed
resistor provides a
constant
resistance under
all environments.

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Variable Resistors A variable resistor A variable resistor is in

is a resistor of essence an electro-
which the electric mechanical transducer
resistance value and normally works by
can be adjusted. A sliding a contact (wiper)
variable resistor is over a resistive element.
in essence an As the resistance
electro-mechanical increases in the variable
transducer and resistor the current
normally works by through the circuit
sliding a contact decreases and vice
(wiper) over a versa.
resistive element.

Photo-Sensitive Photoresistors,
also known as light Photoresistor LDR's are
Resistor light-dependent devices
dependent
resistors (LDR), whose resistance is
are light sensitive decreased when light
devices most often falls on them and that is
used to indicate increased in the dark.
the presence or When a light dependent
absence of light, or resistor is kept in dark, its
to measure the resistance is very high.
light intensity. This resistance is called
as dark resistance.

Photosensitive
diode is actually a Photodiode is a type of
kind of photo semi conducting device
Photo-Sensitive sensitive with PN junction.
Diode resistance, it is Between the p (positive)
very sensitive to and n (negative) layers,
the light. Inside the an intrinsic layer is
diode is a PN present. The photo diode
junction electricity accepts light energy as
can only flows uni- input to generate electric
current. It is also called
directionally,thus
as Photodetector, Photo
the changing light
Sensor or Light Detector.
changes the
electricity in the
circuit. It means,
the stronger the
light is, the less the
resistance
becomes.

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Light-Emitting Light-emitting Individual LEDs are low

Diode diode (LED) is a voltage devices. Single
semiconductor indicator LEDs require 2
device that emits to 4 volts of direct
light when an current, with current in
electric current is the range from 1 to 50
passed through it. milliamperes.
Light is produced
when the particles
that carry the
current combine
together within the
semiconductor
material.

Field-Effect
The Field Effect
Transistor The Field Effect
Transistor is a three
Transistor, FET, is
terminal unipolar
a three terminal
semiconductor device
active device that
that has very similar
uses an electric
characteristics to those
field to control the
of their Bipolar Transistor
current flow and it
counterpart's i.e., high
has a high input
efficiency, instant
impedance which
operation, robust and
is useful in many
cheap and can be used
circuits.
in most electronic circuit
applications to replace
their equivalent bipolar,
NPN Transistor

Then we can define a

The transistor in NPN Transistor as being
which one p-type normally “OFF” but a
material is placed small input current and a
between two n- small positive voltage at
type materials is its Base ( B ) relative to
known as NPN its Emitter ( E ) will turn it
transistor. The “ON” allowing a much
NPN transistor large Collector-Emitter
amplifies the weak current to flow. NPN
signal enter into transistors conduct when
the base and Vc is much greater than
produces strong Ve.
amplify signals at
the collector end.

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PNP Transistor The PNP transistor A PNP Transistor is a

is a type of type of Bipolar Junction
transistor in which Transistor which is
one n-type composed of three layers
material is doped where 'N' doped layer is
with two p-type sandwiched between two
materials. It is a 'P' doped layers. In PNP
device that is Transistors the electrons
controlled by the are minority charge
current. Both the carriers and holes are
emitter and majority charge carriers.
collector currents The current flow is due to
were controlled by the movement of holes.
the small amount
of base current.
Two crystal diodes
are connected
back-to-back in the
PNP transistor.

Diac
A DIAC is a diode
It looks like a letter Z due
that conducts
to symmetrical switching
electrical current
characteristics for each
only after its
polarity of the applied
breakover voltage
voltage. The DIAC
(VBO) has been
performs like an open-
reached. DIAC
circuit until its switching
stands for “Diode
is exceeded. At that
for Alternating
position, the DIAC
Current”. A DIAC
performs until its current
is a device which
decreases toward zero.
has two
electrodes, and it
is a member of the
thyristor family.
DIACs are used in
the triggering of
thyristors.
Zener Diode

A Zener diode is a Zener diodes operate

heavily doped similarly to conventional
semiconductor diodes when in the
device that is forward-bias mode. They
designed to have a bias turn-on
operate in the voltage of between 0.3
reverse direction. and 0.7V. When
connected in the reverse
mode, there is a small

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leakage current flow in

most applications.

Varactor Diode
Varactor diode is a
type of diode
whose internal
capacitance varies
with respect to the
reverse voltage. It
always works in
reverse bias
condition and is a
voltage-dependent
semiconductor
device. Varactor
diode is known by
several names as
Varicap, Voltcap,
Voltage variable
capacitance, or
Tunning diode.

Tunnel Diode A Tunnel diode is A Tunnel Diode is a

a heavily doped p- heavily doped p-n
n junction diode in junction diode. The
which the electric tunnel diode shows
current decreases negative resistance.
as the voltage When voltage value
increases. increases, current flow
decreases. Tunnel diode
works based on Tunnel
Effect.

Fixed Capacitor A fixed capacitor is Fixed capacitor is a type

a capacitor that of capacitor which
stores a fixed provides fixed amount of
amount of electric capacitance. In other
charge and this is words, fixed capacitor is
not adjustable at a type of capacitor that
any instance. Their stores fixed amount of
values are mostly electric charge which is
fixed while not adjustable.
manufacturing. A
fixed capacitor
helps maintain a
constant charge
and energy output

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in electric
appliances or
devices.

Variable Capacitor
A capacitor whose
This is all about variable
capacitance can
capacitors and the
be varied based on
characteristics of the
the requirement to
variable capacitor mainly
a certain range of
include accuracy,
values is defined
tolerance, polarity,
as a Variable
voltage rating, and
Capacitor. capacitance range.

An air core inductor is a

Coil (Air Core) An air core wire coil with no solid
inductor is a wire core inside the coil. Air
coil with no solid has a low electrical
core inside the conductivity, and so
coil. Air has a low produces the weakest of
electrical all magnetic fields in
conductivity, and opposition to current
so produces the flow.
weakest of all
magnetic fields in
opposition to
current flow. The
formula for
inductance of a
single layer air
core inductor can
be expressed as
d2n2/18d+40z.

Coil (Iron Core) Iron Core Coils are

An iron core, also called
fabricated with
a magnetic core or
laminated iron
magnetic core, is a
linking the winding.
component for producing
Because iron inductance, a property
features a very that has electrical circuits
high level of or components such as
magnetic coils. It is therefore also
permeability, Iron used in transformers.
Core Coils offer a Electromagnetic
significant size induction causes an
advantage. electric field by changing
the magnetic flux density.

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Speaker A speaker consists The chief electrical

of a baffle characteristic of a
connected to a coil dynamic loudspeaker is
of wire wrapped its electrical impedance
around a magnetic as a function of
core. When frequency. It can be
electricity is visualized by plotting it
passed through as a graph, called the
the coil it will impedance curve. The
move, pushing or most common type of
pulling the baffle, loudspeaker is an
which in turn electro-mechanical
moves air and transducer using a voice
produces an coil connected to a
audible sound. diaphragm or cone.
Speakers are very
low resistance and
so require
capacitors to block
the DC current.

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