Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................1

STEPS OF RESEARCH.........................................................................................................2
A RESEARCH PROBLEM FORMULATION......................................................................2
LITERATURE REVEIW.......................................................................................................3
IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................4
FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS....................................................................................4
FORMULATION OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS................................................................5
RESEARCH DESIGN............................................................................................................5
OBTAINING ETHICAL APPROVAL..................................................................................5
PARTICIPANTS SELECTION.............................................................................................6
SAMPLING METHODS........................................................................................................6
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION.................................................................................6
DATA ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................6
DRAWING CONCLUSION..................................................................................................8
ETHICS IN HEALTHCARE RESEARCH.........................................................................................................8

INFORMED CONSENT........................................................................................................8
AUTONOMY:........................................................................................................................8
CONFIDENTIALITY............................................................................................................9
JUSTICE.................................................................................................................................9
CARDINAL SINS (FFP).........................................................................................................................................9
RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY AND METHODOLOGY..................................................................................10
EVIDENCE BASED RESEARCH.....................................................................................................................11

STUDY FINDINGS............................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Methodical data collection and information analysis constitute research. There are ethical
guidelines for doing research that include safeguarding participant rights and providing
guidelines for methodical data collecting and analysis (Ruth, 2011). All studies, whether
historical, survey, experimental, or naturalistic, should fulfil these criteria to be taken into
account. Evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of the study's methodology is the main
goal of analyzing a research paper such as "Breast Cancer Biology and Ethnic Disparities in

1
Breast Cancer Mortality in New Zealand" by Seneviratne et al., (2015). The critique's
objective for nurses is to assess the study's practical applicability while taking into account its
merits, drawbacks, and evidence based research. This means dissecting the research's into
many elements, such as the methodology, ethical issues, authorship, title, abstract, review of
the literature, hypothesis, gathering and analyzing data, discussion, and conclusion. The
critique's ultimate goal is to present a thorough evaluation while making comments and
proposals for enhancement to raise the study's general caliber and applicability.
A research paper's main aims to draw attention to the study problem, give background
knowledge, and outline the research hypothesis. It should be stated in the present situation, in
precise language, and it should explain the rationale behind the study's goal and how it fills a
knowledge vacuum. The authors of the research paper under discussion, Sereviratne et al.,
(2015), start by defining the problem statement. I'll start this essay by concentrating on the
processes in the research and providing critical assessments for each. After that, I will discuss
the ethical issues that are present throughout the study process and provide a critical analysis
of four important ethical facets. After that, I'll talk about the legal repercussions of study
plagiarism, falsification, and fabrication. Finally, I will evaluate research approaches and
techniques, taking into account how they might be used to evidence-based practices in the
context of New Zealand.
STEPS OF RESEARCH
A RESEARCH PROBLEM FORMULATION
As highlighted by Polit and Beck, (2006), the formulation of a research challenge is regarded
as the key point of any research process. It is crucial for researchers to define and identify the
problem before they start any research because it forms the basis of their investigation
(Paradede, 2018). A well-defined research problem clarifies an area of ambiguity, which
highlights the need for focused investigation. It also gives a thorough description of the
identified issue, sharpens the problem statement's focus, controls data collection and
processing, and creates the research context Polit and Beck, (2006). According to Mehra,
(2021), when formulating research problems, investigators frequently take into account a
range of self-assessment inquiries, including who will benefit from the research findings, how
the research relates to current issues, prior research conducted in the same field, potential
solutions, and gaps that have been identified. According to Polit and Beck, (2006), critiquing
research is a way for nurses to offer feedback for improvement and to share their knowledge
of how to critically review a study. This paper will critique the article "Breast Cancer Biology

2
and Ethnic Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality in New Zealand." by Seneviratne et al.,
(2015).
LITERATURE REVEIW
A literature review comprises a range of materials, either categorized by subject matter or in
chronological order. A variety of prior studies that are relevant to the study issue should be
reviewed; some may agree with the author's viewpoint, while others may not (Janet, 2010).
The literature review's objectives are to formulate a research topic and choose the best data
collection process. Additionally, it should assist in identifying the gap and how it was filled.
The literature review should be chosen with recent origins in mind; ideally, it should be less
than five years old; nevertheless, there may be an exception in certain cases if there is a
dearth of research on a certain issue. The kind and source of the literature that is offered
should also be taken into account (Coughlan et al., 2007).
An overview of the research study is given by the literature review, which includes
information on the main authors, accepted theories and hypotheses, research questions, and
methodology. The empirical primary source is better choice in the literature review than the
secondary source. An effective literature review starts with an introduction that lists
important terms and relevant details. The review's content should include the study's strengths
and limitations as well as a comparison and contrast with the results of any other studies
(Coughlan et al., 2007). As an example, it is terrible fact the death rate due to breast cancer in
New Zealand is one of the seven highest in the world; and it is 20% higher compared to
Australia which is a neighboring of ours. According to the latest statistics, Indigenous Māori
women in New Zealand are known to have one of the highest population incidences of the
breast cancer, and they are even 28% more likely to have the breast cancer compared to NZ
European women. But breast mortality rate for Maori women is at 60% higher rate than that
of NZ European women. Even though Māori women's mortalities demonstrate a gradual
recovery over the last ten years, an important differentiating factor is still considered to be the
underperformance rate of breast cancer survival for this ethnic group (Seneviratne et al.,
2015). One of the motives behind investigating the biological features of breast cancer varied
among Māori and NZ Europeans and clarifying them by comparing with what was previously
reported. Employing data from a cohort of women who had been diagnosed with breast
cancer and is regularly updated from maintained the region wide breast cancer registry, the
authors explored these disparities. They also aimed to pinpoint the argument whether
biological variations or ethnic disparities are the main causes of breast cancer mortality in
New Zealand (Seneviratne et al., 2015).

3
IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE REVIEW
A great deal of research is focused on a review of the literature. It should be kept in mind that
doing accurate literature review provides strong basis to further research. By stating the
study goals, this section will assist in highlighting research gaps, and finding the connection
to the end goal of the study and exhibits the evidence for the hypothesis and the question to
be determined. To ensure that the feedback is truthful, consistent, and to the point, then it is
imperative to execute right procedures. As such, an action plan for mental health awareness
can consist of the below-mentioned steps. A literature review is judged appropriately by its
impact on proves and not by number of absolutely such findings, and reporting clarity. There
are methods, benchmarks, and policies available to researchers to accomplish their tasks. By
application of the literature review, hypotheses might be analyzed and either sustain or
contradict views or to ascertain the truthfulness or correctness of diverse views. They can
assist in the elaboration of theories, creation of dissertation gaps, and makeup of research
subject; among other things. The plan will also depend on the objectives. To sum up, the
example of Ritchie et al. (2015) implies the applicability of the semi-structured interviews.
The systematics reviews are nowadays omnipresent in their medical study.
FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
Regarding variables and hypotheses, the study posits that investigating PDA use in medical-
surgical settings among second-year Bachelor of Science in Nursing students will provide
light on whether or not this technology boosts students' self-esteem. The hypothesis is
presented at the end of the literature review, but it falls short of adequately defining the
hypothesized relationship between PDA use and self-efficacy, even though it directly ties to
the problem statement. According to Denise et al. (2013), hypotheses are crucial for defining
the expected results of a study and defining the correlation between variables. Although the
article's hypothesis suggests a relationship that should exist, it should be more clearly stated
to conform to the requirements of a precise research hypothesis that takes into account both
directional and non-directional factors. Thus, a more thorough hypothesis would improve the
investigative framework of the study's lucidity and strength. In research, different kinds of
hypotheses have different functions. Inductive hypotheses, as explained by Denise et al.
(2013), test a theory based on observed phenomena using a bottom-up methodology. For
example, the inductive inference that spicy foods may assist relieve stomach aches is based
on observations such as suffering stomach aches after eating spicy foods. Conversely,
deductive hypotheses use a top-down methodology and seek to build theories from broad
principles. For instance, the inference that eating a diet high in fiber, such as broccoli, on a

4
regular basis may prevent colon cancer arises from the more general hypothesis that a higher
consumption of fiber is associated with a lower risk of cancer. According to Taylor, (2023),
null hypotheses imply that there is no relationship between the variables. For example, they
look into whether those over 50 and those under 50 have different tastes in apples based on
their age. As Denise et al. (2013), discusses alternative hypotheses define the link between
variables. For example, one such hypothesis looks at whether consuming apples every day is
correlated with less visits to general practitioners after the age of 50. Every form of
hypothesis has a distinct purpose in guiding research questions and findings.
FORMULATION OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Every research project starts with research questions, which define the focus of the inquiry
and direct the scientific method. They aid in the division of the research endeavor into doable
tasks in addition to providing a precise definition of the particular problem or subject under
investigation. It is possible to identify many kinds of study questions, such as those that deal
with existence, description and classification, composition, and relationship. For these
inquiries to be considered effective, they must meet several requirements, including being
applicable, fascinating, realistic, and behaviorally relevant. Moreover, there are two types of
study questions: closed-ended and open-ended. Open source inquiries elicit both factual data
and personal perspectives, providing insightful information, whereas closed-ended questions
just elicit factual information.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Researchers employ a study type to get an answer to a question posed and to test a hypothesis
—it is called the study design. This subparagraph details the process and methodology that
will be utilized during the collection and analysis of the data. Moreover, it also acts as an
independent progress in the study of several new methods like data collection, measuring and
data interpretation (Akhtar & Islamia, 2016). This underlines the fact that you should
establish a wise and workable strategy of information search. Indigenous Maori women in
New Zealand have an honest difference of about 60% higher exact rates of dying from breast
cancer disease compared with the European immigrants. The aim of this study was to explore
scale and the nature of variation in biological cancer features as well as the role they play in
the differential breast cancer mortality rate between Maori and European women
(Seneviratne et al., 2015).
OBTAINING ETHICAL APPROVAL
Ethical approvals are considered as key preconditions for research projects that need either
contacting subjects or collecting data. Ensuring individuals that possible risks have been

5
considered, decreased, and judged appropriate by means of an extensive ethical assessment is
the main objective of the ethics clearance process (Gelling, 2016). Implementing the
recommendations produced by the Maori Health Committee of Health Research Council of
New Zealand is vital, particularly, when research topics are coming from Maori health
themes, such as public health, clinical research, or medical research. The Northern 'A' Ethics
Committee in New Zealand was the one who ethically approved this study (Ref.No. (i)
12/NTA/42) (Seneviratne, et al., 2015).
PARTICIPANTS SELECTION
One of the most vital parts of the research process is the choice of research participants. The
issue of choosing the right sample for a study topic demands one to consider several factors
since putting in all the population members in the study is unrealistic. Before starting
choosing a sample, several questions have to be answered. These include determining the
target group of the study, as well as which subgroup of the primary group should be included
or excluded (Ritchie et al., 2013). Researchers are able to pinpoint the topic of their
investigation exactly through a systematic way of reasoning. For the results that are relevant
to a larger group, sampling covers a range of aspects to be able to adequately reflect the
larger population.
SAMPLING METHODS
Data of the 2849 women fibro sarcoma patients suffering from primary invasive breast cancer
diagnosed between 1999 and 2012 was collected from the Waikato Breast Cancer Registering
System. Among the data looked into was the allocation of phenotypic features of cancer in
Māori and NZ European women. Its harbored multivariate regression model which is
adjusted to the patient's dependent status and socioeconomic deprivation. The breakpoints of
socioeconomic deprivation and the different biology of cancer in addition to the pathway and
carcinogenesis stage were taken into account in assessing the breast mortality of higher
morbidity among Māori and European women in Cox regression models (Seneviratne et al.,
2015).
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
In Seneviratne et al., (2015) study, pre-and post-test evaluations were used to gather data.
Breast cancer data of 2849 women who were diagnosed with primary invasive breast cancer
between the years 1999 -2012 were extracted from the Waikano Breast Cancer Register.
Investigating the Māori and NZ European women's cancers biological features across Māori
and Non-Māori women for age and socioeconomic deprivation have been understood
including a logistic regression model. When explaining the reason for disparity of mortality

6
from breast cancer between Māori and NZ European women among the impacts of poverty,
stage of cancer and biological characteristics were used as the social determinants in Cox
regression models.
DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis is viewed as a challenging procedure in quantitative research. The goal of the
research is to determine which statistical test should be run, why it should be run, and how to
interpret the results. As a general rule, inferential statistics are used for correlational, quasi-
experimental, and experimental investigations, whereas descriptive statistics are used for
descriptive studies (Coughlan et al., 2007). In Seneviratne et al., 2015) study, authors had
summarized categorical measures that were observed as numbers with percentages; and
continuous variables were presented as mean with standard deviation. On the subject of the
ascertainment Chi squared (χ2) test for trend was used in order to test the univariate
differences among the mean age adjusted rates of cancer and biological characteristics
between Māori and NZ European women. Tumour biomarker data were analyzed using
logistic regression, which was used to explore how socioeconomic deprivation and ethnicity
were associated with tumour biology, after adjusting for age. Ethnicity, cancer stage and
multifactorial breast cancer biological factors were imported to multivariable Cox
proportional hazard models as covariates, and hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals
were used to find independent associations between ethnicity, cancer stage and the different
biological factors and breast cancer mortality, and adjustment was made for age and
sociodemographic deprivation. The basic model was applied getting hazard ratio for breast
cancer specific mortality and considering both risk factors; like age and socioeconomic
deprivation. Along with that, the variables where introduced gradually, starting with the
screening for Breast Cancer and following with the stage at diagnosis, genetic and
microbiological characteristics, and the treatment and coexisting disease. Due to small
numbers analyses for different ethnicities were not conducted since it was impossible to make
ethnic comparisons for Māori and NZ European women. Breast cancer survival data for
Maori and NZ European women were estimated with Kaplan Meier method and corrected
with log-rank test. Breast cancer deaths were the event of concern; all other deaths not related
to breast cancer were treated as censored. Among some of the variables few were having high
rates of missing data, therefore, given the instances of lower missing data from women
diagnosed in 2006 and onwards, survival analysis was also repeated using the latter group of
people. A more nuanced study was also carried out however, only these cases with complete
data entries for all the variables. Per mostly identical cutaneous findings obtained on the

7
whole, there is no need to present this data that was produced by the full Cox regression
method. Imputation of missing data was not done as it so happens that they accord to these
same values. The SPSS (Version 22) was used for the coding as well as descriptive statistics
where frequency tables and cross tabulation were done to determine the relationship between
the risk and safety factors.
DRAWING CONCLUSION
A conclusion is an essential component of any research project that goes beyond a simple
summary to capture the spirit of the investigation. Although certain essays might require a
succinct two- or three-paragraph conclusion, the importance of the conclusion is found in its
thorough synthesis of the most important points. The principal aim is to provide the reader
with a comprehensive synopsis of the subjects covered, integrating ideas, condensing
conclusions, clarifying the meaning of concepts, and sometimes presenting new angles or
lines of inquiry. A well-written conclusion not only demonstrates the researcher's mastery of
the material but also makes a lasting impression, making it easier for the reader to understand
the importance of the study. For example, Smith and Johnson, (2022) found that increasing
sea levels pose immediate hazards to vulnerable coastal populations globally in their study of
the effects of climate change on coastal communities in New Zealand. The study emphasized
how urgently adaptive measures are needed to lessen the negative consequences of climate
change on human settlements and coastal ecosystems.
ETHICS IN HEALTHCARE RESEARCH
To protect participants and preserve integrity, ethical considerations in healthcare research
are essential. Four ethical considerations are as follows:
INFORMED CONSENT
Getting participants' informed permission is crucial for healthcare research. One instance
from New Zealand is the Cartwright Inquiry, in which women were uninformed of and
consented to unethical medical procedures. This study demonstrated the need for informed
consent in protecting participants' rights. It is the responsibility of researchers to safeguard
study participants' confidentiality and security. Tight privacy standards are essential in
medical research, as demonstrated by the legal repercussions the Southern District Medical
Board in New Zealand had to cope with after an infringement of patient confidentiality.
Researchers must ensure that the benefits of the study outweigh any potential hazards to the
subjects to maintain both beneficence and non-maleficence. One such example is the cervical
cancer testing research that Professor Sir David Skegg conducted in New Zealand; it

8
demonstrated beneficence by subsequently saving lives and resulting in significant
advancements in screening protocols.
AUTONOMY:
A fundamental tenet of healthcare research ethics, autonomy has intrinsic importance for
patients' well-being that goes beyond its practical use. It emphasizes how important personal
choice is and how it affects important life decisions. Patient autonomy is very important
because it acknowledges that patients are reluctant to give up control over important
decisions, even when they believe that healthcare professionals are better qualified to make
them.
CONFIDENTIALITY
Preservation of confidentiality associated with medical moral behavior must be mentioned
among crucial factors as it’s a balancing act which protects the subjects from events of
potential exposure caused by wrongful research data release. By actually letting individuals
use data they generate, you are simultaneously giving them power and autonomy in decision-
making processes. The confidentiality preservation must be insured by researchers who try to
build trusted relationship with participants on principles of truth and honesty. To illustrate, a
New Zealand research delineating patients' attitudes towards data sharing, found that majority
of respondents prefer to know beforehand whether their personal data is to be shared and it's
unlikely for a patient to consent that their information be used for non-clinical purposes
(Whiddett et al., 2006).
JUSTICE
By the means of community collaboration gives us a chance to create conditions beneficial
for rather than counterproductive to health in the public health system. The healthcare justice
goal is what we would like to accomplish. It aims to defend that no individual should endure
a lack of basic supplies of healthy food, adequate housing, safe roadway system, job
opportunities that are worth applying and good medical treatment regardless of their financial
status or geographical location. If the health justice has to be attained, one has to point at the
origin of illness disparities, do everything that is possible in the sphere of finance and law to
give it a chance, and empower marginalized people, more often than not turned out to be the
victims of racism and poverty. In an attempt to address the disparities in medical care that
Indigenous communities have to endure, the hospital environments should be based in
cultural relevance and the provision of high-quality treatment should be number one in the
hierarchical order of importance to these communities (Rosa et al., 2022).
CARDINAL SINS (FFP)

9
The legal and ethical aspects of research are distinct yet related. Four main legal issues are
prevalent in research: plagiarism (P), fabrication (F), salami slicing (F), and falsification (F).
These types of wrongdoing in research are often called "cardinal sins". Here, the legal
ramifications of three of these research misconducts are discussed, along with preventative
measures that can be taken.
PLAGIARISM: We must consider the risk of facing a copyright issue if we utilize or copy
another person's work without giving them proper credit. The Copyright Act of 1994 gives
protection to intellectual property rights in New Zealand; plagiarists may be fined or charged
in court.
Falsification: The falsification of research data or the results of the studies entail the
possibility of a lawsuit. The repercussion of data fabrication in law was highlighted in Ruzica
Brborovic, (2012) NZHC 3216 where a doctor was found guilty of falsified data during a test.
Fabrication: False data and finds can also be a source of legal implementation. In the example
of R v. Fisher & Textor (2006) EWCA Crim 3126, researchers were convicted for
falsification of study phenomena, which had a negative impact on their reputation and gave
rise to legal implications. In order to avoid legal matters, researchers have to follow the
ethical standards, give correct publications, properly cite the sources, and of course, be honest
in the study process. Furthermore, it is necessary to educate and train in research ethics, and
to create in the institutions honesty and transparency in research practices.
RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY AND METHODOLOGY
In study and philosophy a series of thoughts and techniques are utilized to acquire exemplary
result in research. The three pillars bound together, called research philosophy, epistemology,
ontology, and axiology assist researchers in picking positivism, realism, interpretivism, or
pragmatism as their method. These philosophical positions also affect the methods of
research that will be used which include methods of data gathering and data analysis.
Interviews, questionnaires along with case studies is an instance of a qualitative approach that
is important for peering into complex public health problems, understanding diverse views
which limited quantitative analysis. A qualitative researcher is expected to have good verbal
communication skills and to have theoretical knowledge and sensitivity to the world around
them (Singh, 2015). Then, for example, linking the variables, calculating the frequencies,
and verifying hypotheses are just a few of the quantitative methods that are needed. Although
qualitative research is on some occasion claimed to be more accurate than quantitative one,
RTCs and systematic reviews are still widely seen as the most accurate forms of the evidence
in the quantitative research. Breadth and depth of intricate healthcare research themes can be

10
illustrated by Mixed methodological research (MMR) which integrate both qualitative and
quantitative strategies in a single study. In taking over large and knotty challenges, both
qualitative and quantitative information come in handy and MMR can do the best.

Healthcare research employs a range of research methodologies, such as surveys, case

studies, and interviews. While surveys make it easier to obtain statistical data from a broad
sample, interviews allow researchers to get oral information from people. Case studies
provide a framework for assessing and delving into intricate topics in a particular setting,
giving important insights into the medical field. Overall, research philosophy and
methodology are very important because they help researchers make informed decisions
about which approaches and techniques to use, which guarantees the rigor and efficacy of
research projects, especially those in the healthcare industry (Cypress, 2015).

EVIDENCE BASED RESEARCH

In healthcare, implementing an evidence-based strategy (EBP) is through spatial integration
of readily available evidence from professional journals into the health care provider’s
decision making process using tools such as menus of practice guidelines, peer-reviewed
journal articles, clinical trial and research. EBP is defined as evidence based practice, it is
different from research utilization. The essence of evidence-based practice consists of three
components including best available research evidence, clinical experts' expertise, and
patients' attributes and circumstances. The three of these concepts hitting the nail on the head
are what help professionals to make sound decisions in a health care. One of the main
advantages of the EBP is that it can improve the quality of health care delivery as well as
increasing professional autonomy and job satisfaction of clinicians. The process of EBP is
correlated with five trending purposes, which are identification, description, exploration,
prediction, and control and explanation. The second step, selecting the most effective EBP
approach, is facilitated by them. Particularly, positivism (quantitative) and constructivism
(qualitative) are the two, main lines, which express the better ways of the up-to-date practice.
For example, quantitative method is better for prediction modeling and control purposes,
while qualitative approach might be used to find the origin of the problem. The second
concept that I have learned about is research methods (Stallard et al., 2011). These are the
techniques, methods, or strategies that are utilized for the obtaining of information or proof in
turn for analysis so as to discover new knowledge or get better understanding of a particular
subject. Research analysis works by employing different technologies for data collection.

11
Which approach or strategy should be chosen to solve the issue at hand? Phenomenology,
ethnocratic method, and grounded theory are among qualitative research methodology
methods that can be applied. Each of them is based on patients' personal experiences, cultural
perspectives and social processes, respectively. With the qualitative research, the main
methods need to be case studies, surveys, needs analyses, experimental studies, meta-
analyses, quasi-experimental studies, secondary analyses, and pilot studies, diagnostic
accuracy studies. In a mixed type of research activity, several of the above-mentioned
methods can be used. What are various techniques and procedures applied by evidence-based
practice (EBP)? A therapeutic example from the category of stimulant medications like
methylphenidate, dexamphetamine, and atomoxetine medication for hyperactivity is another
EBP intervention (Healthfy, 2022). That is extremely low the risk of serious side effects
allows stimulants to lessen hyperactivity. Along with computerised cognitive behavioral
therapy (CCBT), which is other EBP-supported intervention in New Zealand (Stallard et al.,
2011).
STUDY FINDINGS
Cancers which advanced or were of higher grade were found out to be more common
amongst Māori women (n=429) that of the general NZ European women (n=2304) in the
study. Another aspect of Māori women was their slightly higher occurrence of the more
aggressive-type of breast cancer i.e. ER/PR negative and HER-2 positive category. More
severe stage and high-grade were kept as independent of age and deprivation among Māori
after the risk estimates were adjusted for these factors. Māori women had a statistically
significant excess of 98% higher breast cancer mortality by age or deprivation adjusted for
comparison with European NZ women (HR=1.98, 1.55-2.54). Understanding is increased
through the large impact of advanced stage and lower proportion of screen detected cancer
cases in Māori that accounted for the greater part of the excess breast cancer death ratio (HR
reduction from 1.98 to 1.38) with lesser contribution of biological differences (HR reduction
from 1.38 to 1.35).
CONCLUSION
The most significant factor in this scenario is the advanced stage of cancer at diagnosis. The
differences in the tumor biology features account for only a minor impact in this variable
between Māori and NZ European women. High priority strategies to help prevent Māori
women dying from breast cancer should be geared towards earlier diagnosis. More often than
not, the results of reducing the disparity would be much higher for the survival rate of Māori
women compared to NZ Europeans. The research critique procedure entails a detailed

12
analysis of every stage of the piece. A critique is a technique that uses data to highlight both
positive and negative aspects of something. The care must be supported by research because
nursing is a profession that is expanding and uses evidence-based practice. Consequently, to
determine best practices, all nurses must hone their ability to critically evaluate research
(Coughlan et al., 2007).
REFERENCES
Adom, D., Hussein, E. K., & Joe, A. agyem. (2018). Theoretical and conceptual -
framework: mandatory ingredients theoretical and conceptual framework : mandatory
ingredients Engineering Dickson Adom * Emad Kamil Hussein. International
Journal of Social Science Research, (January).
Seneviratne, S., Lawrenson, R., Scott, N., Kim, B., Shirley, R., & Campbell, I. (2015). Breast
cancer biology and ethnic disparities in breast cancer mortality in New Zealand: a
cohort study. PloS one, 10(4), e0123523.
Stallard, P., Richardson, T., Velleman, S., & Attwood, M. (2011). Computerized CBT
(Think, Feel, Do) for Depression and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Outcomes
and Feedback from a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Behavioral and Cognitive
Psychotherapy, 39(3), 273-284. doi:10.1017/S135246581000086X
Akhtar, I., & Islamia, J. M. (2016). Research Design. , (September). Journal of Social Science
Bauce, K. (2018). Nursing research critiques a model for excellence (3rd ed.; K. A. R.
E. N. B. A. U. C. E & J. O. Y. C. E. J. . F. I. T. Z. P. R. I. C. K, eds.). Springer
Publishing Company, LLC.
Coughlan, M., Cronin, P., & Ryan, F. (2007). Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part
1: quantitative research. , (11), 658 663. British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen
Publishing) 16 – https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2007.16.11.23681
Cypress, B. S. (2015). Qualitative research: the “what,”“why,”“who,” and “how”!.
Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 34(6), 356-361.
Denise, F. Polit and Cheryl, Tatano, B. (2013). Essentials of Nursing Research Seventh
Edition Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice. In Journal of Chemical
Information and Modeling (Vol. 53).
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Janet Houser (2013). Nursing research: Reading, using and creating evidence.2nd edu.
William Broth Miller. USA

13
Kenealy, T., Goodyear-Smith, F., Wells, S., Arroll, B., Jackson, R., & Horsburgh, M. (2011).
Patient preference for autonomy: Does it change as risk rises? Family Practice, 28(5),
541-544.
Parahoo K (2006) Nursing Research: Principles, Process and Issues. 2nd ed. Palgrave
Macmillan. Houndmills
Ruth.M. Tappen. (2011). A research advanced nursing research: from theory to practice
Shah, J. N. (2015). How to write an 'introduction' in scientific journal article. Journal of
Patan Academy of Health Sciences, 2(1), 1 2.
https://doi.org/10.3126/jpahs.v2i1.20331 –
Singh, K. D. (2015). Creating your qualitative research approach: Selecting, integrating, and
operationalizing philosophy, methodology, and methods. Vision, 19(2), 132-146.
Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2022). Impacts of Climate Change on Coastal Communities: A
Case Study. Journal of Environmental Studies, 10(2), 45-58.
Whiddett, R., Hunter, I., Engelbrecht, J., & Handy, J. (2006). Patients’ attitudes towards
sharing their health information. International journal of medical informatics, 75(7),
530-541.
Healthify (n.d.). Medicines for ADHD in adults. https://healthify.nz/medicines-a-z/a/adhd-
medicines-adults/
Yeong, Foong May (2014). How to read and critique a scientific research article: Notes to
Guide Students Reading Primary Literature. World scientific publishing. National
University of Singapore, Singapore

14