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TH Mạch điện 2 - Lab 1 Rectifier

The document describes a lab experiment on half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. Students will simulate and design half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits in Proteus and validate the simulations by building the circuits in the lab. They will observe voltage waveforms using an oscilloscope and analyze the effect of changing circuit components like the capacitor value.

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9 views

TH Mạch điện 2 - Lab 1 Rectifier

The document describes a lab experiment on half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. Students will simulate and design half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits in Proteus and validate the simulations by building the circuits in the lab. They will observe voltage waveforms using an oscilloscope and analyze the effect of changing circuit components like the capacitor value.

Uploaded by

trankhanhhung316
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ADVANCED PROGRAM IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND IOT

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT 2

LAB 1
SIMULATE AND DESIGN
HALF-WAVE / FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

PART I. HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER


We will be talking a lot this term about ac (sinusoidal) signals. Anything that plugs into
the wall uses ac power. However, for many applications it is convenient to take this
convenient ac power source and convert it to dc. For example, anything with transistors
generally needs dc power. The simplest circuit to convert ac to dc is the half-wave rectifier
shown in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1. Half-wave rectifier unfiltered


You will learn about diodes later, but for now we can simply think of them as a one-
directional switch. For an ideal diode, if VD > 0, the “switch” is closed and the diode conducts
like a short circuit. For VD < 0, the switch is open and the diode does not conduct, just like an
open circuit. In a more practical model of the diode, we say that the diode is a short circuit for
VD > VON and the diode is an open circuit for VD < VON. Typically, VON  .7 V.

Figure 2. Half-wave rectifier filtered.


ADVANCED PROGRAM IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND IOT

The addition of a capacitor in Figure 2 has a smoothing effect on the output. Say V in =
Vmcos( t). Assuming an ideal diode, initially Vout charges up to Vm. When Vin falls below Vm,
the diode is open, the RC network is isolated, and Vout = Vme-t/RC, as seen in section 7.2 in
Nilsson. The exponential decay continues until V out < Vin, at which time the diode will start
conducting again.
How much Vout decays depends on the time constant RC compared to the period (T) of
Vin. If we assume that the diode is open for almost the entire period, we can approximate the
minimum Vout as Vout_min  Vme-T/RC. The “ripple voltage” is defined as Vr = Vm – Vout_min. If RC
>> T, expanding the exponential gives Vr  VmT/RC. Note that if we use the practical diode
model, we can simply replace Vm with Vm – VON.

1. Build a circuit as in Figure 1 with Proteus, simulate Vin(t) by an AC source: Amplitude =


10V, f = 60Hz. Use oscilloscope to observe Vin(t) and Vout(t) in 2 cases: an ideal diode and a
practical diode. Try to explain the waves. You should see the rectifier stops the current of
negative direction and let the positive current go through.
Remembere to capture your measurings as clearly and with many details as possible, so that
the lab supervisor can evaluate your work properly.
2. Now let’s add a capacitor into the circuit as shown in Figure 2. Use the same parameters
for Vin as the step above. Firstly, pick a capacitor as long as RC  T, run the simulation,
watch the signal of Vin and Vout. Afterthat, change the value of the capacitor so long as RC
>> T. Now you see the difference and try to explain why?
Repeat above steps with real devices at lab, use function generator and oscilloscope to
check if the circuit works in the same way in simulation.
3. In both Proteus and in the lab, adjust the RC time constant to be approximately 10x larger
and then approximately 10x smaller. Comment on the effect on the ripple voltage that you
observe.
4. Now you are supposed to use a transformer to get a desired AC voltage source from our
220V AC.
In Proteus, build a circuit as shown in Figure 1 with a transformer; use the oscilloscope to
observe the signal.
At the lab, you no longer use the function generator, use the 220V-primary-voltage
transformer instead. Use oscilloscope to observe the amplitude and frequency of the
alternative electricity you are using. Choose a secondary voltage 15V – 18V to make it as an
input of your rectifier.
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Remember: the lab supervisor need to see in detail what you have implemented in
both simulation and in-lab activities as well as your comparison and explanation. So
try to show your work and comprehensive understanding in the report.
ADVANCED PROGRAM IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND IOT
ADVANCED PROGRAM IN EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND IOT

PART II. FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER


5. A more efficient rectifier is the full-wave rectifier using a center-tapped transformer as
shown in Figure 3. Using Proteus to observe Vin(t) and Vout(t) on the same graph for this
circuit.

Figure 3. Full-wave rectifier using center-tapped transformer.


Try to explain the result you observed. How the current flow changes when the diodes act as
a short/open circuit in each current cycle.
Note: this part is supposed to be done only in Proteus; no activity at the lab.
6. Another way to to build a full-wave rectifier: using a diode bridge.

Figure 4: A 4-diode bridge rectifier


The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series pairs” with only two diodes
conducting current during each half cycle.
In Proteus, build a circuit as in Figure 4 with the same parameters as steps above to observe
the input and output waves. In your report, draw proper arrows aside the devices to clearly
explain the current flow in the positive half-cycle as well as negative half-cycle.
In the lab, build the exactly the circuit in Figure 4 with function generator. Observe and give
comments.
Your report should include (i) the sketches for questions, (ii) a discussion of your
designs and any relevant calculations, (iii) your Proteus schematics and output plots, (iv)
screen shots of your circuit outputs and (v) a discussion of the comparison between your
design calculations, simulations and test results. Make sure your simulation and test outputs
are scaled to clearly show the ripple voltage.

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