TSPSC | Group-I | Mains Test Series

Day-11: Section-II | Paper-II| History and Cultural Heritage of Telangana

Model Skeletal Answers

1. Briefly describe political fortunes and cultural contributions of Ikshvakus?

Syllabus Paper II (Section II): History and culture of Ancient Telangana.
Keyword Briefly , Describe
Introduction  Introduce with the founder, period and extent of their reign.

Body  Divide into two headings: Political fortunes, Cultural contributions

 Political:
 Vasishtiputra Shantamula: became independent from
Shatavahanas; Kosthandhra, Telangana occupied.
 Maataree Puthra Sree Veera Purusha Datta: Matrimonial
relations, resultant stability in the empire.
 Ehuvala Shantamula: was able to resist foreign invasions.
 Rudrapurusha Datta: Last important ruler.
 Cultural:
 Religion: Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism.
 Language and literature.
 Architecture: temples and Buddhist sculptures, forts.
 Mention Nagarjuna Konda.
Conclusion  Conclude by crediting its contribution and continuity of the tradition
by the next dynaties in Telangana, Andhra.
2. Write an essay on the growth of Buddhism in ancient Andhra Desa and the salient
features of Buddhist art and architecture with examples.
Syllabus Paper II (Section II): History and culture of Ancient Telangana.
Keyword Essay, Examples.
Introduction  Mention what comprises Andhra Desa .
 Mention beginning and highest points of Buddhism.
Body  Chronologically mention the milestones in Buddhism in Andhra Desa.
 Shatavahanas, vishnukundins,..etc.
 Various important sites, Amaravati, Nagarajuna Konda and
others.
 Mention how Budhism divided into Heenayana, Mahayana with
corresponding places, rulers.
 Budhist art and architecture:
 Various structures: Chaityas, Viharas and Stupas and their
defining features.
 Themes: Jatakas, Buddha’s life.
 Amaravati school
 Patrons
 Can try drawing simple Stupa figure.

TSPSC Group-I Mains Test Series | Admissions in Progress | Call 70134 95019 for more details www.civiccentre.in
 TSPSC | Group-I | Mains Test Series
Day-11: Section-II | Paper-II| History and Cultural Heritage of Telangana
Model Skeletal Answers

 Mention Examples for the above sub headings.

Conclusion  Conclude that Buddhism contributed to cultural heritage and Ganga
Jamuna tehzib in the medieval and modern Andhra and Telangana.
3. Discuss the socio-religious conditions and the development of Telugu language
and literature during the satavahana period.
Syllabus Paper II (Section II): History and culture of Ancient Telangana.
Keyword Discuss
Introduction  Introduce with the treatment towards religion (i.e. Tolerance) by the
Satavahanas and resulting harmony in the society.
 Prakrit as one of the main languages influenced Telugu and Desi
language as early telugu.
Body  Two headings.
 Socio-religious conditions
 Social :
a) Varna system, Professions based on Varna.
b) No rigid caste system, inter caste marriages
c) Joint family, Patriarchy, matri lineal
d) Women status was good.
e) Slavery existed
f) Dress patterns, Jewellery
 Religious :
a) Vedic: Shaivism, Shaktism
b) Budhism( Heenayana, Mahayana) and Jainism.
c) Worshipping symbols.
d) Rituals
 Development of Telugu language
 “Desi” Language as early Telugu
 Prakrit’s influences on Telugu, Works in Prakrit.
 Gathasapthasathi of Hala has Telugu words in it.
 In Amaravathi inscription first Telugu word mentioned.
Conclusion  Linking of literature and social conditions of that time influencing one
another.
4. Discuss salient features of the Agrarian system under the Satavahanas.
Syllabus Paper II (Section II): History and culture of Ancient Telangana.
Keyword Discuss
Introduction  Introduce with Agriculture as main occupation of people and
economic activity of the state.
 Mention various crops grown, animals reared.
Body  explain salient features:

TSPSC Group-I Mains Test Series | Admissions in Progress | Call 70134 95019 for more details www.civiccentre.in
 TSPSC | Group-I | Mains Test Series
Day-11: Section-II | Paper-II| History and Cultural Heritage of Telangana
Model Skeletal Answers

 Use of Bulls, Buffalos, Donkeys for ploughing

 Wells as main water sources, canals, dams.
 Use of water wheel :Mentioned in Gatha Sapthasathi
 Vetti Practice to bring land under cultivation
 King’s own lands
 Land grants
Conclusion  In the agricultural based economy, the agricultural produce is also
used as raw material for other professions and for barter system.
5. Explain the contribution of vishnukundins in the promotion of Art & Architecture
in Telangana.
Syllabus Paper II (Section II): History and culture of Ancient Telangana
Keyword Explain
Introduction  Introduce with Vishnukundin’s period and extent.
Body  Start with structures that were built during the time.
 Temples : Structural and caves ;Shaiva; Saleswaram
 Buddhist
 Jain
 Forts :Bhuvanagiri
 Keesara gutta
 Art in terms of
 Shaiva, Shakti themes, Buddhist themes on the walls, sculptures.
 Structure of Temples: Garbhgriha, Mandapa.
 Use of Royal symbols, Lion figurines.
 Usage of Telugu in the literature and on the structures.
Conclusion  Conclude by asserting their Art and architecture as a continuation to
the previous rulers and as predecessors to the next rulers.

TSPSC Group-I Mains Test Series | Admissions in Progress | Call 70134 95019 for more details www.civiccentre.in
 TSPSC | Group-I | Mains Test Series
Naipunyata- A 100-day Answer Writing program
Day-12: Section-II | Paper-II| Medieval Telangana and Emergence of
Composite Culture
1. Discuss the socio-economic conditions of medieval Andhra Desa with Special reference to
Kakatiyas.
Syllabus Paper II: Section II: Kakatiyas and Velama kingdoms
Keyword Discuss
Introduction  Kakatiya society known for its uniqueness
 Also known for its economic prosperity
Body Social conditions:
 Brahmins, Vaisyas, Sudras in majority
 Several new groups were also formed
 Kakatiyas were Sudras
 Large number of Samayas also formed.
 Brahmins-Mahajans
 Vaishyas-Nakaram
 Panchavarmavaru-Saminumani Varu
 Each caste association elected senior most member as their head
 Veersaivism became very popular during this period
 Lingayats, Balijas and Jangamas earned special place
 Among the Vaishnavites, Nambudris, Satanis, Dasaries also received
popularity
 Child marriages, Devadasi system, Sati, Polygamy, Kanyasulkam, prostitution
etc prevailed in the society
 Pass times like duels of Ram, puppet shows, dances, singing, cock fights were
enjoyed by people
Economic conditions:
 Agriculture was encouraged by kings and was primary occupation
 Golusu Cheruvulu were constructed
 Land revenue, house tax, taxes on exports, imports, grasslands, weekly fairs,
traders, oil mongers, Bullockcarts, perikas were charged by officials
 Agriculture land was divided into Magaani and Metta
 Regular fields were called Achukattu Bhoomulu
 Land tax-Ari
 Officials took all possible measures to construct tanks, lakes and renovating
old tanks.
 Golusukattu Cheruvulu-after filling of bigsize tank, water is diverted to next
tank
 Mission Kakatiya of Telangana government inspired from Kakatiyas
 Both internal and external trade flourished
 According to Marcopolo, Masulipattanam is known for best textiles

TSPSC | Group-I | Mains | Naipunyata | Admissions in progress | call 7013495019

  Capital Orugallu for colourful carpets.
 Motupalli port was known for external trade
 Krishnapattanam, Hamsaladevi, Machilipatnam were important ports
 Trade relations with Arabia, China and Persia were established
Conclusion Conclude by giving how kakatiya’s era is rich in social customs which are still being
followed
2. Trace the growth of Telugu literature, Art and Architecture during the rule of Qutubshahis
with examples.
Syllabus Paper II: Section II: Qutub Shahis and their contribution Telugu literature, Art and
Architecture
Keyword Trace
Introduction Introduce the timeline of Qutubshahis and kings who patronized telugu literature
Body Telugu Literature:
 Telugu received great support during this age
 Number of poets and scholars wrote excellent books on various subjects in
Telugu
 Contains information on various political, socio-economic and cultural
conditions of the period
Name of the book/author Historical Importance
Tapatisamvaranophakyanam Information about reign of Ibrahim-Quli-Qutbshah
Naramkushophakhyanam Kandukur Rudrakavi worked as devarakonda fort
incharge under Ibrahim Quli
Yayati Chaithra First Telugu work. Author dedicated his work to his
officer Aminkhan of Potlacheni
Rajanithi Rathnakaram written in court of Muhammed-Quli-Qutbshah
Dasharathi Shatakamu Collection on 108 poems. Describes society of
those times
Art and architecture:
 They were great lovers of fine arts
 Important constructions-Hyderabad city, Charminar, Mecca Masjid, Toli
Masjid, taramati Baradari, Puranapul, Hussain Sagar
 Hyderabad:
 Brain child of Muhammed Quli Qutb Shah
 On the southern Bank of river Musi
 Planned on the model of ‘Isfahan’ of Iran. First outline map designed
by him
 Charminar as the centre, enclosed between the four arches having a
pizza in the center
 It became home for all peace loving people and center of composite
culture
 Charminar:
 The edifice of four minarets, masterpiece of the QutubShahis
 Built upon 4 arches
 Example of artistic skills of Qutb Shahi masons and other workers

TSPSC | Group-I | Mains | Naipunyata | Admissions in progress | call 7013495019

  Golconda Fort:
 It was built during Kakatiya period but it was replaced as rockfort
during Qutub Shahi period
 7 kms long rock boundary around the fort
 The most famous Fateh Darwaza is 13 ft wide and 25 ft high
 Fort stands as a symbol of Qutub Shahi glory and imperial power
 Mecca Masjid:
 Many mosques, Ashrukhanas, Dargas were constructed
 Foundation was laid by Sultan Muhammed Qutb Shah but was
completed by Aurangazeb for various reasons
 Located 100 yards south-west of Charminar
 The name was derived from grand mosque on which city was
planned
 One of the largest in India
Conclusion Conclude how the heritage of Telangana got enhanced during Qutubshahis period
3. Analyze the social structure and conditions which prevailed during Velama period.
Syllabus Paper II: Section II: Velama kingdoms and their contribution
Keyword Analyze
Introduction  Social Mobility is carried out in two phases.
 The lowest caste and tribes were sanskritized and brought into.
 the sanskritized people were drawn into caste society as the Sudras.
Body Varna structure is Tripartite- Brahmans, Vaisyas and Sudras.
 The Brahmans:-
 Theoretically mentioned as the Agra varna in the contemporary
Dharma Shastras and inscriptions.
 Their ritual purity, determined by their birth elevated their position
in the society as pace-makers and legitimizes of the ruling power.
 Generally, they were expected to perform Panchayajnas. They are
supposed to follow various austerities like yama, niyama, dhyana,
dharana, mouna, anushta etc.
 The Vaisyas:-
 Locally called Komatis were the traditional traders in Telugu country.
 During the Kakatiyan times the Vaisyas were organized into Desi,
Nanadesi, ubhaya nanadesi, Nakaras
 dealt with different items ranging from grain to elephants, since span
of trade was increased.
 Had to compete with Balijas and profession of Vaisyas was
proliferated by these Balijas.
 The Sudras:-
 Constituted a bulk of the population, ranged from sat-Sudras to
Panchamas.
 Divided into right and left hand communities.
 Those who were engaged in clean or agricultural operation are right
hand community or sat-Sudras.

TSPSC | Group-I | Mains | Naipunyata | Admissions in progress | call 7013495019

  The others were of left hand community of a sat-Sudras which
includes the Velamas, the Kammas, the Reddy communities who
were segregated on lineage and on territorial basis.
 The Panchnamvaru who dealt with carpentry, pottery, blacksmith,
masonry and goldsmith claim their origin from the five faces of
Brahma and claim their equality with the Brahmins.
 Tamabalas also claimed their equality with Brahmins.
 The Panchamas:-
 They constitute Malas and Madigas.
 The Malas constitute agricultural labour and Madigas prepared
accessories for agriculture.
 In the Ekavira temple during the festival times Mala ladies played a
very prominent role.
 The Madigas are employed for executing animal sacrifices.
 The Tribals:-
 They include Boyas, pulinda, koyas and lambadis and among
pastoral communities gollas and kurumas.
 The agrarian policy of the Kakatiyas contributed for the clearance of
jungles
 This resulted in the need for integrating the tribals and pastoral
communities into caste society.
Conclusion Conclude how velama kingdom despite being not prominent had significant impact
on the Telangana culture
4. Discuss the various reasons why Rudramadevi is considered as the meritorious
administrator in the history of Medieval South India.
Syllabus Paper II: Section II: Kakatiyas and their contribution
Keyword Discuss
Introduction Though a woman, trained under the supervision of her father and conducted the
administrative affairs thoroughly with the aim of welfare of the people.

Body  By the time she took over the administration, Kakatiyas power was in danger
because of the internal rebellions of feudatories and administrators.
 During this situation she handed the responsibility of protecting the Kakatiya
to Recherla Prasadaditya. She fought many wars during her period.
 When she ascended the throne, her step brothers rebelled against her but
she suppressed against these rebellions with the support of her army chiefs.
 While suppressing the internal rebellions, Yadava king Mahadeva invaded the
kingdom. But, she defeated the king in a fierce battle, got victory and
shunted out the enemies upto Devagiri fort.
 She faced daringly the attacks of enemies. She is well versed with the army
affairs.
 Marcopolo, who visited India during her period, appreciated her capabilities
about trade and commerce.
Conclusion  She handled the internal affairs and rebellions in the kingdom well along with

TSPSC | Group-I | Mains | Naipunyata | Admissions in progress | call 7013495019

 fighting the enemies fiercly.
 So, she is considered one of the best administrators of those times.

5. Discuss the contribution of poet Nannaya for the development of Telugu language and
literature.
Syllabus Paper II: Section II: Development of Telugu Literature
Keyword Discuss
Introduction Nannayya Bhattaraka is one of the three poets Kavitrayam who had translated
Mahabharatha into Telugu as Andhra Mahabharatha
Body  He was the first to initiate to bring epic poem into Telugu language
 It is of about one lakh couplets or slokas, in addition to the prose
passages
 It occupies its own right place in the epic literature of the world, along with
Ramayana
 Also known as Aadi Kavi or the first poet in Telugu literature
 He was the first to formal the grammar in the language with his
contribution “Andhra Sabha Chintamani” which was written in
Sanskrit
 This grammar followed the patterns which existed in grammatical
treatises.
 Nannaya completed the first third of the Andhra Mahabharatha leaving the
story of exile of Pandavas
 He divided his work into five chapters. Nannayya completed first two
chapters and a part of the third chapter of the Mahabharatha epic,
which is rendered in Champu style.
Conclusion Though there is difference of opinion among scholars about his calling as Aadhi Kavi,
there is not doubt that Nannayya move remains as a Golden movement in the Telugu
literature and in the epic literature of the country

TSPSC | Group-I | Mains | Naipunyata | Admissions in progress | call 7013495019

 TSPSC | Group-I | Mains Test Series
Naipunyata- A 100-day Answer Writing program
Day-13: Section-II | Paper-II| The Establishment of Asaf Jahi Dynasty

1. Briefly explain what are the circumstances that led to the establishment of Asaf
jahi dynasty and the role played by Nizam- ul-Mulk.
Syllabus Paper II (Section II): The Establishment of Asaf Jahi Dynasty-
Circumstances that led to the establishment of Asaf Jahi Dynasty.
Keyword Briefly explain
Introduction ● Briefly explain about Asaf Jahi Dynasty-
● The Asaf Jahi was a dynasty which ruled the Kingdom of Hyderabad.
Asaf Jahi and seven generations of the family ruled the Deccan for 224
years upto 1948.

Body ● Brief on circumstances that led to the establishment of Asaf Jahi

Dynasty
 With the demise of Aurangazeb in 1707, the strength of Mughal
empires began to decline.
 The rise of the Marathas as a political power in the western
Deccan led to further political instability.
 The Mughals attempted to incorporate Maratha leaders into the
empire, and there was constant Mughal-Maratha competition
for the Deccani revenues.
 The situation provided an opportunity for the Mughal
subahdar or Viceroy, later known as Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I, to
consolidate his hold over Deccan.
 By the mid-17th century, Hyderabad was at the height of its
glory.
● Brief on role of Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah
 He as a leading nobles of post Aurangazeb era, played a crucial
role in overthrowing sayyid brothers.
 Disgusted and frustrated with court politics of Muhammad shah,
he left attempts to reform administration and came to deccan to
lead scheduled life in 1724
 Though he accepted Mughal authority but practically he ruled
independently
 Asaf Jah I conquered Mubariz Khan in 1724, and the Mughal
emperor was obliged to acknowledge him as viceroy of the
Deccan with the title of Asaf Jah as a result
 The Nizam established independent sovereignty over the Deccan
area in 1724, marking the beginning of the Asaf Jahi dynasty.

TSPSC Group-I Mains Test Series | Admissions in Progress | Call 70134 95019 for more details www.civiccentre.in
 Conclusion ● Conclude on how the Mughal period came to end and the Asaf Jah
dynasty came into existence.

2. Assess the role Turre Baz Khan in the Revolt of 1857 in Telangana
Syllabus Paper II (Section II): The Establishment of Asaf Jahi Dynasty- The 1857
Revolt
Keyword Assess
Introduction ● Introduce about Revolt of 1857 in Telangana
 The Afghans under the leadership of Maulana Alauddin and
Turrebaz khan, attacked the British Residency, scaring the
colonisers in the Nizam dominion. The Unsuccessful attack
eventually led to the British raising the walls of the residency. This
event also enshrined Turrebaz Khan’s name in Hyderabad history.

Body ● Brief on how sepoy mutiny reached Hyderabad

 There were spells of anti-British rebellions in Hyderabad state
even before 1857.
 With the Nizam signing the Treaty of Subsidiary alliance with the
East India company in 1800, he fell into huge debts and the British
wielded a lot of influence over him.
 The Indian sepoys in the Nizam army and the subsidiary troops of
East India Company revolted against the European officers.
 Among them was Jamedar Cheeda Khan who revolted against the
British when Hyderabad Contingent’s 3rd Cavalry was ordered to
march to Delhi at Buldhana.
 In 1839, the Wahabi movement became intense in Hyderabad
and it was an anti-British movement.
 During Nazir ud dowla, the company forcefully occupied the
province of Berar and the districts of Osmanabad and Raichur on
the reason that the Nizam didn’t pay the debt to the company.
 This act of company fuelled the flames of anti-british feeling.
● Brief on Role of Turrebaz khan in 1857 Revolt.
 Turrebaz khan along with other rebels reached the British
academy mobilising around 5000 Rohillas.
 Turrebaz khan and Maulvi Allauddin along with the Rohillas
demolished the wall and broke through the Residency
 Unable to bear the incessant firing from the Residency, the
Rohillas fled.
 Turrebaz Khan fled too, but with hopes of coming back with
additional strength and support
 He was arrested and tried by the Hyderabad court and sentenced
to transportation to Andaman jail.
Conclusion ● Conclude precisely on how the Revolt of 1857 reached Hyderabad and
the important role played by the Turrebaz khan in the Revolt.

TSPSC Group-I Mains Test Series | Admissions in Progress | Call 70134 95019 for more details www.civiccentre.in
 ● The revolt of 1857 belonged not just to Lucknow, Delhi, Allahabad,
Kanpur and other parts of Central India. The Southern regions too rose
up in arms against the exploitative colonial rule
● Every Hyderabadi must have heard the term ‘Turum Khan’, at least
once in his lifetime. This unique term refers to bravery and fearless
attitude of a person it is used for.

3. Discuss the main features of Hyderabad land tenure system during Nizam era.
Syllabus Paper II (Section II): The Establishment of Asaf Jahi Dynasty- Main features
of Hyderabad Land tenure system
Keyword Discuss
Introduction ● Briefly introduce on Land tenure system
 Land tenure system explains the traditional or legal rights
individual or groups of individuals have on land and the social
relationships among the rural population that emerges from such
land rights.

Body ● Brief on features of Hyderabad land tenure system during Nizam era
 As Hyderabad State remained essentially an agriculture-based
one, the land system occupied primary place in economic
relations.
 Types of Land tenures

Diwani or Khalsa Other tenures of

Non- Khalsa Lands
Lands Khalsa land
Lands under the Pan-Maqta- tenure Lands which have
direct administration by contract granted been the subject of
of the Diwan or by government state grants, and the
Prime Minister of the under which lands revenue from which
Nizam’s Government extending from small has been assigned
were called Diwani isolated fields to wholly as jagir or Inam
lands. whole villages and in favour of some
The funds are directly even groups of person or persons
held by the state. villages Sarf-I-Khas- lands
Pattedari- When the Fixed quit rent covered an area of
occupant cultivates without liability to one-tenth of the
personally or by enhancement Dominion.
hired labour Thahud or Sarbasta- Samsthan or Peshkash
Pot-pattedari- Two rent levied was for a Jagir-
or more cultivators specified number of  Paigah or Jamait
amalgamate on the years only. Jagirs-
joint-stock principle Ijara- land was given  Al- Tamgha Jagirs-
Shikmidari- occupant on lease, assessed at revenue free
makes over the land light rates, subject to grants.
progressive increase

TSPSC Group-I Mains Test Series | Admissions in Progress | Call 70134 95019 for more details www.civiccentre.in
 to cultivators on till the full  Zat Jagirs- large
certain terms assessment was areas of land
Asami Shikmi- are reached granted for the
tenants at will Agarharas- the maintenance of
assignee has to pay a the grantee
fixed quit-rent without any
permanently stipulation of
service.
 Tankha Jagirs
 Mashrooti Jagirs
 Madad Mash
Jagirs

Conclusion ● Conclude that - Hyderabad state agriculture remained essentially, out

of the total population, 68% depended on agricultural occupations for
their living, so government brought different types of tenures in to
existence for better administration

4. Write a note on the administration of sixth and seventh Nizams.

Syllabus Paper II (Section II): The Establishment of Asaf Jahi Dynasty- Sixth and
Seventh Nizams Administration
Keyword Write
Introduction ● Brief about Nizams
 Nizams that ruled the erstwhile princely state of Hyderabad for
224 years Seven Nizams, who were also known as Asaf Jahis,
ruled Hyderabad – the seventh, Asaf Jah Nawab Mir Osman Ali
Khan Bahadur reigned till 1948.

Body ● Brief about sixth and seventh Nizam Administration

● The sixth Nizam was H.E.H Nawab Mir Mahbub Ali Khan Bahadur
[1869– 1911]- Administration
 In 1885, when he was 17 years old, he assumed sovereign rights.
 Several administrative reforms, which the Nizam implemented,
included the development of railways, revision of revenue
settlements, and establishment of cotton and silk mills.
 Education also received special attention and a large number of
schools were set up throughout his lands.
 Police, judiciary, forest and excise were reorganized along
modern lines.
 The standard of medical treatment and medical education
reached new highs.
 His constant struggle was to regulate its finances.
 The sixth Nizam himself managed not only to reduce the levels of
corruption and also achieved economic stability.

TSPSC Group-I Mains Test Series | Admissions in Progress | Call 70134 95019 for more details www.civiccentre.in
  His belief was that he could serve them effectively when he heard
their grievances first hand.
 He had many setbacks due to the lack of financial acumen of the
otherwise capable ministers.
 His people had to face calamities like floods and famine and the
British policies.
● The seventh Nizam was H.E.H Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan Bahadur
(1911-1948-1967)- Administration
 His contribution to augment irrigation in his dominion by building
various dams was immense.
 His first act as Nizam was to abolish the death penalty from the
criminal code for civilians in 1911.
 He gave financial, military and material assistance to the British
when the 1st world war broke.
 He was instrumental in setting up Osmania University in
Hyderabad in the year 1917.
 He gave money generously for many charitable causes regardless
of caste or religion
 In this Nizam’s rule saw the expansion of roads, railways and the
postal system.
 Mir Osman Ali Khan had a natural flair for both administration
and finance.
 He was also the first to separate the judiciary from the executive
in 1921.

Conclusion ● Briefly conclude that it was due to the dedication of the sixth and
seventh Nizams that the State started to flourish and its people
progressed to enhanced wellbeing.

5. Trace the growth of Railways, Transport and Communication system during the
rule of Nizams.
Syllabus Paper II (Section II): The Establishment of Asaf Jahi Dynasty- Growth of
Railways, transport and communication.
Keyword Trace
Introduction ● Brief about improvements by Nizams
(30-50 words)  Nizams like the British brought improvements with the intention
that it brought peace and prosperity in the state. The same was
noticed on the fields of agriculture, industries, trade and
commerce of Hyderabad state

Body ● Brief about growth of Railways

(100-120 words)  Nizam in 1869 established “Nizam State Railway” but full
operations began only by 1874.
 First operational rail line began between Wadi and
secunderabad.

TSPSC Group-I Mains Test Series | Admissions in Progress | Call 70134 95019 for more details www.civiccentre.in
  Salarjung I gave the contract of Coal reserve in 1833 to a railway
company in England- Nizam Guarantee scheme.
 Godavari valley railway line was laid down.
 Nampally railway station came into existence.
 By 1916, Kachiguda railway station was constructed
● Brief about growth of post and telegraphs
 With the cooperation of British administration in 1870 Nizam’s
government too began telegraphic services
 A separate department for post and telegraphs was established
in 1884.
 The first line was laid at Baradari in 1895.
 Postal system that was under contract system till 1869 was
brought directly under the control of Diwan or Prime Minister
and later was brought under supervision of revenue and finance
department
 In 1866, for the first time stamps worth one anna were
introduced.

Conclusion ● Briefly conclude that the growth of Transport and communication

(30-50 words) reached its highest level during the Nizam’s period

TSPSC Group-I Mains Test Series | Admissions in Progress | Call 70134 95019 for more details www.civiccentre.in
 TSPSC Group-I Mains
Naipunyata A 100-Day Mains Answer Writing Program
Day 14: Socio Cultural Awakening in Telangana (Paper-II Section-II Unit-IV)

1. Estimate the significance of Library movement in Telangana

Syllabus Paper II: Section II: Socio-cultural awakening in Telangana-Library movement
Keyword Estimate
Introduction  Library movement was started to know about the greatness of ancient
and medieval past of the Telugu people and make Telangana History
available to them.
 This movement started as a part of Andhra movement in Telangana.
 Suravaram Pratap Reddy had called it as first movement of Telangana.
Body  In Telangana, Somasundar Mudaliar started a library in Secunderabad
in the year 1872. This can be considered as the first library not only in
Hyderabad, but also in the Telugu speaking areas.
 Komma Raju Lakshmana Rao was the leading personality and and the
father of the library movement. In 1901, Kommaraju Lakshmana Rao
along with Ravichettu Ranga Rao, Raja Nayani Venkata Ranga Rao
established “Sreekrishnadevaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam”
 Kommaraju Lakshmana Rao and Ravichettu Rangarao started Vijnana
Chandrika Grantha Mandali in 1906 at Hyderabad
 But this movement gained strength after the launching of Nizam
Rashtra Andhra Jana Sangham in 1921.
 Lakshmanaraya Parishodaka Mandali brought to light many inscriptions
and palm leaf records that narrate the history and culture of
Telangana.
 Andhra Jana Kendra Sangham has strived for the cultural development
of Telangana by publishing various magazines and forming cultural
associations
 Outcomes of Library movement:
 Many libraries were established throughout Telangana which
brought about cultural, social, and political consciousness in the
Telangana region.
 It awakened the masses and led to gathering of people in the
evening where village elders read the newspaper loudly to make
uneducated to improve their consciousness.
 Promoted spread of knowledge about bonded labour and
Mohatarfa pannu (Handloom weaving tax).
 Rational thinking was promoted in the people as they start to
counter the atrocities of landlords.
 Movement led to growth of print media as newspapers like Telugu
patrika, Golconda Patrika got popular.
 Development of science and technology started.
 It promoted Telugu language and culture.

TSPSC | Group-I | Mains| Naipunyata | Admissions in progress | Call 7013495019 for admissions
 Conclusion  Thus library movement though appeared to be sort of knowledge
movement, it actually opened eyes of the people, created respect for
Telugu language and culture.
 It rose to the level of questioning the power and domination of Nizam
state by influencing the minds of the people.
2. Describe the role of Andhra Mahasabha in socio-cultural development
Syllabus Paper II: Section II: Andhra Maha Sabha
Keyword Describe
Introduction  In 1928 Madapati Hanumantha Rao took the lead to form Andhra
Maha Sabha and the first conference was held in Jogipet under
chairmanship of Suravaram Pratapa Reddy to organize people in
erstwhile Hyderabad state.
 Spearheaded people’s awareness and people’s movements among the
Telugu speaking populace of the state
Body  Started under the name of Andhra Jana Sangham in 1921
 Eventually joined hands with Communist Party of India to launch
Telangana Movement
 Started with an intention to promoting Telugu language, its books,
literature and historical research.
 Andhra Mahasabha took many resolutions during several meetings
held which helped in the socio-cultural development
 Decided to ban Gasti Nishan Tirpan (Act 53), an Act that
prohibited meetings or gathering without permission.
 Fought for to ban Devadasi system
 Discussed on Arvamuddam ayyangar committee to initiate
political reforms in Telangana.
 Promoted Telugu language by making it the only language to
be used in meetings.
 Women upliftment and eradication of social evils like child
marriages.
 People’s right to select their own leaders in municipalities
 Pay back the difficulties of labour and eradication of bonded
labour
 Reduction of the prices of post cards, stamps and covers
 Encouragement for weavers and Khadi industries
 Usage of Swadeshi goods
 Development of Telangana state and its people.
 With active participation of Durgabai Deshmukh Andhra mahila sabha’s
also started parallelly.
Conclusion  In Bhuvanagiri, Nalgonda meeting under chairmanship of Narayana
Reddy, Both extremists and moderates were divided.
 The moderates later merged with Hyderabad state congress.
 Played a crucial role in social and cultural development
 Helped in creating awareness among women and peasants and
eradicating atrocities against them
3. Comment on the contribution of literary works of Gurram Jashuva in social reform
Syllabus Paper II: Section II: Dalit Movements
Keyword Comment

TSPSC | Group-I | Mains| Naipunyata | Admissions in progress | Call 7013495019 for admissions
 Introduction  Gurram Jashuva (1895-1971) was considered as the poet of the
millennium and he is also the first modern Dalit poet. He followed the
universal approach to portray his feelings
 Considered to be one of the first organic Dalit voices in Telugu
literature known for his anti-caste poetry
Body  Anti-caste visionary first one to write a Dalit epic to challenge and sub-
vert the classical verse epic tradition in Indian poetry
 Transformed the dominant literary ideology in Telugu literature
 Jashuva wrote his poetry between 1930 and 1970. His early works
include Himada Markadhara Parinayam, Kanyaka Parameshwari,
Madalasa Rukmini Kalyanam, Kushalavopakhyanam, Chidananda
Prabhatham; his later works include Firdousi, Swapnakatha, Anadha,
Terachatu, Kandisheekudu, Mumtaz Mahal, Gabbilam(two parts),
Netaji, Rakthaganam, Chinna Nayakudu, Babuji, Musafarulu,
Swayamavaram, Rastrapuja, Kothalokam, Krishtucharitra, Nagarjuna
Sagar and Na Katha( the last his autobiography in three parts).
 Social reforms through his literary work.
 Gabbilam (A Bat): Jashuva's best known work, fashioned after
Kalidasa's Megha Sandesam." Here the poet talks on how the
inferior of the birds the bat is allowed in a temple but not the
people who are Dalits. This shows the atrocities faced by the
people and the untouchability performed in the state.
 Firadausi (A Rebel): The poet who was promised for gold
mohars by Gazini mohammad but got only silver mohars. As he
denied those the king ordered execution but the poet escapes
and the king realizes his mistake and offered gold but by that
time the poet was dead. This explains we should follow what
we promised and should not waste time on arrogant things we
face.
 Baapoojee (1948) is expression of his anguish on hearing of the
assassination of Mahatma Gandhi. His enormous love and
respect for Gandhiji is poignantly expressed in these 15 odd
poems about his life and work and lamenting his death as this
country’s misfortune.
 Gabbilam Is remarkable example of his ideology, imagination, and
exemplary skills as a poet
 He was a radical and that reflected in his choice of writing in
Sanskritised Telugu.
 When everyone talked about nationalist ideals and freedom, he wote
equally prioritizing freedom from caste free society
 There are many other works of his too, which included Firdausi
 Often referred to as Nava Kavi or Navayuga Kavi.
 He is a Sahitya Akademi awardee and also received Padma Bhushan.
Conclusion  He was honored with ‘Kala Prapurna’ (Honorary Doctorate) by Andhra
University and Padma Bhushan by the Government of India. He was
given many epithets like Vishwa Kavi (Universal Poet), Kavi Kokila,
Kavitha Visharada, Kavidiggaja, Madhura Srinadha and Nava Yuga Kavi
Chakravarthy.
4. Assess the role of western education and contribution of Christian missionaries in the
socio-cultural awakening in Andhra
Syllabus Paper II: Section II: Role of Christian Missionaries in Telangana

TSPSC | Group-I | Mains| Naipunyata | Admissions in progress | Call 7013495019 for admissions
 Keyword Assess
Introduction In 1835 the Macaualay minute articulate the famous ‘downward filtration
theory’, which articulated for educating a ‘limited few’ for preading the
education among natives. In fact till 1854 the role of state in spreading the
education was very slow. This period was largely a period where the
educational activities were taken by the Christian missionaries and other
philanthropists.
Body Christian missionaries and western education denounced and chastised India’s
existing superstitions, religious practices and rituals alleging that they are to
blame for the various social evils
 They established large number of missionary schools especially in
tribal areas too that were inaccessible
 Literacy rates in tribal belts increased
 Provided all of the funding to modern education school system
 Responsible for establishment of schools, colleges, and hospitals for
women
 Some of the untouchables, lower caste people were converted to
Christianity marked beginning of modern social awakening
 Marginalized were mainstreamed and gained access to education,
new occupations and a life of dignity and social acceptance
 Dismantled caste system and helped to humanize the society’s
cultural chaos and structures
 Missionaries started strategies to free majority of tribes who were
enslaved by money lenders
 Establishment of Catholic cooperative credit societies, mutual
help societies and other socio-economic measures
 For making tribes self-sufficient
 Christian centers have evolved into centers of conscientization
 The process of awakening the whole person who a new
understanding of his or her dignity and personality
Conclusion Missionaries encountered the problem of ‘caste’ in their process of
proselytization and looked up ‘caste as biggest obstacle for proselytization.’ As
a result, one of the main aims of missionaries was to undermine ‘caste’ and
promote self-respect which was to be done through the spread of education.
5. Estimate the significance of Vandemataram movement during the course of freedom
struggle in Hyderabad state.
Syllabus Paper II: Section II: Role of Vandemataram Movement
Keyword Estimate
Introduction  After declaring Division of Bengal (1905) by lord Curzon the people of
Bengal had started promoting Vandemataram which had spread to
different regions of the nation.
 Though Vandematarm movement happened for a short time in
Hyderabad, it was active and the strongest student movement
 It brought mobility all over the State
Body  Singing Vandematarm was banned in those times and thus
Vandematarm movement started
 The main reason was that Hindu students and employees facing facing
social and religious insults in Nizam state
 The students were not allowed to sing Vandemataram in colleges, were
asked to vacate hostels and police was called against the students

TSPSC | Group-I | Mains| Naipunyata | Admissions in progress | Call 7013495019 for admissions
  All this made the students to start a movement and the news spread
like wildfire in the city
 Day scholars conducted picketing in bus stops show their support
 Students formed an action committee and decided to continue the
movement until their demands were met
 In this context, many students boycotted schools and colleges and
went on strikes
 Government decided to suppress the movement and arranged police
forces at schools and colleges
 Subhash Chandra wrote a letter saying that the movement should not
be stopped
 Even PM of Nizam’s government showed sympathy initially but later he
changed his attitude because of pressure of government
 Students left the college. Government ordered not to give admission to
any of the students again
 Students started Satyagraha
 Finally government decided to lift the ban if the students apologized.
With this students stopped their agitation
Conclusion  It created a new rapidity and they showed the unity and strength of the
students to the government

TSPSC | Group-I | Mains| Naipunyata | Admissions in progress | Call 7013495019 for admissions
 TSPSC Group-I Mains
Naipunyata A 100-Day Mains Answer Writing Program
Day 15: People’s movement against the Nizam’s rule (Paper-II Section-II Unit-V)
1. Analyze the basic factors that led to the Telangana people’s Armed Struggle
Syllabus Paper II: Section II: Telangana Peasant’s armed struggle
Keyword Analyze
Introduction The Telangana People’s armed struggle (1946-51) is one of the glorious phases in
the freedom struggle of our country and also of the communist movement.
Body  The Telangana Armed struggle can be broadly divided into three phases
 Initial phase: struggle against the Vetti system and eviction from land
 Second phase: ouster of Nizam, establishment of village self-rule and
distribution of land to the tiller
 Third and final phase, safeguarding the gains and withdrawal of the
struggle.
 Factors that led to the Struggle:
 The struggle started against feudal exploitation of Nizam
 The culture and language of most people living in the state was
suppressed by the rulers.
 Their natural desire for education and cultural development, for
protection and development of their own mother tongue.
 All this got inevitably linked against the struggle against Nizam’s rule
 The basic feature that dominated the socio-economic life of the people
was the unbridled feudal exploitation.
 The land taxes on jagir used to be ten times more than that of
government lands.
 Various kinds of illegal exactions and forced labour were the new
normal
 Deshmukhs and Deshpandes grabbed thousands of acres of land and
became landlords
 Peasants were turned to mere tenants-at-will.
 Even if peasants has the land, that was confiscated if the tenants were
unable to pay taxes
 One of the main reasons for the struggle was Vetti System
 Vetti System: Persuasive phenomenon
 Each Dalit family had to send one man to do Vetti.
 Dalits were forced to provide accessories free of cost
 Other backward communities were forced to carry palanquins of
landlords from one village to another
 Girls were kept as slaves and used as concubines
 Utterly degraded the life of Telangana people and ruined their self-
respect
Conclusion  Above factors led to the Telangana people’s armed struggle
 Peasantry came on to head-on confrontation with the landlords
2. Give an account of the socio-economic structure of the Hyderabad state during Nizam rule
Syllabus Paper II: Section II: Integration of Hyderabad state into Indian Union
Key word Give an account of
Introduction The socio-economic structure could be well understood in relation to the caste and
power structure that dominated the state

TSPSC | Group-I | Mains | Naipunyata | 100-day Mains Answer Writing Program | 7013495019
Body  Wide division between peasants and landlords
 Three types of land tenure system: Diwani or Khalsa, Jagir and Sarf-e-Khas
Diwani or Khalsa:
 Constituted 60% of the land
 Peasant cultivators were called the Pattadars
 They paid land tax to state
 Pattadhar enjoyed the rights on land as long as he paid revenue to the state
Jagirs:
 Constituted 30% of the land
 Nobles received land from government
 Ex-military personnel were paid in the form of land
 Most of jagirdars were Muslims
 They were required to pay Nazarana or Peshkash
 Enjoyed autonomous powers over the subjects of estates
 Had their own administrative system
 Functioned as state within state
Sarf-e-Khas
 Refers to the crown land catering to the Nizam’s expenditures
 Constituted to 10%
 Deshmukhs and Deshpandes were head of the villages in non-jagirdari areas
 They were mostly Brahmins and landlords who owned the land
 The village organization in Telangana was an expression of structure of
social relations
 Even the division and names of villages possessed stamps of different castes
Conclusion The socio-economic structure clearly reveals the concept of division of labour and
their relationship between domination and subordination
3. Assess the role of communists in Telangana people’s armed struggle
Syllabus Paper II: Section II: Role of communists and Telangana Peasants armed struggle
Keyword Assess
Introduction  The Communist party of Hyderabad was formed in 1940
 They championed the cause of peasants and other issues in an organized
manner.
 Telangana armed struggle in the 1940s, one of the most radical peasant
rebellions in the history of rural India
Body  The Telangana Armed struggle can be broadly divided into three phases
 Initial phase: struggle against the Vetti system and eviction from land
 Second phase: ouster of Nizam, establishment of village self-rule and
distribution of land to the tiller
 Third and final phase, safeguarding the gains and withdrawal of the
struggle.
 The communists established a strong base in Nalgonda and Warangal
districts
 Reason: Presence of large number of landlords
 Between 1942 and 1946 there was steady influence of communists
over the peasants, tenants, cultivators and landless labourers
 During the first phase of the movement, communists intensified their
struggle through their Sangams
 Centered around Nalgonda district, mainly against big landlords and
Deshmukhs
 Forcibly confiscated the lands of landlords.

TSPSC | Group-I | Mains | Naipunyata | 100-day Mains Answer Writing Program | 7013495019
  The communist-led rebels fought for a society free of bonded
labour and other forms of economic exploitation and political
oppression
 Unable to bear this many landlords even migrated to cities.
 They played a vital role in the second phase too
 The atrocities of Razakars helped the communists to spread the
movement
 After big landlords migrated to cities, middle class people and
peasants were left
 Communists with the help this diverse population intensified the
struggle
 They also established a parallel administration in about 4000
villages
 They raised the slogan “land to the tiller”
 Tenants began occupying the lands
 the government lands were distributed among landless labourers
 During the third phase, Nizam government encouraged Razakars to save
landlords from peasants.
 Razakars indulged in terrorist activities
 In retaliation the communists attacked police outposts and
murdered many people
 They seized and destroyed village records, manhandled a large
number of village officials, burnt the chawadis and consumer
outposts
 P.C. Joshi, the then General Secretary of the Communist Party of India,
provided inspiration for the armed struggle in Telangana.
 He arranged for the supply of arms and ammunition to the struggling
peasants. He was supported in his endeavour by many military officers who
gifted weapons free of cost and arranged for their shipment.
Conclusion In this way communists played a vital role throughout the struggle at every phase.
The communist leader Sundarayya described the Telangana armed struggle as a
multi-class front against the deshmukhs and jagirdars.
4. Critically examine the role played by Majlis Ittehadul Muslimeen, during the rule of
Nizam’s in Hyderabad
Syllabus Paper II: Section II: Majlis-Ittehadul-Muslimeen party
Keyword Critically Examine
Introduction  After the ban of Anjuman Tabli-Gulislam by Nizam Government, the
intellectuals and people in higher class started “Majis Ittedahul Jainul
Muslimin” (MIM)
 Started in 1929 under the leadership of Sadaryarjung in Tohad Manjil.
Body  The main motto was to improve social, financial and cultural aspects of
Muslims and to increase power in Telangana region
 Later, jainul was removed from the name
 Worked for protecting Islam, uniting Muslims and helping them financially
and morally
 The cultural and political changes impacted the organization and agenda
was changed
 Backward castes in villages were converted to Islam to strengthen
Muslims against various organisations
 Because of Shuddhi movement by Arya Samaj clashes between Hindus and
Muslims started

TSPSC | Group-I | Mains | Naipunyata | 100-day Mains Answer Writing Program | 7013495019
  The people of Telangana started democratically revolting against the VII
Nizam and to increase number of unofficial members in Legislative council
 This led to insecurity among Muslims
 Bahadur Yar Jung became President Majlis organization in 1938 and started
influencing Muslims
 With protection of Muslims and gaining political power as his
motives
 He started opposing movements and organization by Hindus
 He started Majlis into a political party and started Anal Malik movement
 To increase religious feelings in Muslims and motivated them to
covert Hyderabad into a Islamic state
 Syad Mohammed Hassan suggested to have volunteers to this organization
called Rajakars
 Bahadur Yar Jung maintained relations with the National Muslim league to
increase domination of Muslims
 Under him, Majlis became a political organization and became
military power
 After his death, Qasim razvi became the leader of this organization
 Under his leadership, Majlis became a semi-military organization
 Rajakars who were the paramilitary wing of MIM became armed guards
during this period
 Took oath of working for betterment and greatness of Muslims in
Deccan
 They helped Nizam in fighting against communists.
 They published a newspaper called Ithmath (Unity)
 In order to increase their number they started training camps and recruiting
students
 Nizam also encouraged so that they can support him.
 Later they started many atrocities against the people in villages who
opposed them
 Operation Polo, took razakars into custody and arrested Razvi making Majlis
organization defunct for a while
Conclusion The steps taken by MIM and later by Indian government is the result of promoting
fraternity or brotherhood between Hindus and Muslims in current Hyderabad city.
5. There are three different opinions regarding the police action against the Hyderabad state
as “Integration, Emancipation and Treachery”. Comment on the above statement.
Syllabus Paper II: Section II: Integration of Hyderabad state into Indian Union
Keyword Critically Examine
Introduction Operation Polo was the code name for the police action in 1948 by the newly
independent dominion of India against Hyderabad state
Body Integration into India:
 The Nizam of Hyderabad did not accede to India before Independence
 He was encouraged by Pakistan and Muslim natives to stay independent
and improve armed forces to resist integration
 During this time internal chaos emerged in the state because of which
Operation Polo was conducted
 Indian army was sent to annex Hyderabad state into Indian Union
 Despite the complaints to United Nations, various protests in Pakistan and
strong criticism from other countries, United Nations Security Council did
not interfere and Hyderabad was absorbed into India.

TSPSC | Group-I | Mains | Naipunyata | 100-day Mains Answer Writing Program | 7013495019
 Emancipation
 It means freeing people from the authoritarian Nizam rule and the atrocities
done by Razakars.
 Razakars were in personnel interests to align with Pakistan and try to
increase Muslim population by forceful conversions.
 Anything spoken against them were killed or kidnapped.
Treachery
 Willingly causing harm to the people for there own benefits is considered as
treachery.
 Razkars under nizam rule took special powers in order to support the nizam
to stay as the King. This led to exploitation of Razakars as the king authority
was decreased.
Conclusion  The princely state of Hyderabad, ruled by Osman Ali Khan, was annexed
finally India on September 17, in 1948 through Operation Polo.
 The Sunderlal Committee had reported conservative figures of 27,000 to
40,000 Muslims killed in the duration and aftermath of Operation Polo, and
mentioned that most of the loss of lives had taken place in Razakar
strongholds.

TSPSC | Group-I | Mains | Naipunyata | 100-day Mains Answer Writing Program | 7013495019
 TSPSC | Group-I | Mains Test Series
Test-04 | Paper – II | Section – II | History and Cultural Heritage of Telangana

1(a). Give a brief account of social conditions during the Ikshvaku period.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Give a brief account of”
2. Mention the social conditions during Ikshvaku period
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
Introduction: Ikshvaku dynasty ruled Eastern Krishna River valley during the time period of 225 – 340 AD with
the capital at Vijayapuri (modern Nagarjunakonda). Ikshvakus were also known as Andhra Ikshvakus or
Ikshvakus of Vijayapuri. They were the feudatories of Satavahanas and bore the title “Mahatalvara”.
The founder of the dynasty was Vasishthiputra Chamtamula. Other major kings were Mathariputra
Virapurushadatta, Vasishthiputra Ehuvala Chamtamula, etc.
Social Conditions during the Ikshvaku period:
The caste stratification of the Indian society had its origin in the chaturvarna system. The first mention of the
Varna system was found in Purusha Suktam verse of Rig Veda. In the post-Satavahana society along with four
Varnas, several mixed castes and sub-castes also emerged.
Initially, every person used to adopt the occupation of their ancestors and receive social status that is attached
to it with birth itself. Later, castes based on occupation basis have taken shape. Kings considered it as their
duty to see that Varnas do not become impure. But the Ikshvakus ahve made contract marriage alliances with
local families such as Pugiyas and Hiranyakas and with Ujjain Kshatraps.
During the period, the position and economic condition of Brahmins improved in the society. This is because
of the performance of vedic rituals and construction of temples employing Brahmins in higher posts. Kings
used to give land to Brahmins.
The land given to Brahmins was exempted from many taxes. These lands were generally cultivated by the
Sudras. The majority of people in the society were Sudras. They used to follow different occupations.
Agriculturists were called halikas.
The second century C.E also witnessed sanskritisation of many foreign communities. This includes Sakas,
Yavanas, Pahlavas and Abhiras. As they were rulers, they received the Kshatriya status. Significantly, Sudras
also gained political emergence.
The Vaisyas mostly resorted to trade and business. But big businesses were run by merchant associations only.
They used to form guilds. Kolika or Kulika was considered as the head of the guild. Besides Vaisyas, weavers,
oil, extractors and blacksmiths also used to conduct trade.
Position of women during the Ikshvaku period:
Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda inscriptions mention that women of high families gave donations
independently at that time. For example, the mahachaitya at Nagarjunakonda received huge donations from
wonen of high families. The Ikhvaku kings have followed Vedic religion. Still, women patronized Buddhism,
made donations and built chaityas. Just like Satavahanas, Ikshvaku kings have added their mother’s name
before their names.
The social system during the Ikshvakus were dominated by the priestly class. It is to be noted that though the
position of women was not equal, women of high family enjoyed a better status.

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
1(b). The economic development during the Satavahanas was considered advanced. Elaborate
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Elaborate”
2. Mention about agriculture, crafts, progress of trade, etc.
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
The Satavahanas were the first principal dynasty to rule Telangana. They were the vassals of the Mauryas. The
Satavahana dynasty was established in late 2nd century BCE and it ruled till the early 3rd century CE. Their
kingdom mainly comprised the present-day Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra.
The Satavahana period is remembered for its significant
economic development, particularly in the fields of
agriculture, cottage industries, internal and external
trade.
Agriculture:
Agriculture was the major occupation of people. Rice,
jowar, Jute, Ginjelly and Sugarcane were the major
crops. During the rule, lands were tilled using asses and
he-buffaloes apart from oxen.
Wells were the principal water resources. Water
machines called ‘Persian Wheel’ were also used for
lifting water from canals. As per Myakadoni inscription,
one gahapati (wealthy householders) had constructed a
water source.
Villages and lands were granted for religious institutions, for agriculture and for growing trees. The Kanheri
inscriptions says that merchants and common people used to donate lands independently for Buddhist Viharas
and Buddhist monks. The Nasik inscription says that Gautamiputra Satakarni granted lands to Buddhist monks.
Coconuts and Peppers are the two most important cash crops grown in southern part of the region. Tila
(Sesame) was one of the most widely grown oilseeds and Barygaza (Bharuch) was an important location from
where sesame was exported to other parts. The Godavari valley known for its rajika mustard and its grown
abundantly in that region.
Crafts:
Cottage industries developed significantly during the Satavahana period. Certain sources says that the rulers
have used iron deposits in various parts of Telangana like Warangal and Medak. The people have also learnt
burning the bricks and digging of wells. Bricks were used for roofing of houses and drainage canals.
It was learnt that 18 types of crafts were there. This includes Kolikas (weavers), Kasakaras (brass workers),
Malakaras (florists), etc. During this period, those who followed a craft got themselves organized into a guild.
Every guild had a president known as Sreshti. Guild discharged the function of present-day banks. The Junnar
inscription mentions about deposits and loans.
Internal and External trade:
Merchants who carried out foreign trade were called Sarthavahas. The discovery of monsoon winds in first
century made foreign trade easy. Many major highways developed during this period which includes Grand
Trunk Road that helped trade. In Telangana, Kotilingala, DHulikatta and Kondapur ere important trade centres.
During the Satavahana times, foreign trade was carried on from port towns like Sopar (Sopara), Kalyan
(Kalyani) and Bharukachham (Broach) on the western coast. Pliny, a Roman historian mentioned that Indian

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
 trade was a serious drain on wealth of Rome. Arikamedu remained a Roman trade centre. Major export items
were different animals, diamonds, silk and cotton clothes, spices etc. even slave women were traded.
Use of Currency:
Many coins were minted during Satavahana period. The coins made of gold were called as ‘Suvarna’. A gold
coin equals 35 silver karshapans. ‘Kushan’ was another type of silver coin. Potin was a copper-zinc-tin alloy.
Lead coins occupied most proportion of Satavahana economy.
Growth of Banking system:
Lending and borrowing were prevalent during this period. The rate of interest mentioned in Nasik cave
Inscription was ranging from 12%-15%. It was this high during that period because of the better economic
condition of the people. Loans were given on security of gold and other important things.
The Satavahanas were really advanced in their political administration as well as economic growth. This has
led to their stable rule for several hundred years in the subcontinent.
2(a). Explain the educational and literary developments during the Satavahana period.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Explain”
2. Mention the progress achieved in educational and literary fields during the period
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
The Satavahanas were the first principal dynasty to rule Telangana. They were the vassals of the Mauryas. The
Satavahana dynasty was established in late 2nd century BCE and it ruled till the early 3rd century CE. Their
kingdom mainly comprised the present-day Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra. The Satavahana
period was significant in terms of progress made in education and literature.
Educational progress:
Ghatikas during Satavahana were educational institutions. Women were also honoured to take up higher
education and religious functions. Geometry was learned and used in construction of water tanks, brick
formation. Astronomy was modified and accurate values of revolution of Sun, Moon, Planets were calculated.
Eclipses were also predicted accurately.
During the Satavahana age, universities were also established at Dhanyakatakam and Nagarjunakonda.
Subjects like grammar, state craft, economics, logic, mathematics, legal science, astrology were taught. Even
foreign students came to these universities.
Literary developments:
Vast literature was produced during the Satavahana age in Prakrit, Pali and Sanskrit language. Maharastri
Prakrit has been a regional language. Prakrit had impact on Telugu. Satavahana King Hala himself a poet. He
composed the famous poetic work Gatha-Saptashati in a Prakrit language. Poets like Kumarila and Sreepalita
were honoured by Hala.
Gunadhya, one of the Satavahana ministers has brought ‘Brihatkatha’ in Paisachi language with 7000 slokas.
Based on Brihatkatha, Somadevasuri has written in Sanskrit ‘Kathasaritsagam’. Kshemendra has written
‘Brihatkathamanjari’. Sarvavarma, belived to be a contemporary of Hala, wrote ‘Katantra Vyakaranam’ in
Sanskrit.
Acharya Nagarjuna has written in Sanskrit, several works such as ‘Pragnaparamita’, Ashta Sahasrika, Mula
Madhyamikarikavali, Vigraha Vyaptini, Dvadaya nikayam and Sunyasaptati. During this time, Mahayana
Buddhists have accepted Sanskrit as the language medium for teaching and writing.
Besides Prakrit and Sanskrit, there prevailed another language called ‘desi’. D. C. Sarcar, famous Indian
historian, has opined that this language was the base for Telugu and Kannada languages.

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
 All these indicates the fabulous educational and literary developments during the Satavahanas.
2(b). Briefly discuss the continuity in the architectural progress in ancient Telangana.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Discuss”
2. Mention the architectural contributions of various kings in ancient Telangana
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
Telangana has developed its own distinct culture and heritage in its ages-long history. Its foundations were
laid in the ancient and medieval ages. The major dynasties contributing to the architecture in ancient
Telangana were The Satavahanas, the Ikhvakus, the Vakatakas, the Vishnukunds, the Chalukyas and the
Rashtrakutas.
Architecture during Satavahana period:
On the account of spread of Buddhism into the Deccan, many stupas, viharas and chaityas were built during
the Satavahana period. In Telangana, stupas are there at Dhulikatta, Pasegam, Meerjampet (Karimnagar),
Phanigiri (Nalgonda) and Tirumalagiri.
The art and sculpture during the Satavahana times came to be known as Amaravati art of sculpture. This art
was in brilliant condition from second century BCE to second century CE. With Amaravathi, Nararjunakonda
and Jaggayapeta as centers, this art of sculpture developed.
Architecture during Ikshvaku period:
In CE third and fourth centuries, Buddhist art and architecture style of architecture flourished gloriously.
Though satavahana empire declined, arts of architecture and sculpture did not become extinct. The last phase
in the construction of Amaravathi sculpture has continued even during the time of Ikshvakus also.
During the time of Ikshvakus, Nagarjunakonda has become the center of this art and sculpture. Construction
of Hindu temples had commenced during this time. Depicting the stories of Itihasas and Puranas in the
sculpture in the temples continued during the Ikshvaku time.
Architecture during Ikshvaku period:
The architecture of Vakatakas can be seen in their Varaha and Ramachandra temples and the Ajanta Caves.
They have built structural and cave temples. The basic features of Vakataka sculptures were long body, lean
and delicate waist, strong upper parts, etc.
Architecture during Vishnukund period:
During Vishnukund period, structures of architecture have demonstrated new style. In Telangana, Vishnukund
forts are there in in their capitals of Amaravathi, Indrapalanagaram and Keesaragutta. The temples which were
built were like present day ones.
During their rule, Buddhist viharas and aramas were constructed. The sculptures were carved Buddhist Jathaka
stories, Buddha’s footprints, etc.
It could be said that architectural developments in Telangana were continuous and almost all ancient dynasties
have made their footprints. In the 14th century, the architecture of Telangana witnessed huge shift with the
advent of Islamic rulers.
3(a). Sammakka Saralamma duo’s fight against unjust law is an inspiration for generations to come. Comment
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Comment”
2. Mention the protest against Kakatiyas led by Sammakka and Sarakka; their significance.
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
 While writing the contributions of women in Telangana, one must not forget the act of valour by Sammakka
and Saralamma. Remembering their courage, the Sammakka Sarakka Jathara or Medaram Jathara, the largest
tribal religious congregation in the country, is celebrated every year in Telangana.
The Sammakka Saralamma Jatara honours the fight of a mother and daughter, Sammakka and Saralamma,
with the then reigning rulers against an unjust law. During the festival, people offer bangaram (gold) in the
form of jaggery and take holy bath in Jampanna Vagu (stream). It is a festival with no Vedic or Brahmanic
influence.
Jampanna Vagu is a tributary to River Godavari. According to the history, Jampanna is the tribal warrior and
the son of Tribal Goddess Sammakka. The Jampanna vagu took his name as he died in a battle fighting against
Kakatiyan Army in that stream.
According to a tribal story, Sammakka was born in the 13th century. She was married to Pagididda Raju, a
feudatory tribal chief of Kakatiyas, who ruled Warangal area. She had two daughters and one son namely
Sarakka, Nagulamma and Jampanna respectively.

Due to severe drought that dried the mighty Godavari Pagididda Raju didn't pay tribute to King Pratapa Rudra.
In turn king Pratapa rudra sent his army to subdue the tribals and collect the tribute. The Koya army was
defeated by the Kakatiya army.
During the battle, Pagididda Raju, his daughters and Jampanna lost their lives. The Jampanna vagu is still red
in colour believed to be with the blood of Jampanna (scientifically attributed to the soil composition).
It is said that the Kakatiya Prime Minister was surprised by Sammakka’s bravery. He visited the Koya kingdom
with proposal of peace and offered Sammakka a place in the emperor’s harem as the chief queen. Sammakka
turned down the offer and resolved to continue the fight.
The valiant fight of this mother-daughter duo against a despotic regime bent on collecting taxes from the
people is written in the history. This revolt has always been regarded as one of the greatest revolts against the
feudal lords. This revolt filled the people of Telangana with motivation and inspired them for the Telangana
struggle which followed in the later years.
Even today lakhs of people in the world suffers from corrupted leaders and despotic regimes. The courage
shown by a mother and her daughter hundreds of years ago shall inspire them and the generations to come.
3(b). Briefly discuss the contribution of Kakatiyas to the language, literature, art and architecture.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Discuss”
2. Mention Kakatiya’s contribution to language, literature, art and architecture separately
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
The Kakatiya dynasty ruled most of the eastern Deccan region between the 12th and 14th centuries. Their
capital was Orugallu, present day Warangal. Early Kakatiya rulers served as feudatories to Rashtrakutas and
Western Chalukyas for more than two centuries. They assumed sovereignty under Prataparudra I in 1163 CE.

During their reign, the Kakatiya rulers have contributed significantly to the development of art and
architecture in the region. Kakatiyas helped in the development of Sanskrit and Telugu languages. Also, they
built wonderful temples, forts and toranas in Andhra and Telangana regions.

Contribution of Kakatiyas to Language and Literature:

Many Vidyamandapas (educational buildings) were constructed where Vedas, logic and literature were taught.
The mode of instruction was Sanskrit. Many popular poets and scholars like Vidyanatha, Shalayamalla kavi,
Viddanacharya, Gundayanhattu belonged to Kakatiya period.

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
 During the Kakatiya period, the people of Telangana, Andhra and Rayalaseema were united and Telugu was
popular as the people’s language. The Shaiva and Vaishnava poets wrote their works in Jana Telugu which is
the local dialect and Telugu was used in the inscriptions.
Rudradeva was a great patron of art literature and wrote ‘Nitisara’ in Sanskrit. The famous poet Tikkana
Somayaji was a court poet of Ganapathideva.
Contribution of Kakatiyas to Art and Architecture:
Kakatiyas got inspiration from their overlords and built many temples. An example is the Thousand Pillar
Temple or Rudreshwara Swamy Temple. Another major architecture is the Ramappa Temple, recently
inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List. The Golconda Fort in Hyderabad was also constructed by the
Kakatiya rulers. Other major forts include Orugallu, Devarakonda, Rachakonda, Bhuvanagiri, etc.
During Kakatiya rule, special tax exemption was there to temple lands. Fruits and goods needed for temples
were carried by bullock carts and taxes were exempted on these. The marvellous sculptures during the period
are reflected in the Kakatiya Kala Thoranam or arch in the Warangal Fort.
Kakatiya rulers are also known for contructing several tanks for irrigation. Prolaraja-I built Kesari Tatakam tank
for irrigation purpose. Betaraja-II built huge tank at Anumakonda. Kakatiyas united the Telugu speaking people
and brought them together. Also, they were very successful in the fields of literature, art and architecture.
4(a). Evaluate the contribution of Qutb Shahis to the architecture of South India.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Evaluate”
2. Mention the various constructions done by Qutb Shahis and their significance
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
The Quṭb Shahi dynasty (1518–1687) were the Muslim rulers of the kingdom of Golconda in the south-eastern
Deccan of India. They were one of the five successor states of the Bahmani kingdom. The founder was Qulī
Quṭb Shah.
Their first capital was Golconda. Later, Muḥammad Quli Quṭb Shah built a new capital at Hyderabad. The Qutb
Shahi Sultans were great lovers of fine arts. They constructed many grand buildings, palaces, mosques, forts,
tombs and tanks in various parts of their kingdom.
The Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs and Charminar are the landmarks that together symbolize the Qutb
Shahi Dynasty.
1. Charminar: A ceremonial Gateway built in 1591 A.D. by Muhammad-Quli-Qutb Shah. It is an example for
the artistic skill of Qutb Shahi masons and other workers. The Char Kaman are four historical structures
located near Charminar.
Though it is the perfect epitome of Shahi architecture, there are clear elements of Hindu architecture
visible on this monument. In the arches and domes, Islamic architecture is explicit and the ornamentation
is primarily Hindu style.
2. The city of Hyderabad: It was constructed on the southern bank of river Musi by Mir Momin Astarabadi.
He planned Hyderabad on the model of ‘Ifshan’ of Iran. The city extended on the northern side up to a
hillock called Naubat Pahad (Ghat) besides which was Hussain Sagar.
3. Golconda Fort: Though it was built by the Kakatiyas, Sultan Quli constructed a rock fort in the place of mud
fort. Ibrahim-Quli-Qutb Shah prepared a grand plan to strengthen the fort.
He constructed 7 kilometers long strong rock boundary around the fort. Deep trenches were also built.
Fateh Darwaja, Mecca Darwaza, Banjara Darwaza, Patanchru Darwaza, Moti Darwaza etc., are important
gates of Golconda Fort.

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
 4. Purana Pul: It is an old bridge constructed by Ibrahim-Quli-Qutb Shah on river Musi in the year 1578. There
are 22 arches to this elephant bridge. The French traveler Tavernier described it as beautiful as ‘Pont Neuf
of Paris’.
5. Mecca Masjid: Sultan Muhammed Qutb Shah laid the foundation for this grand Mosque but it was
completed by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Mason, stone cutters from Persia and Arabia played a key role
in its construction. This Mosque is one of the largest in India
6. Qutb Shahi Tombs: These tombs constructed by Qutb Shahi Sultans are an example of excellent Medieval
Deccani Islamic Architecture. The tombs with intricately carved stonework display a distinctive style, a
mixture of Persian, Pathan and Hindu forms.
By the above-mentioned constructions, it is clear that Qutb Shahis contributed immensely to the architecture
of Telangana region.
4(b). Give an account of socio-religious and cultural conditions in Andhra Desha during the years 1000-1565A.D.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Give an account”
2. Mention the socio-religious and cultural conditions during different dynasties
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
The socio-religious and cultural conditions in medieval Andhra Desa can be explained in four timelines under
different dynasties. They are:
1. Kakatiya Dynasty (12th to 14th century AD):
• The available evidences indicate that the Kakatiyas were of Shudra origin. They were egalitarian in
nature. They promoted their subordinate warrior chiefs and spurned the Kshatriya rank.
• Anyone regardless of birth, could acquire warrior status. The people were not bound to occupation
by birth.
• The growth of an agricultural class subsumed many tribal people who had previously been nomadic.
• The nexus of politics and military was a significant feature of the era.
• It is believed that Kakatiya chiefs were followers of Jainism. In fact, historians say Warangal once
flourished as a spiritual centre for the Jains and even during the Kakatiya rule, Jainism flourished
• The Shaivism-affiliated personal names of the later Kakatiya kings shows a shift towards Shaivism.
2. Reddy Dynasty (1325–1448 CE):
• They played a prominent rule in post-Kakatiya period. The Reddy rulers patronized and protected
Hinduism and its institutions.
• The Brahmins were given liberal grants and the Agraharas of Brahmins were restored. Vedic studies
were encouraged during their period.
• Telugu literature blossomed under Reddy kings and they also patronized Sanskrit language.
3. Bahamani Sultanate (1347-1526/1527 CE)
• They were the first self-governing Muslim empire of the Deccan region; They believed that they were
descended from Bahman, mythological Iranian figure.
• The Bahmani rulers were patrons of the Persian language, culture and literature.
• The first Sultan is noted to have captured 1000 singing and dancing girls from Hindu temples after he
battled the northern Carnatic chieftains.
• The later Bahamanis also enslaved civilian women and children in wars. Many of them were converted
to Islam in captivity.
• Most of the population still adhered to Hinduism. Common people had to adjust their religious
practices to become more acceptable to their Muslim political masters.
4. Vijayanagara Empire (1336- 1646 CE):

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
 • The Hindu Vijayanagar empire was founded in 1336 in the wake of the rebellions against Tughluq rule
in the Deccan.
• During their rule, the Hindu caste system was prevalent and rigidly followed.
• Each caste was represented by a local body of elders who represented that community. These elders
set the rules and regulations that were implemented with the help of royal decrees.
• During their rule, untouchability was part of caste system. The caste system did not prevent
distinguished persons from all castes from being promoted to higher cadre in administration and
army.
• In civil society, Brahmins enjoyed a high level of respect. The Vijayanagara kings were tolerant of all
religions and sects.
The Andhra Desha during the years 1000-1565 A.D. has witnessed the rise and fall of many kingdoms
patronising different religions. All these kingdoms have immensely contributed to the shaping of socio-
religious factors in the present-day Telangana.
5(a). Sir Salarjung-I is considered an architect of modern Hyderabad state. Discuss the various reforms brought
by him in different spheres of administration of the state.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Discuss”
2. Mention the various administrative reforms introduced by Salarjung-I; their significance in
modernisation of the State.
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
The Salar Jung family was a noble Hyderabad family during the Nizam rule. Sir Mir Thurab Ali Khan (1829-
1883), popularly known as Sir Salar Jung I, served as the Prime Minister of Hyderabad State for three decades
from 1853 till his death in 1883.

Sir Salar Jung I has left such an indelible mark that any history of the Nizams’ rule in Hyderabad will never be
complete without making a mention of the services rendered by him. It is said that he was as a loyal Prime
Minister to the Nizam what Otto Von Bismarck was to Kaiser Wilhelm, in Germany.

The rule of Sir Salarjung-I was considered as the most important period in the history of Hyderabad state.
Under him many changes were introduced in the administration which contributed for the modernization in
all fronts.

The administrative measures introduced by him were in two phases: Formulating administrative measures
skillfully and its implementation with ability. He was successful in both the phases. He divided the Hyderabad
state into five divisions (Subas) and 17 districts
Division Headquarters
North Western division Aurangabad
Western division Bidar
Southern division Gulbarga
North division Patancheruvu
East division Bhuvanagiri
Each division was inclusive of three or four districts and was headed by a Sardar Talukdar. He had all revenue,
civil and criminal powers in the region and the supervising powers over the district officers.
Some of the earlier reforms introduced by him includes,
• constitution of courts of justice at Hyderabad
• construction of the first rail and Telegraph networks
• organization of the police force

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
 • construction and reparation of irrigation works and
• establishment of schools
As part of his judicial reforms, the judiciary was given autonomy. In 1869, he started the Sadar ul Miham Adalat
for the judicial matters in the diwani region. In 1872, the court of appeal named ‘Mahakama e Murafa e Ajla’
was established.
Salar Jung I brough key reforms into the police institution as well. He separated the police department from
the revenue department. An Amin or inspector was appointed for two Talukas. At villages, the law and order
were carried out by a police officer called Police Patel.
As a part of his military reforms, a building housing the Secretary was built for the Nizam Army in 1864. The
Secretary was involved in appointing and transferring the officers. He also reviewed the special battallions of
the Army.
In 1854, he established the Darul-Uloom College and Madarsa Aliya; paving the way for modern education in
Hyderabad. The Aligarh Movement in Hyderabad was a result of his modernising efforts.
The efficient policies of Sir Salar Jung rightfully earned the name as “the greatest Prime Minister of any State
in British India.” In recognition of his services, the then government of India in 1871 bestowed on him the title
‘Grand Commander of the Star of India’.

Thus, the credit to have brought remarkable changes in the administration of Hyderabad State rightfully
belongs to Sir Salar Jung I.
5(b). Explain the conditions of women during the Asaf Jahi period.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword ‘explain’
2. State the conditions in the chronological order
3. Conclude by giving the condition in 20th century
Model Answer:
Hailing from Samarkand in Uzbekistan, Asaf Jahi was originally a Turkic dynasty. After several wars in the
Deccan, Qamaruddin established himself as the supreme leader of the region. He gained the title of Asaf Jah.
In 1724, Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I (1724–48) established the Asaf Jahi dynasty.

Overall, the society in the history of South India was a male dominated one. The condition of women during
the Asaf Jahi can be explained in three phases.
• The first phase was women in the period of the first Nizam up to 19th century
• The second phase covers the changes occurring from middle ages to modern age and
• The third phase is their condition in 20th century
The First Phase:
In this phase, the condition of women was worse and women were confined to four walls whose role was to
look after house. Even rich women never had individual liberty and their authority was confined to houses.
Some isolated ladies crossed such boundaries and came out.
But they were never considered honourable women. They were ‘Ayaas’, ‘Dayaas’ (servants in the harem),
dancers, ‘Tawaifs’ and harlots. In Deccan, ‘Tawaifs’ used to sing and dance but they were not prostitutes. They
were respectable women in the society and entertained people in society. Nizam used to maintain ‘Tawaifs’
and he started an office for them.
But Harlots were practicing prostitution. And they were not respected in the society. Some women working in
the agricultural fields or industries were given wages but they belonged to the lowest rung in the society.
Purdah system was prevalent and women used to observe purdah without fail. Unmarried daughters of Nizam
only were exempt at some instances.

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
 The Second Phase:
During this phase, Salar Jung was appointed as the Prime Minister. With his appointment the seed for the
development of women was sown. New education policy was implemented and first primary school for girls
was started in Hyderabad.
Some elite women started learning in their respective palaces. Middle class women learnt home related skills
and religious education. During this period, there was reduction in the rate of child marriages. There was
encouragement for women’s education and they took part in the social development.
The Third Phase:
Woman’s development took place along with vision in this time. Education gave them a new life. During the
sixth Nizam, Janana school was started for girls. Men also put effort for women’s education and they started
many journals for women development.
Elite ladies with support from their husbands could start several organizations particularly among Muslims.
Due to efforts of social reformers, there was spread of education among Hindu women also and helped in
their development.
6(a). Discuss the various phases of industrialization happened in the Hyderabad State before its integration into
the Indian Union.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Discuss”
2. Mention the various phases of industrialization in Hyderabad State
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
The division of industrial development in Hyderabad State was in three phases. Significantly, the state played
a big role in the industrial development by partial patronage through Industrial Trust Fund (ITF). Whereas it
was purely private enterprise in the rest of British India.
• The first phase of industrial began during the Prime ministership of Sir Salarjung I from the 1870s and
ended with the end of World war I in 1919.
• The second phase was during the years between two world wars 1919-39.
• The third phase began with World War II and continued up to the end of Nizam’s rule in 1948.
First phase (1870s-1919):
This phase marked the beginning of industrialization in Hyderabad state. After the revolutionary reforms in
the transport and other communications, way was paved for the commercialization of crops in the Nizam
kingdom. This started with the cultivation of cotton crop in Maratwada and oil seeds in Telangana.
The restructuring of the agrarian economy was undertaken simultaneously with the modernization of state
apparatus. Water and Irrigation facilities provided by the Public Works Department also helped the process.
A railway line was opened between Hyderabad-Godavari Valley and Manmad railway line in 1899. This helped
to establish cotton and its related ginning and pressing mills in the nearby areas. Silk, carpets and other small-
scale industries were also encouraged. The opening of Railway line from Dornakal Junction to Singereni
Collieries helped to transport coal from Singareni.
Second Phase (1919-1939):
During this phase, the Nizam took the initiative to provide institutional support to the industry. Financial and
technological aid to industries helped in the development of local industry both in small scale and large-scale
sectors.
The Industrial Laboratory was established in 1917 to undertake research and developmental work. A separate
commerce and industries department was also established. State owned industrial trust fund (ITF) was created
which was invested in large industrial establishments.

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
 The income from these investments was used to develop small scale and cottage industries, initiated research,
provided training to the students and encourage businessmen to produce goods on improved methods and
sponsored research and market centres.
The ITF also acted as a managing agent for several companies in the state. The government also attempted to
provide market facilities to artisan industries. A permanent industrial exhibition was setup in the Hyderabad
city.
Later, the Cottage Industries Institute (CII) was organized with its own sales depot for the encouragement of
industries. During this period, the railways became a completely state-owned undertaking and came to be
known as the Nizam State Railway.
Hydro-electric power generation from the Nizam Sagar Canal began at this time. Oil, rice and flour mills, small
scale motor and engineering workshops, button factories, matches and tanneries has increased substantially
providing employment to many.
Third Phase (1939-1948):
During this phase, Nizam Osman Ali Khan made all possible attempts to bring changes in the industrial policy.
This resulted in the establishment of many industries like Alwyn Metal works, Praga Tools etc. Hyderabad was
one of the first princely state to have its own airways with headquarters at Begumpet.
Thus, the visionary approach of the Nizams during the 19th and early 20th century has laid the foundation for
industrial development in Hyderabad State.
6(b). Enumerate the various educational reforms introduced in the Hyderabad State during the Nizam rule.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Enumerate”
2. Mention the educational reforms introduced during the Nizam rule.
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
The modern and western education began in Nizam State under the Diwanship of Salar Jung I. The
government, philanthropists and the Christian missionaries have played a significant role in spreading
education in the State.
In 1854, the government took the first step towards public instruction when Salar Jung I founded the Dar ul
Uloom Oriental high School in Hyderabad. In 1870, the City High School and a School of Engineering was
established. Major educational reforms happened during the tenure of Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam.
In 1911, Mir Osman Ali Khan succeeded his father. His educational advisor, M. T. A Mayhew, made exhaustive
survey of the State education in all respects and suggested numerous reforms. They were,
Primary Education sector:
1. Inspectress for Girls school and District Inspectors of Schools posts were created.
2. A new set of rules for Middle and Primary Examinations and Vernacular Test for officers and a complete
list of the officers of the department was prepared.
3. Primary schools were provided with adequate and sufficient staff, suitable furniture and buildings.
4. Some of the old local fund schools were shifted to popular and flourishing centres.
5. Seventy-one new schools were given Grant-in-Aid.
6. A Five-year programme for the expansion of primary education was launched.
7. Increased teaching staff was provided to cater the needs of Primary schools.
8. A committee was constituted to revise the curriculum of primary schools.
9. In 1939, the Nizam’s government decided to take over the responsibility of the management of primary
education and to bear the recurring expenditure.
10. For the progress of education in districts, an advisory committee was setup.

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
 11. To advise and assist in the working of primary and voluntary aided schools in rural areas, rural advisory
committee was setup.
12. Compulsory education was introduced in 10 selected areas.
Secondary Education Sector:
1. English was made a compulsory subject in all secondary schools.
2. High schools were classified under two heads-The English High schools and the Osmania High schools.
3. A scheme called revised scheme was sanctioned with the aim of bringing all secondary schools under the
board of secondary education.
4. Urdu was made the medium of instruction and the same courses of studies were followed in all schools.
5. School following the local Cambridge courses were kept unaffected and the medium of instruction was
English.
University Education sector:
1. A Farman was issued for the establishment of Osmania University.
2. The City college and the Zenana Intermediate college for girls were established.
3. Many other colleges were affiliated to the Osmania University in the Telangana region of the Hyderabad
state. By 1948, all the colleges in Nizam state were under the control of Osmania University.
Special Schools:
1. The special schools included training institutions, school for depressed classes/nomadic tribes, The school
for dumb, deaf and blind, Industrial and Vocational schools, regional schools and other schools and classes
imparting special instructions were established.
2. The movement for adult education or School education was started for the increase of literacy among
persons who could not get education in ordinary schools in childhood.
3. Establishment of schools for physically handicapped people was initiated.
4. Hyderabad Athletic association was formed with an intent to encourage sportsmanship through outdoor
games.
Apart from the above-mentioned reforms, scholarships were provided in the realm of higher education to
those who are going abroad and within the state. The rapid progress of education during 1911-1948 is
attributed to the policies of Osman Ali Khan.
7(a). Give a brief account of the Andhra Mahila Sabha.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Give a brief account”.
2. State the points about formation of Andhra Mahila Sabha, their contributions, etc.
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
The status of women in the 20th century was not remarkable not just in Telangana, but in the entire Indian
subcontinent. One of the important organisations formed to mitigate the impacts of social evils on women
was the Andhra Mahila Sabha.
The Andhra Mahila Sabha is a reformist organization started in 1938 by Smt. Durgabai Deshmukh. She was an
Indian freedom fighter, lawyer, social worker and politician. Born in 1909 in Rajahmundri, she was involved in
the Indian freedom movement from a very young age. She was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India
and of the Planning Commission of India. India. She was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1975.

The Andhra Mahila Sabha conducted several Mahila Sabhas across Telangana. These Mahila Sabhas had the
privilege of having leadership of prominent women such as Nadimpalli Sundaramma, Tanguturi
Varalakshmamma etc. Andhra Mahila Sabha used to conduct the meetings in the same premises of Andhra
Mahasabha. Some of the major outcomes of these Sabhas were:

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
 1. In the first conference held at Jogipet, discussions on women education, status of women, evil customs
such as prostitution were discussed.
2. In the second conference held at Devarakonda, T. Varalakshmi denounced purdah and called for marriages
among Kalavanthula caste women.
3. In the third conference presided by Yellapragada Sita Kumari held at Khammam, discussions were on
increase of marriage for women.
4. Madapati Manikyamma presided over the fourth conference held in 1935 at Sircilla. Here, resolutions on
child marriage, compulsory primary education were passed.
5. The fifth conference was presided over by Burgula Anantha Lakshmi at Shadnagar. Here, resolutions on
women’s succession rights, rights to the children of intercaste married couples, abolition of child marriage,
untouchability, rights of peasants at jagirs were taken up and sent to Nizam government.
6. In the 18th Andhra Mahila Sabha convened at Chilkur, President Rangamama Obul Reddy gave a call to
women to come out of Purdah and stop child marriage.
Most of the members of Andhra Mahila Sabha were from middle- and upper-class families with nationalist
spirit. They took up issues pertaining to women’s education, abolition of prostitution, purdah, women’s
remarriages etc.
7(b). Discuss the role of Bhagya Reddy Varma as the pioneer of Adi Hindu Movement.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Discuss”
2. Mention about Bhagya Reddy Varma, his major contributions, etc.
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
The Hyderabad state under the Nizam was dominated by Zagirdars, jamindars, Deshmukhs, etc. They
dominated over the weaker sections and practiced vetti and untouchability. The Jogini system even forced
minor Dalit girls into prostitution. The Adi Hindu Movement is the first identity and self-respect movement in
Hyderabad state.
Adi Hindu movement was started in Hyderabad against untouchability and caste discrimination. The pioneer
of this movement was Madari Bhagya Reddy Varma. Born in 1888 in Hyderabad, he was a contemporary of
Shri B. R. Ambedkar.
In 1910, he started the Vaidika Dharma Pracharam Sabha to create awareness among Dalits about religion and
morality. He used to organize Preeti Bhojanam programs among all caste people. He started Swastika
Volunteer Corps in the year 1912 to serve the Dalits.
In 1911, he founded Manya Sangham. In 1922, it was renamed as Adi Hindu Social Service League. It did service
to enlighten people through public lectures, Haritha kalakshepams on the themes of Pre-Aryan culture and
publication of literature.
The spirit of the league attracted several caste Hindus of the state and they actively associated with the
League. In order to solve the internal feuds among Dalits, Bhagya Reddy took several resolutions. In 1925 he
organized Adi Hindu Sabha and Matanga Sabha. The Sabha passed resolutions against liquor and Todi
consumption.
In 1913, he also organized Buddha Jayanthi for the first time and continued every year till his death. In the last
one, he stressed his followers to follow Panch Sheel which is the basis of Buddhist morality, rationality and
non-violence.
Due to his efforts, the term Adi Hindu was accepted by the Nizam government and referred all the Dalits as
Adi Hindus in 1931. The Adi Hindu and other Dalit movements not only brought awareness among Urban Dalits
but also Dalits in rural areas. Bhagya Reddy Varma, who died in 1939, is synonymous with the Adi Hindu
Movement in Hyderabad.

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
8(a). Explain the role played by women in the modern history of Telangana.
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Explain”
2. Mention the role of played by women leaders in the history of Telangana.
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
The women in Telangana in the 20th century suffered from many social evils such as child marriage, the purdah
system, illiteracy, etc. but many were successful in emerging out of the limitations imposed by these evils. The
successful women leaders played significant roles in the Telangana armed struggle, the join India movement
and the 1969 Telangana Movement.
The Telangana armed struggle during 1946-1951 was a movement for land, livelihood and liberation. Women
participated in large numbers in the movement. A major leader was Chityala/Chakali Ailamma of Nalgonda.
She revolted against the landlords for grabbing her land.
In Dharmapuram, women under the leadership of Pullamma revolted against the Police when they tried to
molest them. During the 1946-51 movement, women were often at the receiving end of police and razakar
brutality. Other major women leaders associated with the struggle are Dudala Salamma of Jangaon,
Ramulamma of Huzurnagar, Savitramma of Nalgonda, etc.
The Join India Movement started when the nizam decided not to join the Indian Union when the british rule
ended. On 7th July 1947, Ramananda Teertha launched the struggle calling to join India. It witnessed the active
participation of women leaders such as Yashodabai, Birj Rani Goud, Vimalabai Gyan Kumari Heda, etc. Their
struggle continued till November 1947 when the Nizam signed a standstill agreement with India.
The history of 1969 Telangana Movement would be incomplete without mentioning the role played by
womwn, The Telangana Movement started against the Andhra domination for various reasons and many
women joined the movement because they felt it is their duty to join the movement.
Women of all age groups participated in the protest among them J. Eashwari Bai, Sadalakshmi, Sangam Laxmi
Bai emerged as political leaders. Other major women leaders were C. Kanakaratnam from Warangal, Santhabai
from Kalwakurthy and Arutla Kamala were people’s leaders. They toured each and every village of Telangana
and inspired people.
Next to Hyderabad, Warangal emerged as the epicentre of Telangana movement and Kanakaratnam led the
women there. Devaki represented the group of women students here and emerged as a leader and great
orator in these meetings. They troubled government by resorting to Rastharoko, Picketing and Dharna every
day. Devaki criticized the government and questioned that why women officers were not appointed.
Getting arrested and released became a routine for the women during this movement. On May 1st 1969, first
Women’s conference was conducted at Hanmakonda and Devaki presided over it. The protestors took up Jai
Bharo Movement. Thus, women have played a major role in shaping the modern history of Telangana.
8(b). Analyze the contribution of Arya Samaj with special reference to Hyderabad State.
Approach:
1. Identify the Keyword “Analyze”
2. Mention about Arya Samaj, their work in Hyderabad State.
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
The Arya Samaj was revivalist Movement formed as a reaction to Western influences. The first Arya Samaj unit
was formally set up by Dayananda Saraswati at Bombay in 1875. Later the headquarters of the Samaj were
established at Lahore.
Some of the guiding principles of the Arya Samaj are:

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
 • God is the primary source of all true knowledge;
• God, as all-truth, all-knowledge, almighty, immortal, creator of Universe, is alone worthy of worship;
• The Vedas are the books of true knowledge, etc.
The Arya Samaj initiated the cultural movement in the Vedic religion, it spread throughout the country and
emerged as the most powerful organization. A branch of Arya Samaj was started in 1892 at Hyderabad by
Swami Nithyanand. Kamal Pershad was the President and Lakshman Desji was the secretary.
A major reason for establishment of Arya Samaj was to stop religious conversions by Nizam government. Arya
Samaj has taken up the Shuddhi programme for the same purpose. This movement attracted many people of
the Hyderabad province who were opposing the Nizam government.
The Arya Samajists fought against the atrocities on Hindu religion and strived to eradicate the evil customs
and traditions in Hindu religion. Despite the restrictions imposed on the activities of Arya Samaj, some elites
of Hyderabad joined Arya Samaj and carried forward the movement.
In 1930, Arya Samaj decided to start several programmes to deal firmly with the internal and external attacks
on Hindu society. But Nizam government announced that it was compulsory to take prior permission to
conduct such programmes. The Nizam government also imposed ban on the speeches and writings of
Narendraji, who was the most eminent leader of Arya Samaj.
Arya Samaj also led the campaign of Swadesi Movement in Hyderabad. Among the Arya Samajists, Narayana
Pawar, Gandayya, jagadis, Vinay Kumar, Satyanarayana Sinha, Madan Mohan, Pandit Vinayak Rao,
Ramachandra Rao and others also played an important role in the Hyderabad freedom struggle.
In Suryapet many prominent members of Arya Samaj fought against the uncontrolled governance. A building
was purchased at Suryapet which later served as a main centre for Arya Samajists. The Arya Samajists decided
to break the tradition of sacrificing animals for Dussehra and have succeeded to some extent.
Also, they made an effort to stop the practice of sacrificing sheep for the deity in Durajpally village of Suryapet.
As an Arya Samajist, Dharma Bhiksham organized many programmes for the youth and propagated anti-
superstitious ideas. He inspired the youth to condemn and end the misrule in the Nizam provinces.
Thus, the Arya Samaj, though not formed in Hyderabad, has played a vital role in shaping politico-social-
religious movements the Hyderabad state.
9(a). Examine the role played by Ramji Gond and Komaram Bheem in the Adivasi Revolts during the Nizam rule.
Approach:
1. Identify the Keyword “Examine”
2. Brief about Ramji Gond and Kumaram Bheem and their contributions.
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
Tribal, the indigenous people of India, often revolted against the British and Nizam governments over their
arbitrary rules and administrative high handedness. The British rule often threatened the life-style, autonomy
and identity of the tribal people. During the Nizam rule, the most important revolts were,
• Ramji Gond Movement in 1857 to 1860
• Kumaram Bheem resistance Movement in 1938 to 1940

Ramji Gond was a Gond chief who ruled the tribal areas in present-day Adilabad. He was known for his guerrilla
campaign against the Britishers. He was later caught and hanged in 1857 (disputed as 1857/1860).
Ramji Gond’s role in Adivasi Revolts against Nizam Rule:
Between 1920 and 1930 the Nizam government encouraged the British to dominate and handed over Gonda
tribal lands to them. Ramji Gond fought a Guerilla campaign against the British to protect his Gond kingdom.
His army, which included Rohillas and Gond soldiers, defeated the Nizam forces initially.

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
 Later, Ramji Gond was captured by Colonel Robert. In a brutal suppression, the British rulers killed several
hundred Gonds of Telangana. This revolt of Ramji Gond is one of the earliest organised revolts against the
British Government.

Komaram Bheem, the brave warrior of Telangana, was born in October 1901. He was a Gond known for his
rebellion against the feudal Nizams of Hyderabad.

Komaram Bheem’s role in Adivasi Revolts against Nizam Rule:

He was inspired by the agitations and battles for freedom by Alluri Seetha Rama Raju in Visakhapatnam and
Birsa Munda. By that time, Nizam’s government used to collect tax in the name of ‘Bambram’ and Dupapetti
for grazing cattle and collecting firewood for cooking.

Adivasis were impressed and inspired by the message Jal, Jangal and Jameen (water, forest and land) of
Komaram Bheem. This slogan was given by Bheem to fight for tribal freedom and rights and oppose the taxes.
Bheem formed a guerrilla army with the young men of Gondu and Koya.

Jodeghat became the central place from where he started the guerrilla battle. Surprised by this battle, Nizam
tried to attack on Adivasis. At last, Komaram Bheem died in the battle against the Nizam’s army in Jodeghat
forest.

To this day, the principles followed by Ramji Gond and Komaram Bheem remains relevant. We could still see
our indigenous people still fighting for their Jal, Jangal and Jameen (water, forest and land) rights.

Recently in News:
1. Celebration of Janjatiya Gaurav Divas on 15th November to remember the contribution of tribal freedom
fighters.
2. Proposal to establish freedom fighter Ramji Gond Memorial Museum in Telangana
9(b). Do you think that the Telangana Peoples’ Armed Struggle played a major role to end the rule of the Nizam?
Give your reasons.
Approach:
1 Identify the Keyword “Do you think” and “Give your reasons”
2 Focus on Telangana Armed struggle; how it helped to end the Nizam rule.
3 Conclusion
Model Answer:
The instant trigger for the origin of Telangana Armed Struggle was the martyrdom of Doddi Komaraiah in 1946.
Doddi Komaraiah is remembered for his fight against landlords in Hyderabad State and their goons. The
struggle then became synonymous with the communist movement in Hyderabad.
The struggle, which started against the feudal exploitations of the Nizam rule in the erstwhile Hyderabad state
in 1946, continued till 1951. This movement mainly occurred to oppose the highest rate of taxes imposed in
the Khammam regions
The Telangana struggle can be broadly divided into three phases
• Initial phase: Struggle against the vetti system and land eviction
• Middle phase: Ouster of Nizam, establishment of village self-rule and distribution of land to the tiller
• Final phase: Safeguarding the gains and withdrawal of the struggle.
During the initial phase of Telangana armed struggle several Sanghams were set up in every village and
established their rule through village panchayats. Many parallel governments and People’s courts were
established at places where vetti was abolished.
Some of their major actions were:
• Rents were reduced

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
 • Workers’ wages increased.
• Eviction of tenants was stopped
• Excess lands of the landlords were redistributed to the landless population.
Later the struggle violent, they even burnt the records and took the grains which were kept away by the
merchants and landlords. The movement tried to awaken the people of Telangana about the irrational policies
and corruption of the government and landlords.
Due to the active participation of Telangana Armed struggle, Itehaddul muslimee and Razakars came into the
picture. This led to the intervention of Indian Government and Telangana Armed struggle came to end. Thus,
the Telangana struggle has become the source of inspiration for so many movements and became one of the
reasons to end the Nizam rule. So, to some extent Telangana Armed struggle helped to end Nizam rule in
Telangana.
10(a). Give an account of the Annexation of Hyderabad State into the Union of India under “Operation Polo.”
Approach:
1. Identify the keyword “Give an account”
2. Brief about events that unfolded in 1947 and what led to Operation Polo.
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
Operation Polo was the code name given to the military action against the then Princely State of Hyderabad
in September 1948. During the military operation, the Indian Armed Forces invaded the princely state and
annexed it into the Indian Union.
What lead to the police action in Hyderabad?
Before 1947, all the princely states in India were governed by their rulers, but they were under a subsidiary
alliance system with the Britishers. The Britishers controlled the external affairs of the princely states.
During the independence of India in 1947, the British signed the Indian Independence Act 1947. They
abandoned the subsidiary alliances and left the princely states on their own. They could join India or Pakistan
or choose to stay independent.
In November 1947, Hyderabad signed a standstill agreement with India. As per the agreement, K.M.
Munshi was appointed as the Indian Government's envoy and Agent General to Hyderabad. Then, Hyderabad
was under the rule of Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan. He presided over a predominantly Hindu population.
By September 1948, almost all the princely states had decided to either join India or Pakistan. Hyderabad had
chosen to stay independent. Things were made more complicated by the presence of a paramilitary force
called the Razakars in Hyderabad, besides a communist rebellion in the rural Telangana region. The Razakars
were led by Qasim Rizvi, and wanted to maintain Muslim rule over the state.
As they started committing atrocities in the state, the Indian Army marched in. This was referred to as Police
action. There were rumours that Hyderabad was arming itself with support from the Portuguese
administration in Goa and Pakistan. It led to communal clashes and added to tensions.
On September 13, 1948, the Government of India launched "Operation Polo", also called "Operation
Caterpillar '' to liberate Hyderabad. Then home minister Vallabbhai Patel described the idea of independent
Hyderabad as "an ulcer in the heart of India which needed to be removed surgically".
In a battle that lasted for five days, the Indian Army took over the powerful state of Hyderabad. Finally, on
September 17, 1948, nearly 13 months after India gained independence, the people and the state of
Hyderabad were integrated with India.
The same day, the Nizam ordered a ceasefire and signed the instrument of accession with the government of
India. The Indian Army stayed in Hyderabad till 1951, when the Communist Party of India ended the rebellion
and chose to join mainstream politics.

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc
 Recently in News:
On 17th September 2022, Union Home Minister Amit Shah participated in Telangana Liberation Day
celebrations at Parade Ground in Hyderabad.
10(b). The Razakars played an important role during the Nizams’ rule and provided resistance during the
integration of Hyderabad state into the Dominion of India. Substantiate.
Approach:
1. Identify the Keyword “Substantiate”
2. Brief about the atrocities committed by the Razakars, the role of Qasim Razvi, etc.
3. Conclusion
Model Answer:
When India gained independence in 1947 and Pakistan was formed, the British gave the remaining princely
states a choice to merge with either union or stay independent. One of the largest princely states within the
Indian union was Hyderabad, a Hindu-majority region ruled by a Muslim Nizam.
The Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan, was in a dilemma on whether he should join the Indian union
or stay independent. On the other hand, the Majlis-e-Itihadul Muslimeen (precursor of present-day AIMIM)
was adamant about the Nizam merging with Pakistan instead of being Independent.
Though the Nizam tried to legitimise the Princely state of Hyderabad by appointing trade officials in European
countries and sending delegations to the UNSC, there were civil movements within his territory led by Arya
Samaj, Hindu Mahasabha and Hyderabad State Congress.
Nizam feared there would be an uprising by the majority-Hindu community, so he sanctioned the creation of
Razakars led by Kasim Razvi, which was to be a paramilitary wing of the MIM. Razakars were empowered by
Nizam to suppress Hindu uprisings and movements.
According to some sources, the Razakars were committed to mass conversions of Hindus to Islam and they
indulged in heinous crimes. The Razakar militia brutally put down the armed revolts by Communists and the
Peasantry as well. Qasim Razvi also persuaded the Nizam to accede to Pakistan, instead of remaining
independent.
The Razakars even eliminated patriotic Hyderabadi Muslims such as Shoebullah Khan who advocated merger
with India. Thus, we can say that the atrocities committed by the Razakars further alienated people from
Nizam’s rule making it the fittest case for India to intervene and liberate Hyderabad. Following the annexation
of Hyderabad under “Operation Polo”, the Razakars were disbanded.

TSPSC | Group-I | Naipunyata | 100- Day Mains Answer Writing Program | Admissions in progress| https://www.civiccentre.in/tspsc