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 THE

COMPLETE HERBALIST;
OB, THE

PEOPLE THEIR OWN PHYSICIANS,

BY THE trSE OF

NATURE'S REMEDIES:
DESCRIBINO

GREAT CURATIVE PROPERTIES FOUND IN THE

HERBAL KINGDOM.
A NEW AND PLAIN SYSTEM OF HYGIENIC PRINCIPLES. TOGETHER WITH
COMPREHENSIVE ESSAYS ON SEXUAL PHILOSOPii Z,
MARRIAGE, DIVORCE, &c.

By Dr. O. PHELPS BKOWN.

PRICE, TWO DOLLARS.

PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR,

JERSEY CITY, N. J.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by

Dk. O. PHELPS BKOWN,

In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
 A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEDICINE.

In presenting this work on Crude Organic Remedies the Constit- —

—
aents of Plants, and their OflEiciiial Preparations I do not propose to
"run a tilt" against any of the systems of Medical Practice, however
much some of them may be opposed common sense and reason, and
to
to the Divine ordinances of Nature nor shall I treat with contempt
;

the teachings and practices of great and wonderful names, or oppose

the pride, interest, expectation, and conscientious convictions of a
learned, honorable, and influential profession my object is simply to
;

present many new and curious, if not startling facts, not only well
worthy of the earnest consideration of the more intelligent portion of
the community, who demand reasons the most profound to lead them
to conviction of a Truth, but of the great mass of humbler people,
who desire, amid all the great Reforms in human society, above all
things to secure a " sound mind in a sound body,'''' and to feel something
of that exalted state of happiness which alone can arise from the posses-
sion of the most robust and rubicund physical and moral Health.
It must be palpable to every thinking mind that Therapeutical and
Pharmaceutical science is the very foundation of the "Healeng Art
DivrNE." In the language of Holy Writ, " TJie Lord has created medi-
cines out of the earthy and he that is wise will not abhor them.''''*

Yea, happy he that can the knowledge gain,

To know the Eternal God made naught in vain."

The use of medicine is no doubt coincident with the History of the

Human Race ;
but writers generally agree that medicine first became a
profession among the Egyptians. The priests of the earlier natioas

Ecclesiastes xxxviii, 4.
4 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

were the practitioners of the Healing Art, but it does not seem that
women were excluded from the right of administering medicine for the
purpose of healing the sick, since mention is made of a certain Queen
Isis, who became greatly celebrated among them, and was worshipped
as a "Goddess op Health." Although the practitioners among the
Egyptians, Assyrians, and Jews were in the habit of employing incan-
tations, which, of course, produced their good and bad impressions
through the medium of the imagination, yet their eflficiency in curing
diseases was mainly due to their knowledge of the medicinal virtues of
many of the vegetable products of Nature. They seemed to look up as
high as the stars to know the reason of the operation of the Herbs in
the various affections of the human race.
Among the Greeks, Hippocrates first caused medicine to be regarded
as a science^ while .^sculapius was the first who made medicine an ex-
clusive study and practice. His sons, Machaon and Podalirius, are
celebrated in Homer's "Iliad " for their medical skill as surgeons in the
Greek armies or during the Trojan war. Two daughters also of -i^scu-
lapius, Panakeia and Hygeia, were no less distinguished than their
renowned brothers; the latter being the inventor of many valuable
herbal preparations, whose success in curing diseases won for her, as in
the case of Queen Isis of Egypt, the proud honor and deification of the
Greeks as an especial " Goddess of Health." We have no knowledge
that JEsculapius or his immediate followers, the Asclepiadae, ever con-
ceived the idea of curing disease by drug or mineral preparations. Ab-
lutions, bandages, fomentations, ointments, etc., were administered
externally, and preparations of aromatic herbs, roots, flowers, balms,
gums, etc. constituted their whole materia medica for all internal ail-
,

ments. Next the Pythagorean school became famous, and these were
the first to visit the sick at their homes.
The next most prominent medical practitioner after these was Hip-
pocrates, the "Coan Sage," who, being one of the most sagacious,
observing, and industrious men that ever lived, was entitled the
'''Father of Medidney He traveled much in foreign countries, devot-
ing himself with untiring energy to the study and practice of medicine.
His writings were numerous, and even to this day his doctrines are ex-
tensively recognized. His practice was consistently founded on the
phenomena human beings during health and
of Nature as exhibited in
disease. His materia medica was derived almost wholly from the vege-
table kingdom. His internal remedies were purgatives, sudorifics,
diuretics, and injections, while his external were ointments, plasters,
liniments, etc. The great which directed all his operations
principle
was the supposed operations Nature in superintending and regulat-
of
ing all the actions of the system. This mode of practice had the good
effect of enabling the practitioner to make himself well acquainted with
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. O

all phenomena of disease, and thus to diagnosticate correctly, and

the
to meet the varied indications by the administration of some h&rbal
remedy, which would induce the crisis requisite to the removal of dis-
ease and restoration to sound or vigorous health.
About three hundred years before the Christian era, the Ptolemies
founded a medical school in Alexandria, Egypt. The most famous of
the professors were Erasisteatus and Herophilus, who dissected
the bodies of criminals obtained from government. They opposed
bleeding and violent remedies, trusting more to nature than to art.
Herophilus paid particular attention to the action of the heart, and was
the first to give anything hke an accurate description of the various
kinds of pulse, though Praxagoras of Cos, the last of the Asclepiadse, had
before observed the relation which exists between the pulse and the
general condition of the system. From that time to the present the
pulse has been, as were, the guide for determining the character, ex-
it

tent, and probable cause of the disease afflicting the patient, and the
description of treatment required to produce a change for the better. I,
however, derive great assistance from the temperament, age, sex, etc.
We pass over the days of the Dogmatics and Empirics, the Pneu-
matics, and other sects of medical practitioners (who, though they em-
ployed herbal remedies as a general rule, were strangely given to the
promulgations of theories and doctrines utterly at variance with the
most ordinary ratiocinations of Philosophy and Reason), until we come
to the period when Galen first made his appearance, at the request of
the Emperor AuREi-ius. Galen was a native of Pergamos, bom A.D.
130, having traveled much and written largely on subjects^ directly or
indirectly connected with medicine before settling himself at Rome.
He was entirely independent in his opinions, paid very little respect to
authority, and so great was his learning and wisdom, and rare skill in
medicine, that he came to be regarded by many as an "Oracle."
Thoroughly educated in all the schools of philosophy, he selected from
them all except the Epicurean, which he totally rejected. His treatment
of disease was principally by Herbal remedies. From Galen have sprung
the sect that is now generally known as Eclectics, who do not confine
remedies exclusively to the herbal practice, but employ many of the
mineral substances upon which the Allopathic and Homoeopathic sys-
tems of medicine of the present day are based, I

About the middle of the seventeenth century, on the death of Pau-

LUS, the Greek school of medicine terminated, the Arabians having
conquered a large portion of the semi-civilized world, and destroyed an
immense Alexandrian Ubrary, The Arabian physicians soon adopted
the opinions of Galen, but, owing to the invention of chemistry, it was
BpeedUy made subservient to medicine. They produced medical works,
Bome of which have enjoyed great celebrity, without having really added
6 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

anything substantial to medical science as previously understood.

With AvERROES terminated the Arabic or Saracenic School of medi-
cine, the great reputation of which is mainly owing to the circumstance,
that from the eighth to the twelfth centuries, when all Europe was
sunk in deep barbarism, the principal remains of a taste for literature
and science existed among the Moors and Arabs. Their physicians
added many vegetable products and a few metallic oxides in the cata-
logue of remedies. From the employment of chemical and mineral
remedies by the Arabian physicians may be dated the disastrous conse-
quences of medical science that were subsequently inaugurated by that
Prince of Quacks Paracelsus.
After the Arabians, from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, the
practice of medicine was chiefly confined to the hands of the priests,
who, being men of great learning and followers of ^sculapius, Hippocra-
tes, and Galen, became the principal physicians, and a little medicine
was taught in the monasteries for a long time the Benedictine monks
;

of Monte Casino enjoyed in this respect great reputation. The Jews

also became celebrated physicians and though not allowed to adminis-
;

ter medicines to Christians, yet obtained access to the courts, and even
to the palace of the Roman pontiffs.
The European feudal system was at length greatly shaken by the
Crusades. Mahomet the second, about the middle of the fifteenth cen-
tury, captured Constantinople, and soon after the ruin of the Byzantine
empire the Reformation occurred, and about the same time the art of
printing was invented. These events gave a powerful impulse to the
world of mind, and reawakened investigation into all the departments of
science, literature, and the arts but, although many works were writ
;

ten, very few facts were gleaned concerning the physiological, anatomi
cal, and pathological phenomena incident to the Structure, Health, and
Disease of the human being.
The alchemic however, was at length transferred from Arabia
art,

into European countries, and medical chairs were established in various

Universities on the continent during the thirteenth century, and finally
Lin acre, who had been educated at Oxford, and having traveled in Italy,
and spent some time at the court of Florence, returned to England, and
succeeded in founding medical professorships at Oxford and Cambridge,
from which circumstance was laid the foundation of the London Col-
lege of Physicians. Thus chemistry, after having been employed in
various pharmaceutical processes, was appHed to physiology, pathology,
and therapeutics. The chemical doctors were very wild and extrava-
gant in advancing unnatural theories but they had an ever-present
;

champion in the name of Galen, who was well entitled to be called the
—
"Prince of Medical Philosophers." He was a philosopher a natural
philosopher for he studied Nature closely, deeply, profoundly, and de-
;
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 7

duced his indications of cure from an accurate observation of her laws.

His system, however, was destined to be utterly overthrown by an ad-
venturous vagrant, whose quackery never had its equal on earth. This
impudent and unprincipled charlatan was none other than Paracelsus,
to whom the medical world is more indebted for the mineral drugging
system than to all other physicians who have ever lived. He introduced
the mercurial and antimonial practice, which still constitutes the great
strength of the popular materia medica of the day, and which also con-
tinues to exhibit its terribly devastating power on all human constitu-
tions that come under its sway or influence. In the fulness of his
pride, pomp, and arrogance, Paracelsus burned, with great solemnity,
the works of Galen and Avicenna, declaring that he had found the phi-
losopher's stone, and that mankind had no further use for the medical
w«rks of others. He lived a disappointed vagabond, and died prema-
turely at the age of forty-eight, his famous elixir vitce. having failed to
save him from a most horrible fate. Still his abominable doctrines pre-
vailed, and his infatuated followers have added several hundred other
chemical or mineral ^preparations to the materia medica of the great
Quicksilver Quack. At the present day, among a certain class of phy-
sicians, there is hardly a disease in the catalogue of human ailments in
which the employment of mercury, antimony, arsenic, and other deadly
drugs is not employed.
During the seventeenth century the. doctrines of Hippocrates again
rose to some consideration in medical philosophy. Anatomy made pro-
gress. Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood others traced
;

out the absorbent system, and explained the functions and structure of
the lungs; while Boyle disengaged chemistry from the mystery by
which it was surrounded, and explained its true province to be, "not
the manufacture of solid gold, nor Hquid nostrums, nor gaseous theories,
but an investigation into the change of properties which bodies expe-
rience in their action upon each other."
From this time to the beginning of the eighteenth century, notwith-
standing many facts had accumulated in chemistry, anatomy, and phys-
iology, physicians, as a body, held no more natural views of the true
nature of disease than were advanced by Hippocrates, three thousand
years before. Indeed, it is positively certain that none of the most
eminent new schools or sects of the present day had been more success-
ful in curing diseases than were Hippocrates, Galen, and Sydenham.
Meantime, however, there have arisen physicians, who, while they
readily received aU new facts in respect to the structure of the human
organism, adhered to the instinctive inductions of Nature, and treat-
still

ed diseases with most abundant success by means of Herbal prepara-

—
tions alone. We have at this day as bright a galaxy of names scholars,
—
philosophers, philanthropists, and humanitarians as ever adorned any
8 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

age of the world, devoting- themselves with a zeal and industry worthy
of all praise to the study and practice of medicine, but, failing to per-
ceive the grand results anticipated in their laborious researches after
truth, do not hesitate to admit that our actual information does not in-
crease m any degree in proportion to our experience. All their array of
learning, and their multitudinous writings, have only served to make
confusion worse confounded, and all from the very simple fact that they
have neglected to follow the requirements of Nature and common sense,
in maintaining the Herbal Practice as the only true and philosophical
foundation of the Healing Art. Amidst all the jarrings, conflicts, and
dogmas of the medical world, is it any wonder that the great masses are
rapidly losingall confidence in Medical Science, and crying for a more

—
natural system of medication even one founded in the principles of
irrefragable Nature ? Withview I have devoted many years of my
this
life, and having traveled in numerous lands, I feel that I am now quali-
fied, from a long medical experience and deep research into the physi-
ology of Plants, to present to the world of suffering humanity all those
curative elements best calculated to ensure perfect health, and the ut-
most length of life, to all who may feel disposed to be guided by the
doctrines and system of medication which it is the object of this volume
to make known.

THE HEEBAL WOELD.

In the foregoing pages we have seen, that from the earliest period in
the history of the human race to the present time, the administration
of the juices and essences of Herbs and Plants, in all forms of disease,
has ever been considered by judicious and philosophical minds as the
most rational and natural means of reUeving the economy of all abnor-
mal obstructions and derangements, and restoring all the functions to
their original or primitive vigor and healthful working. Notwithstand-
ing the innovations of the mineral practice, I have ever held most rigidly
to the Herbal System of medication but having failed to meet with the
;

success reasonably anticipated by pursuing the ordinary routine of The-

rapeutics, I was finally led to reject the many changes in medical doc-
trines and practice, and start forth on a path of investigation of my
own into the mysteries of the mineral and vegetable Kingdoms, espe-
cially as they might bear upon the health and happiness of the human
being accordingly, early in my professional career I attempted, by
;

proper chemical analyses and practical experiment, to determine the

best specific means for the healing of the maladies of mankinr' The •
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 9

results of these researches, since confirmed by many years' successful

medical experience based upon them, have but the more strongly
strengthened my opposition to the use of all the mineral preparations of
the modem schools of medicine, and to establish my faith all the more
firmly in the employment of herbal elements exclusively whether in —
—
the materia of roots, barks, seeds, or flowers as the surest and safest
means for the thorough eradication of every form of disease.
In saying all this, however, I do not deny the fact that many mineral
substances enter into the composition of the human being, and are ne^
—
cessary for his full health and perfection as chalk or lime is requisite
to form bone, iron to enrich or strengthen the blood, and other mineral
substances for the formation of the tissues, as phosphorus for the tissues
of the brain and nerves, etc. —
but I stoutly contend that all such inor-
ganic substances are taken up by plants and distributed to the various
tissues and elements of the human being, either in the way of food or
medicine, in exactly the precise quantity requisite for man's perfect
health, if rightly used, neither in excess or diminution, agreeably to the
laws of Nature and their virtues are thus prepared and eliminated in a
;

way far superior to any chemical manipulation ever conceived or known

to man, with all the elements of chemical science at his command.
That this is the case is demonstrated by chemical analyses of plants.
Coca contains phosphorus twinleaf, the salts of potassa, lime, iron,
;

magnesia, silica, etc. the houseleek, super-malate of lime Matico, the

; ;

salts of lime, iron, sulphur, etc. Spongia nsta, carbon, silica, sodium,
lime, magnesium, iron, and phosphorus, either in combination or free
coffee, chlorogenate of potassa in fact, all the chemical elements com-
;

posiag the organism of man are also found in plants. The reader will
find these chemical elements given in the history of plants. I also refer
him to page 385, where, in the article " Treatment of Chronic Diseases,"
will be found a full explanation of the author's specialty in curing chronic
disorders by chemically prepared herbal remedies.
The herbal physician has, moreover, decided advantages over the
mineral physician, with reference to the administration of mineral sub-
stances. He gives them in natural combinations —in such chemical as-
sociation which, for exactness and propriety, can only occur in the great
laboratory of Nature while the dispenser of mineral
;
drugs gives them
wholly as isolated elementary principles, as furnished by the inorganic
chemist, who, like all humans, is liable to err. Let us illustrate this
advantage by iodine. The algae, such as the fuci and laminarm (deep-
sea-water plants, growing at the depth of three hundred fathoms), furnish
this principle in abundance. The mineral physician, not content to
administer the alterative in the best possible combination, as it exists in
the sea-weed, subjects the plants to chemical operations, releases the
iodine, and then either exhibits it by itself or in association with sodium,
1*
10 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

potassium, mercury, etc. The true herbal physician acts more wisely
in this respect he administers the plant in substance, tincture, extract,
:

etc., and has the consciousness that the iodine which Nature furnishes
him is pure, and not the inferior adulterated article of commerce. In
plants where its chemical nature may be concentred into one compound
principle, and the residue but inert matter, it is judicious to separate it
from the plant, but radically wrong to release but one simple elementary
mineral quality of the plant.
The advocate of mineral medication may retort by asking the use of
administering- the whole plant, when the iodine alone constitutes its
therapeutical value. Why give the refuse matter with the iodine ? To
this sophistical argument and foolish inquiry I will reply, Why eat the
whole peach, when its flavor only makes it pleasant as an edible ? Why
not release the flavor and fatten on that delectable principle ?
The best argument, however, in favor of herbal medication, and one
which establishes it as the correct philosophy, is the comparison of re-
sults from both systems and with these the author became fully ac-
;

quainted by practical experiment, and which led him, and not prejudice,
to adopt exclusively the herbal system of medication. I may justly
claim this system of practice, in its most important relations, as solely
my own, and for which I have been the recipient of all encouragement
of scientific men and societies but the homage that I value most, and
;

which afforded the motive and stimulated my ambition, is the gratitude

of almost numberless invalids whom I have thus been enabled to cure
of diseases which were pronounced, and in fact are, incurable by physi-
cians who rely upon minerals for their agents of cure.
The true theory of disease and its cure two chemical
is embodied in
and negative.
forces, which, like the currents of electricity, are positive
Thus, if the positive force of disease is manifested upon any organ, it
disturbs the harmony and functional action of that organ, and the dis-
organization will continue as long as the negative force of cure is not
placed in antagonism with it, to neutralize the activity of the positive
force. When this is done the autonomy of the organ is re-established,
and its function becomes again natural and healthful.
Again, if upon discovery any organ or tissue becomes deficient in its
chemical elements, it must be supplied by such plants as contain
them or if any organ or tissue becomes surcharged with its chemical
;

constituents, negative chemical elements must be exhibited to reduce

them to their normal quantities. See article on Treating Diseases '
'

Chemically," page 385.

These forces in various ways control the whole organic world. Increase
the centrifugal force, and the earth flies into space remove the centripe-
;

tal, and it rushes headlong to the sun. If they are as they exist, coequal,

the earth rolls on in its orbit in grand precision and admirable harmony.
 THE COMiPLETE HERBALIST. 11

Having thus philosophized, and finally realized that the entire uni-
verse —
was composed of contrary elements of negative and positive prin-
—
ciples yet that the whole worked, or acted, in the most perfect harmony,
agreeably to the wisdom of a Great First Cause, when such elements
were not disarranged or disturbed by any violation of the laws of pristine
Nature^ I was soon led to a logical deduction of the general laws which
govern the virtues or medicinal properties of all the varieties of plants,
with a view to employ them as remedial agents in the cure of disease.
In a word, I found in the being, man, an epitome of all creation found—
—
in his organism all the elements of universal nature and necessarily
discerned that, as there are summer and winter, night and day, in regu-
lar and systematic succession, such alternations of nature could not but
have the most important influences in respect to the health and diseases
—
of the human being Heaven's last, most perfect work. I realized that,
in accordance with the various operations of nature, man remained ia
health, or became afflicted with disease. Hence it became necessary
for me to fully understand or comprehend the cause of any departure
from the normal or natural condition of man, and to provide the cure,
or the remedy best adapted for the restoration of the equilibrium of the
functions of his entire organism.
I ascertained by experiment what was before a preconceived idea,
that plants afforded the best agents to antagonize the force of disease,
and to re-establish the integrity of any organ or tissue assailed. The
discovery was made apparent, however, that indiscriminate selection of
medicinal plants was injudicious, and that the curative property of a
plant was developed only in proportion as certain essential conditions
were provided. These conditions proved to be those necessary to the
full health ofman, viz. proper climate, air, and food.
,

The great essential of a plant which is to be selected for its

first

medical quahties is its nativity. If iadigenous to the locality or coun-

try wherein found, it is a proper one to select. Plants that are iutro-
duced from other countries are lessened or deprived of their virtues,
unless they meet in their new home aU the essential conditions pos-
sessed in their native place.
The geographical distribution of plants is affected by climatic in-
fluences, constituents of soil, heat, moisture, altitude of situation, etc.
The flowers, shrubs, and trees which adorn the plains of India and
South America, are not the same with those which clothe the valleys of
England and North America. Nor are their medicinal properties the
same, however those herbal products may resemble each other. The
plants- which flourish on the sea-shore of Great Britain are not the same
as those on the coast of Africa, nor are these, again, allied to the mari-
time vegetation of Chili, South America. Nearly all the beautifxiJ
plants which adorn our green-houses are natives of a limited space near
12 THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST.

the Cape of Good Hope, as are also many of our most beautiful bulbs
but the medicinal properties of all become weakened and cJianged by
transplantation. The curious stafelias, that smell so offensively, are
found wild only in South Africa. They are there used for medical
purposes by the Aborigines. The trees that bear balsam grow principal-
ly in Arabia and on the banks of the Red Sea. The umbelliferous and
ciucif erous plants spread across Europe and Asia. The Cacti are found
only in tropical America, while the lobiatae and cariophyllacea are sel-
dom discovered but in Europe. The peculiar ranges and centres of
vegetation, as they are termed, are all owing to chemical, climatic, a ad
electrical influences, and yield their medicinal properties in exact ratio of
quality^ in accordance with the latitudes or places in which they are
indigenous.
From the many facts existing, we must believe that there is r ot a
single disease in man that may not have its remedy or cure, in some
herb or other, if' we but knew which plant, and where to find it, in this,
or that, or —
any clime or portion of the world agreeably to the provi-
dence of Nature.
This fact or law is proven in the lower animal kingdom. Who has
not often seen not only our famihar domestic animals, but many of the
untamed creatures of the forests, fields, and air, seek out some one or
peculiar herb, when laboring under sickness or derangement of the
functions of its organism ?
Truly, Nature has wisely implanted a definite instinct in every organ-
ic creature, in order to serve for its health, or for its restoration to
health from disease. In man, however, such instinct is not so plainly
marked, but to him has been given reason and judgment, and (in some
few of the race) a disposition to investigate the laws and mysteries of
creation, in order to secure his own highest health and perfection, and
to find the means for the healing of his kind, when they have become
diseased through ignorance, perversion, and violation of the immutable
ordinances of Creation.
As the proverb says, " There are sermons in stones, and books in run-
ning brooks ;" so do we behold volumes of wisdom in all the herbal king-
—
dom in every emerald and variegated leaf, in every tinted blossom ia —
all^ there is a voiceless language, eternally singing significant psalms ir.

praise of " Him who doeth all things well."

Thus we find that adaptation is the law of the universe and no- —
where is it more vividly portrayed than in the growth and development
of the Herbal world.
It will thus be seen that it is only by carefully studying the physiol-
ogy or functions, or nature of plants, we can derive instruction for the
proper regulation or government of our own organisms. The causes
which influence the growth and development of plants, are conditions
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 13

necessary to be understood, in order to preserve the health or integrity

of our systems.
Dependent upon the causes I have already named, the plants, also,
may lose their medicinal virtues while much will be owing to the sea-
;

son of the year when they are gathered, in order to adapt them to
medico-chemical purposes.
For instance, in the Spring of the year the common Nettle plant may
afford a palatable food for man but if selected at a later period, instead
;

of serving as a savory vegetable, or purifier of morbid elements from

the blood and system of man, might be converted into or act as a viru-
lent or dangerous poison upon his organism.
In China the Ginseng (so called from the two Chinese words gen sing,
—
"first of plants") plant or root is regarded— weight for weight as sil-
ver, for medicinal purposes ;
whereas the same herb grown in America,
or other countries, does not possess a tithe of the value of the Chinese
production for healing purposes.
The American chamomile, though in all respects the same as the Eu-
ropean, is positively inert in its medicinal qualities.
There must be, therefore, I repeat, a combination of influences to
insure the full development of perfection of any plant. There must be
not only internal but external stimuli, to develop the virtues of the
herb. The external, as we have seen, consist of certain nutritious
matters contained in the soil, water, atmospheric gases, electricity,
light, and heat, besides the elements of oxygen, both in its combined or
simple form, nitrogen, etc.
If we take a stem cut from a pine tree, in the forests of North Caro-
lina, and place it in contact with the trunk of a healthy growing pine,
the former would destroy the latter ia the course of the season. The
worms generated in the severed or decayed stem will pass to the living
tree, and rapidly cause its destruction.
Any farmer knows that if the lordly oak be felled ia June it will pass
into a state of decay iu the course of from four to eight weeks but if it
;

be cut down at a proper season (which is in Fall and early Spring, when
the tree is nearly destitute of sap), it affords the best timber for the
building of ships. It may be of interest, also, to state that at such
times the transplantation of trees should be made. The tree should be
removed at night, and set out in the same relative position to the sun as
in its former aspect. If these rules are followed, no tree will rarely
ever die, Tinlessits most vital parts are too extensively injured.

We aU know that a plant stripped of its leaves will soon perish.

Among the reasons for this is, that the absorption by the roots is insuf^
ficient to supply aU the materials for its nourishment. Let us look a
little more closely into these phenomena of nature. There must be a
certain number of stages for aU herbal growths. First, the ascending
14 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

sap dissolves the nutritive deposits of the root and stem, and conveys
them to assist in the development of leaves and flowers. Hence it is
evident that if the root, bark, or stem be gathered at this season, it wiU
prove deficient in medicinal virtues, or be altogether inert. The leaves
also will be found worthless for remedial purposes. On the other hand,
if we wait a little longer, or until the plant is fully developed, we will

find that either the bark or root, the leaves or flowers, are full of rare
medicinal virtues.
The precise moment when all the assimilative processes of the plant
have been perfected —whether it be Summer or Winter, Spring or Au-
tumn is the time to gather it for a remedial agent in disease, inasmuch
as we know that the laws of chemical decomposition and recombination
know no rest hence, as in the case of the nettle, while it may be a
;

good food in its earlier stages of development, it would prove a poison

in a more advanced stage of its growth.
The peculiar properties of herbs as medicines will often depend upon
the greenness or ripeness of the plant, and other circumstances attend-
ant upon its cutting, and the length of time it is kept after being
gathered.
For instance, the concrete juice of the Manna ash {Fraxinus Ornus) —
the manna of commerce— increases in purgative qualities by age. The
Oak-bark, for tanning hides, improves in value for a period of four or
five years after it has been stripped from the trunk in the same man-
;

ner, its medicinal properties are either diminished or improved, according

to the season when the bark is gathered, or the manner in which it is
converted into tannic acid for medical or scientific purposes.
It must be apparent to all, that herbs are liable to suffer from the
vicissitudes of soil, climate, season, etc., and, as a matter of course,
from these causes will vary the medicinal principles attributed to them.
Repeated analysis demonstrates the fact, that specimens of the same
plant, grown in different locahties, will vary infinitely in the proportions
of the medicinal principles yielded. Take, for example, the Butterfly-
weed, or Pleurisy-root {Asclepias Tuherosa), which grows in the barren
and sandy soil of New Jersey, and it will be foimd to yield from one to
two hundred per cent, of its medicinal virtues more than the same plant
grown in the rich alluvial soils of the West. Hence, when given as
—
medicine, the quantity must correspond accordingly be either increased
or diminished, in order to secure its proper curative effects upon the
system. Thus it is seen that a medicine, prepared from plants culled
at an improper season, will prove entirely inert or useless, while the
same herb, gathered at a proper time in a proper climate, especially and
properly prepared, would secure the restoration of a patient from disease
to health.
There is likewise a wide difference between the virtues of a plant
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 16

growing- in a wild or natural condition from that of the same herb when
artificially cultivated. The transference of plants from their natire
locations, to soils prepared by the hands of man, induces many changes
in their individual elements. Many plants formerly used for medicines
are now cultivated for the table alone. The small acid root of the Bras-
sica Rupa has become the large and nutritious article of diet knowTi as
the turni'p. The dandeUon, when growTi in natural localities, possesses
well-defined medical properties, all of which are lost when the plant is
artificially cultivated. In the cultivated plant the proportions of starch,
grape-sugar, and other non-medical principles are largely increased,
while that which is gathered in its- wild or native state is known to pos-
sess rare virtues in affections of the liver, kidneys, and respiratory
organs. In the cultivated rose the stamens are converted into petals.
—
The castor-oil plant in Africa is a woody tree in our gardens it is an
annual. The mignonette, in Europe, is an annual plant, but becomes
perennial in the sandy deserts of Egypt.
I repeat, from what has been seen it is evident that all herbs, perhaps,
possess some property suitable for medical purposes. These virtues may
be found in the root of one plant, in the bark of another, in the leaves
of another, in the blossoms of another, in the seeds of another, or in the
whole combined. Even the color of the flower has much to do with the
therapeutic properties of the plant — as, for instance, the Blue Vervain^
as used in my Fits and Dyspepsia remedy, is the only kind that is used
for medical purposes — all the other species being entirely useless, or else
more or less dangerous.
In fact, it is evident to the comprehension of the simplest mind that-

climatic influences have much to development of plants.

do with the full
This may be illustrated in the Tobacco raised in Cuba and that grown in
—
Connecticut the one being grown in a Southern and the other in a
Northern climate. The poison nicotine is derived from the tobacco
plant the exhilarating caffeine and tKeine are obtained from the coflEee
;

berry and tea plant. Thus it is possible that some therapeutic agent or
other may be derived from every plant grown on the surface of the
globe.
The Red Men of the American forests are never at a loss to know
which plant is best, nor the time should be gathered, to cure them of
it

disease. They know how to treat their complaints in physic, surgery,

and midwifery with a skill that far surpasses that of many a learned
doctor of the big medical schools, with all their science, and the medical
teachings of physicians for upwards of four thousand years. What
—
other guide have the poor Indians those untutored savages of the
woods —but theirreason and their instinct, and their practical experi-
ence in the use of herbs ?
This is the same in the East Indies, South America, South Sea
 16 TJlf] COMPLETE HEEBALIST.

Islands, Patagonia, Africa, and other lands. The negroes in the in-
terior parts of Africa possess a knowledge of the medicinal properties of
plants which is really surprising, and, by consequence, are rarely afflicted
with disease. The art of healing in Sumatra consists in the application
of plants, in whose medicinal virtues they are surprisingly skilled. In
fact, the Sumatrans have a degree of botanical knowledge that sur-
prises the European or American. They become acquainted at an early
age not only with tlie names, but the qualities and properties of every
shrub and herb among that exuberant variety with which their country
abounds.
In gathering herbs for medical purposes, we should not only know the
season when they should be culled, but we should be qualified to com-
prehend the principles of which the plant is composed whether they —
be resins, alkaloids, or neutrals— and be able also to separate the one
ingredient or element from the other, as a distinct medicinal property, or
combine the whole for the purpose of a compound medical agent.
Plants by their appearance often invite the invaUd to cull them for
his restoration, and assume such shapes as to suggest their curative
properties. For instance, herbs that simu-
late the shape of the Lu?igs, as Lungwort
(see figure adjoining), Sage, Hounds-tongue,
and Comfrey, are all good for pulmonary
complaints.
Plants which bear in leaves and roots a
heart-like form, as Citron Apple, Fuller's
Thistle, Spikenard, Balm, Miat, White-beet,
Parsley, and Motherwort, will yield medicinal
properties congenial to that organ. Vege-
table productions like in figure to the ears^
as the leaves of the Coltfoot or Wild Spike-
nard, rightly prepared as a conserve and
eaten, improve the hearing and memory;
while extracted from the shells of sea-
oil
Lungwort.
snails, which have the turnings and curvings
of the ears, tends wonderfully to the cure of deafness. A decoction of
Maiden Hair and the moss of Quinces, which plants resemble the hairs
of the good for baldness. Plants resembling the human nose,
Jiead, is
as the leaves of the Wild Water Mint, are beneficial in restoring the
sense of smell. Plants having a semblance of the Womb, as Birthwort,
Heart Wort, Ladies' Seal or Briony, conduce much to a safe accouche-
ment. Shrubs and Herbs resembling the bladder and gall, as Night-
shade and Alkekengi, will relieve the gravel and stone. Liver-shaped
plants, as Liverwort {see the following figure), Trinity, Agaric, Fumitory,
Figs, etc. , all are efficacious in bilious diseases. Walnuts, Indian nuts,
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 17

Leeks, and the root of Ragwort, because of their form, when duly pre-
pared will further generation and prevent sterility. Herbs and seeds
in shape Hke the teeth, as Toothwort, Pine-kernel, etc., preserve
the dental organization. Plants of
knobbed form, like knuckles or joints,
as Galingale, aad the knotty odoriferous
rush, Calamus^ are good for diseases of
the spine and reins, foot, gout, knee
swellings, and all joint pains whatso-
ever. Oily vegetable products, as the
Filbert, Walnut, Almond, etc., tend to
fatness of the body.
Plants naturally lean^ as Sarsaparilla
or long-leaved Rosa Solie emaciate those
who use them.
Fleshy plants, such as Onions, Leeks,
and Colewort, make flesh for the eaters.
Certain plants, as the Sensitive plant.
Nettles, the roots of Mallows, and the
herb Neurus, when used as outward ap-
plications, fortify and brace the 7ie7'ves.
Milky herbs, as Lettuce and the fruit of
the Almond and Fig trees, propagate
milk. Plants of a serous nature, as
Spurge and Scammony, purge the nox-
ious humors between the flesh and the Liverwort.
skin. Herbs whose acidity turns milk to
curd, such as Galium and the seeds of Spurge, will lead to procreation.
Rue mixed with Cummin will relieve a sore breast, if a poultice of them
be applied, when the milk is knotted therein while plants that are hollow,
;

as the stalks of Grain, Reeds, Leeks, and Garhc, are good to purge,
open, and soothe the hollow parts of the body. Many more instances of
Buch adaptation of herbs and plants to diseases of the body might be
cited if deemed necessary.
The may be destroyed by giving them deleterious or
vitality of plants
poisonous substances, such as arsenic, mercury, etc. In fact, mineral
poisons act on plants and herbs in nearly the same way they do upon
human beings or other animals.
The color of plants is generally under the influence of solar light
hence, plants grown in darkness become etiolated or blanched. The
greem- of leaves is due to nitrogen., while in proportion as the oxygen of
the air predominates, the leaves put on varied tints, as the beautiful red
and crimson assumed by some leaves in Autumn.
The color of Jlowers, as a general rule, is influenced by solar light,
ti
18 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

much to do with the color.

thoiigh the magnetic condition of the soil has
For instance, the petals of the common butter-cup are of as brilliant a
yellow in towm gardens enveloped in the smoke of London as on any
country hill, while the tints of the rose remain, when languishing for
lack of a clear atmosphere. The flowers of the common hydrangea,
which are naturally pink^ may be made blue by planting the shrub in
impregnated with iron. So will certain medical preparations
soil of
iron turn blue the human flesh. The color of the flower of the tulips
can be turned into white, yeUow, brown, purple, and a beautiful tint of
rose, by transplanting the plants from a poor soil to a rich one, and vice
versa.
The fragrrnices of flowers and plants have their physiological or medi-
cal uses. The use of the fragrance in leaves, bark, and wood, is appar-
ently to preserve them from the attacks of insects as the wmeii of the
;

red and Bermuda cedars (of which pencils are made) and of Camphor,
also a vegetable product, is to keep moths and other vermin from attack-
ing substances with which they are in contact.
Plants sometimes distil or secrete medicinal or nutritive fluids, which
are contained in convenient receptacles. Such plants invariably grow
tar from the haunts of men. away from the course of streams or vicinity
of ponds. Whose ordination is it that such plants have such a habitude ?
It is that Providence who, in his bountiful beneficence, places them
where the traveler may not die of thirst or disease on his way of dis-
covery. This is most beautifully illustrated in the Nepenthes distillatoria
(see cut), in which the leaves
terminate in a most singular
manner, forming a sort of urn
or vase, surmounted by a cover,
which opens and shuts as occa-
sion
requires. This vessel is
suspended at the extremity of
a thread-like appendage to a
winged petiole, which would
seem to be altogether unfit to
support it. An officer of marines
writes as follows Three days :
'
'

after my arrival at Madagascar

.r. J- .•„ . I lost myself during a short ex-
Nepentnes distillatona. , , . .

cursion mto the mterior, and was

overtaken with an excessive lassitude, accompanied with a devouring
thirst. After a long walk I was on the point of yielding to despair,
when I perceived close to me, suspended to leaves, some smaU vases,
somewhat like those used to preserve fresh water. I began to think I
was under one of those hallucinations by which the sick are often visited
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 19

in fever, when the refreshing draught seems to fly from their paxched
lips. approached it,
I
however, with some
hesitation, threw a
rapid glance at the
pitchers : judge of my
happiness when I found
them filled with a pure
and transparent liquid.
The draught I partook
gave me the best idea
I have reahzed of the
nectar served at the
table of the gods."
Plants of such descrip-
tion become extinct if

civiUzation approaches
their domain.
have attri-
Plants
butes other than medi-
cal which are of inter-
est to the general read-
er besides the botanist.
In many instances
there seems to be a
striking affinity be-
tween the herbal and
animal kiagdom, and
other instances of the
repelling character.
For instance, a most
remarkable instance of
by contact is
irritability
that exhibited by the
"Venus's Fly -Trap,"
Dioncea musciimla^ a
native of Canada, and
nearly allied to the
common " Sun D e w " -

of the British com-

mons. Its fl o.w e r s
have nothing remark- Venus's Fly-Trap.
able about them, ex-
cept that their petals roil up when they are about to decay ; but the
20 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

leaves are very curiously constructed. They have broad leaf-like

petioles, atwhose extremity there are two fleshy tubes, which form the
real leaf, and which are armed with strong-, sharp spines, three on the
blade of each lobe, and a fringe of larger spines round the margin.
When an insect touches the base of the central spines the leaf col-
lapses, and the poor insect is caught, been either impaled by the cen-
tral spines or entrapped by the others. The leaf then remains closed,
the fringe of long spines being firmly interlaced and locked together till
the body of the insect has wasted away. This apparatus being the nearest
approach to a stomach which has yet being observed in plants, an experi-
ment was tried some years ago of feeding a dioncea (Venus's Fly-Trap)
with very small particles of raw meat, when it was found that the leaves
closed in the same way as they would have done over an insect, and did
not open again until the meat was consumed. The leaves of this plant
possess medicinal properties, which, when properly prepared in tincture
or decoction, have been found of exceeding efficacy in many diseases of
the digestive organs of the human being.
Sarracenia^ or Side- Saddle flower, the leaves of which are pitcher-
shaped, resembling an old-fashioned side-saddle, six of which generaUy
belong to each plant. Each of these pitchers wiU hold nearly a wine-
glassful, and are generaUy filled with water and aquatics, which imdergo
decomposition, or a sort of digestion^ and serve as a nutriment to the plant.
This animal characteristic is also illustrated in the sensitive plant
(Mimosa Sensitiva), which the slightest touch suffices to make it close
its foHoles. If we cut with
scissors the extreme end of one
the others immediately
foliole
approach in succession. This
irritation is not local, but com-
municates from circle to circle,
and propagates itself from leaf
to leaf. Up to a certain point
it gets accustomed to outside

interference. Touching it again

Sensitive Plant ' and again will habituate it to
the movement and fail to re-

spond, as if it were owing in the first instance to fright.

The sleep of plants vaguely recalls to us the sleep of animals.
Their period of sleep is mostly at night, and any interested person may
observe this habit in a variety of plants, as many of them when asleep
are difficult to recognize in their bearing. The leaves are rolled up, or
become reversed, as in the genus Sida and the Ldipinus. The Vetch,
the Sweet-pea, the Broad Bean, in their sleep rest their leaves during
the night one against the other.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 21

Parental solicitude is displayed in the oracli-root {Atrijilex Twrtenm).

The leaves of this plant faU back upon the young shoots, and enclose
them whenever the effects of the atmosphere would injure them. This
is alsoseen in the chickweed at night.
The folding of some flowers in the absence of the sun, and the open-
ing of others as soon as that luminary has withdrawn his beams, are
ascribable to various causes. The white marigold closes its flowers on
the approach of rain, and the dwarf Colendrina folds up its bright
crimson corolla about four o'clock every afternoon while, on the con- ;

trary, the plant commonly called Four o'clock^ whose flower remains
closed all day, opens precisely at the hour of four. The evening prim-
rose will not open its large yellow flower till the sun has sunk below the
horizon. On the other hand, the Sun-flower is always seen bending its
face (vis-d-vis) in the direction of the sun, and follows its course during

the entire diurnal round, from its rise in the Orient, or East, in the
momiag, to its decHne in the Hesperian region, or west, in the evening.
The Silphium laciniatum^ or compass-weed, always points its leaves
towards the north star. The Night-blowing Cereus only expands its
flowers about midnight. Indeed, some flowers are so regular in their
opening or shutting, that the great botanist, Linn^us, formed what
he called Flora's Timepiece^^'' in which each hour was represented
'•'

by the flower which opened or closed at that particular time. An

arrangement of this kind may be seen in the following

Floral Clock:
Between 3 and 4 A.M Bind- weed of the hedgerows.
At 5 A.M Naked stalked Poppy and most of the
ChichoraccEe.
Between 5 and 6 A.M Nipplewort and the Day Lily.
At 6 A.M Many of the Solanaceae (Night-shade)
family.
Between 6 and 7 A.M Sow Thistle and Spurrey.
At 7 A.M Water Lilies, Lettuces.
At 7 to 8 A.M , .Venus' Looking-Glass.
At 8 A.M WM Pimpernel.
At 9 A.M Wild Marigold.
At 9 to 10 AM Ice Plant.
At 11 AM Purslaiu, Star of Bethlehem.
At 13 Most of the Ficoid, or Mesembryanthe-
mum family.
At 2 P.M Scilla Pomeridiana.
Between 5 and 6 P.M Silene Noctiflora.
Between 6 and 7 P.M Marvel of Peru.
Between 7 and 8 P.M Cereus Grandiflorus, Tree Primrose.
At 10 P.M Purple Convolvulus.
22 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

In addition to the above, I would remark that certain equinoctial

flowers open and close at a fixed time in the same day on the morrow,
;

and for several following days, they again open and shut at the same
regular hours. The Star of Bethlehem opens several days in succession
at eleven in the morning, and closes at three. The Ficoides Noctijim'a
blows several days in succession at seven in the evening, and closes about
six or seven in the morning.
Besides the cases in which flowers open and shut their corollas by the
influence of light, instances are known in which merely the petals roll
up by day, and resume their natural shape after sunset. A remarkable
circumstance respecting the effect of atmospheric influence is, that the
same causes do not affect aU plants, and yet no peculiarity of construc-
tion has been discovered in those so affected to distinguish them from
those that are not.
Every student of nature can witness much more that is of general
interest regarding the habits, so to speak, and characteristics of plants.
They have been a favorite theme in aU ages. Lovers have dwelt on
them and given them a language. Nearly every one delights in the
flowering plants. Who would refuse a bouquet of choice flowers ? This
attachment to flowers was pathetically illustrated in the Highland emi-
grants in Canada, who wept when they found that the heather would
not grow in their newly-adopted soil. And well they might, for it is the
flower of their native mountains, and associated with all their brightest
and tenderest recollections. In the age of chivalry the daisy was re-
noviTied ;
and St. Louis, of France, took it and a lily for a device in his
ring, as emblematical of his wife and country. The thistle, like the
famous geese of Rome, saved Scotland, and for this reason it is the na-
tional emblem of that country. During the Danish invasion, one of
their soldiers placed his naked foot on the spiny leaves of a thistle, and
instinctively uttered a cry which awoke the slumbering Scots, who
turned upon their foes, defeated, and drove them from their land.
The poetry attached to plants, however, is not of immediate concern
in this volume. It is their medicinal properties which engages our study
and demands our labors. Yet I could not so weU establish their supe-
rior fitness as curative agents above the mineral drug unless I gave that
which is of general interest. One fact wiU be apparent to the reader,
that plants have life, and hence are eminently suitable to give life to the
suffering patient. The lifeless inorganic mineral has none, and can give
no yital elemexit.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 23

EPITOME OF BOTANY.
That the reader may more understand the description
intellig-ently
deemed it prudent to
of the medicinal plants in this book, the author has
preface the part of this work dedicated to Herbal Materia Medica w^th
a brief analysis of the plant, as made by the botanist. This becomes
particularly necessary, inasmuch as a plant cannot be accurately
described unless scientific language be employed but, nevertheless, ;

throughout this whole work it has been the aim of the author to use the
plainest language, and not to weary the reader by as pedantic employ-
ment of technical terms and scientific language.
Nothing more will be given than the anatomy of the plant, as nothing
of systematic botany need be known to the reader to recognize the plant,
or to acquaint himself with the medicinal properties thereof. If he has
not a common acquaintance with a medicinal plant, but desires it for
domestic medication, it is unportant that he should know that he
employs the proper herb, and not use one which simulates it. It has
therefore been the aim of the author to give accurate descriptions of the
herbs, so that the gatherer may not err in his selection of the plant
which his case may need.
AU parts of the plant are used in medicine — sometimes the seed only
in others the flower, the leaves, root, rhizome ; in others two or more of
these parts, and, again, in others the whole plant.

ANATOMY OF A PLANT.
the root.
The root of a plant is that portion which is usually found in the earth,
the stem and leaves being in the air. The point of union is called the
collar or neck of the plant.
A fibrous root is one composed of many spreading branches, as that ol
barley.
A conical root is one where it tapers regularly from the crown to the
apex, as that of the carrot.
A fusiform root is one when it tapers up as weU as down, as that of

the radish.
A rapiform root is one when much swollen at the base, so as to be-
come broader than long, as that of the turnip.
A fasciculated root is one when some of the fibres or branches axe
thickened.
A tuberiferous root is one when some of the branches assume the
form of rounded knobs, as that of the potato.
24 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

A palmate root is one when these knobs are branched.

Aerial roots are those emitted from the stem into the open jaix. at.
that of Indian corn.
A rhizoma, or root stock, is a prostrate stem either subterranean or
resting on the surface, as that of calamus, or blood-root.
A tuber is an enlargement of the apex of a subterranean branch of
the root, as that of the common potato or artichoke.
A cormus is a fleshy subterranean stem of a round or oval figure, as
in the Indian turnip.
A bulb is an extremely abbreviated stem clothed with scales, as that
of the lily.

THE STEM.
The stem that portion of the plant which grows in an opposite
is

direction from the root, seeking the light, and exposing itself to the air.
All flowering plants possess stems. In those which are said to be stem-
less, it is either very short, or concealed beneath the ground.
An herb is one in which the stem does not become woody, but die*
down to the ground at least after flowering.
A shrub is a woody plant, branched near the ground, and less than
fivetimes the height of man.
A tree attains a greater height, with a stem unbranched near the
ground.
The stem of a tree is usually called the trunk in grasses it has been
j

termed the culm.

Those stems which are too weak to stand erect are said to be decum-
bent, procumbentj and prostrate.
A stolon is a form of a branch which curves or falls down to the
ground, where they often strike root.
A sucker is a branch of subterraneous origin, which, after running
horizontally and emitting roots in its course, at length rises out of the
ground and forms an erect stem, which soon becomes an independent
plant, as illustrated by the rose, raspberry, etc.
A runner is a prostrate, slender branch sent off from the base of the
parent stem.
An offset is a similar but shorter branch, with a tuft of leaves at the
end, as in the houseleek.
A spine is a short and imperfectly developed branch of a woody plant,

as exhibited in the honey-locust.

A tendril is commonly a slender leafless branch, capable of coiling
spirally, as in the grape vine,

THE LEAF.
The leaf is commonly raised on an unexpanded part or stalk which ib
called the petiole, while tlie expanded portion is termed the lamina.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 25

limb, or blade. When the vessels or fibres of the leaves expand im-
mediately on leaving the stem, the leaf is said to be sessile. In such
cases the petiole is absent. When the blade consists of a single piece
the leaf is simple when composed of two or three more with a
;

branched petiole, the leaf is compound.

The distribution of the veins or framework of the leaf in the blade is
termed venation.
A lanceolate leaf has the form of a lance.
An ovate leaf has the shape of ellipsis.
A cuneiform leaf has the shape of a wedge.
A cordate leaf has the shape of a heart.
A reniform leaf has the shape of a kidney.
A sagittate leaf is arrow-shaped.
A hastate leaf has the shape of an ancient halberd.
A peltate leaf is shaped like a shield.
A ssirate leaf is one in which the margin is beset with sharp teeth,
which point forward towards the apex.
A dentate leaf is one when these teeth are not directed towards the
apex.
A crenate leaf has rounded teeth.
A sinuate leaf has alternate concavities and convexities.
A pinnate leaf has the shape of a feather.
A pectinate leaf is one ha\ang very close and narrow divisions, like
the teeth of a comb.
A lyrate leaf has the shape of a lyre.
A runcinate leaf is a lyrate leaf with sharjD lobes pointing towards
the base, as in the dandehon.
A palmate leaf is one bearing considerable resemblance to the hand.
A pedate leaf is one bearing resemblance to a bird's foot.
An obovate leaf is one having the veins more developed beyond the
middle of the blade.
When a leaf at its outer edge has no dentations it is said to be entire.
When the leaf terminates in an acute angle it is acute, when in an ob-
tuse angle it is obtuse. An obtuse leaf with the apex slightly depressed
is retuse, or if more strongly notched, emarginate. An obovate leaf
with a wider or more conspicuous notch at the apex become obcordate,
being a cordate leaf inverted. When the apex is cut off by a straight
transverse line the leaf is truncate when abruptly terminated by a
;

small projecting point it is mucronate and when an acute leaf has a

;

narrowed apex it is acuminate. In ferns the leaves are called fronds.

THE FLOWER.
The flower assumes an endless variety of forms, and we shall assume
in the dissection merely the typical form of it.

2
26 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

The organs of a flower are of two sorts, viz. 1st. Its leaves or en-:

velopes and 2d, those peculiar organs having no resemblance to the

;

envelopes. The envelopes are of two kinds, or occupy two rows, one
above or within the other. The lower or outer row is termed the
Calyx, and commonly exhibits the green color of the leaves. The inner
row, which is usually of more deUcate texture and forms the most showy
part of the flower, is termed the Corolla. The several parts of the
leaves of the CoroUa are called Petals, and the leaves of the Calyx have
received the analogous name of Sepals. The floral envelopes are col-
lectively called the Perianth.
The essential organs enclosed within a floral envelope are also of two
kinds and occupy two rows one within the other. The first of these,
those next within the petals, are the Stamens. A stamen consists of a
stalk called the Filament,which bears on its summit a rounded body
termed the Anther, with a substance called the Pollen.
filled

The seed-bearing organs occupy the centre or summit of a flower, and

are called Pistils. A pistil is distinguished into three parts, viz. : 1st,
the Ovary, containing the Ovales ; 2d, the Style, or columnar pro-
longation of the ovary ; and 3d, the Stigma, or termination of the style.
AH the organs of the flower are situated on, or grown out of, the apex
of the flower-stalk, into which they are inserted, and which is called
the Torus or Receptacle.
A plant is where the stamens and pistils are in
said to be monoecious,
separate flowers on the same where they occupy
individual, dioecious,
separate flowers on different individuals, and polygamous where the
stamens and pistils are separate in some flowers and united in others,
either on the same or two or three different plants.

THE FRUIT.
The principal kinds may
be briefly stated as follows :

A foUicle is the name given to such fruit as borne by the larkspur

or milkweed.
A legume or pod is the name extended to such fruit as the pea or
bean.
A drupe is a stone fruit, as the plum, apricot, etc.
An achenium is the name of the fruit as borne by the butter-cup, &c.

A cremocarp is the fruit of the Poison Hemlock and similar plants.

A caryopsis is such fruit as borne by the wheat tribe.
A nut is exemplified by the fruit of the oak, chestnut, &c.
A samara is the name appHed to the fruit of the maple, birch, and elm.
A berry is a fruit fleshy and pulpy throughout, as the grape, goose-
berry, &c.
A pome is such as the apple, pear, &c.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 27

A pepo is the name applied to the fruit of the pumpkin, cucum-

ber, &c.
A capsule a general term for all dry fruits, such as lobelia, &c.
is

A silique such fruit as exhibited in Shepherd's purse, &c.

is

A cone or strobile is a collective fruit of the fir tribe, magnolia, &c.

THE SEED.
The seed, like the ovule of which it is the fertilized and matured
nucleus, usually enclosed within two integuments,
state, consists of a
The outer integument or proper seed coat is variously termed the
episperm, spermoderm, or testa.
An annual plant is one which springs from the seed, flowers and
dies the same year.
A biennial plant, such as the radish, carrot, beet, &c., does not
flower the first season.
A perennial plant is one not absolutely depending upon the stock of
the previous season, but annually produces new roots and new accumu-
lations.

MEDICIN"AL PEOPEETIES AND

PEEPARATIOWS.
Every herb employed in the cure of diseases, whether in its natural
state or after having undergone various preparations, belongs to the
Herbal Materia Medica, in the extended acceptation of the term. It
shall, however, be our purpose only to describe each separate herb ia its
living state, or the medicinal part thereof, and not dwell much upon the
forms usually prepared by the apothecary or physician. In this portion
of our work we propose to give an account of all the most important
medicinal herbs necessary for the cure of diseases. No herb, however,
is to be despised or regarded as worthless because of its not finding

mention in this work; but, as previously stated, that each and every
plant has its virtues, though to describe all recognized as medicinal
would make the work too voluminous, and in price far exceed the
reach of the mfllion. The various properties of medicinal agents have
been designated as follows :

Absorbents or Antacids are such medicines that counteract acidity

of the stomach and bowels.
Alteratites are medicines which, in certain doses, work a gradual
cnie by restoring the healthy functions of different organs.
Anodynes are medicines which relieve pain.
 28 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Anthelmintics are medicines which have the power of destroying

worms from the intestinal canal.
or expelling
Antiscorbutics are medicines which prevent or cure the scurvy.
Antispasmodics are medicines given to relieve spasm, or irregular
and painful action of muscles or muscular fibres, as in Epilepsy, St.
Vitus' Dance, etc.
Aromatics are medicines which have a grateful smell and an agree-
able pungent taste.
Astringents are those remedies which, when applied to the body,
render the soHds dense and firmer.
Carminatives are those medicines which dispel flatulency of the
stomach and bowels.
Cathartics are medicines which accelerate the action of the bowels,
or increase the discharge by stool.
Demulcents are medicines suited to modify the action of acrid
and stimulating matters upon the mucous membranes of the throat,
lungs, etc.
Diaphoretics are medicines that promote or cause perspirable dis-
charge by the skin.
Diuretics are medicines which increase the flow of urine by their
action upon the kidneys.
Emetics are those medicines which produce vomiting.
Emmenagogues are medicines which promote the menstrual discharge.
Emollients are those remedies which, when applied to the solids of
the body, render them soft and flexible.
Errhines are substances which, when applied to the lining mem-
brane of the nostrils, occasion a discharge of mucous fluid.
Epispastics are those which cause blisters when applied to the surface.
EsCHAROTics are substances used to destroy a portion of the surface
of the body, forming sloughs.
Expectorants are medicines capable of facihtating the excretion of
mucus from the chest.
Narcotics are those substances having the property of diminishing
the action of the nervous and vascular systems, and of inducing sleep.
"
Rubefacients are remedies which excite the vessels of the skin and
increase its heat and redness.
Sedatives are medicines which have the power of allaying the ac-
tion of the system generally, or of lessening the exercise of some par-
ticular function, especially of the heart and brain.
Sialagogues are medicines which increase the flow of the sahva.
Stimulants are medicines capable of exciting the vital energy,
whether as exerted in sensation or motion.
Tonics are those medicines which increase the tone or healthy aa-
tion, or strength of the living system.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 29

PHARMACEUTIC PREPARATIONS.
ACETA or Vinegars are medicinal preparations where vinegar is used
as the dissolving agent.
^THEREA or Ethers are ethereal tinctares,
Aqu^ or Waters consist of water impregnated with some medicinal
substance, as a volatile oil.

Cataplasms are external applications or poultices.

Cerates are agents intended for external application, and are com^
posed of wax, spermaceti, combined with fatty matter, and in which
resins and powders, etc., are frequently amalgamated.
Confections are medicines in the form of a conserve.
Decoctions are solutions procured from the various parts of herbs
by boUing them in water.
Dragees are sugar-coated pills.
Enemas or Injections, These consist of medicinal agents in the
form of infusion, decoction, or mixture, and designed to be passed iuto
the rectum and other passages.
Extracts. ^Vhen an infusion, decoction, or tincture is reduced to a
soft solid mass, by evaporation, it is termed an extract.
Fluid-Extracts. These are concentrated medicinal principles, not
reduced to a solid or nearly semi-fluid consistence, the evaporation not
being carried so far as in ordinary extracts. (See page 475)
Infusions are solutions of vegetable principles in water, effected
without boiling.
Liniments. These preparations are designed for external application,
and should always be of such a consistence as will render them capa-
ble of easy application to the skin with the naked hand or flannel.
Lotions, These comj)rise all compounds used as external washes in
which vegetable substances are dissolved.
Mixtures are either liquid or solid compounds, and which are sus-
pended in aqueous fluids by the intervention of some viscid matter, as
mucilage, albumen, etc.
Oils are the products of various herbs by distillation with water.
Pills are medicinal properties formed into a mass and rolled into
globular forms. A bolus is a large pill.
Plasters are designed for external application the medicinal agent is
;

usually spread on cloth or chamois leather.

Powders are medicinal herbs in a pulverized state.
Saturates are similar to fluid-extracts, being, however, prepared
without the employment of heat.
Syrups are liquid medicines of a viscid consistence, produced by con-
centrated solutions of sugar alone or mixed with honey.
Tinctures. These are preparations obtained by subjecting medicinal
herbs to the action of alcohol.
30 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Trochees or Lozenges are medicinal substances in powder, which

are formed into solid cakes by the aid of sugar and gum.
Unguent A or Ointments are fatty matters, in which are incorpo-
rated certain medicines, and are designed for external use.
Wines. These are tinctures of medicinal agents which are insoluble
in water, or which do not require as stimulant a solvent as alcohol, but
which are capable of yielding their virtues to wine.

WEIGHTS AE"D MEASURES.

That no error may occur, I will here append the weights and meas-
ures employed in pharmacy, together with the symbols designating each
quantity. It is necessary to understand but two measures, as the
author has conformed all the solid or liquid quantities to these meas-
ures. These are :

1st. —Apothecaries' Weight.

20 grains (gr.) 1 scruple.
3 scruples O ) 1 drachm.
8 drachms ( 3 ) 1 ounce.
12 ounces ( § ) 1 pound (lb).

The doses of powders, extracts, and all such that are not fluid axe in-
tended to correspond with this weight.

2d.—Apothecaries' Measure.
60 minims m_) 1 fluid drachm.
8 fluid drachms (f 3 ) 1 fluid ounce.
16 fluid ounces (f § ) 1 pint,
8 pints (O) 1 gallon (cong).

The quantities of all fluids mentioned in this book agree with this
measure, though the word fluid or the symbol (f) is omitted in most
instances.
It is not to be supposed, however, that in all families measuring grad-
uates are to be found hence a comparison of these measures with tea,
;

dessert, and table spoons, etc. , becomes necessary to simplify the fluid
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 31

measure. The weight of any quantity I should always advise to be cor-

rectly ascertained by scales :
—

Comparison.

A drop corresponds with a minim.

A teaspoonful fluid drachm,
A dessertspoonful three fluid drachms,
A tablespoonful one-half fluid ounce,
A wineglassful two fluid ounces.
A teacupful giU(4fl).

In the body of this work the quantity has been stated, with but few
exceptions, in which each medicine must ordinarily be given to produce
its pecuhar effects upon the adult patient. But there are circumstances
which modify the dose, and demand attention, the most important of
which is the age hence the following table, exhibiting the dose propor-
;

tioned to the age, should receive careful reference in domestic prac-

ticvi :

Table.

The dose for a person of age being 1 or 1 drachm.

That of a person from 14 to 21 years will be | or 2 scruples.
7 to 14

of
32 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

HERBAL MATERIA MEDIOA.

ACACIA VERA.
Common Names. Gum Arabic^ Egyptian TJmm.
Medicinal Part, The concrete juice or gum.
Description. —Acacia Vera is a small tree or shrub, but sometimes
attains the height of forty feet. The
leaves are bipinnate and smooth, leaflets
eight or ten pairs. Spines sharp and in
pairs. Flowers in globose heads, and the
fruit a legume.
History. —
The tree inhabits the southern
portion of Asia and the upper portion of
Africa. The gum flows naturally from the
bark of the trees, in the form of a thick
and rather frothy and speedily con-
liquid,
sometimes the discharge
cretes into tears ;

is promoted by wounding the trunk and

branches. The more ruptured the tree,

the more gum it yields. The best quality
Acacia Vera.
of Gum
Arabic is colorless, or very pale
yellow-white, shining, transparent in small fragments, hard but pulver-
able, inodorous, and of a sweet and viscous taste. It invariably forms
a white powder. Cold or hot water dissolves its own weight, forming
a thick mucilaginous solution.
Properties and Uses. — The gum is nutritive and demulcent, and exerts
a remarkably soothing influence upon irritated or inflamed mucous
surfaces, by shielding them from the influence of deleterious agents,
atmospheric air, etc. It is useful, in diarrhoea and dysentery, to remove
griping and painful stools, in catarrh, cough, hoarseness, consumption,
gonorrhoea, and all inflammatory conditions of the mucous surfaces. For
lung diseases it is especially an indispensable vehicle in which to carry
the necessary curative and i30werful corrective agents, while at the same
time its nutritive qualities also exert a good influence, often supplying
the place of food where the stomach is too weak to partake of anything
else. It may be given almost ad libitum in powder, lozenge, or solution,
alone or combined with syrups, decoctions, etc It constitutes the
menstruum of my well-known Acacian Balsam, see page 409.
 THE COMPLETE HEllBALIST. 33

ADDER'S TONGUE (Erythronum Americanum).

Common Names. Dog-Tooth Violet, SerpenVs Tongue^ etc.
Medicinal Parts. The bulb and leaves.
Description. —
This is a perennial plant, springing from a bulb at some
-distance below tbe surface. Tbe bulb is white internally and fawn-
colored externally. The leaves are two, lanceolate, pale green, with
purplish or brownish spots, and one nearly twice as wide as the other.
It bears a single drooping yellow flower, which partially closes at night
and on cloudy days. Fruit a capsule.
History. — This beautiful little plant is among the earliest of our spring
flowers, and is found in rich open grounds, or in thin woods throughout
the United States, flowering in April or May. The leaves are more
active than the roots both impart their virtues to water.
;

Properties and Uses. —

It is emetic, emollient, and antiscorbutic when
fresh nutritive when dried.
; The fresh root simmered in milk, or the
fresh leaves bruised and often applied as a poultice to scrofulous tumors
or ulcers, together with a free internal use of an infusion of them, is
highly useful as a remedy for scrofula. The expressed juice of the plant,
infused m cider, is very beneficial in dropsy, and for relieving hiccough,
voBidtitg, and hematemesis, and bleeding from the lower bowels.

AGRIMONY (Agrimonia Eupatoria).

uGMMON Names. Cockleburr or Sticklewort.
Medicinal Parts. The root and leaves.
Description. ~-Agxiva.ony has a reddish, tapering,
not creeping root, with brown stems covered with
soft silky hairs ; two or three feet high ; leaves
alternate, sessile, interruptedly pinnate. The sti-

pule of the upper leaves large, rounded, dentate, or

palmate. The flowers grow at the top of the stem,
are yeUow, smaU, and very numerous, one above
another in long spikes, after which come rough
heads hanging downwards, which will stick to gar-
ments or anything that rubs against them.
History. —
This perennial plant is found in Asia,
Europe, Canada, and the United States, along road-
sides, and in fields and woods, flowering in July or
August. Both the flowers and roots are fragrant,
but harsh and astringent to the taste, and yield
their properties to water or alcohol.
Properties and Uses. —
It is a mild tonic, alterative,
Agrimony.
and astringent. Useful in bowel complaints, chronic
iuucous diseases, chronic affections of the digestive organs, leucorrhoea,
3* o
34 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

certain cutaneous diseases, etc. A strong decoction, sweetened with

honey, is an invaluable cure for scrofula, if persisted in for a length of

time. It is exceedingly useful in gravel, asthma, coughs, and obstructed

menstruation. As a gargle for sore throat and mouth, it is very service-
j^ble.

Dose. —Powder, one teaspoonful ; decoction, a wineglassful.

ALDER (Prinos Verticillatus).

Common Name. Winterherry.

Medicinal Parts. The hark and berries.
Description. — This
an indigenous shrub of irregular growth, with a
is

stem six or eight feet in height bark grayish and alternate branches.
;

The leaves are ovate, acute at the base, olive green in color, smooth
above and downy beneath. Flowers small and white calyx small and ;

six-cleft ; corolla divided into six obtuse segments. Fruit a berry.

History. —
Black Alder is common throughout the United States and
England, growing in moist woods, swamps, etc., flowering from May to
July, and maturing its fruit in the latter part of autumn. It yields itp
virtues to water by decoction or infusion. The bark has a bitterish, sub
astringent taste, and the berries have a sweetish taste.
Properties and Uses. —It is tonic, alterative, and astringent. It 1?
very beneficial in jaundice, diarrhoea, gangrene, dropsy, and all diseases
attended with great weakness. Two drachms of the powdered bark and
one drachm of powdered golden seal infused in a pint of boiling water,
and, when cold, taken in the course of the day, in doses of a wineglass-
ful, and repeated daily, has proved very efiicacious in dyspepsia. Ex
temally the decoction forms an excellent local application in gangrene,
some affections of the skin. The berries are cathar*
indolent ulcers, and
and vermifuge, and form, with cedar apples, a pleasant and effectual
tic

worm medicine for children.

Dose. — Powdered bark, half a drachm to a drachm ;
decoction, 2 to 4

<"'ablespoonful8

ALE HOOF (Nepeta Glechoma).

Common Names. Oill-go-hy-the-ground^ Ground Ivy., CaVs-Foot^
TurnJwof^ &c.
Medicinal Part. T?ie leaves.
Description. — This plant is a perennial gray, hairy herb, with a pro-
cumbent creeping stem, varying in length from a few inches to one or
two feet. The leaves have petioles, cordate, and hairy on both sides.
The flowers are bluish purple. The corolla is about three times as long
as the calyx.
History. — This plant is common to the Uaited States and Europe,
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 35

where it is found in shady places, waste grounds, diy ditches, &c. It

flowers in Miiy or August. The leaves impart their virtues to boiling
water by infusion. They have an unpleasant odor, and a harsh, bitter-
ish, slightly aromatic taste.
Properties and Uses. — and pectoral, and is use-
It is stimulant, tonic,
ful in diseases of the lungs and kidneys, asthma, jaundice, hypochon-
dria, and monomania. An infusion of the leaves is very beneficial in
lead-cohc, and painters who make use of it are seldom, if ever, troubled
with that affection. The fresh juice snuffed up the nose often cures
the most inveterate headache
Dose. —
Powder, half a drachm to a drachm infusion, one or two ;

fluid ounces.

ALL-HEAL (Prtinella Vulgaris).

Common Names. '

Hercules Wound Wart, Panay, etc.

MEDicnsTAL Part. The root.

Description. — This shrub sometimes attains the height of five feet,
but is usually much smaller. The stem is strong and round, with many
joints, with some leaves thereat. The leaves consist of five or six pair
of wings, and when chewed have a bitterish taste. The root is thick
and long, the juice of which is hot and biting. The flower is a small
and yellow one, and the seeds whitish yeUow, short and flat.
History. —
This plant is found in England and other parts of Europe.
In England it flowers usually until the end of summer, but in other
parts of Europe it flowers from May to December.
Properties and Uses. —
AU-heal is a pungent and bitter toidc and anti-
spasmodic. It has also vermifuge properties, and is slightly diuretic.
It is excellent for cramps, fits, falling sickness, convulsions, etc. (infe-
rior, however, to Blue Vervain). In obstructions of the liver it serves a,

good purpose. It sometimes cures the toothache by inserting cotton

saturated with the juice into the decayed places of the teeth.

ALMONDS (Amygdalus Communis).

Amygdala Amara, Bitter Almonds ; Amygdala Dulcis, Siceeit Al
monds.
Medicinal Part. The kernels.
Description. —
The almond tree is from ten to eighteen feet high, with
a pale-brown rugged bark, and dividing into many branches. The
leaves are of a bright Hght green, two to four inches long, and about
three-fourths of an inch wide. Flowers are moderately large, pink or
white, sessile, in pairs, and appearing before the leaves. Calyx reddish,
petals variable in size. The fruit is a hoary drupe stone oblong or ;
36 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

ovate, hard in various de^'ees, always rugged and pitted with irregular
holes. Both the bitter and sweet almonds come from this tree.
History. —
The almond tree is indigenous to most of the southern
parts of Asia and Barbary, but is cultivated in Southern Europe. The
best of the sweet kind comes from Malaga. The sweet kernel is with-
out odor, and of a pleasant flavor that of the bitter is also inodorous,
;

unless rubbed with water, when it exhales a smell similar to Prussic

acid. Its taste is similar to that of peach-meats. Both varieties con-
—
tain oil the sweet a fixed oil, the bitter both a fixed and an essential
oil, impregnated with Prussic acid. The oil of bitter almonds has a
golden color, an agreeable odor, an acid bitter taste, combustible, and
isa poison acting in the same manner as Prussic acid. One drachm of
thisoil, dissolved in three drachms of alcohol, forms the "essence of

almonds " much used by confectioners, perfumers, etc. The oil is also
much used by soap-makers.
Properties and
Uses. —
Triturated with water, sweet almonds produce a
white mixture called emulsion, or milk of almonds, bearing a remarkable
analogy with animal milk. It is used as a demulcent and vehicle for
other medicines. The oil is demulcent in small quantity, in larger
doses laxative. It is frequently employed in cough, diseases dependent
upon intestinal irritation, and for mitigating acrimouious urine in calcu'
lous affections.
Dose. — Of the oil, a teaspoonful.

ALNUS RUBRA (Tag Alder).

Common Names. Common Alder., Smooth Alder.

Medicinal Part. The hark.
Description. —
This is a well-known shrub, growing in clumps, and
forming thickets on the borders of ponds and rivers, and in swamps.
The stems are numerous, and from six to fifteen feet high. The leaves
are obovate, acuminate, smooth, and green, from two to four inches
long.
History. —
The Alnus Rubra is indigenous to Europe and America, and
blossoms in March and April. The bark is the part used medicinally.
Properties and Uses. —
The bark is universally acknowledged to be
alterative and emetic, and is especially recommended for scrofula, sec-
ondary syphilis (inferior, however, to Rock Rose or Stillingia), and cu-
taneous diseases, of which there are many varieties, some of which
have and some of which have not been classified. The active principle
of Alnus Rubra, as prepared for practitioners, is called Alnuin, and is
most excellent in cases of dyspepsia produced by inactivity of the gastric
glands.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. $7

AMAKANTH (Amaranthus Hypochondriasis).

Common Names. Prince's Feather, Red Cock's Comh, etc.

Medicinal Part. The leaves.

Description. —
TMs is an ammal herb, with a stout upright stem, froiu
from three to four feet high. The leaves are ob-
long, lanceolate, niucronate, green, with a red
purplish spot, clustered flowers, five stamens.
History. — This plant is a native of the IMiddle
States, where it is cultivated in gardens as an or-
namental plant, but contains more medicinal virtues
in its wild state. It flowers in August. The leaves
impart their virtues to water.
Properties and Uses. —
Amaranth is astringent.
The decoction drank freely is a valuable domestic
remedy f or menorrhagia, diarrhoea, dysentery, and
hemorrhage from the bowels. It is useful as a
local application to ulcers of the mouth and throat,
as an injection for leucorrhoea, and as a wash to
foul, indolent ulcers.

AKEMONE (Anemone Nemorosa). Amarantli.

Common Name. Wind Flower.

Medicinal Parts. Root, herb, and seed.
Description. — This a delicate and pretty plant, with a creeping root,
is

simple erect stem, six to nine inches high, bearing but a single flower ;

leaves temate sepals, four to six stamens and ovaries numerous.

; ;

—
Histwy. This plant is common to Europe and the United States,
bearing purplish and white flowers in April and May. The Meadoio
Anemone of Europe is the most active in its medicinal qualities. Its
active principle is called Anemonine. This plant affords the Pulsatilla
of the Hom(£opaths.
Properties and Uses. —Anemone in solution has been applied exter-
nally to scald head, ulcers, syphilitic nodes, paralysis, cataract, and
opacity of the cornea, with benefit. A
decoction is sometimes used as
an emmenagogue for secondary syphilis, whooping-cough, etc. The
leaves, fresh and bruised, act as a rubefacient. Care should be taken
in its internal administration, as it is acrid and poisonous.
A plant of the same family. Anemone Cylindrica, is used by the In-
dians for the cure of the rattle-snake bite. They chew some of the tops
of the plant, swallowing but Httle of the saliva, then apply it to the bite
in a few minutes the bite is rendered harmless.
Dose. —Decoction, a tablespoonful anemonine, one graia.
;
38 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

ANGELICA (Angelica Atropurpurea).

Common Nainie. Masterwort.
Medicinal Part, Root^ herh^ and seed.

Description.— T^iis, plant is five or six feet hi^h. The root has a pur-
ole color leaves temate, with large petioles calyx five-toothed, with
; ;

^,qual petals, and the fruit a nut.

History. —
The plant is perennial, and grows in fields and damp places,
leveloping greenish-white flowers from May to August. The plant has
\ powerful, peculiar, but not unpleasant odor, a sweet taste, afterwards
pungent ; but in drying it loses much of these qualities.
Properties and Uses. — It is aromatic, stimulant, carminative, diapho-
retic, expectorant, diuretic, and emmenagogue. It is used in flatulent
colic and heart-bum. It is serviceable in diseases of the urinary organs.
The A. Archangeiica, or Archangel, may be substituted for this.
Dose. —
Decoction, two to four ounces powder, thirty to sixty grains.
;

ANISE (PiMPINELLA ANISUM).

Common Name. Aniseed.
Medicinal Part. The fruit.
Description. —Anise has a perennial, spindle-shaped, woody root, and
a smooth, erect, branched stem, about ten or twelve inches in height.
The leaves are petiolated, roundish, cordate, serrate ;
flowers small and
white, disposed on long stalks. Calyx wanting, or minute. The fruit is
ovate, about an eighth of an inch long, dull brown, and slightly downy.
History. — It is a native of Egypt, but now cultivated in many of the
warm countries of Europe. The Spanish Aniseed is commonly used
for medicinal purposes. The odor of anise is penetrating and fragrant,
the taste aromatic and sweetish. It imparts its virtues wholly to alco-
hol, only partially to water. That used in cordials is the Star Anise.,
which is procured from the Illicium Anisatum, a plant of Eastern Asia.
Its volatile oil is often fraudulently substituted for the European oil of
anise.
Properties and Uses. — Stimulant
and carminative; used in cases of
and to remove nausea. Sometimes added
flatulency, colic of infants,
to other medicines to improve their flavor or to correct disagreeable
effects.
Dose.-Oi the seed, twenty to forty grains; essence, thirty drops to a
teaspoonful.

ALOES (Aloe Spicata).

Medicinal Part. The inspissated juice of the leaves.

Description. —
The spiked aloe is an inhabitant of the southern parts
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 39

of Africa, growing- in sandy soil. The stem is woody, round, and about
four feet high, and from three to five inches in diameter. The leaves
are thick and fleshy, with a few white spots. Spike a foot long flow- ;

ers scarlet, and filled with purplish honey. This tree furnishes the
Cape Aloes of commerce. There are other varieties, the A. Socotriim and
the A. vulgaris. The Socotrine aloes is an inhabitant of Socotra, and
the Aloe Vulgaris generally found in the East Indies and Barbary.
is

History. —
Aloes is of a deep brown or olive color odor unpleasant, ;

taste peculiar and bitter, powder a bright yeUow. These properties

change somewhat in the different varieties. It is almost completely

dissolved in water.
Properties —
and Uses. Aloes is tonic, purgative, emmenagogue, and
anthelmintic. As a laxative its applications are limitless. It acts
chiefly upon the rectum, causing heat and irritation about the anus ;
it

istherefore improper, unless associated with other medicines, to give it

to patients suffering with piles. It promotes the menstrual flow, but
when used for this purpose it had better be combined with myrrh. Its
chief use is as a purgative, and it should never be given in inflamma-
tory affections, in gastritis or enteritis, or to females liable to sudden
uterine evacuation, or during pregnancy.
Dose. — Two to ten grains in pill.

ASARABACCA (Asarum Europium).

Common Naisees. Hazleicort, or Wild Na/rd.
Medicinal Parts. Boot and leaves.
BescHption. —
The stem of this plant is very short, simple round and
herbaceous, bearing dark-green reniform leaves also one drooping ;

flower of purple color, without coroUa. The fruit is a capsule.

History. —
This is a European plant, growing in moist hilly woods, and
flowers from May to August. The root, when dried, has a pepper-like
odor, spicy taste, and yields an ash-colored powder the leaves give a ;

green powder, and have the same medicinal properties as of the root.
They impart their virtues to water or alcohol.
Properties and Uses. —Emetic, cathartic, and errhine. Used princi-

pally as an errhine in certain affections of the brain, eyes, face, and

throat, toothache, and paralysis of the mouth and tongue. It is uset

by drunkards in France to promote vomiting.

Dose. —
Powder, 10 or 12 grains as an emetic, from one-half to
; on*

drachm.

AYA-PANA (Aya-pana Eupatorium).

Medicinal Parts. The whole plant.
Description. — While traveling in Paraguay, South America, some
40 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

years ago, I became acquainted with a species of Eupatorium or Lun^

wort called Aya-pana^ possessed of most ex-
traordinary virtues in consumption and othet
diseases of the chest. In Paraguay, which is

a very paradise on earth, numerous medicinal

herbs of exceeding great value grow to the
greatest perfection. The Aya-pana belongs
to the class ofEupatorium Perfoliatum^ though
quite unlike the Lungwort and Thorough-wort^
indigenous to North America. The Aya-pana
is only found on the eastern slope of the

Andes, on the mountain sides, alor.g the sun-

ny banks of streams, and beautifulh' luxuriant
on all the tributaries to the Amazon, and La
Plata especially. It is a perennial plant, with
numerous erect, round, hairy stems, five to
ten feet high, the stalk plain below, but
branching out in numerous stems near the
top. The leaves grow on the opposite sides of
Aya-pana.
the stalk in pairs, each pair being joined at
the base. The direction of each pair of leaves is at right angles with
that of the pair either above or beneath. The leaves are long and nar-
row, broadest at the base where they coalesce, gradually tapering to a
serrated point, wrinkled, palish green on the under surface, and beset
with white silken hairs, which add much effect to their greenish-gray
color. The flowers are snow-white, slightly tinged with a purplish hue
at the end, very numerous, supported on hairy peduncles. The calyx
is cylindrical, and composed of imbricated, lanceolate, hairy scales, in-

closing from twelve to fifteen tubular florets, having their border divid-
ed into five spreading segments. There are five black anthers imited ia
a tube, through which a bifid filiform style projects above the flower,
rendering the whole a beautiful and picturesque plant.
History. — It flowers constantly during the dry or sunny season, th©
blossoms and leaves being only used for medicinal purposes. The flow-
ers are better than the leaves, have an aromatic odor, resembling slight-
ly chamomile, and possess a strong bitter taste, somewhat like hore-
hound or quassia, which virtue is imparted either to water or alcohol.
Resin, gum, balsam, and mucilage are among the principal constituents
of the flowers. The flowers are gathered in the morning on sunny days,
carefuUy dried in the sun or by artificial heat, when they are put up in
bags or cedar boxes, and become ready for medicinal use. Prepared ip
this way, the flowers and leaves retain their properties for years, im-
proving in their virtues by age, adding to their rich honey-like yellow
coloring matter when distilled for medical purposes.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 41

Properties and Uses. — TMs plant may rightly be regarded as a speciiio

in all forms of pulmonary and bronchial affections. It has also great
influence over the valvular action of the heart, in its healthful invigor-
ation of the arterial and venous systems, and its wonderful power in
expelling carbonic acid from the air-ceUs and pulmonary vessels, prior
to the elimination of rich vermilion blood through the great aorta of
the human economy.
It is one of the ingredients of my '
' Acacian Balsam " (see page 469),
which, with various other remarkable medicinal agents, forms one ol the
most wonderful remedies for coughs, colds, and consumption ever com-
pounded. This plant being of foreign growth, is imported by myself; I
am thus enabled to secure the pure and genuine article.
BALM (IMelissa Officinalis).

MEDicmAL Part. The herh.

Description. —Balm is a perennial herb, with upright, branching, four-
sided stems, from ten to twenty inches high. The leaves axe broadly
ovate, acute, and more or less hairy. The flowers are pale yellow, with
ascending stamens.
History. — Balm is a native of France, but naturalized in England and
the United States. It grows in fields, along road-sides, and is weD

known as a garden plant, flowering from May to August. The whole

plant is ofiicinal or medicinal, and should be collected previous to flow-
ering. In a fresh state has a lemon-like odor, which is nearly lost by
it

drying. Its taste is aromatic, faintly astringent, with a degree of per-

sistent bitterness. Boiling water extracts its virtues. Balm contains a
gum, and a peculiar volatile
bitter extractive substance, a little tannin,
oil. A pound of the plant yields about four grains of the oil, which is
of a yellowish or reddish-yellow color, very hquid, and possessing the
fragrance of the plant in a high degree. The Nepeta Citriodora.^ a pow-
erful emmenagogue, is sometimes cultivated and employed by mistake
for Balm. It has the same odor, but may be distinguished by having
both surfaces of the leaves hairy.
Properties and Uses. —
It is moderately stimulant, diaphoretic, and
antispasmodic. A warm infusion, drank freely, is very serviceable to
produce sweating, or as a diaphoretic in fevers. It is also very useful
in painful menstruation, and also to assist the courses of females. "WTien
given in fevers, it may
be rendered more agreeable by the addition of
lemon-juice. The infusion may be taken at pleasure.

BALMONY (Chelone Glabra).

Common Names. Snake head., Turtle hloom. Salt rh£um weed.
Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. — This is a perennial, smooth, herbaceous plant, with
42 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

simple erect stem about two or three feet high. The leaves are oppo-
site, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, and of a dark shining
green color. The fruit is a capsule.
Historj/.— This valuable medical plant is found in the United States,
in damp soils, flowering in August and September. The flowers are
ornamental, and vary in color according to the variety of the plant. The
leaves are exceedingly bitter, but inodorous, and impart their virtues to
water and alcohol.
Properties and Uses. —It is tonic, cathartic, and anthelmintic ; very
valuable in jaundice, liver diseases, and for the removal of worms. In
small doses it is a good tonic in dyspepsia, debility of the digestive
organs, and during convalescence from febrile and inflammatory dis-

eases. An ointment made from the fresh leaves is valuable for piles,
inflamed breasts, tumors, and painful ulcers.
Dose. —
Of the powdered leaves, one drachm of the tincture, one or ;

two teaspoonsful of the active principle, Cheb?im, one or two grains.

;

BARBERRY (Berberis Vulgaris).

Medicinal Part. Bark and berries.

Description. — Barberry an erect, deciduous shrub, from three to

is

eight feet high, with leaves of an obovate-oval form, terminated by soft

bristles, about two inches long, and one-third as wide. The flowers are
small and yellow, in clusters, and the fruit bright-red oblong berries, in
branches, and very acid.
History. —
This shrub is found in the New England States, on the
mountains of Pennsylvania and Virginia, among rocks and hard gravelly
soil. Occasionally it is found in the West on rich grounds. It flowers
in April and May, and ripens its fruit in June. Its active principle is
Berberina.
Properties and Uses. — It is tonic and laxative, indicated in jaundice,
chronic diarrhoea, and dysentery. The berries form an agreeable acidu-
lous draught, useful as a refrigerant in fevers ; the bark is bitter and
astringent, and used in the treatment of jaundice. The bark of the root
is the most activea teaspoonful of the powder wiU act as a purgative.
;

A decoction of the bark or berries will be found of service as a wash or

gargle in aphthous sore mouth and chronic ophthalmia.

BAYBERRY (Mtrica Cerifera).

Common Name. Wax Myrtle.
Medicinal Part. The bark of the root.
Descrivtion. — This branching and partially evergreen, and
shrub is

varies in height from two to a dozen feet. The flowers appeax in May,
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 43

'•before tbe leaves are fully expanded. The fruits are small and globular,
resembling berries, whicli are at first green,
but become nearly white. They consist of a
hard stone, inclosing a two-lobed and two-
seeded kernel. On the outside of the stone
are gunpowder-like grains, and over these is
a crust of dry greenish-white wax.
History. —
Bayberry is found in woods and
fields, from Canada to Florida. The bark of
the root is the officinal part, but the wax is

also used. Water must be employed to ex-

tract the astringent principles of the root-
bark, alcohol to extract its stimulating virtues.
The period at which the root should be col-
lected is the latter part of fall. Cleanse it

thoroughly, and while fresh separate the bark Bayberry.

with a hammer or club. Dry the bark thor-
oughly and keep it in a dry place then pulverize, and keep the powder
;

in dark and sealed vessels. In order to obtain the wax, boil the berries
in water the wax will soon float on the surface, and may be removed
;

when it becomes cold and hardened.

Properties and Uses.— The bark has been successfully used in scrofula,
jaundice, diarrhoea, dysentery, and in other cases where astringent
stimulants were indicated. Powdered, it has been employed as a snuff,
with curative effect, in catarrh of the head and nasal polypus. It is
sometimes applied, in poultice form, to old ulcers, sores, tumors, etc. ;

but is better for these when combined with Bloodroot. The wax pos-
sesses mild astringent with narcotic properties. The real properties of
Bayberry bark are found in a preparation called Myricin^ which is a
stimulant and astringent, and can be employed to the best advantage in
dysentery with typhoid symptoms, chronic diarrhoea, scrofula, and fol-
licular stomatitis. Its greatest and most salutary influence is exerted
over a diseased condition of the mucous surface. Myricin should be
administered internally by the advice of a physician acquainted with
its virtues. It may be applied externally to sores, ulcers, etc. by any- ,

body but its immediate effects must be neutralized by a poultice of

;

slippery elm

ARBERRT (Auctostaphylos Uva-Ursi).

Common Name. The Upland Cranberry.

MEDicmAL Part. The Leaves.
Bescription. —Bearberry is a small, perennial shrub, having a long
ibrous root. The stems are woody and trailing bark smooth. The
;
44 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

leaves are alternate, evergreen, obovate, acute, and liave sTiort petioies.
The fruit is a smalL scarlet-colored drupaceous berry.
History. — This plant is a perennial evergreen, common in the northern
part of Europe and America. It sandy soils, and
grows on dry, sterile,

gravelly ridges. The berries ripen in winter, although the flowers

appear from June to September. The green leaves, picked from the
stems in the fall and dried in a moderate heat, are the parts used.
These leaves are odorless until reduced to powder, when the odor
emitted is like that of dried grass. The powder is of a light brown
color, tinged with a yellowish green. The taste is astringent and bit-
terish. The properties of the leaves are extracted by alcohol or water.
A preparation called JJi'sin is made from them.
Properties and Uses. —Uva Ursi is especially astringent and tonic, de-
pending upon these qualities for the most of its good effects. It is par-
ticularly useful in chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, profuse menstruation,
piles, diabetes, and other similar complaints. It possesses rare curative
principles when administered for diseases of the urinary organs, more
especially in chronic affections of the kidneys, mucous discharges from
the bladder, inflammation of the latter organ, and aU derangements of
the water-passages. It is also a valuable assistant in the cure of gon-
orrhoea of long standing, whites, ulceration of the cervix uteH (or necij
of the womb), pain in the vesical region, etc. Many physicians now
rely upon it as the basis of their remedy for gonorrhoea which is accom-
panied by mucous discharges, and for all kindred afflictions. Its tannio
acid gives it great power in rectifying and extirpating the obstinate and
disagreeable complaints we have mentioned.
Dose. — The dose powder is ten to forty grains of the decoc-
of the ;

tion, —
one to two fluid ounces (to make this, boil a pint and a half of pure
water, containing one ounce of uva ursi, down to a pint) of the extract, ;

five to ten grains.

BEARS BED rPOLYTRICHIUM JUNIPERUM).

Common Names. Eair-cap Moss^ BohirCs Bye., Ground Moss.
Medicinal Part. The icJwle plant.
Description. — This is an indigenous plant, having a perennial stem,
slender, of a reddish color, and from four to seven inches high leaves ;

lanceolate, and somewhat spreading. The fruit a four-sided oblong

capsule.
History.— This evergreen plant is found in high, dry places, along the
margins of dry woods, mostly on poor sandy soil. It is of darker green
color than the mosses in general. It yields its virtues to boiHng water.
Properties —
and Uses. This plant is not much known as a remedial
agent, but is nevertheless a valuable remedy. It is a powerful diuretic-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 45

and very serviceable It is very useful in gravel and urinary

in dropsy.
obstructions. It causes no nausea or disagreeable sensations in the
stomach, and may be used with the hydragogue cathartics with decided
advantage in dropsical affections.

BEAD TREE (Melia Azedabach).

Common Name. Pride of China.
Medicinal Part. The hark of the root.
Description. —
This is an elegant tree, which attains the heig-ht oi
thirty or forty feet, with a trunk about a foot and a half in diameter.
The bark is rough leaves bipinnate flowers lilac color calyx five-
; ; ;

parted corolla has five petals stamens deep violet anthers yellow.
; ; ;

The fruit is a five-celled bony nut. --

~

History. — It is a native of China, but cultivated in the warm climateh

of Europe and America. It does not grow to any extent north of Vir-
ginia, and flowers early in the spring. Its name of Bead Tree is derived
from the use to which its hard nuts are put in Roman Catholic countries,
viz. for making rosaries.
, The recent bark of the root is the most active
part for medicinal purposes. It has a disagreeably bitter taste and a
very unpleasant odor, and imparts its properties to boiling water.
Properties and Uses. —
The bark is anthelmintic, and in large doses
narcotic and emetic. It is useful in worm fevers and in infantile re-
mittents, in which, although worms are absent, yet the symptoms are
sLTiilar to those accompanying the presence of worms. -

The fruit is saccharine, and is an excellent remedy to expel

somewhat
worms. used as an ointment for destroying lice and other
Its pulp is
ectozoa, as well as in treatment of scald head and other diseases of the
sMn. The oil of the nuts is useful as a local application in rheuma-
tism, cramps, obstinate ulcers, etc.
Dose. —
Of the powdered bark, twenty grains of the decoction (which ;

is the best form for administration —

two ounces of the bark to a pint of
water, and boiled do-w-n to a half a pint), a tablespooniul every one, two,
or three hours, till the desired effect is obtained. A purgative should
follow its employment.

BELLADONNA (Atropa Belladonna).

Oommon Names. Deadly Night-shade^ Dwale., Black Cherry, etc.

Medicinal Pakt. The leaves.

Description. — This perennial herb has a thick, fleshy, creeping root,
and an annual erect leafy stem about three feet high. Leaves ovate,
acute, entire, on short petioles, and of a dulj green color. The flowers
are dark purple, and fruit a many-seeded berry.
History. —
This plant is common to Europe, growing among ruins and
46 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

waste places, blossoming from May to August, and maturing its fruit in
September. The leaves should be gathered while the plant is in flower.
They yield their virtues to water and alcohol.
Properties and Uses. —
Belladonna is an
energetic narcotic. It is anodyne, antispas-
modic, calmative, and relaxant; exceedingly
valuable in all convulsive diseases. It is much
used as a preventive of scarlatina, and as a
cure for whooping-cough. It dilates the pupil
of the eyes very measurably, and they should
always be watched whenever the plant is ad-
ministered. In the hands of the educated
herbal physician it is a very useful remedy ;

but I caution my readers not to use it in

domestic practice.

BETH-ROOT (Trillium pendulum).

CoMivioN Names. Wake Bobin, Ind/ian Balm^
Belladonna. Ground lAly^ etc.
Medicinal Part. TJie root.
Description. — This
an herbaceous, perennial plant, having an oblong
is

tuberous root, from which arises a slender stem from ten to fifteen
inches high. The leaves are three in number, acuminate, from three to
five inches in diameter, with a very short petiole. The flowers are
white, sepals green, petals ovate and acute, styles erect, and stigmas
recurved.
History. —
This plant is common in the Middle and Western States,
growing in rich soils and shady woods, flowering in May and June.
There are many varieties, all possessing analogous medicinal properties.
These plants may be generally known by their three net-veiaed leaves,
and their solitary terminal flower, which varies in color in the different
species, being whitish-yellow and reddish-white. The roots have a faint
turpentine odor, and a peculiar aromatic and sweetish taste. When
chewed they impart an acid astringent impression to the mouth, cans-
ing a flow of saliva and a sensation of heat in the throat and fauces.
TnlUne is its active principle.
Properties and Uses. — and antiseptic, and ia
It is astringent, tonic,
successfully employed from the lungs, kidneys, and womb,
in bleeding
excessive menstruation, and likewise in leucorrhoea or whites, and cough,
asthma, and difficult breathing. Boiled in milk, it is of eminent benefit
in diarrhoea and dysentery. The root made into a poultice is very useful
in tumors, indolent and offensive ulcers, stings of insects, and to restrain
gangrene and the leaves boiled in lard are a good application to ulcers,
;

tumors, etc. The red Beth-root will check ordinary epistaxis, or bleed-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. . 47

ing of the nose. The leaves boiled in lard is a good external application
in ulcers and tumors. A strong infusion of powdered Beth-root, of from
two to four tablespoonfuls, is the most pleasant form of administration
of this valuable remedy.
Dose of the powdered root is one drachm, to be given in hot water ; of
the infusion, two to four ounces.

BIEDS' NEST (Monotropa Uniflora).

Common Names. Ice Plant, Fit Plant, Ova-ova, Indian Pipe.
Medicestal Part. The root.
Descnption. — This plant has a dark-colored, fibrous, perennial root,
matted in masses like a chestnut vine, from which arise one or more
short ivory-white stems, four to eight inches high, adorned with white,
sessile, lanceolate leaves.
History. — This is found from Maine to Carolina, and
singular plant
westward growing in shady, solitary places, in rich moist
to IMissouri,
soil, or soil composed of decayed wood and leaves. The whole plant is
ivory-white, resembling frozen jelly, and when handled melts away like
ice. It flowers from June to September. It is evidently a parasite of
the roots at the base of trees.
Properties and Uses. —
It is tonic, sedative, and antispasmodic. It is
useful in fevers, and employed in instances of restlessness, pains, nervous
irritability, etc. , in place of opium. It cures remittent and intermittent
fevers, and may be employed instead of quinine. Prompt success has
followed its use m convulsive diseases. The juice of the plant mixed
with rose-water forms an excellent application to sore eyes, or as an in-
jection in gonorrhoea. It is very singular that people will use injurious
drugs, or permit themselves to take them, when in this queer little herb
that grows all around them, and which by its singular character invites
attention to it, they can find a sovereign remedy for numberless ilia.
Dose. — Of the powdered root, half a drachm to a drachm, two or three
times a day.

BITTER ROOT (Apocynum Andros^mifolium).

Common Names. Dog's-hane, Milk-weed, etc.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This is a smooth, elegant plant, five or six feet high,
with a large perennial root. The leaves are dark-green above, pale be-
neath, ovate, and about two or three inches long and an inch wide.
Corolla white, calyx five-cleft, and stamens five. Fruit a foUicle. Every
part of the plant is milky.
History. — This plant is indigenous to the United States, growing in
dry, sandy soils, and in the borders of woods, from Maine to Florida,
48 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

flowering from May to August. When any part of thh plant is wounded
a milky juice exudes. The milky root is the part used for medi-
large,
cinal purposes. It possesses an unpleasant amarous taste. It yields its
properties to alcohol, but especially to water. Age impairs its medicinal
quality.
Properties and Uses. —Emetic, diaphoretic, tonic, and laxative. It is
very valuable in all liver or chronic hepatic affections.
In conjunction
with Meymjwrmin, it is excellent in dyspepsia and amenorrhoea. When
it is required to promptly empty the stomach, without causing much

nausea or a relaxed condition of the muscular system, the powdered

root may be given in two or three scruple doses but much prostration
;

is apt to ensue. As a laxative it is useful in constipation. As a tonic,

ten or twenty grains may be given to stimulate the digestive apparatus,
and thus effect a corresponding imx^ression on the general system. It is
also useful as an alterative in rheumatism, scrofula, and syphilis.

BITTER-SWEET (Amara Dulcis, Solanum Dulcamara).

Common Names. Woody JVightsJiade, Felon Wort, etc.
Mortal^
Medicinal Part. Bark of root and twigs.
Description. — Bitter-Sweet is a woody vine, with a shrubby stem
Beveral feet in length, having an ashy green bark. Leaves acute, and
generally smooth, lower one cordate,
upper ones hastate. The flowers are
purple, and the fruit a scarlet, juicy
and bitter berry, which, however,
should not be eaten or used.
History. —Bitter-Sweet is common
to both Europe and America, growing
in moist banks, around dwellings, and
in low damp grounds, about hedges
and thickets, and flowering in June
and July. The berries ripen in au-
tumn, and hang upon the vines for
several months. After the foHage
has fallen the twigs should be gath-
ered. Boiling water and dilute alco-
hol extract their virtues.
Properties and Uses. — It is a mild

Bitter-Sweet.
narcotic, diuretic, alterative, diaphor-
etic, and discutient. It is serviceable

in cutaneous diseases, syphilitic diseases, rheumatic and cachectic affec-

tions, ill-conditioned ulcers, scrofula, indurations, sores, glandular
swellings, etc. In obstructed menstruation it serves a good purpose.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 49

It is of incalculable benefit in leprosy, tetter, and all skin diseases. It

excites the venereal functions, and wide application
is in fact capable of
and use. I regard this plant as important as any in the herbal kingdom,
and too little justice is done to it by those under whose care the sick are
enl rusted. It receives but half the homage that is due to it.
The world knows the virtues of my "Herbal Ointment" (see page
472), and which is in great measure due to Bitter- Sweet, as it is one of
the ingredients.
Dose. — Of the decoction, one or two fluid ounces ; extract, two to five
grains ;
powdered leaves, ten to thirty grains.

BLUE FLAG (Ims Versicolor).

Medicinal Part. The rUzome.
Descnption. —
Blue Flag is an indigenous plant, with a fleshy, fibroua
rhizome. The stem is two or three feet in height, round on one side,
acute on the other, and frequently branched. The leaves are ensiform,
about a foot long, half an inch to an inch wide. The fruit a three-celled
capsule.
History. — Blue Flag is common throughout the United States, grow-
ing in moist places, and bearing blue or purple flowers from May to
July. The root has a peculiar odor, augmented by rubbing or pulveriz-
ing, and a disagreeable taste. It imparts its virtues to boiling water,
alcohol, or ether. The root should be sliced transversely, dried, and
placed in dark vessels, well closed, and placed in a dark place it will ;

then preserve its virtues for a long time. The oleo-redn obtained from
it is called Iridin, its active principle.
Projierties and Uses. — This is one among our most valuable medicinal
plants, capable of extensive use. It is alterative, cathartic, sialogogue,
vermifuge, and diuretic. In scrofula and syphilis it acts as a powerful
and and 1 employ it in my special treatment of chronic
efficient agent,
diseases extensively and successftdly. It is useful in chronic hepatic,
renal, and splenitic aftections, but had best be combined with man-
drake, poke, black cohosh, etc. It will sometimes salivate, but it need
cause no apprehension and when this effect is established, it may be dis-
;

tinguished from mercurial salivation by absence of stench, sponginess of

the gums, and loosening of the teeth.
JJose. —
Powdered root, five to ten grains Iridin, one grain. ;

BLUE VERVAIN (Verbena Hastata).

Common Names. Wild Hyssop, Simpler's Joy.

Medicinal Part. T7ie root and herb.
Descrvption. —Vervain is an erect, tall, elegant, and perennial plant.
50 /THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

with a four-angled stem three or four feet hig-h, having opposite

branches. The leaves are petiolate, ser-
rate, acuminate, and hastate. The flower
is a small purplish blue one, sessile, and ar-

ranged in long spikes. Seeds, four.

History. — Vervain is indigenous to the
United States, and grows along roadsides,
and in dry, grassy fields, flowering from
June to September. It is also found in
England, growing among
hedges, by the
way-side, and other waste grounds, flower-
ing in July, and the seeds ripening soon
after.
Properties and Uses. —Vervain is tonic,
expectorant, sudorific, and antispasmodic.
It is serviceable in mismenstruation. It is
an antidote to poke-poisoning. It expels
Blue Vervain, worms, and is a capital agent for the cure of
all diseases of the spleen and liver. If given
in intermittent fever, in a warm infusion or powder, it never fails to
effect a cure. In all cases of cold and obstinate menstruation it is a
most complete and advantageous sudorific. When the circulation of the
blood is weak and languid, it will increase it and restore it to its proper
operation. The infusion, taken cold, forms a good tonic in cases of
constitutional debility, and during convalescence from acute diseases.
Its value has been found to be great in scrofula, visceral obstructions,
and stone and gravel. It will correct diseases of the stomach, help
coughs, wheezing, and shortness of breath, etc. but its virtues are more
,

wonderful still in the effect they produce upon epilepsy, or falling sick-
ness, and fits.
— —
This great very great medicinal value of this plant was brought to
my attention by an accidental knowledge of the good it had effected in
a long-standing case of epilepsy. Its effects in that case were of the
most remarkable character, and I was, therefore, led to study most care-
fully and minutely its medicinal peculiarities. I found, after close in-
vestigation and elaborate experiment, that, prepared in a certain way,
and compounded with boneset, water-pepper, chamomile blossoms, and
the best of whiskey, it has no equal for the cure of fits, or falling sick-
ness, or anything like fits ; also for indigestion, dyspepsia, and liver
complaints of every grade. A more valuable plant is not found within
the whole range of the herbal pharmacopoeia. See ^Restorative Assimi-
'

la?it,^^ page 47^^.

The following application is singularly effective in promoting the ab-

sorption of the blood, effusion in bruises, and allaying the attendant
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 51

pain Take of Vervain, Senna, and "VMiite Pepper, of each equal parts
:

make a cataplasm or plaster by mixing with white of eggs.

It is also most valuable as a cure for diarrhoea, stomachic and enteric
pains, bowel complaints, and a superexcellent tonic.
brought the notice of physicians to this plant about thirty years
I first
ago, previous to which it was unknown as a remedy, but which is now
ased by very many physicians, whose reports of its virtues in various
medical journals, published works, and to me by correspondence, are aa
flattering as my owti.
Dose. — Of the powdered root, from one to two scruples ; the dose of
the infusion is from two to four wine-gla?«fuls three or four times a
day, if an emetic is desired.

BLACK COHOSH (CmiciFUGA. Racemosa).

Common Names. Rattleroot^ Squaw Root, Black Snake Boot.
Medicinal Part. The root.
—
Bescription. ^This plant is a tall, leafy perennial herb, with a larg*
knotty root, having long slender fibres. The stem is simple, smooth,
and furrowed, and from three to nine feet
high. The flower is a small and fetid one.
History. —It is a native of the United States,
inhabiting upland woods and hillsides, and
flowering from May to August. The root is
the medicinal part. It contains a resin, to
which the names of Cimidfugin or Macrotin
have been given likewise fatty substances,
;

starch,gum, tannic acid, etc. The leaves of

Cimidfuga are said to drive away bugs hence ;

its name from dmex., a bug, and fugo, to drive

away.
Boiling water takes up the properties of the
iroot but partially, alcohol wholly.
Properties —
and Uses. It is a very active and
useful remedy in many diseases. It is slightly
Black Cohosli.
narcotic, sedative, antispasmodic, and exerts a
marked influence over the nervous system. It is successfully used in
cholera, periodical convulsions, fits, epilepsy, nervous excitability, asth-
ma, delirium tremens, and many spasmodic affections, and in consump-
tion, cough, acute rheumatism, neuralgia, and scrofula. Also, very val-
uable in amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, and other menstrual and uterine
affect' ons, leucorrhoea. etc. The saturated tinctture of the root is a val-
uable embrocation in all cases of inflammation of the nerves, tic doulou
reux. crick in the back or sides, rheumatism, old ulcers, etc. It has an
52 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

especial affinity for the uterus, and as it reduces very materially the
arterial action, it is, hence, very useful in palpitation of the heart, and
cardiac affections generally.
It exerts a tonic influence over mucous and serous tissues, and is a
superior remedy in a variety of chronic diseases. In my special practice
I use it largely, and its use, in conjunction with other indicated reme-
dies, has afforded me flattering success in many chronic affections.
Dose. — Flvdd extract, half a drachm
two drachms; solid extract,
to
four to eight grains of the tincture the dose is from one to three tea-
;

spoonsful of Cimidfugin the dose is from one to six grains.

;

BLAZING STAR (Liatris Squarrosa).

Common Names. Gay Feather^ DeviVs Bit^ ete.

Medicinal Part. TJie root.

Description. — There are three varieties of this plant used in medicine.
The above is the most common one. It has a tuberous root, and an
erect annual stem from two to five feet high, linear leaves, and flowers
sessile, and of bright purple color.
Liatris Spicata., or Button Snake Root, is very similar to the above.
Liatris Scariosa., or Gay Feather, has a perennial tuberous root, with
a stout stem from four to five feet high. The leaves are numerous and
lanceolate, lower one on long petioles.
History. — The two former are
natives of the Middle and Southern
States, and the found from New England to "Wisconsin. These
latter is
splendid natives flower from August to September. The roots have a
hot bitter taste and an agreeable turpentine odor. The virtues are ex-
tracted by alcohol.
Properties and Uses. —
These plants are diuretic, tonic, stimulant, and
emmenagogue. The decoction is very useful in gonorrhoea, gleet, and
kidney diseases. It is also of service in uterine diseases. As a gargle
in sore throat it is of great advantage. These plants are used for, and
said to have antidotal powers over snake-bites.

BONESET (EuPATORiUM Perfoliatum).

Common Name. Thoroxighwort.
Medicinal Parts. TJie tops and leaves.
Description. — Boneset an indigenous perennial herb, with a horizon-
is

tal crooked root ; the stems being round, stout, rough and hairy, from
one to five feet high, and the leaves veiny, serrate, rough, and tapering
to a long point. The flowers are white and very numerous.
History. —
Boneset grows in low grounds, on the borders of swamps and
streams, throughout the United States, flowering in August and Septem-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 53

,ber. Alcohol or boiling- water extracts the virtues of the parts used. It
has a feeble odor, but a very bitter taste. It contains tannin and the
extractive salts of potassa. It is called
Boneset on account that it .was formerly
supposed to cause rapid union of broken
bones.
Properties and Uses. —It is a very valu-
able medicinal agent. The cold infusion
or extract is tonic and aperient, the warm
infusion diaphoretic and emetic. As a
tonic it is very useful in remittent, inter-
mittent, and typhoid fevers, dyspepsia,
and general In intermittent fever
debility.
a stong infusion, as hot as can be comfort-
ably swallowed, is administered for the
purpose of vomiting freely. This is also Boneset.
attended with profuse diaphoresis, and,
sooner or later, by an evacuation of the bowels. During the intermis-
sion the cold infusion or extract is given every hour as a tonic
and antiperiodic. In epidemic influenza the warm infusion is val-
uable as an emetic and diaphoretic, likewise in febrile diseases, ca-
tarrh, colds, and wherever such effects are indicated. The warm
infusion is also administered to promote the operation of other emetics.
ExternaUy., used alone or in combination with hops or tansy, etc., a
fomentation of the leaves applied to the bowels is very useful in inflam-
mation, spasms, and painful affections.
Boneset is one of the ingredients of my "Restorative Assimilant,"
and is certainly an excellent adjuvant to the Blue Vervain. (See page
472.)
Dose. — Of the powder, from ten to twenty grains; of the extract,
from two to four grains of the infusion, from two to four wineglass-
;

fuls.

BLACK ROOT (Leptandria Virgd^ica).

Common Names. Gvlvefs Physic^ Tall Speedwell.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — It is perennial, with a simple, straight, smooth, herba-
ceous stem, and grows from three to four or five feet in height. The
leaves are short petioled, whorled in fours to sevens, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, and finely serrated. The flowers are white, nearly sessile, and very
numerous. Calyx four-parted, corolla small and nearly white stamens, ;

two. The fruit is a many-seeded capsule.

History. —
This plant is indigenous to the United States, but is to be
found in good condition only in limestone countries. It is often discov-
54 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

ered in new soil, in moist woods, in swamps, etc., but its medicinal vir-
tues are feeble, excepting when it is found where there is limestone.
The root is the part used. It is perennial, irregular, horizontal, woody,
and about as thick as the It is gathered in the fall of the
forefinger.
second year. The fresh root should never be used, as it is very violent
and uncertain in its operations. The dried root, after having been
properly prepared, is what may be relied upon for beneficial effects.
Leptandrin is its active principle.
Properties and Uses. — The fresh root
is too irritant to be used, although

a decoction of it may, with used in intermittent fever. The

care, be
dried root is laxative, cholagogue, and tonic, and very much used in
chronic hepatic diseases. It is an excellent laxative in febrile diseases,
and peculiarly applicable in bilious and typhoid fevers. As a laxative
and tonic it is very useful in dyspepsia, especially when associated with
torpidity of the liver. In diarrhoea and dysentery, as a cathartic it fre-
quently effects a cure in one active dose. This admirable remedy is one
of the ingredients of my " Renovating Pill,"
Dose. —
Powdered root, twenty to sixty grams; infusion, half an
ounce leptandrin, one-fourth grain to a grain.
;

BLOODROOT (Sanguinaria Canadensis).

Common Name. Red Puccoon.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Descrijjtion. —
Bloodroot is a smooth, her
baceous, perennial plant, with a fibrous root,
which when cut or bruised emits an orange-
colored juice. From each bud of the root
stalk there springs a single leaf about six
inches high, and which is cordate and reni-
form. The flower is white, stamens short,
and anthers yellow. The fruit is a two-valved
capsule.
History. —
Bloodroot grows throughout the
United States, in shaded woods and thickets,
and rich soils generally, and flowers from
March to June. Although the whole plant is
medicinal, the root is the part chiefly used.
Bloodroot. The fresh root is fleshy, round, and from one
to four inches in length, and as thick as the
fingers. It presents a beautiful appearance when cut and placed under
a microscope, seeming like an aggregation of minute precious stones.
The dried root is dark bro\vn outside, bright yellow inside has a faint ;

virose odor, and a bitter and acrid taste. It may be readily reduced to
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 55

powder. Its active properties are taken up by boiling water or by

alcohol. Age and moisture impair the and it ia
qualities of the root,
of the utmost consequence to get that which has been properly gathered,
and not kept too long. It yields several principles, among which are
sanguinaria, puccine, chelidonic acid, a yellowish fixed oil, lignin, and
gum.
Properties and
Uses. —
The actions of Bloodroot vary according to ad-
ministration. In small doses it stimulates the digestive organs, acting
as a stimulant and tonic. In large doses it is an arterial sedative. It
is useful in bronchitis, laryngitis, whooping-cough, and other affections

of the respiratory organs. It excites the energies of a torpid liver, and

has proved beneficial in scrofula, amenorrhoea, and dysentery. Applied
to fungous growths, ulcers, fleshy excrescences, cancerous affections,
the powder acts as an escharotic, and the infusion is often applied with
benefit to skin diseases.
Dose. —
Of the powder as an emetic, ten to twenty grains as a stimu- ;

lant and expectorant, three to five grains as an alterative, half a grata

;

to two grains. Tincture, twenty to sixty drops.

BOX (Buxus Sempervikens).

Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. —
Box is a smaU, dense-leaved, hard-wood evergreen tree.
The leaves are ovate, deep shining green, becoming red in autumn
flowers pale yellow ;
and the fruit a six-seeded globular capsule.
Histoo^y. — The box tree
a native of the west of Asia, but grows on
is

dry hills and sandy elevations generally in Europe, and but rarely on
similar soil in America. A preparation called Buxina is obtained from
the powdered bark, but the leaves are the parts mainly used in medical
practice. They readily impart their virtues to alcohol or water.
Properties and Uses.— It is cathartic, sudorific, and alterative. The
preparations of the leaves are excellent for the expulsion of worms, for
purging the bowels, and regulating the action of the liver for breaking ;

fevers, and for purifying the blood and glandular In syrup

secretions.
it isvery valuable as a cure for all diseases of a syphilitic character, and
may be used alone to great advantage, where the compound syrup of
stillingia cannot be obtained. The stillingia is preferable if it is at all
to be had. The dose of a strong decoction, or syrup, of box,
is half a

fluid ounce, three times a day. In very severe cases the dose may be
increased to a fluid ounce but this should not be undertaken excepting
;

by the advice of a physician. When intestinal worms are to be destroyed

or expelled, the powdered leaves are usually administered in, to chil-
dren, doses of five grains ; to adults, in doses of from ten to fifteen
grains. It possesses antispasmodic qualities, and has been given with
56 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

good effect in hysteria, epilepsy, chorea (St. Vitus' Dance), etc. Chips
of the wood (decoction) are useful in chronic rheumatism. The chief
value of the Buxus Sempervirens^ however, centres in its antisyphilitic
virtues. I^ combine with corydalis (Turkey pea) and the compound
it

syru;^ of stillingia, in such a manner that it will surely cure syphilis in

the first, second, or third stage also certain forms of scrofula and
;

scurvy. In other diseases it is no better than many other plants men-

tioned in this book.
The reader will do well to remember that the common garden box
possesses the medical qualities of the Buxus Setnpervirens to a feeble
extent only. The powerful which I have spoken
antisyphilitic virtues of
can be procured only from the leaves of the tree reared in Asia, the in^
fluences of that climate being requisite to perfect them.

BUCHU (Barosma Crenata).

Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. —
This plant has a slender, smooth, upright, perennial
stem, between two and three feet high. The leaves are opposite, flat,
about an inch long, ovate or obovate, acute, serrated, and dotted. The
flowers are pink, and fruit an ovate capsule.
History. —
The Buchu plant is a native of Southern Africa. It does
not grow very prolifically. There are two other varieties from which
the leaves are taken, and which are of equal value with the Barosma
CrenatOj. The leaves are the parts which are termed officinal. The
Hottentots gather these leaves (which emit a sort of minty odor) and
powder them. "The powder," says a traveler, "they have named
Booko., and they use it for anointing their bodies." They also distil the
leaves, and obtain from them a strong spirituous liquor somewhat re-
sembling pale brandy, which they not only use for convivial purposes,
but for the cure of various diseases, particularly those which are located
in the stomach, bladder, bowels, and kidneys. A decoction of ths
leaves is systematically applied by them, with success, we are told, to
wounds but this is an assertion of which we have no direct proof. Asi
;

we get them, the leaves are nearly, or quite, an inch in length, and from
a sixth to half an iuch in width, elliptical, lanceolate, slightly acute, oi
shorter and obtuse their margin is serrated and glandular, upper sur^
;

face smooth, and of a clear shining green, the under surface paler, Avitl
scattered oil points. They taste and smell like pennyroyal but ar ;

neither heating nor bitter when chewed. They have to be kept very
carefully, if their odor and virtues are desired to be thoroughly preserved
for any reasonable length of time. The leaves of all the varieties are
somewhat similar, and possess about the same qualities. They yield there
volatile oil and extractive (upon which their virtues are mainly depen-
dent) to alcohol or water.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 57

Properties and Uses. —Buchu is aromatic and stimulant, diuretic and

diaphoretic. It is employed in dyspepsia with a palliative effect, but is
chiefly administered in chronic inflammation of the bladder, irritation
of the membrane of the urethra, uric acid gravel, diabetes in its first
stage, and in incontinence of urine. It is recommended, without good
reason, for cutaneous and rheumatic affections. I have no doubt Buchu
is some importance in chronic diseases of the urino-genital organs,
of
for Ihave tried it but I am sure that we have many native remedies
;

which are altogether superior, and which are neglected only because the
public is so familiar with them that they do not care to give them a fair
trial.

Dose. — Of the powder, twenty to thirty grains ; infusion, two to four

ounces ; tincture, one or two drachms ; fl. extract, thirty to sixty drops.

BURNING BUSH (Euonymus Atropurpureus).

Co:mmox Names. WoJioo, Spindle Tree, etc.

Medicinal Part. The hark of the root.

Beseription. —Wahoo is a small shrub or bush, with smooth branches,
and from five to ten feet high. The leaves are from two to five inches
in length, lanceolate, acute, and finely serrate. Flowers dark purple,
and the fruit a crimson, five-celled capsule. There is another variety
known Euonymus Americanvs.^ which is equally useful medicinally,
as
and and the foregoing are both known by the name of Wahoo better
this
than by any other title.
History. —
These plants grow in many sections of the United States, in
woods and thickets, and in river bottoms, flowering in June. The haxk
of the root has a bitter and unpleasant taste in its natural shape, and
yields its qualities to water and alcohol. The active principle is Euo-
nymin.
Properties and Uses. —It is tonic, laxative, alterative, diuretic, and
expectorant. It is serviceable in dyspepsia, torpid liver, constipation,
dropsy, and pulmonary diseases. In intermittents it serves a good
purpose.
Dose. — Of the powder, twenty to thirty grains ;
tincture, one to four
drachms ; Euonymin, one-eighth to half a grain.

BUTTER ^"EED (Erigeron Canadense).

Common Names, CoWs Tail, Pride Weed, Horse Weed, Canada Flea-
Bane.
Medicinal Part. The whole pjlant.
Descnption. — This
an indigenous, annual herb, with a high bristly,
is

hairy stem, from six inches to nine feet high. The leaves are lanceo-
late flowers small, white, and very numerous.
;

—
History. Butterweed is common to the Northern and Middle States,
58 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

grows in fields and meadows, byroad-sides, and flowers from June to

September. It should be gathered when in bloom, and carefully dried.
It has a feeble odor, somewhat astringent taste, and yields its virtues to
alcohol or water.
Properties and Uses. —It is tonic, diuretic, and astringent. It is use-
ful in gravel, diabetes, dropsy, and in many kidney diseases. It can
also be employed in diarrhoea, dysentery, etc. The volatUe oil may be
used instead of the infusion.
Dose. —
Of the powder, half a drachm ; infusion, two to four ounces
fl. extract, teaspoonful ; oil, from four to six drops on sugar.

CAHINCA (CniococcA Racemosa).

Common Name. Snoio Berry.
Medicinal Part. The bark of the root.
Description. — This
a climbing shrub, with a round branched root,
is

and a stem from eight to twelve feet high. The leaves are ovate and
smooth flowers white and odorless, and become yellow and redolent
;

calyx, five-cleft ; corolla, funnel-shaped ) stamens, five. The fruit is a

small white berry.
History. —
This plant is a native of the West Indies, Florida, and
South America. The root has a coffee-like taste, of a reddish-brown
color, and a disagreeable odor. It affords the Cahincic Acid., its most
important medicinal agent.
Properties and Uses. —
In medium doses it aids the urinary discharge,
increases the action of the heart, and promotes perspiration. It has
been found efficient in amenorrhoea, rheumatism, syphilis, etc., and is
used in Brazil as an antidote to snake-bites.
—
Dose. Of the powder, from twenty to sixty grains.

CALICO BUSH (Kalmia Latifolia),

Common Names. Sheep Laurel, Spoonwood, Mountain Laurel, Lamb-
hill.

Medicinal Part. The leaves.

Description. — This handsome plant
is a shrub from four to eight feet

high, with crooked stems and a rough bark. The leaves are evergreen,
ovate, lanceolate, acute at each end, on long petioles, and from two to
three inches long. The flowers are white and numerous. The fruit is
a dry capsule.
History. — Sheep Laurel inhabits the rocky hills and elevated grounds
of most parts of the United States. Its beautiful flowers appear in
June and July. The leaves are reputed to be poisonous to sheep and
other animals, and it is said that birds which have eaten them will
poison those who eat the birds. The leaves are the officinal part. At-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 59

tention was called to their medicinal virtues by the use which the
Indians make of them, viz. , a decoction by which they commit suicide.
Prai^rUes and Uses. — The plant, in medicinal doses, is antisyphilitic,

sedative to the heart, and somewhat astringent. It is a most efficient

agent in syphilis, fevers, jaundice, neuralgia, and inflammation. The
preparation should be used with great care and prudence. In cases of
poisoning with this plant, either man or beast, whiskey is the best anti-
dote. Externally, stewed with lard, it is serviceable as an ointment for
various skin diseases.
Dose. — The saturated tincture of the leavesis the best form of ad-

ministration. It is given in from ten to twenty drops every two or

three hours. Powdered leaves, from ten to twenty grains.

CANCER ROOT (Orobanche Virgeniana).

Common Name. Beech Drops.
Medicinal Pabt. The plant.
Description. — This
a parasitic plant, with a smooth, leafless stem
is
from a foot to a foot and a half in height, with slender branches given
off the whole length of it. The root is scaly and tuberous.
History.— This, plant is native to North America, and generally a para-
site upon the roots of beech trees, flowering in August and September.
The whole plant is of a dull red color, without any verdure. It has a
disagreeable, astringent taste It yields its virtues to water and alco-
hol.
Properties and Uses. —An eminent astringent. Used with benefit in
fluxes and in diarrhoea, but possesses
no property of curing cancer. It
can be used with advantage in erysipelas. LocaUy applied to wounds, it
prevents or arrests the process of mortification. It is also useful as an
appHcation to obstinate ulcers, aphthous ulcerations, etc. etc. It exerts ,

the same influence upon the capillary system as the mineral drug tinc-
ture of iron.

CANNABIS INDICA.
Common Name. Lidian Hemp.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This is an herbaceous annual, growing about three feet
high, with an erect, branched, angular bright green stem. The leaves
are alternate, or opposite, on long lax foot-stalks, roughish, with sharply
serrated leaflets tapering into a long, smooth entire point. The male
flowers are drooping and long, the females simple and erect. The seeds
are small, ash-colored, and inodorous.
History .—GvimxahiB Indica, or Cannabis Sativa, is a native of the
Caucasus, Persia, but grows in the hilly regions of Northern India. It
is cultivated in many parts of Europe and Asia ; but medicine of value
60 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

can only be made from the Indian variety, t"he active principle of the
plant being developed only by the heat of the climate of Hindostan.
The dried tops and resin are the parts used. The preparations called
Churrus, Ounjah^ Bhang ^ Hashish^ etc. , sold in this country, are most-
ly feeble imitations of the genuine articles, and are comparatively
worthless. Even the few specimens of the genuine productions which
reach the shops, and are sold at high prices, are crude and inferior, and
can in no wise impart the effects which attach to the pure article. It is
a matter of great difficulty to procure the genuine article even direct
from dealers in India, unless you have had years of experience as a
practising herbal physician, and have established business connections in
various parts of the world as an importer of rare and pure medicinal
herbs, barks, roots, resins, etc.
The Cannabis Saliva^ or common hemp, possesses similar properties,
and can be substituted if the Asiatic hemp is not procurable.
Pro^jerties and Uses. —
It is narcotic, anodyne, and antispasmodic. It
has been successfully employed in gout, neuralgia, rheumatism, locked-
jaw, convulsions, chorea, hysteria, and uterine hemorrhage but it is ;

chiefly valuable as an invigorator of mind and body. Its exhilarating

qualities are unequalled, and it is a certain restorative in low mental
conditions, as well as in cases of extreme debility and emaciation. In
such cases it may be regarded as a real rejuvenator. It should be taken
by the advice of one experienced in its uses, in order that its merits
may be properly and fairly experienced. The spurious hemp should
never be taken, as it produces, what the genuine does not, unpleasant
consequences. I have used this article in many a preparation with
great success.

CASSIA MARILA]!0)ICA.
Common Names. American Senna^ Wild Senna.
Medicinal Part. The learns.
Description. —
This is a perennial herb, growing from four to six feet
high, with round, smooth, and slightly hairy stems. The leaves have
long petioles, ovate at base each petiole has eight or ten leaflets, which
;

are oblong, smooth, mucronate, an inch or two long, and quite narrow.
The flowers are bright yellow, and the fruit is a legume from two to
four inches long.
History. — The American Senna is to be found from New England to
Carolina, growing in rich soils here and there. It flowers from June to
September, and the leaves are gathered, for their medicinal virtues,
while the plantis in bloom. They yield their virtues to alcohol oi
water.
Properties and Uses. —It is one of the most important herbal cathar-
tics furnished by America, and is mentioned here solely on the ground
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 61

that it is equally valuable as the foreign Senna, or ordinary Senna of

the di-ug -shops, and costs much less. The analysis of the leaves shows
that they contain albumen, mucilage, starch, yellow coloring matter,
volatile oil, fatty matter, resin, Hgnin, and salts of potassa, and lime.
Dose. — Of the powder, from a half -drachm to two and a half
drachms ; infusion, four or five ounces

CATECHU (Acacia Catechu).

Common Names. Cutch^ Oamhir^ Terra Japonica.
Medicinal Part. Extract of the iDood.
DescHption. — Catechu a small-sized tree from fifteen to twenty
is

feet high. The bark is thick, and branches spreading. Leaves bipin-
nate. Flowers numerous, white or pale yellow, and the fruit a legume.
History. —
This tree is common to the East Indian continent, thriving
In Bengal, and on the Malabar coast. As found in the shops it is in
equare, round, and irregular pieces, variable in color, friaHe, odorless,
astringent taste. Soluble in hot water, depositing a reddish matter od
<DOoling.
Properties and uses. — This is a strong astringent. In chronic dia?"
rhoea, chronic catarrh, chronic dysentery, it proves beneficial, and it is i

valuable agent as a local application in throat diseases, especially such

as singers are subject to. The tincture is often useful as a local appli-
cation to fissured nipples of nursing women.
Dose. —
Of the powder, from five to twenty grains ; of the tincture,
from twenty minims to half an ounce.

CEDRON (SiMABA Cedron).

Medicinal Part. The seed.
Description. —
Simaha is a small tree, with an erect stem about half a
foot in diameter, branching luxuriantly at the top. Leaves obovate,
large, and serrated ;
flowers sessile, pale brown, and the fruit a solitary
drupe.
History. —
This tree grows in New Grenada and Central America. Its
value as a medicinal agent has long been known in Costa Rica, Trinidad,
etc., and from thence was communicated to scientific gentlemen in
France. The seed, which is the part used, is about an inch and a half
long, nearly an inch broad, and about half an inch thick. It is hard, but
can be easily cut by a common knife. It is inodorous, but tastes like
quassia or aloes, and yields its properties to water or alcohol. In South
America the properties of these seeds were known as early as the year
1700. At that time they were applied more especially as an antidote to
the bites of poisonous serpents, and similar affections.
Properties and Use>s. —
It is an antispasmodic, and one of the most
valuable articles of the kind known to educated herbalists. It is very
62 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

useful in all nervous affections, hydrophobia, stomach Spasms, inter-

mittent fever and dyspepsia. It is an antidote for the majority of aero-
narcotic poisons. The doses generally given are too small; no fear need
be entertained of injurious consequences from any ordinary quantity. It
may safely be administered in from ten to twenty-five grain doses every
four hours. Snake bites should at the same time be bathed in the tincture.

CELANDINE (Chelidonium Majus).

Common Name. Tetter Wort.
Medicinal Parts. Herb and root.

Description. — This plant is an evergreen perennial, with a stem from

one to two feet in height, branched, swelled at the joints, leafy, round,
and smooth the leaves are smooth, spreading, very deeply pinnatified
; ;

leaflets in from two to four pairs, from one and a half to two and a half
inches long, and about two-thirds as broad, the terminal one largest, all
ovate, cuneately incised or lobed the lateral ones sometimes dilated at
;

the lower margin, near the base almost as if auricled color of all, a ;

deep shining green the flowers are bright yellow, umbellate, on long,
;

often hairy stocks.

History. —
Celandine is a pale green, fleshy herb, indigenous to Europe
and naturalized in the United States it grows along fences, by-roads,
;

in waste places, etc. and flowers from May to October. If the plant be
,

wounded, a bright yellow, offensive juice flows out, which has a persis-
tent, nauseous, bitter taste, with a biting sensation in the mouth and
fauces. The root is the most intensely bitter part of the plant, and is
more commonly preferred. Drying diminishes its activity. It yields its
virtues to alcohol or water.
Properties and Uses. — It is stimulant, acrid, alterative, diuretic, dia-
phoretic, purgative, and vulnerary. It is used internally in decoction
or tincture, and externally in poultice or ointment for scrofula, cuta-
neous diseases, and piles. It is likewise good in hepatic affections, or
liver complaints, and exerts a special influence on the spleen. As a
drastic hydragogue, or purge, it is fully equal to gamboge. The juice,
when applied to the skin, produces inflammations, and even vesications.
It has long been known as a caustic for the removal of warts it is also ;

applied to indolent ulcers, fungous growths, etc. and is useful in re-

,

moving specks and opacities of the cornea of the eye.

Celandine is from the Creek word CheUdon^ which signifies a swaUow.
The ancients assert that if you put out the eyes of yoimg swaUows whea
they are in the nest, the old ones will restore their eyes again with this
herb. It is said that we may mai the apple of the bird's eye with a
needle, and that the old birds vnll restore their sight again by means of
this herb. Never having made any such cruel experiments, I am not
prepared to say whether any such miraculous power of healing loss of
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 63

sight is a virtue of the plant, or whether it is an instinct or gift inherent

of the swallow itself.
Celandine isused in curing salt-rheum, tetter, or ringworm. It
also
is superior to arnica as a vulnerary an alcoholic tincture of the root
;

(three ounces to a pint) will be found an unrivalled application to pre-

vent or subdue traumatic inflammations.
Dose. —
Of the powdered root, from half a drachm to one drachm of ;

the fresh juice, from twenty to forty drops, in some bland liquid of ;

the tincture, from one to two fluid drachms of the aqueous extract, ;

from five to ten grains.

CENTAURY (Sabbatia Angularis).

Common Name. Rose Pink.
Medicinal Part. The 7ierb.
—
This plant has a yellow fibrous, biennial root, with an
Bescri'ption.
erect, smooth, quadrangular stem, with the angles winged, having many
opposite branches, and growing from one to two feet in height. The
leaves are opposite, fine-veined, smooth, en-
tire, from one to five inches in length, and
from half an inch to one and a half inches
wide, clasping the stem. The flowers are
numerous, from an inch and a quarter to an
inch and a half in diameter, of a rich rose or
carnation color, standing, as it were, at the
tops of one umbril or tuft, very like those of
8t. Joliii's wort^ opening themselves in the

day-time and closing at night, after which

come seeds in little short husks, in forms like
unto wheat corn. There are three varieties
of the Centaury in England, one kind bearing
white flowers, another yellow, and another
red. All have medicinal properties, although
the American variety is considered preferable
to the European Centaury,
History. —
This plant is common to most
parts of the United States, growing in moist
meadows, among high grass, on the prairies, and in damp, rich soils,
flowering from June to September, The whole herb is used. It has
a very bitter taste, and yields its virtues to water or alcohol. The best
time for gathering it is during the flowering season. In England they
use the red Centaury in diseases of the blood, the yellow in choleric
diseases, and the white in those of phlegm and water.
Properties and Uses. — It is an excellent tionic. It is used in all faU
periodic febrile diseases, both as a preventive and a remedy. It is also
64 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

serviceable as a bitter tonic La dyspepsiaand convalescence from feversi

When administered in warm infusion it is a. domestic remedy for worms,
and to restore the menstrual secretion.
Dose. —Of the powder, from half a drachm to a drachm of the cold" ;

infusion, a teacupful every two or three hours of the tincture, a wine-

;

glassful ;
of the extract, from two to six grains.

CENTUEY PLANT (A gave Americana).

Common Name. South American

Medicinal Part. The inspissated juice.
Description. —This plant, which is also sometimes called the Century
Plant, from an erroneous idea that it blossoms but once in a hundred
years, is the largest of all herbaceous plants. It is an evergreen, and
does not blossom often.
Uistory. — It flourishes in the warmer latitudes of South America,
where its juice is expressed by the natives and allowed to ferment. In
this condition it is called pulque, and is used as an exhilarating bever-

age. The natives can drink large quantities of this liquor without get-
ting very much intoxicated ; but it is very severe upon those who are
not accustomed to it.

Properties and Uses. — The fresh juice is used by the South Americans

to regulate the action of the bowels and kidneys, and is considered very
valuable for dyspepsia and diseases
of the bladder. The South Ameri-
can women use the juice and the
decoction to promote menstruation.
I can say of my own knowledge
that, in proper combination, it is a
superior anti-syphilitic, and that in
scorbutic affections it is without
many superiors. The dose is from
half a fluid ounce to two ounces,
three times a day.
The Agave Virginica, or False
Aloe, is not to be confounded with
this, as that plant is a laxative and
carminative

CHAMOMILE (Anthemis No-

BILIS).
Chamomile.
Medicinal Part. The Flowers.
Description. — This
a perennial herb, with a strong fibrous root.
is

The stems in a wild state are prostrate, but in gardens more upright,
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 65

abfrwt a span long", round, hollow, furrowed, and downy tne leaves
;

pale green, pinnate, sessile, with thread-shaped leaflets. The fiower-heada

and of yellow color, or whitish.
terminal, rather larger than the daisy,
Histoi'y. — Chamomileindigenous to Southern Europe
is we have ;

also a common or wild Chamomile {Matricaria Chamomilla) growing in

the United States, but it is not considered as good as tlie Roman
Chamomile for medicinal purposes, which is the kind I use. The white
flowers are the best ; they have an aromatic, agreeably bitter taste, an''
peculiar odor. They yield their properties to alcohol and water.
Properties and Uses. —
Chamomile is a tonic one or two teacupfui ;

of the warm infusion will usually vomit. The cold infusion is highlj
useful in dyspepsia, and in all cases of weak or irritable stomachs, also
in intermittent and typhoid fevers. The oil is carminative and anti-
spasmodic, and is used in flatulency, colic, cramp in the btomach, hys-
teria, nervous diseases, and painfrd menstruation.
A poultice of Chamomile will often prevent gangrene, and remove it
when present. It is an ingredient in my "Restorative Assirailant," and
is a most excellent adjutant and corrigent in that great remedy.

Dose. —
Half a drachm to two drachms of the flowers. Of the infu-
sion, half a teacupful to a teacupfiil ; of the oil, five to fifteen drops on
sugar.

CHERRY LAUREL (Prunus Laurocerasus).

Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. —
This is a small evergreen
shrub or tree with smooth branches. Leaves
with short petioles, oval-oblong, seiTate,
acute, and smooth. Flowers shorter than
the leaves, calyx inferior, corolla has five
white petals stamens about twenty
; and ;

fruit a round, black, smooth drupe.

History. —
Origiually a native of Asia
Miaor, from whence it was introduced into
Europe in 1576, and subsequently from
Europe to the United States. It is now com-
mon in gardens and shrubberies. The leaves
have scarcely any odor until bruised, then
they have a bitter almond odor taste very ;

bitter, aromatic, . and slightly astringent.

They impart their virtues to water and alco-
Cherry Laurel.
hol.
Properties —
and Uses. An excellent sedative, Useful in tic-douloureux,
phthisis, spasmodic cough, palpitation of the heart, and in all spasmodic
aflfections. „
CG THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Dose. — Powdered leaves, four to eight grains; laurel water, ten to

thirty drops.

CHICKWEED (Stellaria Media).

Medicinal Part. The herb.
Description. — This plant an annual or biennial weed, from six to
is

fifteen inches in length, with a prostrate, brittle, and leafy stem. The
leaves are ovate-cordate the lower ones on hairy petioles.
; The flowers
are small and white, petals two-parted, stamens three, five, or ten.
History. — It is a common plant in Europe and America, growing in
fields and around dwellings, in moist, shady places. It flowers from
the beginning of spring tiU the last of autumn. The seeds are eaten by
poultry and birds. The whole herb is used when recent.
Properties and Uses. —
It is a cooling demulcent. The fresh leaves
bruised and applied as a poultice to indolent, intractable ulcers, even
when of many years' standing, will produce most immediate and de-
cided beneficial results, to be changed two or three times a day. The
bruised leaves will likewise be found an invaluable application in acute
ophthalmia. An ointment made by bruising the recent leaves in fresh
lard, may be used as a cooling application to erysipelatous and other
forms of ulceration, as weU as many forms of cutaneous diseases.

CHOCOLATE ROOT, Geum Rivale ( Water Avens), Geum Virgeni-

ANUM ( White Avens).

Common Names. Throat Root, Purple Avens.

Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. —
Geum Rivale, or Purple Avens., is a perennial, deep
green herb woody root
;
leaves nearly lyrate, crenate-dentate, and
;

from four to six inches long. The flowers are few and yeUowish purple
in color.
Geum Virginianum, or Throat Poot., is also a perennial, with a
small, crooked root. The stem is two or three feet high. The leaves
are pinnate or lyrate ; and white and the fruit an
flowers rather small ;

achenium. The former is common to the United States and Europe,

flowering in June or July, and the latter only to the United States,
flowering from June to August.
History. — These plants, with other varieties, have long been used in
domestic practice. The whole herb contains medicinal properties, but
the oflBcinal and most efficient part is the root. Boiling water or alcohol
extracts their virtues.
Properties and Uses. —
Is tonic and astringent. It is used in passive
and chronic hemorrhages, chronic diarrhoea and dysentery, leucor-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 67

rhoea, dyspepsia, pulmonary affections, congestions of the abdominal

viscera, etc.
Dose. —
Of the powder, from twenty to thirty grains of the decoc ;

tion, from two tablespoonfuls to a wineglassful, three or four times a day.

CINCHONA.
Common Names. Peruman Bark, Jesuits' Bark.
MEDicmAL Part. The hark.
Description. — The bark is obtained from the Cinchona Calisaya., Cin-

chona Condaminea., Cinchona Succiruhra, and Cinchona Lancifolia.

These trees are all evergreen trees or shrubs. Their generic character
is to have opposite entire leaves flowers white, or usually roseate or
;

purplish, and very fragrant calyx a turbinated tube corolla salver-

; ;

shaped stamens, five

;
anthers, linear
;

style, simple ; stigma, bifid. The fruit a

nume-
capsule, ovate or oblong, filled with
rous winged seeds. About thirteen varie-
ties of cinchona are known to commerce,
but the above are the most important. Of
these species the former three yield re-
spectively the pale, yellow, and red cin-
chona barks, and the fourth is one of the
sources of quinine.
—
Cinchona is a very old dis-
History.
covery, and takes its name from the wife
of the Spanish viceroy. Count de Cinchon,
who was cured of fever by it, at Lima,
about the year 1638. For some time after
its introduction into Europe, the Jesuits,
who received the bark from their brethren
in Peru, ^one used it, and kept to them-
selves the secret of its origin; and their Cinchona.
use of was so successful that it received
it

the name which still clings to it of "Jesuits' Bark." The bark richest

in the antiperiodic alkaloids is theCinchona Calisaya. The geograph-

ical range of the cinchonas appears to be exclusively confined to the
Andes, within the boundaries of Peru, Bolivia, Equador, and New
Granada. Thirteen species furnish the barks of commerce, and all of
them are found growing from one to ten thousand feet above the level
of the sea. The four species we have named at the head of this article
are, however, the only ones recognized by the United States Pharma-
copoeia,and are the favorites everywhere. Since the seventeenth cen-
tury these barks have been the study of men versed in medical and
chemical science, and they and the preparations made from them rank
68 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

among- the most important articles of the Materia Medica. It contains

numerous active principles, but the most important, and one chiefly
used, is quinine.
—
and Uses. Cinchona bark is tonic, antiperiodic, astringent
Properties
to a moderate extent, and eminently febrifuge. It is topically (or ex-
ternally) antiseptic, and is of much value vrhen applied to gangrenous
ulcerations, or used for gargles and washes in erysipelas, ulcerated sore
throat, mouth, etc. I do not recommend the use of the bark in cases
where the stomach is vory much weakened (although it is employed in
every disease in which there is deficient tone), because the woody fibre
in the powder will most generally disagree. When taken internally it
imparts a sensation of warmth to the stomach, which gradually spreads
over the whole body the pulse becomes stronger and is accelerated,
;

and the various organs are gently stimulated. It may be used with
benefit in ordinary cases of dyspepsia, general debility, and all febrile,
eruptive, and inflammatory diseases, in whatever stage they may be.
In all cases of night-sweating, or great feebleness, it is valuable. As
an antiperiodic not surpassed by anything else used.
it is When it
excites nausea, add an aromatic if purging, opium if costiveness,
; ;

rhubarb.
Quinine is a white flocculent powder, inodorous, and has a very bitter
taste. It is very sparingly soluble in warm water, still less so in cold
water. It is readily soluble in hot alcohol, and tolerably so in ether. It
isalways best to administer quinine instead of the bark, unless some of
the efifects of the other principles are desired.
Dose. —
Of the powder, half a drachm to a drachm fluid extract, ten ;

to sixty drops of quinine, from one to fifteen grains, according to

;

purpose.

CINQUE-FOIL (POTENTELLA CANADENSIS).

Common Name. Five- Finger.
Medicinal Part. The root.

Description. — This perennial plant has a procumbent stem from two

to eighteen inches in length. The leaves are palmate, leaflets obovate,
and flowers yellow, on solitary pedicels.
There are two varieties of this plant, the P. PamiUa, which is very
small and delicate, flowering in April and May, and growing in dry,
sandy soils, and the P. Simplex, a larger plant, growing in richer soils,
and flowering from June to August.
History. —
Five-finger is common to the United States, growing by
road-sides, on meadow banks and waste grounds, and flowering from
April to October. The root is the part used. It has a bitterish, styptic
taste, and yields its virtues to water.
Properties and Uses. —It is tonic and astringent. A decoction is use-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 69

ful in fevers,bowel complaints, night sweats, menorrhagia, and other

hemorrhages. It makes an excellent gargle for spongy, bleeding gums,
and ulcerated mouth and throat.
The POTENTILLA ToRMENTiLLA, or 8ept-Foil of Europe, possesses
and may be used by
similar qualities, my readers in that country if the
American root is not to be obtained.

CLEAVERS (Galium Aparine).

Common Names. Goose Grass, Catchiceed, Bed-Straw.

Medicinal Part. The herb.
Description. — It is an annual succulent with a weak, procum-
plant,
bent, quadrangular, retrosely-prickled stem, which grows from two to six
feet high, and is hairy at the joints. The leaves are one or two inches
in length, and two or three lines in breadth; rough on the margin and
tapering to the base. The flowers are white, smaU. and scattered.
History.— This plant is common to Europe and the United States,
growing in cultivated grounds, moist thickets, and along banks of rivers,
and flowering from June to September. In the green state the plant
has an unpleasant odor but it is inodorous when dried, with an acidu-
;

lous, astringent, and bitter taste. Cold or warm water extracts the vir-
tuea of the plant boiling water destroys them.
; The roots dye a
permanent red.
Properties and Uses. —
It is a most valuable refrigerant and diuretic,
and wiU be found very beneficial in many diseases of the urinary organs,
as suppression of urine, calculous affections, inflammation of the kid-
neys and bladder, and in the scalding of urine in gonorrhoea. It is con-
tra-indicated in diseases of a passive character, on account of its
refrigerant and sedative effects on the system, but may be used freely
in fevers and all acute diseases. An infusion may be made by macerat-
ing an ounce and a half of the herb in a pint of warm water for two
hours, of which from two to four fluid ounceg may be given three
or four times a day when cold. It may be sweetened with sugar or
honey. It has also been found useful in many cutaneous diseases, as
psoriasis, eczema, lichen, cancer, and scrofula, and is more particularly
useful in these diseases when they are combined with strumous diathe-
sis. The best form for administration is that of the inspissated juice,
which may be in one or two drachm doses, three times a day.
The plant called Galium Tinctorium, or Small Cleavers, is nervine,
anti-spasmodic, expectorant, and diaphoretic. It is used successfully in
asthma, cough, and chronic bronchitis, exerting its influence principally
upon the respiratory organs. The plant has a pungent, aromatic, pleas-
ant, persistent taste. A strong decoction of the herb may be given in
doses of from one to four fluid ounces, and repeated two or three timea
70 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

a day, according to circumstanceB. The root of this plant will also dye a
permanent red.

COCA (Erythroxylon Coca).

Medicinal Part. The herb.
Description. — I first became acquainted with this most remarkable
plant many
years ago, while traveling in Bohvia, South America, in the
beautiful valleys of the Cordilleras. The Coca is a bush which rarely
attains six feet in height, and does not often exceed three. Its foliage
is of a bright green, its flowers white, and its fruit small and red. When
the plants are just about eighteen inches high they are transplanted
from the seed-beds into fields called cocales. The ripe leaves are gath-
ered with the fingers. They are dried by spreading them in the sun,
sometimes on woollen cloths. The operation requires great care, for the
plant must be protected from dampness, which changes its color, and
all

thus diminishes its value. It is then packed in bags, weighing from

fifty to one hundred and fifty pounds, which are often transported to
great distances. In the Vice -royalty of Lima, in the latter part of the
last century, Castelnau represents the consumption of the leaf at three
and a half millions of pounds, and worth one million and a quarter of
Spanish dollars, while at the same time the total consumption in Peru
was two and a half millions of dollars. The importance of the Coca
trade, however, is diminishing as the Red Man disappears. The Indians
mix the Coca with a small quantity of lime, and constantly carry a small
bag of it on all their excursions. They take it from three to six times-
a day. Dr. GscnuDi [Travels in Peru, page 453] mentions an Indian of.
sixty-two years of age, who was employed by him, and though at very
hard work for five days, took no other nourishment, and rested but two
hours of the night. Immediately, or soon after this, he accomplished a
journey of one hundred miles in two days, and said that he was ready
to do the same thing again if they would give him a new supply of Coca.
Castelnau says he himself knew of instances as extraordinary. In the
time of the Incas the Coca was regarded as sacred.
Properties and Uses. — Its physiological actions are as follows :

1. It stimulates the stomach and promotes digestion.

2. In large doses it augments animal heat and accelerates the pulse
and respiration.
It induces slight constipation,
3.

In moderate doses, from one to four drachms, it stimulates the

4.

nervous system, so as to render it more tolerant of muscular fatigue.

5. In larger doses it gives rise to hallucinations and true delirium.

6. Its most precious property is that of inducing the most pleasant

visions {'''phantasmagoria'''') without any subsequent depression of the

nervous energies.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 71

7. Probably it diminishes some of the secretions.

The Coca has doubtless many other medical properties of a high order,
and deserves further investigation.
It stimulates powerfully the digestive functions, while at the same
time it exercises a calmative influence over the mucous membranes of
the stomach and bowels. In this double action upon the stomach
—
stimulant and calmative it resembles Columbo.
It is anti-spasmodic, and is of great service in many nervous disorders,
and particularly in s'^evmatorrlioia and all debilities of the generative
organs.
An infusion of the leaves, or a tincture of the flowers, leaves, and berries
maybe used in all cases of spermatorrhoea and nervous, debility. Com-
bined with other remedies it may be used to great advantage in fevers,
pneumonia, pleuritis, neuralgia, hysteria, dysmenorrhoja, amenorrhoea,
blenorrhoeas (including gonorrhoea, and leucorrhoea), chorea, epilepsy,
paralysis, after-pains, convulsions, dyspepsia, deliriuni-treniens, &c. My
course of concentrated herbal remedies, in which Coca is a principal
ingredient, will surely cure spermatorrhoea, seminal weakness, impotence,
sterility, and barrenness, and I now use it extensively for all disorders
arising from sexual debility. It never yet failed to meet my expectations,
— hundreds of such cases having been radically cured by its truly mi-
raculous medicinal properties.

COLOCYNTH (CucumisColocynthis.)

CoinMON Name. Bitter Cucumber.

Medicinal Part. The fruit divested
of its rind.
Description. — Colocynth
is an annual

and prostrate,
plant, with a whitish root,
angular, and hispid stems. The leaves
are alternate, cordate, ovate, many-lobed,
white with hairs beneath. Flowers yel-
low and solitary ;
petals small ; and friiit

globose, smooth, size of an orange, yel-

low when ripe, with a thin solid rind, and
a very bitterish flesh.
History. —
This plant is a native of the
south of Europe, Asia, and Africa. The
fruit assumes a yellow or orange color Colocynth.
externally during the autumn, at which
time it is pulled and dried quickly, either in the stove or svm. That?
which is deprived of its rind, very white, light spongy, and with-
out seeds, is the best article j all others are more or less inferior ia
72 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

quality. It contains, besides oils, resins, and gums, bassorin and the
sulphates of lime and magnesia. Colocynthin is its active principle.
Properties and Uses. — It is a powerful hydragogue cathartic, pro-
ducing copious watery evacuations. It should never be used alone, but
be combined with other cathartics. It may be used advantageously in
passive dropsy and cerebral derangements. In combination with hyos-
cyamus it loses its irritant properties, and may be so employed when-
ever its peculiar cathartic effects are desired. Hippocrates used colo-
cynth as a pessary to promote menstruation.
Dose. — Five to ten grains.

COLT'S FOOT (TussiLAGO Farfara).

Common Names. Cough Wort, FoaVs Foot, Horse Hoof, and BuWs
Foot.
Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. — Colt's foot has a long, perennial, creeping, fibrous rhi-
zome. The leaves are erect, cordate, sharply dentate, smooth green
above, and pure white and cottony beneath. They do not appear imtil
the flowers are withered, and are from five to eight inches long, and
like a colt's foot in shape. The flowers are large and bright yellow.
History. — This plant grows in Europe, the Crimea, Persia, Siberia,
and the East Indies, from the sea-shore to elevations of nearly eight
thousand feet. It also grows in the United States, in wet places, on the
sides of brooks, flowering in March and April. Its presence is a certain
indication of a clayey soil. The leaves are rather fragrant, and continue
so after having been carefully dried. The leaves are the parts used,
though all ports of the plant are active, and should always be employed,
especially the leaves, flowers, and root. The leaves should be collected
at about the period they have nearly reached their full size, the flowers
as soon as they commence opening, and the root immediately after the
maturity of the leaves. ^Vhen dried, all parts have a bitter, mucilagin-
ous taste, and yield their properties to water or diluted alcohol.
Pro2?erties and Uses. —
It is emollient, demulcent, and slightly tonic.
The decoction is usually administered in doses of from one to three or
four fluid ounces, and is highly serviceable in coughs, asthma, whooping-
cough, and other pulmonary complaints also useful in scrofula.
; The
powdered leaves form a good errhine for giddiness, headache, nasal ob-
structions, etc. It is also used externally in form of poultice in scrofu-
lous tumors.

COLUMBO (CoccuLUS palmatus).

Medicinal Part. The root.
Descrip)tion. — Columbo, so important in the present practice of medi-
cine, is a climbing plant, with a perennial sort which is quite thick and
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 73

brancMng-. The root is covered with a thin brown skin, marked with
transverse warts. The stems, of which one or two proceed from the
game root, are twining, simple in the male plant, branched in the female,
round, hairy, and about an inch or an inch and a half in circumference.
The leaves stand on rounded glandular-hairy footstalks,and are alter-
nate, distant, cordate,and have three, seven, or nine lobes and nerves.
The flowers are small and inconspicuous.
History — This plant inhabits the forests near the southeastern coast
of Africa, in the neighborhood of Mozambique, where the natives call
it Kalumh. The root is dug up in the dry season in the month of March,

and is cut in slices, strung on cords, and hung up to dry. The odor of
Columbo is slightly aromatic the taste bitter, and also mucilaginous.
;

The root is easily pulverized, but spoils by keeping after having been
reduced to a powder. It is best to powder it only as it is required for
use. The active principle of Columbo is called Columbm. The root also
yields Berherin^ an excellent stomachic, which is produced from the
Barberry.
Properties and Uses. —
It is one of the purest bitter tonics in the world,
and in dyspepsia, chronic diarrhoea, and dysentery, as well as in con-
valescence from febrile and inflammatory diseases, it can hardly be sur-
passed as a remedial agent. It is most useful in the remittent and
intermittent fevers of hot climates. It is used in many combinations,
according to indications.
Dose. —
Of the powder, ten to thirty grains of the ; infusion, one or
two ounces of the tincture, from one to two drachms.
;

COMFREY (Symphytum Officinale).

MEDicmAL Part. The root.
Description. — Comfrey has an oblong,
fleshy, perennial root, black on
the outside and whitish within, containing a glutinous or clammy, taste-
less juice, with divers very large, hairy, green leaves lying on the ground,
so hairy, or so prickly, that if they touch any tender parts of the hands,
face, or body, it will cause it to itch. The stalks are hoUowed and cor-
nered, very hairy, having leaves that grow below, but less and less up to
the top at the joints of the stalk it is divided into many branches, at
;

the ends of which stand many flowers, in order one above another, which
are somewhat long and hollow like the finger of a glove, of a pale,
whitish color ; after them come small black seeds. There is another sort
which bears flowers of a pale purple color, having similar medicinal pro-
perties.
History. —
Comfrey is a native of Europe, but naturalized in the United
States,growing on low grounds and moist places, and flowering all sum-
mer. The root is ofl&cinal and contains a large amount of mucilage,
which is readily extracted by water.
4
74s THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Properties and Uses. — The plant

is demulceni; and slightly astringent.

All mucilaginous agents exert an influence on mucous tissues, hence

the cure of many pulmonary and other affections in which these tissues
have been chiefly implicated, by their internal use. Physicians must
not expect a serous disease to yield to remedies which act on mucous
membranes only to determine the true value of a medicinal agent, thej'
;

must first ascertain the true character of the affection, as well as of the
tissues involved. Again, mucilaginous agents are always beneficial in
scrofulous and ansemic habits. Comfrey root is very useful in diarrhoea,
dysentery, coughs, hemoptysis or bleeding of the lungs, and other pul-
monary affections ;
also in leucorrhoea and female debility : all these be-
ing principally affections of mucous membranes.
It may be boiled in water, wine, or made into a syrup, and taken in
doses of from a wineglassful to a teacupful of the preparation, two or
three times a day.
Externally the fresh root, bruised, forms an excellent application to
bruises, ruptures, fresh wounds, sore breasts, ulcers, white swellings,
etc.

CUNDURANGO (Equatoria Garciana).

Medicinal Part. The bark of the vine.
Description. — Cundurango, or Condor Vine, a name derived from two
words, cundur and angu^ whose marvellous medicinal properties have late-
ly been made known to the world, and which is now so greatly interesting
the medical profession, is a climbing vine, resembling much in its habits
the grape vine of our forests. The vines are from three to five inches
diameter. They are quite flexible when fresh, but when dry very brit-
tle. The bark is externally of a greenish-gray color, and has numerous
small warty excrescences. The leaves are large, sometimes reaching
six inches in length by five in breadth, opposite, simple, entire, dentate,
cordate, and of a dark green color. The flowers are small, arranged in
complete umbels ;
stamens sepals five
five ;
and filaments
petals five ; ;

small. The and seeds numerous and dark brown.

fruit is a pair of pods,
It should be more properly called Cundurangu, as there is no o in the
language of the Incas.
History. —
This plant is a native of the Andes Mountains in South
America, especially the southern portion of Equador, and found most
plentifully in the mountains surrounding the city of Loja. It is gener-
ally found on the western exposure of the Andes, at an altitude of 4,000 or
5,000 feet. Its virtues were known to the Indians of the locality for a long
time. The tradition is that it was regarded by them as poisonous, and
that an Indian woman unintentionally cured her husband, who suffered
from a very painful cancer, giving him to drink bowlf uls of decoction of
Cundurango, beUeving and hoping it would prove fatal. It was intro-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 75

Cizced into medical practice by Dr. Eguiguren, brother of the Governor

of the province of Loja, both of whom are said to have cured many
cases of syphilis and cancerous ulcers by the use of it. The subject was
brought to the notice of our government by our minister at Quito. The
Department of once realizing the value of the discovery and the
State, at
intense interest with which our people would seek after information con-
cerning it, published a circular setting forth its great value as a remedy.
This action of the government at once inspired that confidence to which
the plant appeared to be entitled. It has been used by progressive phy-
sicians with apparent success, in cancerous and syphilitic affections, but
the results attained from its use so far, have not yet been such as to just-
ify the high expectations with which its discovery was announced, and
I am constrained to believe that it does not possess the virtues claimed
for it. insist that there are two varieties of the bark, the
The natives
amarillo, or yellow, and bianco, or white but upon inspection I find they
;

are the same, the difference in color depending upon the strong rays of
the sun. When freshly cut the vines give an abundance of milky,
viscous juice or sap, the odor of which is balsamic, and flavor decidedly
bitter and aromatic. It is sometimes used in the powdered form com-
bined with sugar and water, so as to form a thick syrup, but the fluid ex-
tract (when it can be obtained pure.) is a much more convenient form of
administering it. A great deal that is spurious is found in the market.
It is a singular coincidence that both Quinine and Cundurango are found
in the same region, and thrive only under the same climatic conditions.
—
Properties and Uses. Is highly recommended as a remedy for can-
cer, syphilis, ulcers, etc. Its discovers claim that in a short period, after
commencing use in cases of cancer that the typical symptoms subside,
its

the pain is diminished, the discharge thickens and becomes less offensive,
the tumor becomes softer, the deposits lessen, the expression improves,
and a cure is speedily effected, and that it has also diuretic and tonic
powers, and cures many nervous diseases. I have given this remedy com-
petent trials in cases of cancer and syphilis, and the results were not such
as to satisfy me.
Dose. —Of the powder, one to two drachms ; fluid extract, one drachm.
(Much that is spurious is sold in the market.)

COPAIBA (COPAIFERA OFFICmALIS).

Common Name. Balsam of Copaiba.
Medice^al Part. The oleo-resinous juice.
Description. — Copaiba
a tall and handsome tree, with many small,
is

crooked branches, and a grayish-brown bark. The leaves are large and
equally pinnated, leaflets in pairs of from two to five, petioles short.
The flowers are white; calyx four-parted; stamens, ten; fruit obo-
vate, two-valved, and one-seeded.
 76 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Mstory.— Thereare several species which furnish oil of copaiba,

all South America and West Indies.
natives of The juice is ob-
tained by deep incisions being made in the trunk during or following
the wet season the balsam (which, however, is not a balsam, as it con-
;

tains no benzoic acid) flows freely, being clear, transparent, and fluid,
l)ut becoming pale yellowish in time. The oil is unpleasant in smell
r^nd taste.
Properties and Uses. — In large doses Copaiba is an irritant, but in
proper doses it is stimulant, cathartic, and diuretic. It exerts a favor-
able influence on the mucous tissues of the system, diminishing exces-
sive secretions, and for this purpose it is chiefly employed. Taken
internally it gives warmth to the gastric region, and sometimes provokes
nausea and emesis. It is especiaUy useful in chronic mucous affections,
as gonorrhoea, bronchitis, diseases of the bladder, gleet, chronic catarrh,
diarrhoea, and dysentery, etc., etc. It was formerly regarded as a
specific for gonorrhoea, but has lost some of its prestige. Locally it is
an excellent appHcation to fistulas, chilblains, old ulcers, etc.
Dose. — From twenty to sixty drops in emulsion with yolk of egg and
mint or cinnamon water.

CRANBERRY (High).— (Viburnum Opulus.)

Medicinal Part. 7'he bark.
Description. —
It is a nearly smooth and upright shrub, or small tree,
usually from five to twelve feet in height, with several stems from the
same root branched above the leaves are three-lobed, three-veined,
;

broadly -wedged shape, and crenately toothed on the side. The flowers
are white, or reddish-white ;
the fruit ovoid, red, very acid, ripens late,
and remains upon the bush after the leaves have fallen. It resembles
the common cranberry, and is sometimes substituted for it.
History. —
It is indigenous to the northern part of the United States
and Canadas, being a handsome shrub, growing in low rich lands, woods,
and borders of fields, flowering in June, and presenting at this time a
very showy appearance. The flowers are succeeded by red and very
acid berries, resembling low cranberries, and which remain through the
winter. The bark is the ofiBcinal part, as met with in drug-stores.
It isfrequently put up by Shakers, when it is somewhat flattened from
pressure. It has no smell, but has a peculiar, not unpleasant, bitterish,
and astringent taste. It yields its properties to water or diluted alcohol.
Vihurnine is its active principle.
Properties and Uses. —It is a powerful antispasmodic, and hence gene-
rally known among American practitioners as Cramp Bark. It is very
effective in cramps and spasms of all kinds, as asthma, hysteria, cramps
of females during pregnancy, preventing the attacks entirely if used
daily for the last two or three months of gestation.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 77

The forms an excellent preparation for the relief of spas-

following-
modic attacks, take of Cramp bark, two ounces scull-cap, skunk
viz. : ;

cabbage, of each one ounce cloves, half an ounce; capsicum, two ;

drachms. Have all in powder, coarsely bruised, and add to them two
quarts of sherry or native wine. Dose of this, half a wineglassful two
or three times a day.
It mayhere be remarked that a poultice of the fruit of the Low Cran-
berry very efl&cacious in indolent and malig-nant ulcers, malignant
is

scarlet fever, applied to the throat in erysipelas, and other similar dis-
;

eases. Probably the High Cranberry will effect the same result.
Bose. —Of the decoction, or vinous tincture, one glassful two or thre«
times a day.

CRANESBILL (Geranium Maculatum).

Common Names. Dove's Foot, Crow Foot^ Alum Root, Spotted Gera-
nium, etc.

Medicinal Part. The root.

Description. —This plant has a perennial, horizontal, thick, roug-h, and
knotty root, with many small fibres. The stems are g-rayish-green,
erect, round, and a foot or two high. The leaves are spreading and
hairy, and the blossoms large, and generally purple, mostly in pairs.
The Dove's Foot, or Cranebill, which grows in England, is a different
plant, beaiing many small bright-red flowers of five leaves apiece, though
it possesses medicinal properties similar to the American varieties.

History. —Geranium isa native of the United States, growing in

nearly all parts of it, in low grounds, open woods, etc. blossoming from
,

April to June. The root is the officinal part. Its virtues are yielded to
water or alcohol. Oeranin is its active principle.
Properties and Uses. —It is a powerful astringent, used in the second
stage of dysentery, diarrhoea, and cholera infantum in infusion, with ;

milk. Both internally and externally it may be used wherever astrin-

gents are indicated, in hemorrhages, indolent ulcers, aphthous sore
mouth, ophthalmia, leucorrhoea, gleet, hematuria, monorrhagia, dia-
betes, and excessive chronic mucous discharges also to cure mercurial
;

salivation. Relaxation of the uvula may be benefited by gargling with

a decoction of the root, as well as aphthous ulceration of the mouth
and throat. From its freedom from any nauseous or unpleasant quali-
ties, it is well adapted to infants and persons with fastidious stomachs.

In cases of bleeding piles, a strong decoction of the root should be in-

jected into the rectum, and retained as long as possible. Troublesome
from the nose, wounds, or small vessels, and from
epistaxis, or bleeding
the extraction of teeth, may be checked effectually by applying the
powder to the bleeding orifice, and, if possible, covering with a com-
press of cotton. With Aletri's Farinosa ( Unicorn root) in decoction, and
78 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

taken internally, proved of superior efficacy in diabetes and in

it lias

Bright's disease of the kidneys. A mixture or solution of two parts of

hydrastin and one of geranin will be found of unrivalled efficacy in all
chronic mucous diseases, as in gleet, leucorrhoea, ophthalmia, gastric
affections, catarrh, and ulceration of the bladder, etc. A decoction of
two parts of geranium and one of sanguinaria {Bhodroot) forms an ex-
cellent injection for gleet and leucorrhoea.
Dose of geranium powder, from twenty to thirty grains of the de- ;

coction, a tablespoonful to a wineglassful.

CRAWLEY (CoRALLORHizA Odontorhiza).

Common Names. Dragon's Claw, Coral root, etc.

Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This is a singular; leafless plant, with coral-like root-
stocks. The root is a collection of small fleshy tubers ; the flowers,
from ten to twenty in number, are of a brownish-green color, and the
fruit a large oblong capsule.
History. —The plant is a native of the United States, growing about
the roots of trees, in rich woods, from Maine to Florida, flowering from
July to October. The entire plant is destitute of verdure. The root
only is used for medical purposes. It is small, dark brown, resembling
cloves, or a. hen's claws has a strong, nitrous smell, and a mucUagi-
;

nous, slightly bitter, astringent taste.

Properties and Uses. —
It is probably the most powerful, prompt, and
certain diaphoretic in the materia medica; but its scarcity and high
price prevents it from coming in general use. It is also sedative, and
promotes perspiration without producing any excitement in the system.
Its chief value is as a diaphoretic in fevers, especially in typhus, and
inflammatory diseases. It has proved effectual in acute erysipelas,
cramps, flatulency, pleurisy, and night-sweats; it relieves hectic fevei
without debilitating the patient. Its virtues are especially marked in
the low stages of fevers.
Combined with caulophyllin it forms an excellent agent in amenor-
rhoea and dysmenorrhoea, or scanty or painful menstruation, and is un-
surpassed in after-pains, suppression of lochia, and the febrile symptoms
which sometimes occur at the parturient period.
In fevers Crawley may be advantageously combined with leptandrin
or podophyllin, when it is found necessary to act upon the bowels or
liver and mixed with dioscorein it will be found almost a specific in
;

flatulent and bilious colic.

Dose. —
From twenty to thirty grains of the powdered root, given in
water as warm as the patient can drink, and repeated every hour or two,
 THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST. 79

according to circumstances. The powder should always be kept in well-

closed vials. It constitutes the fe'dev 'powders of some practitioners.

CROWFOOT (Ranunculus Bulbosus).

Medicinal Parts. The cormus and hefrh.

Description. — This plantnot to be confounded with the Oeranium

is

maculatum, which is also called Crowfoot. The cormus or root of thia

herb is a perennial, solid, fleshy, roundish, and depressed, sending out
radicles from its under sides. The root sends up annually erect hairy
stems, six to eighteen inches in height. The leaves are on long petioles,
dentate and hairy. Each stem supports several sohtary golden-yellow
flowers ; sepals, oblong and hairy petals, five, cordate stamens nu-
;
;

merous and hairy.

History. —
This plant is common in Europe and the United States,
growing in fields and pastures, and flowering in May, June, and July.
There a great many varieties, but all possess similar quahties, and des-
ignated by the general name of Butter-cup. When any part of these
plants is chewed, it occasions much pain, inflammation, excoriation of
the mouth, and much heat and pains in the stomach, if it be taken
internally.
Properties and Uses. — This
plant is too acrid to be used internally,
especially when WTien apphed externally it is powerfully rube-
fresh.
facient and epispastic. It is employed in its recent state in rheumatic
neuralgia and other diseases where vesication and counter-irritation
are indicated. Its action, however, is generally so violent that it is sel-
dom used. The beggars use it to produce and keep open sores to excite
sympathy. It has been used with success in obstinate cases of nursing
—
sore-mouth an infusion being made by adding two drachms of the
recent root, cut into small pieces, to one pint of hot water, when cold a
tablespoonful being given two or three times a day, and the mouth fre-
quently washed with a much stronger infusion.

CUBEBS (Piper Cubeba).

Medicinal Part. The berries.
Description. — This is a perermial plant, with a climbing stem, round
branches, about as thick as a goose- quill, ash-colored, and rooting at the
joints.The leaves are from four to six and a half inches long by one
and a half to two inches broad, ovate-oblong, acuminate, and very
smooth. Flowers arranged in spikes at the end of the branches fruit, ;

a berry rather longer than that of black pepper.

Histcn'y. —
Cubebs is a native of Java and other islands of the Indian
Ocean, growing in the forests without cultivation. The fruit is gathered
before fully ripe, and then dried. It affords a volatile oil, which is much
 80 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

used. Cubebs has a pleasant, aromatic odor, and a hot, bitter taste.
Gubebin the active principle.
is

—
Properties and Uses. It is mildly stimulant, expectorant, stomachic,
and carminative. It acts particularly on mucous tissues, and arrests
excessive discharges, especially from the urethra. It exercises an influ-
ence over the urinary apparatus, rendering the urine of deeper color.
It is successfully employed in gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhoea, chronic
bladder diseases, bronchial affections, and atony of the stomach and
bowels.
Dose. —
Of the powder, half a drachm to a drachm; tincture, two
fluid drachms oil, ten to thirty drops.
;

DAISY (Leucanthemum Vulgare).

Common Names. Ox-eye Daisy, White Weed.
Medicinal Parts. The leaves and flowers.
Description. — This is a perennial herb, having an erect, branching,
and furrowed stem, from one to two feet high. The leaves are few,
alternate, lanceolate -serrate, the lower ones petiolate ; the upper ones
small, subulate, and sessile.
History. — The was introduced into the United States from
plant
Europe, and is weed to farmers in nearly every sec-
a very troublesome
tion. It bears white flowers in June and July. The leaves are odorous
and somewhat acid the flowers are bitterish they impart their virtues
; ;

to water.
Properties and Uses. —It is tonic, diuretic, and anti-spasmodic, and, in
large doses, emetic. used as a tonic instead of Chamomile flowers,
It is
and is serviceable in whooping-cough, asthma, and nervous excitability.
Very beneficial externally and internally in leucorrhoea. Its internal
use is highly recommended in colliquative perspiration. Externally it

is a good application to wounds, ulcers, scald-head, and some other

cutaneous diseases. Dose of the decoction, from a wineglassful to a
teacupful, two or three times a day. The fresh leaves or flowers will
destroy or drive away fleas.

DANDELION (Leontodon Taraxacum).

Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. —Dandelion is a perennial, top-shaped herb, having a
very milky root. The leaves are all radical, shining green in color,'.
sessile, and pinnate. The scape or flower stem is longer than the
leaves, five or six inches in height, and bearing a single yellow flower.
The fruit is an achenium.
History. — This plant
is a native of Greece, but is now found growing

abundantly in Europe and the United States, in fields, gardens, and

along road-sides, flowering from April to November. The root only is
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 81

bhe officinal part, and should be collected when the plant is in flo^v^er»

Alcohol or boiling water extracts its properties. The young plant i&
frequently used as a salad or green, and possesses some slight narcotic
properties.
Properties and Uses. — The dried root possesses but little medicinal
\T.rtue ; but when fresh, a stomachic and tonic, with slightly diuretio
is

and aperient actions. It has long been supposed to exert an influence

upon the biliary organs, removing torpor and engorgement of the liver
as well as of the spleen ; it is also reputed beneficial in dropsies owing to
want of action of the abdominal organs, in uterine obstructions, chronic
diseases of the skin, etc. Its virtues, however, are much over-rated.

DEVIL'S BIT (Helonias Diocia).

CoMiviON Names. False Unicorn Boot, Drooping Star Wort, etc.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. —
This is an herbaceous perennial plant, with a largo
bulbous root, from which arises a very smooth angular stem one or two
feet in height. The cauline leaves are lanceolate, acute, and small
the radical leaves (or those springing from the root) are broader and
from four to eight inches in length. The flowers are small, very numer-
ous, greenish- white, disposed in long, terminal, nodding racemes, re-
sembling plumes. The fruit is a capsule.
History. —
This plant is indigenous to the United States, and is abun-
dant in some of the Western States, growing in woodlands, meadows,
and moist situations, and flowering in June and July.
—
Pr&perties and Uses. In large doses it is emetic, and when fresh, sia-
lagogue. In doses of ten or fifteen grains of the powdered root, repeated
three or four times a day, it has been found very beneficial in dyspepsia,
loss of appetite, and for the removal of worms. It is beneficial in coHc,
and in atony of the generative organs. It is invaluable in uterine dis-
eases, acting as a uterine tonic, and gradually removing abnormal con-
ditions, while at the same time it imparts tone and vigor to the repro-
ductive organs. Hence, it is much used in leucorrhoea, amenorrhoea,
dysmenorrhoea, and to remove the tendency to repeated and successive
miscarriage. The plant wiU kill cattle feeding on it, and the decoction,
insects, bugs, and lice.

Dose. — Of the powder, from twenty to forty grains ;

of the decootion,
from a wineglassful to a teacupful.
The Helonias Bullata, with purple flowers, and probably some othei
species possess similar medicinal virtues.

DOCK (RUMEX Crispus).

Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. —There are four varieties of Dock which may be used in
82 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

medicine the Rumcx Aquaticus (Great Water Dock) Rumex Britan-

:
;

nica (Water Dock) Rumex AhtusifoUus (Blunt-leaved Dock) ; and the

;

R. Crispus, or Yellow Dock. They all possess simi-

lar medicinal qualities, but the Yellow Dock is the
only one entitled to extensive consideration. It has
a deep, spindle-shaped yellow root, with a stem
two or three feet high. The leaves are lanceolate,
acute, and of a light green color. The flowers are
numerous, pale green, drooping, and interspersed
with leaves below. The fruit is a nut contracted at
each end.
History. —
The Docks are natives of Europe, ex-
cepting the blunt-leaved, which is indigenous, but
they have all been introduced into the United States.
Yellow Dock grows in cultivated grounds, waste
grounds, about rubbish, etc. , flowering in June and
July. The root has scarcely any odor, but an as-
tringent bitter taste, and yields its virtues to water
Dock. and alcohol.
Properties and CTses. —Yellow Dock is an altera-
tive, tonicand detergent, and eminently useful in scorbutic, cutaneous,
scrofulous, cancerous and syphilitic affections, leprosy, elephantiasis,
etc. For all impurities of the blood
it has no equal, especially if pro-

perly compounded with appropriate

adjutants and corrigents. The fresh
root bruised in cream, lard, or
butter, forms a good ointment for
various affections. This admirable
alterative is one of the ingredients
of my Blood Purifier isee page ^Ic),
in which it is associated with other
eminent alteratives, making the
compound worthy of the reputation
it has achieved.

DOGWOOD (CoRNus Florida).

Common Names. Boxwood.^
Flowering Comely Oreen Ozier.
Mediclnal Part. The bark.
Description. —
Dogwood is a small
Dogwood,

indigenous tree from twelve to thirty feet high, with. a very hard and
compact wood, and covered with a rough and brownish bark. The tree
is of slow growth. The leaves are opposite, smooth, ovate, acute, dark
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 83

green above, paler beneath. The flowers are very small, of a ^eenish
yellow color, and constitute the chief beauty of the tree when in bloom.
The fruit is an oval drupe of a glossy scarlet color, containing a nut with
two and two seeds.
cells
History. —
This tree grows in various parts of the United States it ;

flowers in April and May. The fruit matures in autumn. The wood is
used for many purposes. The bark yields its virtues to water and alco-
hol. The chemical qualities are tannic and gallic acids, resin, gum, oil,
wax, lignin, lime, potassa, and iron.
Properties and Uses. —
It is tonic, astringent, and slightly stimulant.
It is an excellent substitute for Peruvian bark, and may be used when
the foreign remedy is not to be obtained, or when it fails, or where it
cannot be administered. The bark should only be used in its dried state.
Cornine., its active principle, is much used as a substitute for quinine.
Dogwood, or gi-een ozier, exerts its best virtues in the shape of an
ointment. It is detergent in all inflammatory conditions, destructive to
morbid growths, and at variance with diseased nutrition. It stimulates
granulations, increases the reparative process, induces circulation of
healthy blood to the parts, removes effete matter, vitalizes the tissues,
and speedily removes pain from the diseased parts. It fulfils these
conditions in my great healing remedy, the "Herbal Ointment," see
page 472.
Dose. — Of the powder, twenty to sixty grains ; extract, five to ten
grains ; comine, from one to ten grains.

DRAGOX ROOT (Arum Triphyllum).

CoiiMON Names. Wake Bohin.^ Indian Turnip^ Jack in the Pulpit^ etc.
Medicinal Part. TJie cormiis or root.
Description. —
This plant has a roimd, flattened, perennial rhizome;
the upper part is tunicated like an onion. The leaves are generally one
or two, standing on long, sheathing footstalks leaflets oval, mostly
;

entire, acuminate, smooth, and paler on the under side.

History. —
It inhabits Xorth and South America, is found in wet loca-
tions, and flowers from May to Jime. The whole plant is acrid, but the
root is the only part employed. It is of various sizes, turnip-shaped,
dark and corrugated externally, and milk-white within, seldom exceed-
ing two and a half inches in diameter. \Mien first dug it is too fiercely
acrid for internal employment, as it will leave an impression upon the
tongue, lips, and fauces, like that of a severe scald, followed by inflam-
mation and tenderness, which, however, may be somewhat mollified by
milk. It exerts no such influence upon the external skin, except upon
long and continued application. The root loses its acrimony by age,
and should always be used when partially dried. In addition to its
acrid principle, it contains a large proportion of starch, with a portion
84 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

of ^m,albumen, and saccharine matter. When the acrid matter is

driven by heat, the root yields a pure, delicate, amylaceous matter,
off
resembling arrow-root, very white and nutritive.
Properties and Uses. —It is acrid, expectorant, and diaphoretic, used
in asthma, hooping'-cough, chronic bronchitis, chronicrheumatism, pains
in the chest, colic, low stages of typhus, and general debUity exter- ;

nally in scrofulous tumors, scald-head, and various skin diseases.

Dose. —
Of the grated root, in syrup or mucilage, ten grains, three or
four times a day.

ELDER (Sambucus Canadensis).

Medicinal Parts. The flowers and berries.
Description. — This is a common, well-known native Americaji plant,
from five to twelve feet high, with a shrubby stem, filled with a light
and porous pith, especially when young. The bark is rather scabrous
and cLaereous. The leaves are nearly bipinnate, antiposed. The flowers
are numerous, white, in very large level-topped, five-parted cymes, and
have a heavy odor. The European Elder, though larger than the Ameri-
can kind, is similar in its general characteristics and properties.
History. — It
an indigenous shrub, growing in all parts of the United
is

States, in low, damp

grounds, thickets, and waste places, flowering in
June and July, and maturing its berries in September and October.
The officinal parts are the flowers, the berries, and the inner bark.
Properties and Uses. —
In warm infusion the flowers are diaphoretic
and gently stimulant. In cold infusion they are diuretic, alterative,
and cooling, and may be used in all diseases requiring such action, as in
hepatic derangements of children, erysipelas, erysipelatous diseases, etc.
In infusion with Maiden-hair and Beech-drops, they will be found very
valuable in all erysipelatous diseases. The expressed juice of the berries.,
evaporated to the consistence of a syrup, is a valuable aperient and
alterative one ounce of it will purge. An infvision of the young leaf-
;

buds is likewise purgative, and sometimes acts with violence. The

flowers and expressed juice of the berries have been beneficially em-
ployed in scrofula, cutaneous diseases, syphilis, rheumatism, etc. The
inner green bark is cathartic an infusion of it in wine, or the expressed
;

juice, will purge moderately in doses from half a fluid ounce to a fluid
ounce. Large doses produce emesis or vomiting. In small doses it pro-
duces an efficacious deobstruent, promoting aU the fluid secretions, and
is much used in dropsy, especially that following scarlatina and other

febrile and exanthematous complaints, as well as in many chronic dis-

eases. Beaten up with lard or cream, it forms an excellent discutient
ointment, of much value in bums, scalds, and some cutaneous diseases.
The juice of the root in half -ounce doses, taken daily, acts as a hydra-
gogue cathartic, and stimulating diuretic, and will be found valuable in all
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 86

dropsical affections. The inuer bark of Elder is hydragogue and emetico-

cathartic. Has been successfully used in epilepsy, by taking it from
branches one or two years old, scraping off the gray outer bark, and
steeping two ounces of it ia five ounces of cold or hot water for forty-
eight hours. StraLn and give a wineglassful every fifteen minutes when
the fit is threatening the patient fasting. Resume it every six or eight
:

days.

ELECAMPANE (Inula Helenium).

Medicinal Part. The root.

Descnx)tion. —
This plant has a thick, top-shaped, aromatic, and pe-
rennial root, with a thick, leafy, round, solid stem, from four to six feet
high. The leaves are large, ovate, dark green above, downy and hoary
beneath, with a fleshy mid-rib. The flowers are of a bright yellow color,
and the fruit an achenium.
History. —Elecampane
is common ia Europe, and cultivated in the

United States. It grows in pastures and along road-sides, blossoming

from July to September. The root is the part used, and should be
gathered in the second year of its development, and during the faU
months. It yields its properties to water and alcohol, more especia'V
to the former.
Properties —
and Uses. It is aromatic, stimulant, tonic, emmenagogue,
diuretic, and diaphoretic. It is much used in chronic pulmonary affec-
tions, weakness of the digestive organs, hepatic torpor, dyspepsia, etc.
Dose. —
Of the powder, from one scruple to one drachm of the infu-;

/^ion, one to two fluid ounces.

ERGOT (Secale Cornutum).

Common Names. Spurred or Smut Bye.
Medicinal Part. The degenerated seeds.
Description.— Ergot is the name given to the fungoid, degenerated
leeds of the common rye, which is the result of a parasitic plant called
Oidium Abortifaciens.
History. —Ergot consists of grains, varying in length, of a violet-black
color ; odor fishy, peculiar, and nauseous. Their taste is not very marked,
but is disagreeable and slightly acrid. They should be gathered previous
to harvest.
Properties —
and Uses. Ergot has a remarkable effect upon the human
system, and when persisted in for a length of time as an article of food
manifests certain symptoms termed ergotism. Its chief use as a medicine
is to promote uterine contractions in slow, natural labors. It is also

useful in checking menorrhagia, uterine hemorrhages, and to expel

polypi. It is also employed in gonorrhoea, amenorrhoea, paraplegia,
paralysis of the bladder, fever and ague.
86 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

This is a valuable remedy to the obstetrician and midwife, but its use
should not be persisted in too long, as it often produces dangerous
symptoms.
Dose. —
Of the powder, five, ten, or fifteen grains ; fluid extract, thirty
drops.

ERYNGO (Ertngium Aquaticum).

Common Names. Buttonsnake Boot, Battlesnake's Master, etc.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Bescri'ption. — This indigenous, perennial herb has a simple stem from
one to five feet high. The a tuber; the leaves are one or two
root is

feet long, halfan inch to an inch wide, and taper-pointed. The flowers
are white or pale, and inconspicuous.
History. —
This plant is indigenous, growing in swamps and low, wet
lands from Virgiaia to Texas, especially on prairie lands, blossoming in
August. The root is the officinal part. Water or alcohol extracts its
properties.
Broperties and Uses. —
It is aphrodisiac, exciting venereal desires and
strengthening the procreative organs. It is also dmretic, stimulant,
diaphoretic, expectorant, and, in large doses, emetic. Very useful in
dropsy, nephritic and calculous affections, also in scrofula and syphilis.
It is valuable as a diaphoretic and expectorant in pulmonary affections.
It is agood substitute for Senega. The pulverized root, in doses of two
or three grains, is very effectual in hemorrhoids and prolapsus ani. Two
ounces of the pulverized root, added to one pint of good HoUand gin, is
effectual in obstinate cases of gonorrhoea and gleet, to be administered
in doses of one or two fluid drachms, three or four times a day. By
some practitioners the root is employed as a specific in gonorrhoea, gleet,
and leucorrhoea used internally in syrup, decoction, or tincture and
; —
the decoction applied locally by injection. Used externally and inter-
nally, it cures the bites of snakes and insects.
Dose. —Of the powder, from twenty to forty grains of the decoction, ;

which is principally used, from two to four fluid ounces, several times ^
day.

EYE-BRIGHT (Euphrasia Officinalis).

Medicinal Part. The leaves.

Description. —
This is an elegant little annual plant, with a square,
downy, leafy stem, from one to five inches in height. The leaves are
entirely opposite, ovate or cordate, and downy the flowers very abun-
;

dant, inodorous, with a brilliant variety of colors. The fruit is an ob-

long pod, filled with numerous seeds.
History. —
This plant is indigenous to Europe and America, bearing
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 87

ted or wliite flowers in July. The leaves are commonly employed

they are inodorous, but of a bitter, astringent taste. Water extracts
their virtues.
Properties and Virtues. — Slightly tonic and astringent. Useful in
form of infusion or poultice, in catarrhal ophthalmia ; also of service in
all mucous diseases attended with increased discharges ;
also, in cough,
hoarseness, ear-ache,and head-ache, which have supervened upon catar-
rhal affections. Four fluid ounces of the infusion taken every morning
upon an empty stomach, and also every night at bed-time, has been
found successful in helping epilepsy.

FERNS (FiLiCES).

Royal Flowering Fern. Osmunda Regalis.

Common Name. Buckhorn Brake.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This Fern has a hard, scaly, tuberous root, quite fibrous,
and a whitish core in the centre. The fronds are three or f^"^ feet
high, bright green, and doubly pinnate. The numerous leaflets are
sessile and oblong, some of the upper ones cut.
History. — This beautiful Fern is found in meadows, and low, moist
grounds, throughout the United States, blossoming in June. The main
root or caudex is the officinal part it is about two inches long, and has
;

the shape of a buck's horn. It contains an abundance of mucilage, which

is extracted by boiling water. The roots should be collected in August,
or about the latter part of May, and dried with great care, as they are
apt to become mouldy.
The Osmunda Cinnamomea., or cinnamon-colored Fern, is inferior to
the preceding, but is frequently used for the same medical purposes.
Properties and Uses. —
Mucilaginous, tonic, and styptic. Used ia
coughs, diarrhoea, and dysentery also used as a tonic during conva-
;

lescence from exhausting diseases. One root, infused in a pint of hot

water for half an hour, will convert the whole -into a thick jeUy, very
valuable in leucorrhoea and other female weaknesses. The mucilage
mixed with brandy is a popular remedy as an external application for
subluxations and debihty of the muscles of the back. For internal use
the roots may be iafused ia hot water, sweetened, and giager, ciunamon,
brandy, etc. , added, if not contra-tadicated.

FEMALE FERN (Polypodium Vulgare).

Common Names. Rock Polypod, Brake Root, Common Polypody.
Medicinal Parts. The root and tops.
Description. —
This perennial has a creeping, irregular, brown root.
The fronds are from six to twelve inches high, green, smooth, aud
S8 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

deeply pinnatificd. The fruit on the lower surface of the fronds ig in

large golden dots or capsules.
IItsto7'7/. — This fern is common on shady rocks in woods and moun-
tains throughout the United States. The root has a peculiar and rather
unpleasant odor, and somewhat sickening taste. Water extracts its
properties.
Properties and Uses. — This plant is pectoral, demulcent, purgative,
and anthelmintic. A decoction of syrup has been found very valuable
in pulmonary and hepatic diseases. A strong decoction is a good purga-
tive, and will expel tenia and other worms. Dose of the powdered
plant, from one to four drachms. Of the decoction or syrup, from one
to four fluid ounces, three or four times a day.

MALE FERN (Aspidium Filix Mas).

Medicinal Part. The rhizome.

Description. — Male Fern has a large, perennial, tufted, scaly rhizome,
Bending forth yearly several leaves, three or four feet high, erect, oval,
lanceolate, acute,
pinnate, bright
green, and leafy
nearly to the bot-
tom ;
their stalks
and midribs having
tough, brown, and
transparent scales
throughout. Leaf-
lets numerous,
crowded, oblong, ob-
tuse, and crenato
throughout.
Hi story. —
Male
Fern grows in all
parts of the United
States and Europe.
The root has a dark
brown epiderm, ia

Male Fern. almost inodorous,

and a nauseous sweet
taste. It oil, gum, resin, lignin, tannic acid,
contains a green fat
pectin, albumen, should be gathered from June to September.
etc. It
After gathering, it should be carefully prepared, as on the preparation
its virtues depend. It loses its virtues in two years if not properly
preserved.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 89

Properties and Uses. —

It is used for the expulsion of worms, especially
tape-worms. It was used as such by Pliny, Dioscorides, Theophrastus,
and Galen. It was the celebrated secret remedy of Madame NoufEer, the
widow of a Swiss surgeon, who sold her secret to Louis XVI. for 18,000
francs. It is, in fact, a royal anthelmintic, and worthy of all the high
commendations it has received from ages past up to the present time.
It is one of the ingredients of my " Male Fern Vermifuge." See page
474.

FEVERFEW (Pykethrum Paethenium).

Medictnal Part. The herb.

Description. — Feverfewis a perennial herbaceous plant, with a taper-

ing root, and an erect, round, and leafy stem about two feet high. The
leaves are alternate, petiolate, hoary green, with leaflets inclining to
ovate and dentate. The flowers are white and compound, and the fruit
a wingless, angular, and uniform achenium.
History. —The plant is a native of Europe, but common in the United
States found occasionally in a wild state, but generally cultivated in
;

gardens, and blossoms in June and July. It imparts its virtues to water,
but much better to alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, carminative, emmenagogue, vermi-
fuge, and stimulant. The warm infusion is an excellent remedy in
recent colds, flatulency, worms, irregular menstruation, hysteria, sup-
pression of urine, and in some febrile diseases. In hysteria or flatulency,
one teaspoonful of the compound spirits of lavender forms a valuable
addition to the dose of the infusion, which is from two to four fluid
ounces. The cold infusion or extract makes a valuable tonic. The
leaves, in poultice, are an excellent local application in severe pain or
swelling of the bowels, etc. Bees are said to dislike this plant very
much, and a handful of the flower-heads carried where they are \ytII
cause them to keep at a distance.

FIGWORT (Scrophularia Nodosa).

Medicinal Parts, The leaves and root.

Description. — Figwort has a perennial, whitish, and fibrous root, with
a leafy, erect, smooth stem from two to four feet high. The leaves
are opposite, ovate ; the upper lanceolate, acute, of deep green color,
and from three The flowers are small, and
to seven inches in length.
dark purple in color. The an ovate-oblon;g capsule.
fruit is
History. —This plant is a native of Europe, but is found growing in
different parts of the United States, in woods, hedges, damp copses,
and banks, blossoming from July to October. The plants known by
the names of Carpentefs Square, Heal All, Square Stalky etc. {S. Mart-
 90 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

landica and 8. Lanceolata)^ are allmere varieties of Figwort, possess-

ing- similar medicinal properties. The leaves and root are the officinal
parts, and yield their virtues to water or alcohol. The leaves have
an offensive odor, and a bitter, unpleasant taste the root is slightly
;

acrid.
Properties and Uses. —It is alterative, diuretic,and anodyne; highly
beneficial in hepatic or liver diseases, dropsy, and as a g-eneral deob-
struent to the glandular system when used in infusion or syrup. Ex-
ternally, in the form of fomentation or ointment, it is valuable in
bruises, inflammation of the mammge, ringworm, piles, painful swell-
ings, itch,and cutaneous eruptions of a vesicular character. The root,
in decoction and drunk freely, will restore the lochial dischaxge when
suppressed, and relieve the pains attending difficult menstruation. This
plant possesses many valuable and active medicinal properties.
Dose. —
Of the infusion or syrup, from a wineglassf ul to a teacupfuL

FIEEWEED (Erecthites Hieractifolius).

Medicinal Parts. The root and herb.
Description. — This
plant has an annual, herbaceous, thick, fleshy,
branching, and roughish stem, from one to five feet high. The leaves
are simple, alternate, large, lanceolate or oblong, acute, deeply dentate,
sessile, and light green. The flowers are whitish, and the fruit an
achenium, oblong and hairy.
History. —
This indigenous rank weed grows in fields throughout the
United States, in moist woods, in recent clearings, and is especially
abundant in such as have been burned over. It flowers from July to
October, and somewhat resembles the Sowthistle. The whole plant
yields its virtues to water or alcohol. It has a peculiar, aromatic, and
somewhat fetid odor, and a slightly pungent, bitter, and disagreeable
taste.
Properties —
and Uses. It is emetic, cathartic, tonic, astringent, and
alterative. The latter three qualities are the most valuable. It isan
unrivaUed medicine in diseases of the mucous tissues. The spirituous
extract which I use in my practice is most excellent in cholera and
dysentery, promptly arresting the discharges, relieving the pain, and
effecting a speedy cure. It is invariably successful in summer com-
plaints of children, even in cases where other means have failed.

FROST-WEED (Helianthkmum Canadense).

Common Names. Rock Pose, Frost Plant, etc.

Medicinal Part. The herb.
Description. —
Rock Rose is a pereanial herb, with a simple, ascending
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 91

downy stem, about a foot high. The leaves are alternate, from one hal:
to one inches long, about one-fourth as wide;
oblong, acute, lanceolate, erect, and entire. The
flowers are large and bright yellow, some with
petals, and some without petals. The flowers
open in sunshine and cast their petals next day.
History. — It is indigenous to all parts of the
United States, growing in dry, sandy soils, and
blossoming from May to July. The leaves and
stems are covered with a white down, hence its
aame. The whole plant is officinal, having a bit-
terish, astringent, slightly aromatic taste, and
yields its properties to hot water. Prof. Eaton,
in hiswork on botany, records this curious fact of
the plant "In November and December of 1810
:

I saw hundreds of these plants sending out broad,

thin,curved ice crystals, about an inch in breadth
from near the roots. These were melted away by
day, and renewed every morning for more than
twenty-five days in succession." Rock Rose.
Properties and Uses. — This plant has long
been
used as a valuable remedy for scrofula, in which disease it performs some
astonishing cures. It is used in form of decoction, synip, or fluid extract,
but had better be used in combination with other remedies. In combi-
nation vrith Gorydalis Fm^mosa and 8tillingia it forms a most valuable re-
medy. It is tonic and astringent, as well as antiscrof ulcus. It can be used
with advantage in diarrhoea, as a gargle in scarlatina and aphthous ulcer-
ations, and as a wash in scrofulous ophthalmia. Externally, a poultice of
the leaves is applied to scrofulous tumors and ulcers. An oil has been
procured from the plant which is said to be highly valuable in cancerous
affections.
The Helianthemum Coryrnbosum., or Frost-weed, growing in the pine
barrens and sterile lands of the Southern and ]VIiddle States, possesses
similar qualities, and may be employed if the former frost-weed is not
to be had. This excellent alterative is a constituent of that happy com-
bination of alteratives composing my "Blood Purifier," see page 473_

FUMITORY (FuMARiA Officinalis).

Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. —
Fumitory is an annual, glaucous plant, with a sub-erect,
much branched, spreading, leafy and angular stem, growing from ten to
fifteen inches high. The leaves are mostly alternate. Culpepper, who
knew the plant which is now used, better than anybody else, said that
" at the top of the branches stand many small flowers, as it were in a long
92 THE complete' herbalist.

epike one above another, made like little birds, of a reddish purple
color, with whitish which come small round husks, contain-
bellies, after
ing small black seeds. The root is small, yellow, and not very long, and
full of juice when it is young." The fruit, or nut, is ovoid or globose,
one-seeded or valveless. The seeds are crestless.
History. — Fumitory found growing in cultivated soils in Europe
is

and America, and flowers in May, June, and July. The leaves are the
parts used. Culpepper recommended the whole plant, but the modem
decision is to use the leaves, gathered at the proper times, alone. They
have no odor, but taste bitter under all circumstances. They are to be
used when fresh, and possess the same qualities as Culpepper affixes to
the fresh root, viz. malate of lime and bitter extractive principles.
:

Properties and —Its virtues are chiefly tonic, and those who suf-
Uses.
fer from diseases of the stomach know too well that a tonic, if properly
defined, is, simple as it may be, one of the most important remedies
for human ailments nature has provided. Its chief value is found
in its action upon the liver. It is used, in combination, with excel-
lent effect in cutaneous diseases, liver complaints, such as jaundice,
costiveness, scurvy, and in debility of the stomach. An infusion of the
leaves is usually given in a wineglass (full) every four hours. The flow-
ers and tops have been applied, macerated in wine, to dyspepsia, with
partial good effect.

GAMBIR PLANT (Uncaria Gambir).

Medicinal Part. Extract of the leaves and young shoots.
Description. —
Gambir is a stout climbing shrub with round branches.
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, acute, smooth, and have short petioles. Flow-
ers in loose heads, green and pink calyx short, corolla funnel-shaped
;
;

stamens five, and the fruit a two-ceUed capsule.

History. —
It is an inhabitant of the East Indian Archipelago, where ii
is extensively cultivated. On the island of .Bingtang alone there are
60,000 Gambir plantations. It affords what is known as pale catechu.
It is chieflyimported from Singapore. It is found in cubes which float
on water, externally brown, internally pale brick red, breaking easily.
Taste bitter, very astringent, and mucilaginous. Boiling water almost
completely dissolves it. It is used in the arts for tanning.
Properties and Uses. —
It is employed as an astringent. In various
affections of the mouth it is an efficacious astringent. It is also excel-
lent as a stomachic in dyspeptic complaints, especially when accom-
panied with pyrosis. It should be used just before taking food. It is
an excellent astringent in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery.
Dose. — From ten to forty grains.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 93

GELSEMIN (Gelseminum Sempervirens).

Common Names. Telloic Jessamine^ Woodbine, Wild Jessamine.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This plant has a twining, smooth, glabrous stem, with
opposite, perennial, entire leaves, which are dark green
lanceolate,
above and pale beneath. The flowers are yellow, and have an agreeable
odor. Calyx is very small, viith five sepals, corolla funnel-shaped, sta-
mens five, pistils two, and the fruit a two-celled capsule.
History. —Yellow jessamine abounds throughout the Southern States,
growing luxuriantly, and climbing from tree to tree, forming an agree-
able shade. It is cultivated as an Ornamental vine, and flowers from
March to May. The root yields its virtues to water and alcohol. Gelse-
min is its active principle. It also contains a fixed oil, acrid resin, yel-
low coloring matter, a heavy volatile oil, a crystalline substance, and
Baits of potassa, lime,magnesia, iron, and silica.
Properties and —
It is an unrivalled febrifuge, possessing relaxing
Uses.
and antispasmodic properties. It is efficacious in nervous and bilious
headache, colds, pneumonia, hemorrhages, leucorrhoea, ague-cake, but
especially in all kinds of fevers, quieting all nervous irritability and
excitement, equalizing the circulation, promoting perspiration, and rec-
tifying the various secretions, without causing nausea, vomiting, and
purging, and adapted to any stage of the disease. It may follow any
is

preceding treatment with safety. Its effects are clouded vision, double-
sightedness, or even complete prostration, and inability to open the
eyes. These, however, pass completely off in a few hours, leaving the
patient refreshed, and completely restored. When the effects are in-
duced no more of the remedy
is required. It is also of great
service in various cardiac dis-
eases, spermatorrhoea, and other
genital diseases its use
; but
should be confined entirely to
the advice of the physician.
Dose. — The tincture is the
form which it is employed.
in
The dose is from ten to fifty
drops in a wineglass half full
of water to be repeated every
;

two hours, as long as required.

GENTIAN (Gentiana Lutea).

Gtentian.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This plant has a long, thick, cylindrical, wrinkled,
ringed, forked, perennial root, brown externally, and yeUow within,
94 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

with a Btem tliree or four feet high, hollow, stout, and erect ; leaves
ovate-oblong, five- veined, pale, bright green ;
the blossoms are large, of
a bright yellow, in many-flowered whorls and the fruit is a capsule,
;

stalked, oblong,and two-valved.

History. —
This plant is common in Central and Southern Europe, es-
pecially on the Pyrenees and Alps, being found from 3,000 to 5,000 feet
above the level of the sea. The root affords the medicinal portion, and
is brought to America chiefly from Havre and Marseilles. It has a
feeble aromatic odor, and a taste at first faintly sweetish, and then
purely, intensely, and permanently bitter. It imparts its virtues readily
to cold or hot water, alcohol, wine, spirits, or sulphuric ether.
Properties and Uses. —
Is a powerful tonic, improves the appetite,
strengthens digestion, gives force to the circulation, and slightly elevates
the heat of the body. Very useful ia debUity, exhaustion, dyspepsia,
gout, amenorrhoea, hysteria, scrofula, iatermittents, worms, and di-
arrhoea.
Dose. — Of the powder, ten to thirty grains ;
of the extract, one to ten
grains ; of the infusion, a tablespoonful to a wineglassful ; of the tinc-
ture, one or two teaspoonfuls.
Uncrystallized gentianin is a most valuable substitute for quinia,
acting as readily and efiicaciously on the spleen, in doses of from fifteen
to thirty grains, twice a day.
Gentiana Catesbei, or the Blue., or American Gentian, has a
perennial, branching, somewhat fleshy root, with a simple, erect, rough
stem, eight or ten inches in height, and bears large blue flowers. It
grows in the grassy swamps and meadows of North and South Carolina,
blossoming from September to December. The root is little inferior to
the foreign gentian, and may be used as a substitute for it in all cases,
in the same doses and preparations.
Gentiana Quinqueplora, or Five -flowered Gentian.^ sometimes
called Gall-weed, on account of its intense bitterness, is very useful in
headache, liver complaint, jaundice, etc. The plant is found from
Vermont to Pennsylvania, and a variety of it is common throughout
the Western States. It grows in woods and pastures, and flowers in
September and October. It may be regarded as a valuable tonic and
cholagogue, and deserves further investigation of its therapeutic pro-
perties.
There is another kind of gentian {Gentiana Ochroleuca).^ known by
the names of Marsh Gentian, Yellowish-white Gentian, Straw-colored
Gentian, and Sampson Snake-weed. It has a stout, smoothish, ascend-
ing stem, one or two inches in height, its leaves two to four inches long,
and three-fourths to an inch and a half in wadth, with straw-colored
flowers two inches long by three-quarters thick, disposed in a dense,
terminal cyme, and often in axillary cymes. It is found in Canada
 THE COMrLETE HERBALIST. 95

and the Southern and Western States, though rarely in the latter, blos-
soming in September and October the root is the officinal part, although
;

the tops are often employed. They are bitter, tonic, anthelmintic, and
astringent. Used in dyspepsia, intermittents, dysentery, and all diseases
of periodicity.
To two ounces of the tops and roots pour on a pint and a half of boil-
ing water, and when nearly cold add a half -pint of brandy. Dose, from
one to three tablespoonfuls every half -hour, gradually increasing as the
stomach can bear it, lengthening the intervals between the doses. It is
also used for bites of snakes, etc.

GILLENIA (GiLLENiA Trifoliata).

Common Name. Indian Physic.
Medicestal Part. The hark of the root.
Descri'ption. — Gilleniaan indigenous, perennial herb, with an irre-
is

gular, brownish, somewhat tuberous root, having many long, knotted,

stringy fibres. The several stems are from the same root, about two or
three feet high, erect, slender, smooth, and of a reddish or brownish
color. The leaves are alternate, subsessile leaflets lanceolate, acumi- ;

nate, sharply dentated flowers are white, with a reddish tinge

; and ;

the fruit a two-valved, one-celled capsule. Seeds are oblong, brown,

and bitter.
History. —
This species is found scattered over the United States from
Canada to Florida, on the eastern side of the Alleghanies, occurring in
open hilly woods, in light gravelly soU. The period of flowering is in
May, and the fruit is matured in August, The root yields its virtues to
boiling water and alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — It is emetic, cathartic, diaphoretic, expectorant,
and tonic. It resembles ipecac in action.
It is useful in amenorrhoea,
rheumatism, dropsy, costiveness, dyspepsia, worms, and intermittent
fever. It may be used in all fevers where emetics are required.
—
Dose. As an emetic, twenty to thirty-five grains of the powder, as
often as required as a tonic, two to four grains as a diaphoretic, six
; ;

grains in cold water, and repeated at intervals of two or three hours,

GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM.
Common Name. Cotton.
Medicestal Part. The inner hark of the root.
Description. — Cottona biennial or triennial herb, with a fusiform
is

root, with a round pubescent branching stem about five feet high. The
leaves are hoary, palmate, with five sub-lanceolate, rather acute lobes ;

flowers are yellow calyx cup-shaped, petals five, deciduous, with a

;

purple spot near the base stigmas, three or five

; and the fruit a three ;

or five-celled capsule, with three or five seeds involved in cotton.

96 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

History. — It is a native of Asia ; but is cultivated extensively in many

parts of the world, and in the Southern portions of America more suc-
cessfully than anywhere else. The inner bark of the recent root is the
part chiefly used in medicine, lis active principle, which is that admin-
istered by all educated herbal physicians, is called Oossyjjiin.
Projiertics and Uses. — The preparation Gossypiin is most excellent for
diseases of the utero-genital organs. In these diseases it evinces its sole
and only virtues, and it ought, on every occasion where it can be pro-
cured in its purity, to be used in the stead of ergot, or smut rye, in
cases of difficult labor. The latter will produce uterine inflammation,
and puerperal fever, while gossypiin will achieve the beneficial effects
for which ergot is usually administered, and leave the system perfectly
free from any prejudicial after-results. The active principle of fresh cot-
ton root forms a most wonderful uterine tonic, ard, if correctly prepared,
will be found invaluable in sterility, vaginitis, whites, menstrual irregu-
larities, green sickness, etc. I do not recommend the use of the decoc-
tion of the root by inexperienced persons. The seeds are said to possesi
superior anti-periodic properties.

GLOBE FLOWER (Cephalanthus Occidentalis).

Common Names. Button Biis\ Pond Dogwood., etc.

Medicinal Part. — TJie bark.

Description. — This is a handsome shrub, growing from six to twelve
or more feet high, with a rough bark on the stem, but smooth on the
branches. The leaves are opposite, oval, acuminate, in whorls of three,
from three to five inches long by two to three wide. The flowers are
white, and resemble those of the sycamore, and the fruit a hard and drj
capsule.
History. — This plant is indigenous, and found in damp places, along
the margins of rivers, ponds, etc., flowering from June to September.
The bark is very bitter, and yields its virtues to water and alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — Tonic, febrifuge, aperient, and diuretic. It is
used with much success in intermittent and remittent fevers. The inner
bark of the root forms an agreeable bitter, and is employed in cougha and
gravel. It deserves more notice than it receives, for my experience with
it teaches me that it is a valuable medicinal plant.

GOLDEN SEAL (Hydrastis Canadensis).

Common Names. Yellow Puccoon, Ground Baspherry, Tv/rmerie
Boot, etc.

Medicinal Part. The root.

Hescnption. — This
indigenous plant has a perennial root or rhizome,
which is tortuous, knotty, creeping, internally of a bright yellow color,
with long fibres. The stem is erect, einiple, herbaceous, rounded, from
 THE COMPLETE HF.IBALIST. 97

six to twelve inclies high, bearing two unequal terminal leaves. The
two leaves are from three to five lobes, hairy,
alternate, palmate, having
dark-green, cordate at base, from four to nine inches wide when full
grown. The flower is a solitary one, small, white or rose-colored, aud
the fruit resembles a raspberry, is red, and consists of many two-seeded
dJTipes.
History. —
Golden seal is found growong in shady woods, in rich soils,
and damp meadows in different parts of the United States and Canada,
but is more abundant west of the Alleghanies. It flowers in May and
June. The root is the officinal part. Its virtues are imparted to water
cr alcohol. The root is of a beautiful yel-
low color, and when fresh is juicy, and used
by the Indians to color their clothing, etc.
Propertiea and Uses. — The root
a pow- is

erful tonic, at the same time exerting an

especial influence upon the mucous surfaces
and tissues, -with which it comes in contact.
Internally, it is successfully administered in
dyspepsia, chronic affections of the mucous
coats of the stomach, erysipelas ; remittent,
intermittent, and typhoid fevers torpor of ;

the liver, and wherever tonics are reauired.

In some instances it ptoveg laitatlve, out
without any astringency, and seems to rank
in therapeutical action between rhubarb and
blood-root.
A strong decoction of two parts of Golden
Seal and one part of Geranium or Cranebill,
Golden Seal.
is very valuable in gleet, chronic gonorrhoea,
and leucorrhoea, used in injection. It is likewise of much benefit in m-
cipient stricture., spermatorrhea., and inflammation and ulceration of the
internal coat of the bladder. Ulceration of the internal coat of the
bladder may be cured by the decoction of Golden Seal alone. It must
be injected into the bladder, and held there as long as the patient can
conveniently retain it. To be repeated three or four times a day, im-
mediately after emptying the bladder.
Dose. —
Of the powder, from ten to thirty grains ; of the tincture, from,
one to two fluid drachms.

GOLD THREAD (Coptis Trifolia).

Common Name. Mouth-root.
^Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This plant has a small, creeping, perennial root, of a
bright yellow color ; the stems are round, slender, and at the base are
5 a
98 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

invested with ovate, acuminate, yellowish scales. The leaves are ever-
green, on long, slender petioles
; leaflets roundish, acute at base, small

and smooth, and veiny and sessile. The flower is a small starry white
one, and the fruit an oblong capsule, containing many small black
seeds.
History. —Goldthread
is found growing in dark swamps and sphagnoua

woods northern parts of the United States, and in Canada,

in the
Greenland, Iceland, and Siberia. It flowers early in the spring to July.
The root is the medicinal part, and autumn is the season for coUect-
ing it.

Properties and Uses. — It

a pure and powerful bitter tonic, some-
is

what like quassia, gentian,and columbo, without any astringency. It

may be beneficially used in all cases where a bitter tonic is required, and
is decidedly efficacious as a wash or gargle, when a decoction, in various

ulcerations of the mouth. In dyspepsia, and in chronic inflammation

of the stomach, equal parts of goldthread and golden seal, made into
a decoction, with elixir vitriol added in proper quantity, will not only
prove effectual, but in many instances will permanently destroy the
appetite for alcoholic beverages.
J)ose. —
Of the powder or tincture, from half a drachm to a drachm
of the decoction, the dose from one wineglassful to a teacupful. The
is

tincture, made by adding an ounce of the powdered root to a pint of

diluted alcohol, is preferable to the powder. The dose is from twenty
drops to a teaspoonful, three times a day.

GUAIAC (GuAiACUM OppicmALE).

Common Name. Lignum Vitce.
Medicinal Parts. The wood and resin.
Description. — This isa tree of slow growth, attaining a height of from
thirty to forty feet ; stem commonly crooked bark furrowed wood
; ;

very hard, heavy, the fibres crossing each other diagonally. Leaves
bijugate leaflets obovate or oval, obtuse, and evergreen.
;
Flowers light
blue, and the fruit an obcordate capsule.
History. —
This tree is an inhabitant of the West Indian Islands, and
on the neighboring part of the continent. The wood
is used by turners

formaking block-sheaves, pestles, etc. , and

very hard and durable.
is

Both the wood and resin are used in medicine. Alcohol is the best
solvent.
Properties and Uses. — The wood or resin, taken internally, commonly
excites a warmth in the stomach, a dryness of mouth, or thirst. It is
an acrid stimulant, and increases the heat of the body and accelerates
the circulation. If the body be kept warm while using the decoction, it
is diaphoretic ; if cool, it is diuretic.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 99

It is used in chronic rheumatism, cutaneous diseases, scrofula, and

syphilitic diseases.
Dose. — Decoction of the wood, two to four ounces ;
of powdered resin,

five to twenty grains ;

tincture, one to four fluid drachms,

HAZEL (Witch) (Hamamelis Virginica).

Common Names. Winterhloom^ Snafuing -hazelnut^ Spotteci Alder.
Medicinal Parts. The bark and leaves.
Description. — This indigenous shrub consists of several crooked,
branching stems, from the same root, from four to six inches in diame-
ter and ten to twelve feet high, covered with a smooth gray bark. The
leaves are on short petioles, alternate, oval or obovate flowers yellow ;

calyx small, jjetals four, and the fruit a nut-like capsule or pod.
History. —
It grows in damp woods, in nearly all parts of the United
States, flowering from September to November, when the leaves are
falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer. The barks and leaves
are the parts used in medicine. They possess a degree of fragrance,
and when chewed are at first somewhat bitter, very sensibly astringent,
and then leave a pungent sweetish taste, which remains for a considera-
ble time. Water extracts their virtues. The shoots are used as divining
rods to discover water and metals under ground by certain adepts in
the occult arts.
Properties and Uses. —It is tonic, astringent, and sedative. A decoc-
tion of the bark is very useful in hemoptysis, hematemesis, and
other hemorrhages or bleedings, as well as in diarrhoea, dysentery,
and excessive mucous discharges. It is employed with great advantage
in incipient phthisis or consumption, in which it is supposed to unite
anodyne influences with its others.

The Indians use it in the form of poultice, in external inflammations,

swellings, and tumors of a painful character.

all

The decoction may be advantageously used as a wash or injection

for sore mouth, painful tumors, external inflammations, bowol com-
plaints, prolapsus ani and uteri, leucorrhoea, gleet, and ophthalmia.
An Ointment made with lard, and a decoction of white-oak bark,
apple-tree bark, and witch-hazel, is a very valuable remedy for hemor-
rhoids or piles.
The following forms a useful preparation Take equal parts of witch-
:

hazel bark, golden seal,and lobelia leaves, the two first made into a
strong decoction, after which add the lobelia to the hot liquid, and
cover ;when cold, strain. This decoction, as a collyrium, wiU fre-
quently and speedily cure the most obstinate and long-standing cases of
ophthalmia.
Doi^e of the witch-hazel decoction alone, from a wineglassful to a tea-
cupful, three or four times a day.
100 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

HELLEBOEE (American) (Veratrum Viride).

Common Names. Swamp Hellebore, Indian Poke, Itch-weed.
Medicinal Part. The rhizome.
Description. —
TMs plant has a perennial, tliick, and flesliy rhizome,
ttmicated at the upper part, sending off a multitude of large whitish
roots. The stem is from three to five feet high lower leaves from six
;

inches to a foot long, oval, acuminate upper leaves;

gradually narrower, linear, lanceolate, and all alter-

nate. The flowers are numerous and green, part
of them barren.
History.—kmexicsoa. Hellebore is native to the
United States, growing in swamps, low grounds,
and moist meadows, blossoming in June and July.
The roots should be gathered in autumn, and as it
rapidly loses its virtues, it should be gathered an-
nually and kept in well-closed vessels. When
fresh, it has a very strong, unpleasant odor, but
when dried is inodorous. It has a sweetish-bitter
taste, succeeded by a persistent acridity.
Properties and Uses. —It has many very valua-
ble properties. It is slightly acrid, confining this
action to the mouth and fauces. It is unsurpassed
by any an expectorant. As a diaphoretic,
article as
it is one of the most certain of the whole materia

medica, often exciting great coolness and coldness

of the surface. In suitable doses it can be relied
Hellebore. upon to bring the pulse down from a hundred and
fifty beats in a minute to forty, or even to thirty.
Sometimes it renders the skin merely soft and moist, and at others
produces free and abundant perspiration. In fevers, in some diseases
of the heart, acute rheumatism, and in many other conditions which in-
volve an excited state of the circulation, it is of exceeding great value.
As a deobstruent or alterative, it far surpasses iodine, and therefore
used with great advantage in the treatment of cancer, scrofula, and con-
sumption. It is nervine, and never narcotic, which property renders
it of great value in all painful diseases, or such as are accompanied

with spasmodic action, convulsions, morbid irritability and irritative

mobility, as in chorea, epilepsy or fits, pneumonia, puerperal fever,
neuralgia, etc., producing these effects without stupefying and torpify-
ing the system, as opium is known to do. As an emetic, it is slow, but
certain and efficient, rousing the liver to action, and vomits without
occasioning prostration or exhaustion like other emetics, being the
more valuable in not being cathartic. It is peculiarly adapted as an
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 101

emetic in whooping-coug-h, croup, asthma, scarlet fever, and in all cases

where there is much febrile or inflammatory action. As an arterial
sedative it stands unparalleled and unequalled, while in small doses it
creates and promotes appetite beyond any agent known to medical men.
It has recently come into use, and may be justly regarded as one of
the most valuable contributions to the list of medicines in a hundred
years.
Dose. —^Veratrum is usually given in the form of a tincture, the for-
mula being of the dried root, eight ounces to sixteen ounces diluted
.835 alcohol, macerating for two weeks, then to be expressed and fil-

tered. To an adult
eight drops are given, which should be repeated
every three hours, increasing the dose one or two drops every time
Tmtil nausea or vomiting, or reduction of the pulse to sixty -five or sev-
enty, ensue, then reduce to one-half in all cases. Females and persona
from fourteen to eighteen should commence with six drops and increase
as above. For children, from two to five years, begin, with two drops,
and increase one drop only. Below two years of age, one drop is suf-
ficient. If taken in so large a dose as
to produce vomiting or too much de-
pression, a full dose of morphine or
opium, in a little brandy or ginger, is
a complete antidote. In pneumonia,
typhoid fever, and many other diseases,
it must be continued from three to
seven days after the symptoms have
subsided. In typhoid fever, while
using the veratrum, quinia is absolutely
inadmissible. It is administered in a
little sweetened water, and its employ-

ment in moderate doses, or short of

nausea, may be continued indefinitely
without the least inconvenience.
The Helleborus Niger, Black Hel-
lebore.,inhabiting the subalpine and
southern parts of Europe, was formerly
much used in palsy, insanity, apoplexy, Helleborus Niger.
dropsy, epUepsy, etc. but is now more
,

or less discarded. It has diuretic and emmenagogue properties, but

as it is very toxical in effects, its use is not to be advised in domestic
practice.

HENBANE (Hyoscyamus Niger).

Medicinal Parts. The leaves and seeds.
Description. —
Henbane is a biennial plant. It has a long, thick, spin-
dle-shaped, corrugated root, which is of a brown color externally, but
102 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

whitish internally. The stem sometimes reaches the height of twci

feet, but often stops at an altitude of six inches. The leaves are large,
oblong, acute, alternate, and of a pale, dull green color. They have
long, glandular hairs upon the midrib. The flowers are funnel-shaped,
of a dull yellow color, with purple veins and orifice. The seeds are
many, small, obovate, and brownish.
History. —Henbane is original with Europe, but has been naturalized
in America. It grows in waste grounds, and flowers from July to Sep-
tember. The leaves and seeds are the parts medicinally used. The
leaves are collected in the second year, when the plant is in flower the ;

seeds are gathered when perfectly ripe. It grows more plentifully than
elsewhere in America, in the waste grounds of old settlements, in grave-
yards, and around the foundations of ruined houses. Bruise the recent
leaves, and they emit a strong narcotic odor, like tobacco. Dry them,
and they have little smell or taste. Their virtues are completely ex-
tracted by diluted alcohol. The active principle of Henbane is called
Hyosdamia^ but the recognized preparations are
all now known by the
general name of Ilyoscyamus.
Properties and Uses. —Henbane is a powerful narcotic, but, unless im-
properly and injudiciously used, it is not "dangerously" poisonous, as
we learn from King. All narcotics are
'
' dangerously " poisonous if dan-
gerously administered. Nature grows wild her most potent medicinal
herbs, and those which, if used by persons who understand them, are
curative of the very worst afllictions of the human race, are also de-
structive to a small extent if applied and administered by parties who
have not thoroughly studied their properties. Medicinally used. Hen-
bane is calmative, hypnotic, anodyne, and antispasmodic. It is much
better than opium, as it does not produce constipation. It is always
given, where opium does not agree, with the very best effects. I use it
principally to cause sleep, and remove irregular nervous action. Com-
bined with other preparations mentioned in many parts of this volume,
it is most excellent for gout, rheumatism, asthma, chronic cough, neu-

ralgia, irritations of the urinary organs, etc. The leaves make fine ex-
ternal preparations for glandular swellings or ulcers, etc. I instruct my
patients never to use it, under any circumstances, without the advice of
a good herbal physician.

HOARHOUND (Marrubium Vulgare).

Medicinal Part. The herb.
Description. —
This weU-known herb has a fibrous, perennial root and
numerous annual, bushy stems, leafy, and branching from the bottom
to one or two feet in height. The leaves are roundish-ovate, rough and
veiny above, woolly on the under surface, one or two inches in diam-
eter the flowers small and white.
;
 THE COKIPLETE MERBALIST. 103

History. —Hoarhound is a native of Europe, but has been naturalized

in the United States, where it is very common. It grows on dry, sandy
fields, waste grounds, and road-sides, flowering from June to September.

The entire plant has a white or hoary appearance the whole herb is
;

medicinal, and should be gathered before its efliorescence. It has a

peculiar, rather agreeable, vinous, balsamic odor, and a very bitter, aro-
matic, somewhat acrid and persistent taste. Its virtues are imparted to
alcohol or water.
Fraperties and Uses. —A stimulant, tonic, expectorant, and diuretic.
It is used in the form of syrup, in coughs, colds, chronic catarrh,
asthma, and all pulmonary affections. The warm infusion will produce
perspiration and flow of urine, and is used with great benefit in jaun-
dice, asthma, hoarseness, amenorrhoea, and hysteria. The cold infusion ia
an excellent tonic in some forms of dyspepsia. It will expel worms and
act as a purgative in large doses. It enters into the composition of
several syrups and candies.
Dose.~Oi th.e powder, one drachm; of the infusion or syrup, from
half to a teacupful

HOUND'S TONGUE (Cynoglossum Officinale).

Medicinal Parts. The leaves and root.
Description. — This biennial plant has an erect stem one or two feet
high. The leaves are hoary, with soft down on both sides, acute, lan-
ceolate, radical ones petiolate, cauline ones sessile, with cordate bases.
The flowers are in clusters, calyx downy, coroUa reddish purple, and
fruit a depressed achenium.
History. — Cynoglossum OflBcinale grows on the road-sides and waste
places of both Europe and America. The leaves and the root are the
parts used in medicine but the preference I give to the root.
; This,
upon being gathered, emits an unpleasant and somewhat heavy odor,
which vanishes when it is dried. Its taste is bitter and mawkish. The
fresh root is spoken of by several herbalists as being better than the
desiccated or dried, but this probably arises from the fact that the roots
they used had not been gathered at the proper time, dried in the cor-
rect way, or kept in a skilful manner. The dried root is quite as active
as the fresh, if prepared by a person who knows its qualities.
Properties and Uses.— It is chiefly valuable for coughs, catarrhs,
bleeding from the lungs, and other disorganizations of the respiratory
apparatus. The leaves and root are both applied, with great benefit,
us a poultice to old ulcers, scrofulous tumors, bums, goitre, and recent
liurTiises and abrasions. In my several remedies the values of many
bf the plants described at length in these pages are most thoroughly
embraced. The object in giving such plants a descriptive space each
is to enable the reader, in extraordinary emergencies, to be his own
 104 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

physician until he can get a better one, and to show him that whul
he treads on may, without his knowledge, contain the germs of his
rejuvenation.
Cynoglossum Morrisoni, or Virginia Mouse-ear, Beggars' Lice,
Dysentery Weed, an annual weed with an erect hairy, leafy
etc., is

stem, two to four feet high. Leaves three to four inches long, oblong,
lanceolate flowers very small, white, or pale blue.
; It grows in rocky
grounds and among rubbish. The whole plant has an unpleasant odor.
The root is the medicinal part. It is very eflBlcacious in diarrhoea and
dysentery. The root may be chewed or given in powder or infusion ad
libitum.

HOPS (HUMULUS LUPULUS).

Medicinal Part. The strobiles or cones.
Description. —
This well-known twining plant has a perennial root,
with many annual angular stems. The leaves are opposite, deep green,
serrated, venated, and very rough. The flowers are numerous and of a
greenish color. Fruit a strobile.
History. — This plant
is found in China, the Canary Islands, all parts

of Europe, and in many places in the United States. It is largely culti-

vated in England and the United States for its cones or strobiles, which
are used medicinally, and in the manufacture of beer, ale, and porter.
The odor of hops is peculiar and somewhat agreeable, their taste slightly
astringent and exceedingly bitter. They yield their virtues to boiling
water, but a better solvent than water is diluted alcohol. Lupiilin is
the yellow powder procured by beating or rubbing the strobiles, and
then siftiag out the grains, which form about one-seventh part of the
Hops. Lupulin is in globose kidney -shaped grains, golden yellow and
somewhat transparent, and preferable to the Hops itself. Lupulite is
the bitter principle of Hops, and is obtained by making an aqueous
solution of Lupulin.
Properties and Uses. —Hops are tonic, hypnotic, febrifuge, antilithic.
and anthelmintic. They are principally used for their sedative or hyp-
—
notic action producing sleep, removing restlessness, and abating pain,
but sometimes failing to do so. A pillow stuffed with Hops is a favorite
way for obtaining sleep. The lupulin or its tincture is used in delirium
tremens, nervous irritation, anxiety, exhaustion, and does not disorder
the stomach, nor cause constipation, as with opium. It is also useful in
after-pains, to prevent chordee, suppress venereal desires, etc. Exter-
nally, in the form of a fomentation combined with Boneset or
alone, or
other bitter herbs, it has proved beneficial in pneumonia, pleurisy, gas-
tritis, enteritis, and as an application to painful swelli:ig8 and tumors-

An ointment, made by boiling two parts of Stramonium leaves and one

of Hops in lard, is an excellent application in salt rheora, ulcers, and
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 105

paTRful tumors. It is a powerful antaphrodisiac, composing the genital

organs, quieting painful erections in gonorrhoea, etc.
Dose. — Fluid extract, drachm to a drachm solid extract, five
half a ;

to twenty grains ; and a hilf ounces of hops to one pint of

tincture (two
alcohol), three to six drachms infusion (four drachms to one pint of
;

hot water), a wineglass to a cupful of lAi2)uUn, the dose six to ten

grains Unci, of Lupulin (two ounces of Lupulin to one pint of alcohol),
;

one to two teaspoonfuls in sweetened water. Fifteen to twenty grains

weU rubbed up with white sugar in a mortar is very efficacious in pria-
pism, chordee, and spermatorrhoea.

HOUSE-LEEK (Sempervivum Tectorum).

Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. — House-leek has a fibrous root, with several tufts of ob-
long, acute, extremely succulent leaves. The stem from the centre of
these tufts is about a foot high, erect, round, and downy ;
flowers large,
pale rose-colored, and scentless. Offsets spreading.
History. — This perennial plant is a native of Europe, and is so succu-
lent that it vnll grow on dry walls, roofs of houses, etc. It flowers va.

August. It is much cultivated in some places. The leaves contain

Buper-malate of lime.
Properties and Uses. —
The fresh leaves are useful as a refrigerant
when bruised, and applied as a poultice in erysipelatous affections, burns,
stings of insects, and other inflammatory conditions of the skin. The
leaves, sliced in two, and the inner surface applied to warts is a positive
cure for them. It can be used for many skin diseases. The leaves also
possess an astringent property, serviceable in many cases.

HYSSOP (Hyssopus Officinalis).

Medicinal Parts. TJie tops and leaves.
Description. —Hyssop
a perennial herb, with square stems, woody
is

at the base, and a foot or two in height, with rod-like branches. The
leaves are opposite, sessile, linear, and lanceolate, green on each side
flowers, bluish-purple, seldom white stamens four.
;

History. — It is an inhabitant of Europe and this country, being raised

principally in gardens, and flowers in July. The taste of the leaves is
hot, spicy, and somewhat bitter, and yield their virtues to water and
alcohol. They contain yellow oil and sulphur.
Properties and Uses. —
Stimulant, aromatic, carminative, and tonic.
Generally used in quinsy and other sore-throats, as a gargle with sage.
As an expectorant it is beneficial ia asthma, coughs, etc. The leaves
applied to bruises speedily relieve the pain and remove the discolora-
tion.
5*
106 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,

IBERIS AMAEA.
Common Name. Bitter Candy Tuft.
Medicinal Part. The seeds.
Descriptioji. — This plant has a herbaceous stem, about a foot in
height, with acute, toothed leaves, and bright white flowers.
History.— The leaves, stem, root, and seeds are used the seeds espe-
;

cially. The plant is an annual, carefully cultivated in Europe, but

grows wild also. It flowers in June and July.
Properties and Uses. —
The ancients employed it in gout, rheumatism,
and diseases of a kindred nature. We use it, compounded with other
herbal preparations, for such diseases in their worst forms, and we also
use it by itself, in certain proportions, to allay excited action of the
heart, particularly where the heart is enlarged. In asthma, brdnchitis,
and dropsy it is now considered one of the most excellent ingredients of
certain cures for those afflictions. The dose is from one to five grains of
the powdered seeds.

ICELAND MOSS (Cetraria Islandica).

Medicinal Part. The plant.

Description and History. —
Iceland Moss is a perennial, foliaceous plant
from two to four inches high a native of Britain and the northern
;

countries of Europe, particularly Iceland. It is diversified in its color,

being brownish or grayish-white in some parts, and of a reddish hue in
others. It is without odor, with a mucilaginous, bitter, somewhat
astringent taste, and when dry the lichen is crisp, cartilaginous, and cori-
aceous, and is convertible into a grayish-white powder. It swells up m
water, absorbing more than its own weight of that fluid, and communica-
ting a portion of its bitterness to it, as well as a little mucilage when ;

long chewed it is converted into a mucilaginous pulp, and when boiled

in water the decoction becomes a firm on cooling.
jelly

Properties and Uses. —

It is demulcent, tonic, and nutritious. Used
as a demulcent in chronic catarrh, chronic dysentery, and diarrhoea, and
as a tonic in dyspepsia, convalescence, and exhausting diseases. Boiled
with milk it forms an excellent nutritive and tonic in phthisis and gen-
eral debility. Its tonic virtues depend upon its cetrarin^ which, if re-
moved, renders the lichen merely nutritious.

IRON WEED (Vernonia Fasciculata).

Medicinal Part. The root.

Description. —
This is an indigenous, perennial, coarse, purplish-green
weed, with a stem from three to ten feet high. The leaves are from
four to eight inches long, one or two broad, lanceolate, tapering, to each
end. Corolla showy, and dark purple.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 107

History — This is a very common plant totlie Western States, growing

in woods and prairies, and along and streams, flowering from July
rivers
to September. The root is bitter, and imparts its virtues to water and
alcohol.
Properties and Uses. —
It is a bitter tonic, deobstruent, and alterative.
In powder or decoction the root is beneficial in amenorrhoea, dysmenor-
rhoea, leucorrhoea, and menorrhagia. It is useful in scrofula and some
cutaneous diseases.
Dose. —
Of the decoction, one or two fluid ounces of the tincture, one ;

or two fluid drachms. The leaves or powdered root make an excellent

discutient application to tumors.

IVY (American) (Ampelopsis Quinquefolla.).

Common Names. Woodbine^ Virginia Creeper^ Five Leaves, Fals$

Orape, Wild wood-vine.
Medicinal Parts. The hark and twigs.
Description. — This a woody vine, with a creeping stem, digitate
is

leaves ; leaflets acuminate, petiolate, dentate, and smooth flowers in- ;

conspicuous, greenish, or white ; and the fruit a berry, acid, dark blue,
and small.
History. —
The American Ivy is a common, familiar, shrubby vine,
climbing extensively, and, by means of its radiating tendrils, supporting
itself firmly on trees, stone walls, churches, etc., and ascending to the
height of from fifty to a hundred feet. The bark and the twigs are the
parts usually used. Its taste is acrid and
though not un-
persistent,
pleasant, and its decoction is mucilaginous. The bark should be col-
lected after the berries have ripened. It is like the ivy of England and
other countries.
Properties and Uses. —Alterative, tonic, astringent, and expectorant.
It is used principally in form of syrup in scrofula, dropsy, bronchitis,
and other pulmonary complaints. An old author affirms that there is a
very great antipathy between wine and ivy, and therefore it is a remedy
to preserve against drunkenness, and to relieve or cure intoxication by
drinking a draught of wine in which a handful of bruised ivy leaves
have been boiled.
Dose. —
Of the decoction of syrup, from one to four tablespoonfuls,
three times a day.

JALAP (Ipom(ea Jalapa).

Medicinal Part. The root.

Description. —Jalap has a fleshy, tuberous root, with numerous round-
ish tubercles. It has several stems, which are smooth, brownish, slightly
EGli^h, with a tendency to twine. The leaves are on long petioles, the
108 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

first hastate, succeeding ones cordate, acuminate, and mucronate. Tlie

calyx has no bracts ; corolla funnel-shaped,
purple, and long. Fruit a capsule.
History. — This plant grows in Mexico,
at an elevation of nearly six thousand feet
above the level of the sea, near Chicanquiaco
and Xalapa, from which it is exported, and
from which last-named place it also receives
its name. It is generally imported in bags,
containing one or two hundred pounds. The
worm-eaten root is the most energetic, aa

the active part untouched by them. It is

is

soluble in water and alcohol.

Properties and Uses. —Jalap is irritant
and cathartic, operating energetically, and
produces liquid stools. It is chiefly em-
ployed when it is desired to produce an

Jalap.
energetic influence on the bowels, or to
obtain large evacuations. In intestinal in-

flammations it should not be used.

Dose. —
Powder, ten grains.

JAMESTOWN WEED (Datura Stramonium).

Common Names. Thorn-Apple, Stinkweed., Apple-peru, etc.

Medicinal Parts. The leaves and seeds.

Description. — This plant is a bushy, smooth, fetid, annual plant, two
or three feet in height, and in rich soil even more. The root is rather
large, of a whitish color, giving off many fibres. The stem is much
branched, forked, spreading, leafy, of a yellowish-green color. The
leaves are large and smooth, from the forks of the stem, and are uneven
at the base.The flowers are about three inches long, erect, large, and
white. The fruit is a large, dry, prickly capsule, with four valves and
numerous black renif orm seeds. There is the Datura Tatula, or pui-ple
Stramonium, which differs from the above in having a deep purple stem,
etc.
History. —
Stramonium is a well-known poisonous weed, growing upon
waste grounds and road-sides, in all parts of the United States. It is
found in very many parts of the world. The whole plant has a fetid,
narcotic odor, which diminishes as it dries. Almost every part of the
plant is possessed of medicinal properties, but the officinal parts are the
leaves and seeds. The leaves should be gathered when the flowers are
lull-blown, and carefully dried in the shade. They impart their proper-
ties to water, alcohol, and the fixed oils. The seeds are small, renif orm.
compressed, roughish, dark brown or black when ripe, grayish -browi*
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 109

when unripe. They yield what is called Daiuria^ which may be obtained
by exhausting- the bruised seeds with boiling rectified alcohol, and
then proceeding as for the active principle of other seeds of a similar
character.
Properties and Uses. — In large doses
an energetic narcotic poison.
it is

The victims most intense agonies, and die in

of this poison suffer the
maniacal delirium. In medicinal doses it is an anodyne, antispasmodic,
and is often used as a substitute for opium. It is used with fair effect
m cases of mania, epilepsy, gastritis, delirium tremens, and enteritis
also in neuralgia, rheumatism, and all periodic pains. The dried and
smoked leaves are useful in spasmodic asthma, but as there are other
means much more certain to cure, and less dangerous, I, and other her-
balists, seldom or never recommend it Daturia is seldom employed
in medicine, being a very active and powerful poison. I should advise
my readers never to employ it, unless they be physicians but I deemed ;

proper to give it a place in this work, as its medicinal qualities are quite
important, if its use is intrusted to proper and educated persons.

JUNIPER (JuNiPERUs Communis).

Medicinal Part. The hernes.
Description. — This
a small evergreen shrub, never attaining the
is

height of a tree, with many very close branches. The leaves are
attached to the stem in threes. The fruit is fleshy, of dark-purplish
color, ripening the second year from the flower.
History. —
Juniper grows in dry woods and hills, and flowers in May.
The American berries contain less virtue than those imported from
Europe. The oil is contained in the spirituous liquor called HoUand
gin. The berries yield their properties to hot water and alcohol.
Properties and Uses. —
The berries and oil are stimulating, carmina-
tive, and diuretic. It is especially useful in averting mucous discharges,
especially from the urethra.
Doses —Of the berries, from one to two drachms ; of the oil, from four
to twenty minims.

KINO (Pterocarpus Marsupium).

Medicinal Part. Concrete juice.
Description. —Kino
a leafy tree, with the outer coat of the bark
is

brown, and the inner red, fibrooa, and astringent. Branches smooth,
leaves alternate ; leaflets, from five to seven, alternate, elliptical, and
rather emarginate ;
flowers very numerous, white, with a tinge of yel-
low fruit a legume on a long petiole.
;

Hiatary.—Khio is the juice of the tree, obtained by making longitu-

dinal incisions in the bark. It flows freely, is of a red color, and by
drying- it in the sun it cracks into irregular ai\gular masses. The frag-
 110 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

ments are reddish, black, translucent, and ruby-red on the edges, in-
odorous, and very astring-ent. When chewed it tinges the saliva blood-
red. Alcohol dissolves about two-thirds of it. It is chiefly imported
from Malabar. It inhabits the Circur mountains and forests of the
Malabar coast.
Properties and Uses. —
Employed in medicine as an energetic astrin-
gent only, principally in obstinate chronic diarrhoea. It is also adminis-
tered as an astringent in leucorrhoea and sanguineous exudations. As a
topical remedy, it is applied to flabby ulcers, and used as a gargle, in^
jection, and wash.
Dose. —
Of the powder, from ten to thirty grains.

KIDNEY LIVER-LEAF (Hepatica Americana).

Medicinal Part. The plant.
Description. — This
a perennial plant, the root of which consists of
is

numerous strong fibres. The leaves are all radical, on long, hairy pe-
tioles, smooth, evergreen, cordate at base, the new ones appearing later
than the flowers. The flowers appear almost as soon as the snow leaves
the ground in the spring. Fruit an ovate achenium.
Hepatica Acutaloba, or Heart Liver-leaf^ which possesses the same
medicinal qualities, differs from the above in having the leaves with three
ovate, pointed lobes, or sometimes five-lobed. They both bear white,
blue, or purplish flowers, which appear late in March or early in April.
— These plants are common to the United States, growing in
History.
woods and upon elevated situations —the former, which the most com- is

mon, being found on sides of hills, exposed to the north, and the latter
on the southern aspect. The plants yield their virtues to water.
Properties and Uses. —It is a mild, mucilaginous astringent, and is

freely used in infusion, in fevers, digpeases of the liver ; and for bleed-
ing from the lungs, coughs, etc., it is a most valuable curative.
Dose. —Infusion taken ad libitum.
KOUSSO (Brayera Anthelmintic a).
Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. — This is a tree, growing about twenty feet high, with
round rusty branches. The leaves are crowded, alternate leaflets ;

oblong, acute, and serrate flowers small, greenish, and becoming pur-
;

ple the fruit so far unknown.

;

Histm^y. —
This tree grows upon the table-lands of Northeastern Abys-
sinia, at an elevation of several thousand feet. The flowers are the
parts used. They are gathered when in fuU bloom, and are used in
when properly dried. After
their fresh state, but are equally valuable
drying they are powdered, and in this form they are mixed with warm
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. Ill

water and administered. The value of this medicine has been known
for a long time, having been introduced in the French practice over
forty years ago. It is quite
procure even the
difficult to
adulterated or spurious ar-
America or England
ticle in
the genuine is not to be ob-

tained at any price in the

drug-stores. In the stores,
however, can be obtained, at
great cost, an active resinous
principle, extracted from the
flowers, and sometimes the
unripe fruit, to which the
names of Tcerdin and Kous-
sin have been given. The
dose of this is set down at
twenty grains.
Properties and Uses. In—
large doses it will produce
heat of the stomach, nausea,
and sometimes vomiting, Kousso.
and occasionally wiU act
powerfully on the bowels but this is only when injudiciously taken.
;

Its chief property is developed in the destruction and expulsion of worms,

especially the tape-worm. It is the surest of all remedies for that dis-
tressing affliction, when compounded with other ingredients which I
have mentioned elsewhere. Taken in the proper dose, it seems to have
no general effect, but operates wholly and solely upon the worms. The
dose of the powdered flowers in infusion is half an ounce to half a pint
of warm water. It must be reduced for children. If the medicine does
not operate in four hours, use castor-oil. It is one of the ingredients of
my Male Fern Vermifuge. (See page 474.)

LADIES' SLIPPER (Cypripedium Pubescens).

Common Names. American Valerian, Umbel, Nerve-root, Ydhw-
NoaKs Ark.
Moccasin flower,
Medicinal Part. The root
Description.— This indigenous plant has a perennial, fibrous, fleshy
root, from which arise several round leafy stems, from twelve to eighteen
inches high. The leaves are from three to six inches long, by two or
three broad, oblong, lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, alternate, gene-
rally the same number on each side. Flowers large and very showy-
and pale yellow.
112 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

History. — This plant grows here in rich woods and meadows, and
flowers in May and June. There are several varieties of it, but as they
all possess the same medicinal properties, a description of each is not
requisite or desirable.
rroperties and Uses. — The fibrous roots are the parts used in medi'
cine, and they should be gathered and carefully cleansed in August oi
September. The properties and uses are various. The preparations
made from these roots are tonic and stimulant, diaphoretic, and anti-
Bpasmodic, and are considered to be unequalled in remedying hysteria,
chorea, nervous headache, and all cases of nervous irritability. Carefully
prepared with special reference to the case, it has proved to be a valuable
remedy in cases of epilepsy the preparation has however to be skillfully
;

compounded. It is also used for delirium, neuralgia, hypochondria and

other nervous disorders ; the form of the preparation is an alcoholic ex-
tract. It is specially beneficial in cases of nervous headache, when ad-
ministered with other remedies, as Cypripedium Pubescens, Nepeta, Ca-
taking the infusion about every half-hour, till the pain ceases.
taria, &c.;
—
Dose. From ten to twenty grains tincture, from one to three fluid
;

drachms infusion, from one to four fluid ounces. When made into
;

powder, one drachm in warm water is a dose, and may be repeated, in

season, as often as may be required.
*

LARCH (Abies Larix).

Medicinal Part. Resinous exudation.

Description.— JjSirch. is a very lofty and graceful tree, with wide-

spreading branches. The buds are alternate, perennial, cup-shaped,

scaly,producing annually a pencil-like tuft. Male flowers drooping,
about half an inch long, yellow female flowers erect, larger than the
;

male flowers, and variegated with green and pink cones erect, ovate, ;

about an inch long, purple when young, reddish-brown when ripe.

History. —
The Larch grows in the mountainous regions of Europe,
and yields the article of use and commerce known as Venice turpentine.
The bark contains a large amount of tannic acid.
Properties and Uses. —
The medicinal properties are those known to be
confined to turpentine.

LARGE FLOWERING SPURGE (Euphorbia Corollata).

Common Names. Blooming Spurge., Milk-weed., Bowman's Eoot^
etc.

Medicinal Part. The bark of the root.

Description. — This is a perennial plant with a round, slender, erecf;

stem, one or two feet high, with a yellowish, large, and branching root.
The leaves are scattered, sessile, oblong-obovate, smooth in some plants^
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. ll*

very hairy in others, and from one to two inches in length. Flowers
white and showy, and fruit a three-celled capsule.
History. —
This plant grows plentifully in Canada and the United
States, in dry fields and woods, and flowers from Jime to September.
The bark of the root is the part used. The plant is readily detected by
a milky fluid which exudes from the stem, when that is broken. This
fluid, if applied to warts or wens, is of great benefit, in most cases ban-
ishing the offensive excrescences.
Properties and Uses. — It is emetic, diaphoretic, expectorant, andepis-
pastic. As an emetic the powdered bark of the root (say from fifteen to
twenty graias) is mild, pleasant, and efiicacious.
Dose. —
As an expectorant it is administered three grains at a time,
mixed with honey, molasses, or sugar as a cathartic, from four to ten
;

grains are required. It is regarded, in doses of fifteen or twenty grains,

as one of the very best remedies ever discovered for the dropsy. It
has cured hydrothorax and ascites when all other means have failed.

LARKSPUR (DELPHmuM Consolida).

Medicinal Parts. The root and seeds.

Description. —Larkspur
an annual herb, with a simple slender root,
is

a leafy stem, from a foot and a half to two feet high, with alternate
spreading branches. The leaves are sessile flowers bright blue and ;

purple.
Delphinum Staphisagria, or Stavesacre, which possesses the same
properties as Larkspur, but to a greater degree, isan elegant upright
herb, about the same height as Larkspur. Leaves broad, palmate, and
petioled. riov\'ers bluish-gray. Fruit a capsule.
History. — Larkspur is a native of Europe, but has become naturalized
in the United States, growing in woods and fields. Stavesaere is native
to Europe, growing in waste places.
Properties —
and Uses. In medicinal doses emetic, cathartic, and nar-
cotic. has also vermifuge properties.
It The whole plant contains
an acid principle which is sure death to all kinds of domestic vermin.
The flowers and leaves were extensively used in the United States army
during the rebellion, to kill lice, and it is pretty well authenticated that
the same substance forms the basis of the many preparations offered for
the destruction of all noxious insects whose room is better than their
company. The flowers are emmenagogue, diuretic, and vermifuge.
A tincture of the seeds, it is said, will cure asthma and dropsy. Also p.
specific for cholera morbus.
Dose. —
Two ounces of the seed added to one quart of diluted alcohol
makes the tincture, of which ten drops may be given three times a day.
This, however, should be used only in extreme cases.
114 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

LAVENDER (Lavandula Vera and Lavandula Spica).

Medicinal Part. The flowers.

Description. — Lavandula Vera is a small shrub from one to two feet
high, but sometimes attaining six feet. The leaves are oblong-linear
or lanceolate, entire, opposite, and sessile. The flowers are of lilac
color, smalland in whorls.
Lavandula Spica is more dwarfish and more hoary than the last.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate. This plant is not used in medicine, but fur-
nishes theoil of spike., much used in the preparation of artistical var-

nishes and by porcelain painters. -

//w^cry.— Lavandula Vera grows in the dry soils of Southern Europe,
and flowers in July and August. It is largely cultivated in this country.
The whole plant is aromatic, but the flowers are the parts used, and
should be gathered shortly after their appearance, and carefully dried.
The disease to which this plant is subject can only be prevented by not
allowing them to grow too closely together.
Properties and Uses. —It is a tonic, stimulant, and carminative, useful
mostly in diseases of the nervous system.

LEVER-WOOD (Astrya Virginica).

Common Names. Iron-wood., Hop-hornheam.
. Medicinal Part. The inner wood.
Description. — This
small tree of from twenty-five to thirty feet in
height is remarkable for its fine, narrow, brownish bark. The wood is
white, hard, and strong leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate, and
;

somewhat dowTiy. Flowers, fertile and sterile, green, and appear with
the leaves.
History. — The inner wood and bark are the parts in which reside the
curative virtues, and the latter, which are immense, readily yield to
water. The tree flowers in April and May, and is common to the Uni-
ted States. The bark and wood should be gathered in August or Sep-
tember.
Properties and Uses. — Lever-wood is anti -periodic, tonic, and altera-
tive. It is very good in v.ases of intermittent fever, neuralgia, nervous
debility, scrofula, and dyspepsia. It is sometimes administered, with
fair success, as a remedy for fever and ague.
Dose. — Decoction, one or two fluid ounces, three or four times a day.

LIFE-ROOT (Senecio Aureus).

Common Names. Spiaw-weed, Ragwort., False Valerian, Oolden
Senecio., and Female Regidator.
Medicinal Parts. The root and herb.
Description. —
Life-root has an erect, smoothish stem, one or two feet
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 115

high. Radical leaves are simple and rounded, mostly cordate and
long petioled, lower cauline leaves lyrate, upper ones few, dentate and
Ressile. Flowers golden-yellow.
History. —
The plant is perennial and indigenous, growing on low
marshy grounds, and on the banks of creeks. The northern and west-
em parts of Europe are where it is mostly found, and the flowers culmi-
nate in May and June. The root and herb are the parts employed for
medical purposes. There are several varieties of this plant, but as all
possess the same medicinal properties, it is unnecessary to specify them.
The whole herb is used of all the varieties.
Properties and Uses. —
It is diuretic, pectoral, diaphoretic, and tonic,
and exerts a very powerful and peculiar influence upon the reproductive
organs of females. This has given it the name of Female Regulator.
Combined with the Lily, and other native and foreign plants, it is one
of the most certain cures in the world for aggravated cases of leucor-
rhoea also in cases of menstrual suppression. It wiU operate excellently
;

in gravel, and other urinary affections.

Dose. — Ordinary decoction, four ounces.
LILY (Meadow) (Lilium Candidxjm).
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. —
The thick stem of this plant is from three to four feet
high, and arises from a perennial bulb or root. Leaves scattered, lan-
ceolate, and narrowed at the base. Flowers are large, snow-white, and
smooth inside.
History. — The Meadow Lily is an exotic. It is a native of Syria and
Asia Minor. The flowers are regarded as being very beautiful, but are
not used for medical purposes. The plant is principally cultivated for
the flowers. The bulb is the part used for its curative properties.
Water extracts its virtues.

Froijerties andUses. —
It is mucilaginous, demulcent, tonic, and
astringent. chosen by some of our best botanical practitioners as a
It is
certain remedy for leucorrhoea and falling of the womb, and for those
affections, when combined with Life-Root and other herbal preparations,
is without an equal. Sometimes the recent root is used to advantage
in dropsy. Boiled in milk, it is also useful for ulcers, inflammations,
fever-sores, etc. I use it in combination with other indicated plants as
an injection in leucorrhoea, with very gratifying success.

LION'S FOOT (NabulusAlbus).

Common Names. White Lettuce., Rattle-snake Root.
Medicinal Part. The plant.
Description. — This indigenous perennial herb has a smooth stem, stout
116 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

and purplish, from two to four feet high. Radical leaves angxilax-
hastate, cavdine ones lanceolate, and all irregularly dentate.
History. —This plant grows plentifully in moist woods and in rich soils,
from New England to Iowa, and from Canada to Carolina. The root,
leaves, and juice of the plant 'are employed.
Properties and Uses. —
A decoction of the root taken internally will
operate most favorably in cases of dysentery. The milky juice of the
plant is taken internally, while the leaves, steeped in water, are applied
as a poultice (and frequently changed) for the bite of a serpent.

LOBELIA (Lobelia Inflata).

Common Names. Indian Tohacco., Wild Tobacco.
Medicinal Parts. The leaves and seeds.
Description. —
Lobelia is an annual or biennial indigenous plant, with
a fibrous root, and an erect, angular, very hairy stem, from six inches to
three feet in height. The leaves are alternate,
and hairy flow-
ovate-lanceolate, serrate, veiny, ;

ers small, numerous, pale-blue ;

two-ceUed
fruit a
ovoid capsule, containing numerous small brown
seeds.
History. —
Lobelia flowers from July to Novem-
ber, and grows in nearly all parts of the United
States, in fields, woods, and meadows. The whole
plant is active, and the stalks are used indisorimi-
nately with the leaves by those who are best ac-
quainted with its properties. The root is sup-
posed to be more energetic, medicinally, than any
other part of the plant. The proper time for
gathering is from the last of July to the middle
of October. The plant should be dried in the
shade, and then be preserved in packages or cov-
ered vessels, more especially if it be reduced to
powder. It was used in domestic practice by the
Lobelia.
people of New England long before the time of
Samuel Thompson, its assumed discoverer.
Properties and Uses. —
Administered internally it is emetic, nauseant,
expectorant, relaxant, sedative, anti-spasmodic, and secondarily cathar-
tic, diaphoretic, and astringent. It is extensively used to subdue
spasms, and will give relief in epilepsy, tetanus, cramps, hysteria, cho-
rea, and convulsions but it is merely a temporary relief when admin-
;

istered internally, and if not used with great skill and caution in that
way, may do as much harm as good. Applied externally, in the form
of an ointment, combined with healing and soothing barks and roots, it
is decidedly the best counter-irritant known to mankind. In this shape
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 117

its equal lias never been discovered, and probably never will be. This
is one of the ingredients of tbe "Herbal Ointment," a full description
of wMch will be found on page 473 of this work. There are any num-
ber of ofl&cinal preparations of Lobelia, but it is the opinion of the au-
thor that its chief value consists in being- made into an ointment, with
other rare and potent ingredients. There is nothing ia nature that can
favorably compare with it in this form. In other shapes it may be use-
ful but it is also dangerous unless given with care.
;

LOUSEWORT (Gerardia Pedicularia).

Common Names. Fever-weed^ American Foxglove^ etc.
Medicinal Part. The herb.
Description. —
The stem of this plant is bushy, tall, two or three feet
in height. The leaves are numerous, opposite, ovate-lanceolate flow- ;

ers large, yeUow, and trumpet-shaped calyx five-cleft, corolla yellow,

;

and fruit a two-ceUed capsule.

History. —
This most elegant plant grows in dry copses, pine ridges,
and barren woods and mountains, from Canada to Georgia, flower-
iag in August and September. Water or alcohol extracts its virtues.
Properties aud Uses. —
It is diaphoretic, antiseptic, and sedative.
Used principally in febrile and inflammatory diseases a warm infusion;

produces a free and copious perspiration in a short time. Very valuable

in ephemeral fever.
Dose. —Of the infusion, from one to three fluid ounces.
LUNGWORT (PULMONARIA OFFICn^ALIS).
Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. — This rough plant has a stem about one foot high. The
radical leaves ovate, cordate ; cauliae one, ovate and sessile. Flowers,
blue ; calyx, five-angled ;
coroUa, fimnel-shaped
stigma, emargiaate
;
;

and the achenium. (See Illustration, page 16.)

fruit a roundish, obtuse
History. —
Lungwort is a herbaceous perennial, growing in Europe and
this country ia northern latitudes. In Europe it is a rough-leaved
plant, but in this country the entire plant is smooth, which exhibits the
peculiar climatic influence. It is showy, and freely cultivated. It
flowers in May. The leaves are used for medical purposes. They are
without any particular odor. Water extracts their properties.
Properties and Uses. —
It is demulcent and mucilaginous, and in de-
coction very useful in bleediag from the lungs, and bronchial and catar-
and other disorders of the respiratory organs. Its virtues
rhal affections,
seem expended upon the lungs, and it is certainly an effica-
to be entirely
cious remedial agent for all morbid conditions of those organs. It ia an
ingredient in the " Acacian Balsam," see page 469.
118 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

MADDER (RuBiA Tinctorum).

Medicinal Part, The root.
Bescription. — This plant has a perennial, long-, cylindrical root, about
the thickness of a and deep reddish-brown. It has several herba-
quill,
ceous, brittle stems. The leaves are from four to six in a whorl, lanceo-
late, mucronate, two or three inches long, and about one-third as wide.
Flowers small and yellow.
—
History. Madder is a native of the Mediterranean and Southern
European coimtries. The drug is chiefly imported from Holland and
France. The root is collected in the third year of the plant, when it is

freed from its outer covering and dried. It is valued as a dye-stufE for
its red and purple.
Properties and Uses. —It is sometimes used to promote the menstrual
and urinary discharges, but is not in very great favor. Combined in a
preparation with other ingredients, it is of some considerable remedial
value.
Dose. — Thirty grains, three or four times a day. If used frequently,
it wiU color the bones red.

MAD-DOG WEED (Alisma Plantago).

Common Name. Water Plantain.
Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description.— This perennial herb has all radical, oval, oblong, or
lanceolate leaves, from four to six inches in length, on long radical
petioles. The flowers are small and white, and the fruit a three-cor-
nered achenium.
History. —It inhabits the North American continent as well as Europe,
grows in watery places, and flowers in July.
Properties and Uses. —It was
once considered a capital remedy for
hydrophobia, hence name
but experience has demonstrated that aa
its ;

a cure for this horrible infliction it is impotent. In urinary diseases

and affections, an infusion of the leaves, which must be dried and pow-
dered, is very efficacious.
Dose. —Of the infusion above mentioned, from four to six fluid ounces,
three or four times a day. The fresh leaves, when bruised, form a very
good but mild counter-irritant

MAIDENHAIR (Adiantum Pedatum).

Medicinal Part. The herb.
Description. — This is a most delicate and graceful fern, growing from
twelve to fifteen inches high, with a slender, polished stalk. Frond
pedate, with pinnate branches.
History. — Maidenhair is perennial, and grows throughout the United
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 119

States in deep -^oods, on moist, rich soil. The leaves are bitterish and
somewhat aromatic, and part with theix virtues upon being immersed in
boiLing- water.
Properties and Uses. — It is refrigerant, expectorant, tonic, and sub-
9vStringent. A decoction of the plant is most gratefully cooling in febrile
diseases, and it is a great benefit in coughs, catarrh, hoarseness, influenza,
asthma, pleurisy, etc. The decoction, or syrup, can be used freely.

IVIAGNOLIA (Magnolia Glauca).

Common Names. White Ba2/, Beaver-tree, Sweet Magnolia, Swamp
Sassafras, etc.

Medicinal Part. The bark.

Description. — This tree varies in height from six to thirty feet, being
taller in the South than in the North. The leaves are alternate, petioled,
entire, and of elliptical shape. The flowers are large and solitary, and
of grateful odor. The fruit is a cone.
History. — The therapeutical virtues of these trees are found in the
bark and fruit. The bark of both the trunk and the root is employed.
The odor is aromatic, and the taste bitterish, warm, and pungent. Jt is
gathered during the spring and summer. It has smooth and ash-colored
bark, elegant, odoriferous, cream-colored flowers, and can be found in
morasses from Massachusetts to the Gtdf of Me:pco. It flowers from
May to August. There are other varieties which do not require especial
mention or description.
Properties and Uses. — The bark is an aromatic, tonic bitter, and is

also anti-periodic. It is used much in the stead of cinchona, and will

remedy the intermittent fevers when cinchona has failed. It is used
frequently as a substitute for Peruvian Bark, as it can be continued for
a longer time and with more safety. Properly prepared it may be used
as a substitute for tobacco, and
break the habit of tobacco-chewing.
will
Dose. —In powder, drachm doses, five or six times a
half -drachm or
day. The infusion is taken in wirieglassful doses, five or six times a
day. The tincture, made by adding two ounces of the cones to a pint
of brandy, will be found beneficial in dyspepsia and chronic rheumatism.

MATiTiOW (Common) (JMalva Sylvestris).

Common Name. High-mallow.
Medicinal Part. The Herb.
Description. — This plant is a perennial, and has a roimd stem two or
three feet high, and a tapering, branching, whitish root. The leaves
are alternate, deep green, soft, and downy. The flowers are large,
numerous, and of purple color ;
calyx five-cleft ;
petals five ; stamens
indefinite ;
pollen large, whitish.
History. — The mallow is a native of Europe, but is naturalized in this
120 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

country. It grows abundantly in fields, waysides, and waste places, and

flowers from May to October. The whole plant, especially the root,
abounds in mucilage.
Pr(yperti€S and Uses. —It possesses the properties common to mucila-
ginous herbs, and an infusion thereof forms an excellent demulcent in
coughs, irritations of the air-passages, flux, affections of the kidney and
bladder, etc. In inflammatory conditions of the external parts, the
bruised herb forms an excellent application, making, as it does, a natural
emollient cataplasm.
IMalva Rotundifolia, or Low-maUow, called by children, who are
fond of eating the fruit, cheeses, possesses similar qualities.

MAjSTDEAKE (Podophyllum Peltatum).

CoiviMON Names. May-Apple, Wild Lemon, Raccoon-berry, Wild
Mandrake.
IVIedicinal Part. The root.
Description. —This plant, which is illustrated by a cut, is an indigenoua
perennial herb, with a jointed, dark-bro-wn root, about half the size of
the finger, very fibrous, and internally
yellow. The stem is simple, round,
smooth, erect, about a foot high, di-
viding at the top into two petioles,
from three to six inches long, each
supporting a leaf. The leaves are large,
palmate, oftener cordate, smooth, yel-
lowish-green on top, paler beneath.
The flower is solitary in the fork of
the stem, large, white, and somewhat
fragrant. The fnlit is fleshy, of a
lemon color, and in flavor resembles
the strawberry.
There another plant called man-
is

drake, but which is the Atropa Man-

dragora, a plant belonging to the

night-shade lamily. The cut I give
of this plant is quite truthful. It is

Mandrake. not used in medicine. It inhabits the

shores of the Mediterranean, and found
lurking in dark woods, in the gloomy thickets on the banks of sluggish
rivers. It is fetid, poisonous, and repulsive. Even its golden fruit has
this nauseous odor. How, then, came it ever to usurp its dominion over
men ? Its strong narcotic powers may have had some influence but ;

the peculiar form of its root, in which the resemblance of the human
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 121

shape, as will be observed, is quite apparent, probably led to its use in

magic.
In popular belief, it became invested with half -human attributes and ;

cries and groans attested its paia when torn from the ground. Gathered
with peculiar rites under ^e
shadow of a gallows, caused it

money to multiply, but death

overtook the daring searcher for
mandrake who committed an
error ia the ritual. There is
nothing new under the sun, and
as no small number of the old-
fcimemagical effects are renewed
under new names, our book may
reach some spot where the man-
drake has been brought forward
by some new schemer, and play
its part in deluding the silly.

History. — The Mandrake is

found throughout the United

States, in low, shady situations,
rich woods, and fields, and flow-
ers in May and Jvme. The fruit Atropa Mandragora.
matures in September and Octo-
ber. It is scarcer in New England than elsewhere. The Indians were
well acquainted with the virtues of this plant. The proper time for
collecting the root is in the latter part of October or early part of
November, soon after the fruit has ripened. Its active principle is
Podophyllin, which acts upon the liver in the same manner, but far
superior to mercury, and with intelligent physicians it has dethroned
that noxious mineral as a cholagogue.
Properties and Uses. —Mandrake is cathartic, emetic, alterative, an-
thelmintic, hydragogue, and sialagogue. It is an active and certain
cathartic. As a deobstruent it has no superior, acting through and upon
all the tissues of the system, and its action continues for a long time.

In bilious and typhoid febrile diseases it is very valuable as an emeto-

cathartic, break ng up the disease quickly. In chronic liver diseases "it
has no equal in the whole range of medicine. It can also be used as an
alterative. In constipation it acts upon the bowels without disposing
them to subsequent costiveness. It is also very beneficial in uterine
diseases, and its ofiice as a great remedy is extensive. It is one of the
ingredients of my "Renovating Pill." See page 4<2.
Dose. —Of the powdered root, as a cathartic, from ten to thirty grains ;

of the tincture, from ten to forty drops.

6
122 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

MATICO (Piper Angustifolium).

Medicinal Part. The leaves.

DescHp'tion. — This is a tall shrub, presenting a singular appearance
from its pointed stem and branches. The leaves are harsh, short-
stalked, oblong-lanceolate, and acuminate. Flowers her-
maphrodite.
History. — This plant grows Huanaco and elsewhere
at
in Peru. The dried and have a
leaves are the parts used,
strong fragrant odor, and a warm, aromatic taste. They
contain a dark-green resin, chlorophyll, brown and yellow
coloring matter, gum, nitrate of potassa, matidne., a vola-
tile oil, salts, and lignin. The plant has long been used
by the Indians of Peru in venereal diseases, but mostly
for diseases of the mucous membranes, over which it has
a complete mastery. Having been employed as a me-
chanical agei-t to stanch blood by a soldier, it has received
the name of ISddiers' Herb.
Praperties arui Uses. —
Matico is an aromatic stimulant.
It is extremely useful to arrest discharges from mucous
surfaces, leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea, and catarrh of the blad-
der. In this particular it is a very good substitute for
Matico Leaf.
Cubebs in the two last named diseases. As a topical agent
for stanching blood it is excellent, and is used by surgeons to arrest
venous hemorrhage. It acts mechanically as a styptic by the structure of
its leaf which divides the blood and promotes its coagulation. Its use for
this purpose is of course confined to arresting venous hemorrhage, only;
from fresh cuts, wounds, abrasions, &c., and it is much more valuable for
this purpose than is generally supposed. Dr. Ruschenberger made use of
it in this way to arrest hemorrhage, after an operation on the side of the

neck, below the angle of the jaw, in which there was considerable diffi-
/:;ulty in talking up the divided vessels, owing to induration of the parts

from chronic inflammation, and with complete success. Its most useful
internal application is probably as an alterative stimulant to diseased
mucous membranes.

MECHAMECK (Convolvulus Panduratus).

Common Names. Wild Jalap)., Man-in-tJie-EartJi., Man-in-the- Ground,
Wild Potato.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This
has a perennial, very large tapering root, from
which arise several long, round, slender, purplish stems, from four to
eight feet high. The leaves are cordate at base, alternate, and acumi-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 123

nate, and about two or three inches long. Flowers large and white,
opening in the forenoon fruit an oblong, two-celled capsule.
;

History. —
Mechameck belongs to the United States, and grows in
light, sandy soils. It flowers from June to August, but is rarely found
in northern latitudes. The root is the officinal part. Its best solvent is
alcohol or spirits. Water ^vill extract its active properties.
Properties and Uses. — It is a cathartic if powdered and taken in doses
of from forty to sixty grains. The infusion, taken in wineglassful dose?
every hour, is useful in dropsy, strangury, and calculous affections. It
8eems to exert an influence over the lungs, liver, and kidneys, without
excessive diuresis or catharsis. The milky juice of the root is said tc"
ue a protection agaiast the bite of the rattlesnake.

]\IEADOW SAFFROX (CoLcnicuM Autumnale).

Medicinal Parts, The cormus and seeds.
Description. — The cormus of this plant is large, ovate, and fleshy.
The leaves are dark-green, very smooth, obtuse, above a foot long, an
inch and a half broad, keeled, produced in the spring along -v^dth the
capsules. Flowers several, bright-purple, Avith a white tube appearing
in the autumn ^N-ithout the leaves. Fruit a capsule, seeds whitish and
polished.
History. — It grows in meadows and low, rich soils in many parts of
Europe, and is common in England. The plant is annual or perennial,
according to the manner in which it is propagated. The root resem-
bles that of the tulip, and contains a white acrid juice. The bulb should
be gathered about the beginning of July, and the seeds early in August.
Colchicia is the active principle.
Properties and
Uses. —
It is sedative, cathartic, diuretic, and emetic.
Used and gouty rheumatism, dropsy, palpitation of the heart
in gout
care should be used in its employment. The tincture is the best form
of administration, of which the dose is from twenty to sixty drops.

MONKSHOOD (Aconitum Napellus).

Common Name. Wolfs-hane.
Medicinal Parts. Leaves and root.
Description. — This plant has a small napiform root, and simple,
straight, erect stems, about five feet high. The leaves are alternate,
petioled, dark-green above, paler beneath. The flowers are large, deep
bluish-purple, sometimes white, and hairy fruit a capsule.
;

History. — This perennial herb is a native of most parts of Europe,

growing in wooded hills and plains,- and is much cultivated in gardens.
It flowers inMay and June. All parts of the plant contain powerfully
poisonous properties but the root is the part most generally employed
;

for medical purposes. It yields Aconitinn.

124 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Properties and Uses. —

Although Aconite in the hands of the intelli-
gent physician is of great service, it should not be used in domestic
practice. In improper doses all preparations of aconite act as an
energetic acro-narcotic poison. As a sedative and anodyne, it is useful
and inflammatory diseases, and, indeed, in all affections in
in all febrile
which there is an increase of nervous, vascular, or muscular action. In
acute rheumatism, pneumonia, peritonitis, gastritis, and many other
acute disorders, it has been used with the most decided advantage.
Its action is more especially displayed in the highest grades of fever
and inflammation.
JDose. —
The best preparation is the alcoholic extract, formed by evapo-
rating a tincture made of a pound of aconite and a quart of alcohol.
The dose of this is one-eighth of a grain.

MOSS (Corsica^), (Fucus HELMmTnicoRTON).

Medicinal Part. The wTiole plant
Description. — This marine plant has a cartilaginous, tufted, entangled
frond, with branches marked indistinctly with transverse streaks. The
lower part is dirty -yellow, the branches more or less purple.
History. — It is found growing on the Mediterranean coast, and es-
pecially on the Island of Corsica. It is cartilaginous in consistence, is
of a dull and reddish-brown color, has a bitter, salt, and nauseous taste,
but its odor is rather pleasant. • Water dissolves its active principles.
Properties —
and Uses. It is an excellent anthelmintic. The influence
it exercises upon the economy is entirely inappreciable, but it acts
very powerfully on intestinal worms. Dr. Johnson says "It destroys :

any worms domiciliating in the bowels as effectually as choke-damps

would destroy the life of a miner." This excellent vermifuge plant is
one of the ingredients of my Male Fern Vermifuge, see page 469.
Dose. —
From ten to sixty grains, mixed with molasses or syrup, or in
infusion.
The Fucus" Vesiculosis, Sea-wrack, or Bladder Fucus, possesses an-
alogous properties.

MOTHERWORT (Leonurus Cardiaca).

Medicinal Parts. The tops and leaves.
Description. — This perennial plant has stems from two to five feet in
height. The leaves are opposite, dark-green, rough, and downy. The
flowers are purplish or whitish-red ;
calyx, rigid and bristly ; corolla,
purplish ;
anthers in pairs, and fruit an oblong achenium.
History. —Motherwort is an exotic plant, but extensively introduced
into the United States, growing in fields and pastures, and flowering
from May to September. It has a peculiar, aromatic, not disagreeable
 THE COMPLETE HEPBALIST. 125

i<<lor, and a slig-htly aromatic bitter taste. It yields its properties to

watier and alcohol.
Properties —
and Uses. It is antispasmodic, emmenagogue, nervine, and
laxative. In amenorrhoea from colds it is excellent, if given in warm
infusion. It is very useful in hysteria, nervous complaints, pains pecu-
liar to females, delirium tremens, wakefulness, liver affections, etc. , etc.

It is a very valuable remedy for many purposes, and deserves greater

attention than it receives.
Dose. —Decoction, two to four ounces ;
extract, three to six grains.

liniLLEIN (Yerbascum Thapsus).

Medicinal Parts. The leaves and flowers.
Description. —This biennial plant has a straight, tall, stout, woolly,
simple stem. The leaves are alternate, oblong, acute, and rough on both
sides. The flowers are of a golden-yellow color ;
calyx, five-parted
coroUa, five-lobed ;
stamens, five ;
and fruit, a capsule or pod.
History. —Mullein is common was undoubt-
in the United States, but
edly introduced from Europe. grows in recent clearings, slovenly
It
fields, and along the side of roads, flowering from June to August.

The leaves ana the flowers are the parts used. They have a faint,
rather pleasant odor, and a somewhat bitterish, albuminous taste, and
yield their virtues to boiling water.
Properties and
Uses. —
It is demulcent, diuretic, anodyne, and anti-
;«pasmodic, the mfusion being useful in coughs, catarrh, bleeding from
Ae mouth or lungs, diarrhoea, dysentery, and piles. It may be boiled in
mOk, sweetened, and rendered more palatable by aromatics, for internal
use, especially Dowel complaints. A fomentation of the leaves in hot
vinegar and water forms an excellent local application for inflamed
piles, ulcers, and tumors, mumps, acute inflammation of the tonsils,
malignant sore tnroat, etc. A handful of them may be also placed in
an old teapot, with hot water, and the steam be inhaled through the
spout, in the same complaints.

MYRRH (Balsamodendron Myrrha).

Medicinal Part. The resinous exudation.
Description. — This plant has a shrubby, arborescent stem, spinescent
branches, a very pale gray bark, and yellowish-white wood. The leaves
are temate, on short petioles ;
leaflets, obovate ; flowers, unkno^vn.
History. — The Myrrh-tree grows in Arabia, and in the regions between
Abyssinia and the Red Sea. The juice flows naturally, like cherry-tree
gum, upon the bark. At first it is soft and pale yellow, but by drying
becomes hard, darker and redder, and forms the medicinal Qum Myrrh
It is readily powdered, and has a peculiar, agreeable, balsamic odor,
and a bitter, aromatic, not unpleasant taste.
126 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Properties and Uses. —

It is a stimulant of the mucous tissues, and
used to promote expectoration, as well as menstruation and is highly ;

useful in enfeebled conditions of the body, excessive mucous secretion,

chronic catarrh, leucorrhoea, etc. Also in laryngitis, bronchitis, humoral
asthma, and other diseases of the air-tubes, accompanied with profuse
secretion,but expeUed with difficulty. It is valuable in suppressed
menses and cases of anaemia also as a local application to indolent
;

sores, gangrenous ulcers, aphthous or sloughy sore throat, spongy and

ulcerated condition of the gum, caries of the teeth, etc.
—
Dose. In powder and pill, ten to thirty grains of the tincture, from ;

half to two teaspoonfuls.

NARROW LEAF VIRGINIA THYME (Pycanthemum Virginicum).

Common Name. Prairie Hyssop.
Medicinal Part. The plant.
Description. — This pubescent plant has a simple stem, grovnng from
one to two feet high. The leaves are sessile, entire, and linear ; flow-
ers are white, and fruit an achenium.
History. —
It is found in low grounds, dry hills, and plains, from Ohio
and Illinois extending southward, and flowering in July and August.
The whole plant is used, and has the taste and odor peculiar to the mint
family.
Properties and Uses. — It is diaphoretic, stimulant, antispasmodic,
carminative, and tonic. A warm infusion is very useful in puerperal,
remittent, and other forms of fever, coughs, colds, catarrhs, etc. and is
,

also of much benefit in spasmodic diseases, especially colic, cramp of the

stomach, and spasms of infants. The cold infusion is a good tonic and
stimulant during convalescence from exhausting diseases. It forms a

most certain remedy for catarrh when combined with other native and
foreign herbs and roots.
Dose. —
From one to four fluid ounces of the warm or cold infusion,
several times a day.
The P. Pilosum, P. Aristatum or Wild Basil, and P. Incanum, have
similar properties.

NETTLE (Urtica Dioca).

Common Naivie. Great Stinging Nettle.
Medicinal Parts, The root and leaves.

Description. — This a perennial, herbaceous, dull-green plant, armed

is

with small prickles, which emit an acrid fluid when pressed. The stem
is from two to four feet high root creeping and branching. The leaves
;

are opposite, cordate, lance-ovate, and conspicuously acuminate. Flow-

ers are small and green.
History. — The Common Nettle is weU known both in America and in
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 127

Europe, and grows in waste places, beside hedges and in gardens, flow-
ering from June to September. The leaves and root are the parts used.
The prickles of the Common Nettle contain Formic Acid. The young
shoots have been boiled and eaten as a remedy' for scurvy.
Properties and Uses. — It is astringent, tonic, and diuretic. In decoc-
tion they are valuable in diarrhoea, dysentery, and pUes also in hemor-
;

rhages, scorbutic and febrile affections, gravel, and other nephritic com-
plaints. The leaves of the fresh Common Nettle stimulate, inflanie,
and raise blisters upon those portions which they may be
of the skin to
applied, and they have, as a natural consequence, often been used as a
powerful rubefacient. They are also an excellent styptic, checking the
flow of blood from sui'faces almost immediately upon their application.
The seeds and flowers are given in wine for agues.
Dose. —
Of the po\Tdered root or leaves, from twenty to forty grains ;

of the decoction, from two to four fluid ounces.

Urtica Urens, or Dicarf JVeitle, possesses similar qualities, and is
very efficacious in uterine hemorrhage.
Urtica Pamila, Cool-iceed, Rich-iceed, or SUngless Nettle^ has also
active properties. It gives reUef in inflammations, painful swellings,
erysipelas, and the topical poison of rhus.

NET LEAF PLANTAIN (Goodyera Pubescens).

Co:xrMOisr Names. Scrofula-weed, Adder^s Violet, Battle-snake Leaf,

, etc.

Medicestal Part. T7ie leaves.

Description. — The scape or stem of this plant is from eight to twelve
inches high, springing from a perennial root. The leaves are radical,
ovate, and dark green. The flowers are white, numerous, and pubes-
cent.
History. —
This herb grows in various parts of the United States, in
rich woods and under evergreens, and is commoner southward than
northward, although there is a variety ( Goodyera Repens) which is plen-
tiful in colder regions of America. It bears yellowish-white flowers in
July and August. The leaves are the parts employed, and yield their
virtues to boiling water.
Properties and Uses. —It is anti-scrofulous, and is kno-s^Ti to have cured
severe cases of scrofula. The fresh leaves are steejjed in milk and ap-
plied to scrofulous ulcers as a poultice, or the bruised leaves may be laid
on them, and in either case they must be removed every three hours ;

at the same time an infusion must be taken as freely as the stomach will
allow. It is also good as a wash in scrofiiJous oiihthalmia. In my opin-
ion scrofula is one of the most obstinate and many-shaped alflictions
to which the human race is subjected, but in the production of this and
128 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

other native and foreign plants, nature has shown her ^eat charity
and kindness towards us.

NIGHTSHADE (Garden) (Solanum Nigrum).

Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Deiicnption. — This is a fetid, narcotic, bushy herb, with a fibrous
root,and an erect, branching, thornless stem, one or two feet high.
Leaves are ovate, dentated, smooth, and the margins have the appear-
ance as if gnawed by insects. Flowers white or pale-\dolet fruit, a ;

berry.
History. —
This plant is also called Deadly Nightshade, but is not to
be confoimded with Belladonna. It is found growing along old walls,
fences, and in gardens, in various parts of the United States, flowering
in July and August. The leaves yield their virtues to water and alcohol.
Projierties and Uses. —
It is a narcotic and sedative, producing, when
given in large doses, sickness and vertigo. One to three grains of the
leaves, infused in water, will produce a copious perspiration and purge
on the day following. They have been freely used in cancer, scurvy,
and scrofulous affections, in the form of an ointment. Very small
doses are taken internally. These should always be prescribed, and
their effects watched by a physician. It is better to use the plant only
in the form of an ointment. The berries are poisonous, and will pro-
duce torpor, insensibility, and death,

NORWAY PINE (Abies Excelsa).

Medicinal Part, The concrete juice

Descri'ption — This is a large tree, often having a diameter exceeding
four feet, and attaining an altitude of one hundred and forty feet.
Leaves are short, scattered, mucronate, dark-green, and glossy above.
History. — It is an inhabitant of Germany, Russia, and Norway, and
other northern parts of Europe, as well as of Asia. It affords the Frank-
incense of commerce, which, when boiled in water and strained, forms
the officinal Burgundy Pitch.
Frojierties —
and Uses. Burgundy Pitch is generally used externally
to produce a redness of the surface, wdth a slight serous exhalation. It
is employed as a counter- irritant in chronic diseases of the lungs,
stomach, intestines, etc and is regarded with favor as a local applica-
,

tion in rheiunatic affections.

NUX VOMICA (Strychnos Nux Vomica).

Medicinal Part. The seeds.
Description. —This is a moderate-sized tree, with a short and pretty
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 129

tliick trunk. The wood is white, hard, and bitter. The leaves are op-
posite, oval, and smooth on both sides.
Flowers small, greenish-white, funnel-
shaped, and have a disagreeable odor.
The fruit is a berry, round, and about
the size of a large apple, enclosing five
whitish seeds.
History. —
It is an inhabitant of Cor-
omandel, Ceylon, and other parts of
the East Indies, The active princi-
ples of the seeds are strychnine and
brucia.
Properties and Uses. — It is an ener- Nux Vomica,
getic poison, exerting its influence
chiefly upon the cerebro-spinal system. It is supposed to affect the
spinal cord principally. medicine for paralysis and ner-
It is a favorite
vous debility generally. If a poisonous dose is given it will produce
spasms like tetanus or lock-jaw. It is tonic, and increases the action
of various excretory organs. Where want of nervous energy exists it is

an admirable remedy. range of service is quite extensive, and valu-

Its
able for many indications but as great caution is required in its ad-
;

ministration, it should only be employed by the educated physician.

OAK ^White, Red, and Black (Quercus Alba, Rubra, and

Tenctoria).
Medicinal Part. I'he bark.
Description. —These forest-trees vary in size, according to the climate
and soil. In diameter they are from three to six feet in height, from ;

sixty to a hundred feet. They are too well known to require any botan-
ical description.
History. — Quercus is a very extensive and valuable genus, consisting
of many which grow in the United States.
species, a large proportion of
Their usual character is and the three above described
that of astringent,
are those which have been more particularly employed in medicine. The
bark of the tree is the portion used. White oak bark is the one chiefly
used in medicine. It is of a pale brownish color, faintly odorous, very
astringent, with a slight bitterness, tough, breaking with a stringy or
fibrous fractirre, and not readily powdered. It contains a very large
proportion of tannic acid. Black oak bark is also used as an astringent
externally, but is rarely employed internally, as it is liable to derange
the bowels. It is also used in tanning and for dyeing. Red oak bark
also contains considerable tannin,and is chiefly applied externally the m
treatment of cancers, indolent ulcers, etc.
Properties and Uses. —
The bark is slightly tonic, powerfully aatrin-
6*
i30 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

gent, and antiseptic. It is useful internally in chronic diarrhoea, chronio

mucous discharges, passive hemorrhages, and wherever an internal as-
tringent is required. In colliquative sweats the decoction is usually
combined with lime-water. The gargle and injection are extensively
used for sore throat, whites, piles, etc. A bath of the decoction is often
advantageous in cutaneous diseases, but should only be used when or-
dered by a physician.
Dose. — Of the decoction, one or two fluid ounces of the extract, from ;

five to twenty grains.

QuERCUS Infectoria, or Dyers' Oak, is a small shrub, which fur-
nishes the morbid excrescences, Galls, which, or the gallic acid obtained
from them, may be used wherever an astringent is called for.

OLD MAN'S BEARD (Chionanthus Virginica).

Common Names. Fringe Tree, Poison Ash.

Medicinal Part, Bark of the root.
Description. — This is a shrub or small tree, growing from eight to
twenty-five feet high. The leaves are opposite, oval, oblong, veiny, and
smooth ; flowers are in dense panicles ;
calyx very small ; corolla snow-
white, consisting of four petals ; and fruit a fleshy, oval, purple drupe.
History. —
This plant is very ornamental, and is much cultivated in
gardens, from Pennsylvania to Tennessee. It grows on river-banks and
on elevated places, presenting clusters of snow-white flowers in May
and June. The bark of the root, which imparts its properties to water
or alcohol, is the part used.
Properties and Uses. — The bark is aperient, alterative, and diuretic,
with some narcotic properties. An infusion is recommended for bilious,
typhoid, and intermittent fevers. To convalescents who are suffering
from the efifects of exhaustive diseases an excellent tonic and re-
it is

storative. It can be used to advantage as a poultice for ulcers, wounds,

and external inflammations.
Dose. —
Of the infusion, from the half a fluid ounce to two fluid ounces,
repeated several times through the day, according to the influence it ex-
erts upon the system.

OLD FIELD BALSAM (Gnaphalium Polycephalum).

Common Names. Indian Posy, Sweet-scented Life Everlasting^
White Balsam, etc.

Medicinal Part. The herb.

Description. — This indigenous herbaceous annual has an erect, whitish,
wooUy, and much branched stem, one or two feet high. The leaves are al-
ternate, sessile, lanceolate, acute, and entire flowers tubular and yellow.
;

History. —
Old Field Balsam is found in Canada and various parts of
the United States, growing in old fields and on dry barren lands, flower-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALlSI'. 131

ing in July and Augnst. The leaves have a pleasant, aromatic smell,
and are the parts used. They readily yield their properties to water.
—
Properties and Uses. It is an astringent. Ulcerations of the mouth
and throat are relieved by chewing the leaves and blossoms. In fevers
a warm infusion is found to be very serviceable also in quinsy, and
;

pulmonary and bronchial complaints. It is also valuable, in infusion,

for diseases of the bowels and hemorrhages and the leaves, applied to
;

bruises, indolent tumors, and other local affections, are very efficacious.
A:ntemaria Margaritacea, or Pearl-flowered Life Everlasting^ a
perennial, possesses similar mediciual qualities.

OPIUM (Pap AVER SomniferumX

Common Name. Poppy.

Medicinal Part. Concrete juice of unripe capsule.
Description. —An annual herb, with an erect, round, green, smooth
stem, from two to four feet high. Leaves large, oblong, green margius
;

wavy, incised, and toothed teeth sometimes tipped with a rigid hair.
;

Flowers large, calyx smooth, and the fruit a large, smooth, globose cap-
sule. There are two varieties, the black and white.
History. — A native of Asia and Egypt. It grows apparently wild in
some parts of Europe and in England, but has escaped the gardens.
Cultivated in Asia Minor, Egypt, Persia, and India, for the opium ob-
tained from it. The white variety is cultivated on the plains of India,
and the black in the Himalayas. Its virtues have been kno^sTi to the
ancients for Homer speaks of the poppy growing in gardens. Poppy
;

capsules contain a small quantity of the principles found in opium, and

the effect is similar, but much weaker than it possesses. They are used
medicinally but opium is almost universally used.
;

Properties —
and Uses. Opium is a narcotic and stimulant, acting
under various circumstances as a sedative, antispasmodic, febrifuge,
and diaphoretic. It is anodyne, and extensively used for that purpose.
It contains many active principles, morphia and codeia being, however,
the most important. There is no herbal medicine more extensively
used, as well as abused, than Opium, and though a valuable remedy, its
indiscriminate use is pernicious^ as it is capable of doing great harm.
Laudanum and paregoric are the forms mostly used in domestic prac-
tice, but the "soothing syrups" and "carminatives" found in every
nursery and household aH contain Opium in some form, and work a
great deal of mischief.
D(?«e.— Opium, one grain; laudanum, twenty drops ;
paregoric, a tea-
spoonful.
132 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

PAPOOSE ROOT (Caulopittllum Thalictroides).

Common Names. Blue CoJiosh, Squaw Root, etc.
Medicinal Part. The root.

Description. — This a smooth, glaucous plant, purple when young,

is

with a high, round stem, one to three feet high. Leaves bitemate or
tritemate, leaflets oval, petiolate, pale beneath, and from two to three
inches long. The flowers appear in May or June.
History. —It
a handsome perennial plant, growing in all parts of
is

the United States, near running streams, and in low, moist, rich
grounds also in swamps and on islands. The seeds, which ripen in
;

August, make a decoction which closely resembles coffee. The berries

are dry and rather mawkish. Its active principle is Caulopliyllin.
Properties and Uses. — It is principally used as an emmenagogue,
parturient, and antispasmodic. It also possesses diuretic, diaphoretic,
and anthelmintic properties. It is employed in rheumatism, colic,
cramps, hiccough, epilepsy, hysteria, uterine inflammation, etc. It is a
valuable remedy in all chronic uterine diseases, but should be given in
combination with such other remedies as the case requires.
Dose. —
Of the decoction, from two to four fluid ounces, three or fou<
times a day.

PAREIRA BRAVA (CissAMPELOS Pareira),

Common Names. Velvet Leaf^ Ice Vine.

Medicinal Part. The root.

Description. — This plantis a shrub, with a round woody root and

smooth stems. Leaves roundish, peltate, subcordate, and smooth

above when full grown. Flowers small, and the fruit a scarlet, round,
reniform, shrivelled berry.
History. —
This is a native of the West India Islands and the Spanish
Main. sometimes imported under the name of ahuta or butua
It is
root. It comes in cylindrical pieces, sometimes flattened, and some a&
thick as a child's arm, and a foot or more in length. The alkaloid
obtained from it has been called Cissampelin, or Pelosin.
Properties and Uses. —
Tonic, diuretic, and aperient. Used in chronic
inflammation of the bladder, and various disorders of the urinary-
organs. It is also serviceable in leucorrhoea and gonorrhoea. It is
highly beneficial in calculous affections, rheumatism, and jaundice.
Dose. —Of the infusion, one to four ounces extract, ten to twenty
;

grains.

PARSLEY (Petroselinum Sativum).

Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This biennial plant has a fleshy, spindle-shaped root,
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 133

and an erect, smooth, branching stem. The radical leaves are biter-
nate, bright green, and on long petioles wedge-shaped. Flow-
;
leaflets

ers white or greenish, and petals rounded and barely emarginate.

—
History. Although Parsley is reared in all parts of the civilized
world as a culinary vegetable, it is a native of Europe. The root is the
officinal part. From the seeds French chemists have succeeded in ob-
taining an essential oil, named Apiol^ which has proved to be a good
substitute for quinia in intermittent fevers, and for ergot as a partu-
rient.
Pi^operties and Uses. —It isand very excellent in dropsy,
diuretic,
especially that following scarlatina and other exanthematous diseases.
It is also frequently used to remedy retention of urine, strangury, and
gonorrhoea. The seeds are sometimes used as carminatives. They kill
vermin in the head. The leaves, bruised, are a good application for
contusions, swelled breasts, and enlarged glands. The bruised leaves
applied to the breasts are used by wet-nurses to " dry up " the milk.
Dose. — Of the oil, for diuretic purposes, three or four drops a day of ;

the infusion, two to four fluid ounces, three or four times a day.

PARTRIDGE BERRY (Mitchella Repens).

Common Names. One Berry^ ChecTcerlerry^ Winter Clover, Deer-
herry, Sguaw-vine^ etc.

Medicinal Part. Tlie vine.

Description. — This
indigenous evergreen herb has a perennial root,
from which arises a smooth and creeping stem. The leaves are ovate,
slightly cordate, opposite, flat and dark-green flowers are white, often
;

tinged with red, in pairs, very fragrant, and have united ovaries. Calyx
four-parted corolla funnel-shaped stamens four, inserted on the co-
; ;

rolla. The fruit is a dry berry-like double drupe.

History. —
Partridge Berry is indigenous to the United States. It
grows both in dry woods and swampy places, and flowers in June and
July. The berry is bright scarlet and edible, but nearly tasteless. The
leaves, which look something like clover, remain green throughout the
winter. The whole plant is used, readily imparting its virtues to alcohol
or boiling water.
Properties and Uses. —Partridge Berry is parturient (producing or
promoting child-birth, or labor), diuretic, and astringent. In all uterine
diseases it is highly beneficial. The Indian women use it for weeks
before confinement, in order to render parturition safe and easy. Ladies
who wish to use it for that purpose, however, should consult an herbal
physician of experience for a proper, safe, and effectual preparation.
The remedy is exclusively American, not being used, or even noticed, by
European practitioners.
Dose. —Of a strong decoction, from two to four fluid ounces, three or
134 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

four times a day. The berries are good for dysentery. They are aJao
highly spoken of as a cure for sore nipples. The application for the
nipples is made by boiling a strong decoction of the leaves down to a
thick liquid, and then adding cream to it. It is not, however, equal to

the Herbal Ointment, for an account of which see page 472.

PENNYROYAL (Hedeoma PuLEGioroES).

Common Names. TicTcioeed^ Squaicmint, etc.

Medicinal Part. The herb.

DescriptioJi.— This is an indigenous annual plant, with a fibrous, yel-
lowish root, and an erect, branching stem, from six to twelve inches
high. The leaves are half an inch or more long, opposite, oblong, and
on short petioles ;
floral leaves similar. The flowers are quite small and
light-blue in color.
History. — This plant should not be confounded with the Mentha pule-
European Pennyroyal. It grows in barren woods and dry
gioides^ or
and particularly in limestone countries, flowering from June to
fields,

September and October, rendering the air fragrant to some distance

around it. It is common to nearly all parts of the United States. It is
said to be very obnoxious to fleas.
Properties —
and Uses. It is stimulant, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, and
carminative. The warm infusion, used freely, will promote perspira-
tion, restore suppressed lochia or after-flow, and excite the menstrual
discharge when
recently checked. It is very much used by females for

this last purpose —

a large draught being taken at bedtime, the feet being
previously bathed in hot water.

PEONY (P^ONiA Officinalis).

Medicinal Part. TJieroot.

Description. —
Peony has many thick, long-spreading, perennial roots,
running deep into the ground, with an erect, herbaceous, large, green,
and branching stem, about two or three feet high. The leaves are large ;

leaflets ovate-lanceolate and smooth. The flowers are large, red, and
solitary and fruit a many-seeded, fleshy follicle.
;

History. —
This plant is indigenous to Southern Europe, and is culti-
vated in gardens in the United States and elsewhere, on account of the
elegance of its large flowers, which appear from May to August. The
root is the officinal part. This, \vith the seeds and flowers, yields its
virtues to diluted spirits.
Properties and Uses. —
It is antispasmodic and tonic, and can be ad-
vantageously employed in chorea, epilepsy, spasms, and various nervous
affections. An infusion of value is made by adding an oimce of the root,
in coarse powder, to a pint of a boiling liquid, composed of one part of
good gin and two parts of water.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 135

l)o%e. —Two or three fluid ounces (sweetened), three or four times a

day.

PERUVIAN BALSAM (Myrospermum Peruiferum).

Medicinal Part. Tlie balsamic exudation.
— The tree from which this is procured
Description. is large, with a
thick, straight, smooth trunk, and a coarse, gray, compact, heavy, gran-
ulated bark. The bark is of a pale straw color, filled with resin, which,
according to its quantity, changes the color to citron, yellow, red, or dark
chestnut smell and taste grateful, balsamic, and aromatic.
; The leaves
are pinnate ; leaflets alternate, oblong or ovate, acuminate, and emar-
ginate. The flowers are in axillary racemes, and the fruit is a pendu-
lous, straw-colored samara.
History. — The
is common to the forests of Peru, and flowers
tree
from July to October. The natives call it Quinquina. It contains a
large amount of balsamic juice, which yields copiously when the bark is
incised. Balsam of Peru, in thin layers, has a dark, reddish-brown
color ;
in bulk it is black, or of the color of molasses. The natives steep
the fruit in rum, call the liquid balsamito, and use it largely for medical
purposes.
Properties and Uses. —
It is expectorant and stimulant, acting especially
on mucous tissues. Its reparative action on the lungs in consumption is
decided, removing the secretions, healing the ulcers, and expelling the
tuberculous matter. In all chronic diseases of the lungs and bronchial
tubes it is without a superior. Externally it can be applied tc old ulcers,
wounds, ringworm, etc.
This valuable remedy is one of the ingredients of my
" Acacian Balsam," wherein it is properly combined
with many other valuable associates.

PINKROOT (Sptgelia Marilandica).

Common Names. Carolina Pink or Worm Grass.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. —
This herbaceous, indigenous plant has
a perennial, very fibrous, yellow root, which sends up
several erect, smooth stems of purplish color, from six
to twenty inches high. The leaves are opposite, ses-
sile, ovate-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, entire, and
smooth. Flowers few in number and club-shaped.
Fruit a double capsule.
History. —
It inhabits the Southern States, and is
seldom found north of the Potomac. It was used by pinkroot.
t>^e Indians as an anthelmintic before the discovery of

America, and was formerly collected for the market by the Creeks and
136 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Cherokees in the northern part of Georgia, but since their removal the
supply comes from the far Southwest.
Properties and Uses. —
It is an active and certain vermifuge, especially
among- children. Given alone it is very apt to produce various unpleas-
ant symptoms, increased action of the heart, dizziness, etc. I extract
from the root a resinous principle, to which I have given the name of
^ngeliin.^ which has all of the virtues of the root, but does not produce
any derangement. I employ the Spigeliin in my Male Fern Vermi-
'
'

fuge." See page 474.

PIPSISSEWA (Chimaphila Umbellata).

Common Naivees. Wintergreen, Prince's Pine, Ground HoUi/, etc.

Medicinal Part. The whole plant.

Description. — This is a small evergreen, nearly herbaceous, perennial
herb, with a creeping rhizome, from which spring several erect stems,
woody at their base, and from four to
eight inches high. The leaves are from
two to three inches long, on short petioles,
and of dark green-color, paler below.
The flowers are of light-purple color,
and exhale a fragrant odor. The pollen
is white, and the fruit is an erect five-

celled capsule.
History. — This plant is indigenous to
the north temperate regions of both
hemispheres, and is met with in dry,
shady woods, flowering from May to
August. The leaves have no odor when
dried, but when fresh and rubbed they
are rather fragrant. Boiling water or
alcohol extracts their virtues. They con-
tain resin, gum, lignin, and saline sub-
Pipsissewa.
stances.
Properties and Uses. —It and astringent.
is diuretic, tonic, alterative,

It is especially useful in scrofula and chronic rheumatism. In diseases

of the kidneys and dropsy it exerts a decided curative power. In uri-
nary diseases it is preferable to uva ursi, ou account of being less obnox-
ious to the stomach. In dropsy it cannot be so well depended upon
without the use of some more active measures in combination with it.

PLEURISY ROOT (Asclepias Tuberosa).

Common Names. ButterJIy-weed, Wi7id-root, Tuber-root.
Medicinal Part. I'he root.
Description. — This plant has a perennial, large, fleshy, white, fusiform
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 137

root, from which numerous stems arise, Rowing from one to three feet
high, which are more or less erect, round, hairy, green or red, and grow-
ing in bunches from the root. The leaves are alternate, lanceolate,
hairy, dark green above, and paler beneath.
The flowers are numerous, erect, and of a
beautifully bright orange color. The fruit
is a long, narrow, green follicle. Seeds are
ovate, and terminate in long silken hairs.
History. —It is United
a native of the
States, more Southern
particularly of the
States, inhabiting gravelly and sandy soils,
and flowering in July and August. The
root is the medicinal part. WTien fresh
it has a disagreeable, slightly acrimonious

taste, but when dried the taste is slightly

bitter. Boiling water extracts its virtues.
Pleurisy Root
Asclepin is the active principle.
Properties and Uses. —PleurisyRoot is much used in decoction or
infusion, for the purpose of promoting perspiration and expectoration
in diseases of the respiratory organs, especially pleurisy, inflamma-
tion of the lungs, catarrhal affections, consumption, etc. It is like-
wise carminative, tonic, diuretic, and antispasmodic, but does not
stimulate. Acute rheumatism, fever, dysentery, etc., are benefited
by a free use of the warm infusion. It is also highly efficacious in
some cases of dyspepsia. In uterine difficulties it has also been
found of great value. Its chief use, however, is in bronchial and
pulmonary complaints, and it serves its indications in these com-
plaints most admirably. It is one of the ingredients of my Acacian
Balsam. See page 469,
Dose. —
Of the powder, twenty to sixty grains, three or four times a
day. Of a strong tincture, one or two wineglasses full four or five
times a day, until perspiration is produced.

POKE (Phytolacca Decandra).

Common Names. Pigeon-herry., Oarget., Scoke., Coahum^ etc.
Medicinal Parts. The root., leaves, and berries.
—
This indigenous plant has a perennial root of large
Description.
size,frequently exceeding a man's leg in diameter, fleshy, fibrous, easily
cut or broken, and covered wdth a thin brownish bark. The stems are
annual, about an inch in diameter, round, smooth, when young green,
and grow from five to nine feet in height. The leaves are scattered,
petiolate, smooth on both sides, and about five inches long and three
broad. The flowers are numerous, small, and greenish-white in oolor
and the berries are round, dark-purple, and in long clusters.
138 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Histoi^. —
Tliis plant is common in many parts of the country, grow-
ing in dry fields, hillsides, and roadsides, and flowering in July and
August. It is also found in Europe and northern parts of Africa. The
leaves should be gathered just previous to the ripening of the berries.
The berries are collected when fully matured. Phytolaccin is its active
principle.
Properties and Uses. — Poke is emetic, cathartic, alterative, and slightly
narcotic. The root excites the whole glandular system, and is very use-
ful in syphilitic, scrofulous, rheumatic, and cutaneous diseases. It is
an excellent remedy for the removal of mercurio-syphilitic affections.
Very few, if any, of the alteratives have superior power to Poke, if it

is properly gathered and prepared for medicinal use. It is an ingre-

dient in my " Blood Purifier," which wiU be foimd fully described on
page 473.

POMEGRANATE (PuNiCA Granatum).

Medicinal Parts. the fruity and bark of the root.
The rind of
De^scri/ption. — This
a small tree or shrub.
is The leaves are opposite,
entire, smooth, and two or three inches long. The flowers are large,
red, two or three, and nearly sessile. Calyx five-cleft, corolla consists
of five much crumpled petals. The fruit is a large pericarp, quite
pleasant in flavor, and quite watery.
History. —The Pomegranate is Asiatic, but has been naturalized in
the West Indies and the Southern States.
Properties and Uses. — The flowers and rind of
the fruit are astringent, and are used for the ar-
rest of mucous discharges, hemorrhages, night-
sweats, and diarrhoea accompanying consumption.
They and
are also very good for intermittent fever
tape-worm. The bark of the root is used as a
specific for tape-worm, but its chief virtues are
healing and balsamic, if taken for ulcerations of
the lungs.
—
Dose. The dose of the rind or flowers in powder
is from one to two scruples, and in decoction from

one to three fluid ounces.

PRICKLY ASH (Xanthoxylum Fraxineum).

. Common Names. Yellow-wood, Toothache-bush.,
etc.

Prickly Ash. MEDICINAL PARTS. The bark and berries.

Description. —This indigenous shrub has a stem
ten or twelve feet high, with alternate branches, which are armed
with Btrong conical prickles. The leaves are alternate and pinnate,
 THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST, 139

leaflets ovate and acute. and appear

Tlie flowers are small, greenisli,
before the leaves. The fruit is an oval capsule, varying from green
to red in color.
History. —It is a native of North America, growing from Canada to
Virginia, and west to the IVIississippi, in woods, thickets, and on river
banks, and flowering in April and May. The medicinal parts render
their virtues to water and alcohol. Xanthoxyline is its active principle.
Properties and Uses. —
Prickly Ash is stimulant, tonic, alterative,
and sialagogue. It is used as a stimulant in languid states of the
system, and as a sialagogue in paralysis of the tongue and mouth.
It is highly beneficial in chronicrheumatism, colic, syphilis, hepatic
derangements, and wherever a stimulating alterative is required.
Dose of the powder, from ten to thirty grains, three times a day. The
berries are stimulant, carminative, and antispasmodic, acting especially
on the mucous tissues.
The Aralia Spinosa, or Southern Prickly Ash, differs from Xanthoxy-
ium, both in botanical character and medicinal virtues.

PRIVET (LiGUSTRUM VULGARE).

Common Names. P7ivy, Prim, etc.

Medicinal Part. The leaves.

Description. — This is a smooth shrub, growing five or six feet high.
The leaves are dark-green, one or two inches in length, about half as
wide, entire, smooth, lanceolate, and on short petioles. The flowers
are small, white, and numerous, and fruit a spherical black berry. In
England the Privet is carried up with many slender branches to a rea-
sonable height and breadth, to cover arbors, bowers, and banqueting
houses, and brought or wrought into many fantastic forms, as birds,
men, horses.
History. —
It is supposed to have been introduced into America from
England, but it is indigenous to Missouri, and found growing in wild
woods and thickets from New England to Virginia and Ohio. It is also
cultivated in American gardens. The leaves are used for medicinal
purposes. They have but little odor, and an agreeable bitterish and
astringent taste. They yield their virtues to water or alcohol. The
berries are reputed cathartic, and the bark is said to be as effectual as
the leaves, as it contains sugar, mannite, starch, bitter resin, bitter
extractive, albumen, salts, and a peculiar substance called Ligustrin.
Properties and Uses. — The leaves are astringent. A decoction of
them is valuable in chronic bowel complaints, ulcerations of stomach
and bowels, or as a gargle for ulcers of mouth and throat. It is also
good as an injection for ulcerated ears vN-ith offensive discharges, leu-
corrhoea, etc. This ingredient I use in a wash for leucorrhoea, with
gratifying success.
140 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Dose. —Of tke powdered leaves thirty to sixty grains, three times a
day ; of the decoction two to four teacupfuls.

QUASSIA (PlCR^NIA EXCELSA).

Common Names. Bitter-wood^ Bitter-ash.
Medicinal Part. The wood.
Description. — This is a tree growing from
fifty to one hundred feet
high, with an erect stem, three ormore feet in diameter at the stem.
The bark is grayish and smooth. The leaves are alternate, unequally
pinnate leaflets opposite,
; oblong, acuminate, and unequal at the
base. Flowers are small, pale or yellowish-green. Fruit three drupes,
about the size of a pea. The Quassia Amara, or bitter quassia, is a
Bhrub, or moderately-sized branching tree, having a grayish bark.
History. —
Quassia Amara inhabits Surinam, Guiana, Colombia, Pan-
ama, and the West India Islands. It flowers in November and Decem-
ber. The bark, wood, and root, which are iatensely bitter, are used
to the greatest advantage in malignant fevers. For the medicinal parts
of this tree, as they seldom reach England or America, we get as a
substitute the Picrcena Excelsa of Jamaica and other neighboring isl-
ands, which flowers in October and November, and in the two succeed-
ing months matures its fruit.
Properties and Uses. —
Quassia is tonic, febrifuge, and anthelmiiitic.
Cups made of the wood have been used for many years by persons re-
quiring a powerful tonic. Any liquid standing in one of these vessels
a few moments will become thoroughly impregnated by its peculiar
medicinal qualities. Wherever a bitter tonic is required, Quassia is an
excellent remedy.
Dose. —
Of the powder, thirty grains of the infusion, from one to
;

three fluid ounces of the tincture, one or two fluid drachms, and of
;

the extract, from two to ten grains.

QUEEN OF THE MEADOW (Eupatorium Purpureum).

Common Names. Oravel-root^ Joe-pie^ Trumpet-weed.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This is a herbaceous plant, with a perennial, woody
root, with many long dark-brown fibres, sending up one or more solid
green, sometimes purplish, stems, five or six feet in height. The leaves
are oblong-ovate or lanceolate, coarsely serrate, and from three to six
in a whorl. The flowers are tubular, purple, often varying to whitish.
History. —
Queen of the Meadow grows in low places, dry woods or
meadows, in the Northern, Western, and Middle States of the American
Union, and flowers in August and September. The root is the officinal
part. It has a smeU resembling old hay, and a slightly bitter, aromatic
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 141

taste, which is faintly astringent but not unpleasant. It yields its

properties to water by decoction or spirits.
Properties and Uses. — It is diuretic, stimulant, astringent, and tonic.
It isused in aU chronic urinary disorders, as well as in hematuria, gout,
and rheumatism, with moderate good effect.
Dose. —
Of the decoction, from two to four fluid ounces, three or four
times a day.

RAGGED CUP (Silphium Perfoliatum).

Common Name. Indian Cup-plant.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This plant has a perennial, horizontal, pitted rhizome,
and a large smooth herbaceous stem, from four to seven feet high. The
leaves are opposite, ovate, from eight to fourteen inches long by four
to seven wide. The flowers are yellowish, and the fruit a broadly
ovate winged achenium.
History. —
This plant is common to the Western States, and is found
growing in rich bottoms, bearing numerous yellow flowers, which are
perfected in August. It has a large, long, and crooked root, which is
the part used medicinally, and which readily imparts its properties to
alcohol or water. It will yield a bitterish gum, somewhat similar to
frankincense, which is frequently used to sweeten the breath.
Droperties and Uses. —
It is tonic, diaphoretic, and alterative. A
strong infusion of the root, made by long steeping, or an extract, is
said to be one of the best remedies for the removal of ague-cake, or en-
larged spleen. It is also useful in intermittent and remittent fevers,
internal bruises, debility, ulcers, liver affections, and as a general alter-
ative restorative. The gum is said to be stimulant and antispasmodic.
The spleen is an organ whose functions the very best of the old-school
physicians cannot define but that it is the seat of very many most dis-
;

tressing diseases is a fact which not one of them will pretend to deny.
It is, as nearly as can be ascertained by the most laborious research, a
dependent of the liver and stomach, and what deranges it deranges
both the stomach and the liver.
SiLPHiTTM GuMMiFERUM, or Rosin-weed^ and Silphium Lacini-
atum, or Compass-weed., are used in intermittent fever, and are bene-
ficial in dry, obstinate coughs. They often cure the heaves in horses.

RATTLE BUSH (Baptisia Tenctoria).

Common Names. Wild Indigo^ Horsefly Weed.
Medicinal Part. The hark of the root and leaves.
Description. —
The blackish and wood root of this perennial plant
sends up a stem which is very much branched, round, smooth, and from
two to tliree feet high. The leaves are small and alternate, leaflets
142 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

rounded at their extremity ; calyx four-cleft, and fruit a shortj bluish-

black legume.
History. —
This small shrub grows in dry places in many parts of the
United States, and bears bright yellow flowers in July and August.
The fruit is of a bluish-black color in the form of an oblong pod, and
contains indigo, tannin, an acid, and bo/ptisin. Any portion of the
plant, when dried, yields a blue dye, which is, however, not equal in
value to indigo. If the shoots are used after they acquire a green color
they will cause drastic purgation. Alcohol or water will take up the
active properties of this plant. Medicinally, both the root and the
leaves are valuable, and deserve to be better known than they are at
present as remedial agents. The virtues of the root reside chiefly in
the bark.
Properties —
and Uses. It is purgative, emetic, astringent, and anti-
septic. For its antiseptic qualities or properties it is more highly
esteemed than for any other. A decoction of the bark of the root is
efficacious in the cure of all kinds of external sores and ulcerations. It
is used in decoction or syrup, for scarlatina, typhus, and all cases where

there is a tendency to putrescency. As a fomentation it is very useful

in ulcers, tumors, sore nipples, etc. and may be so used if you cannot
,

get a superior remedy, as the Herbal Ointment.

—
Dose. Of the decoction, one tablespoonful every two or four hours,
as required. The decoction is made by boiling one ounce of the pow-
dered bark in two pints of water until they are reduced to one pint.

RED RASPBERRY (Rubus Stkigosus.)

Medicinal Parts. The hark of the root, and leaves.

Description, — Thisa shrubby, strongly hispid plant, about four feet

is

high. Leaves, pinnate leaflets, oblong-ovate.

;
Flowers, white co- ;

rolla, cup-shaped and fruit, a red berry, of a rich delicious flavor.

;

History. —The Red Raspberry grows wild, and is common to Canada

and the Northern and Middle United States. It grows in hedges and
thickets, and upon neglected fields. It flowers in May, and its fruit
ripens from June to August, The leaves and bark of the root are the
parts used medicinally. They impart their properties to water, giving
to the infusion an odor and flavor somewhat similar to black tea.
Properties and Uses. —
It is very useful as an astringent. An infusion
or decoction of the leaves has been found an excellent remedy in diar-
rhoea, dysentery, and cholera infantum, and all diseases of a kindred
nature. It is somewhat freely used as a wash and injection for leucor-
rhcea, gleet, gonorrhoea, and prolapsus uteri and ani. The decoction of
the leaves combined with cream will suppress nausea and vomiting. It
is sometimes used as an aid in labor, and has been efficacious in promot-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 143

when ergot has failed. This plant is one of the

ing uterine contractions
ingredients of my
prepared remedy for the above diseases.
—
Dose. Of the decoction, from one to four fluid ounces, several times
a day. Of the pulverized root bark, which is sometimes used, from
twenty to thirty grains.
The Miibus Trivialis, or Dewberry., and Bubiis Villosus., or Blackberry^
contain similar medical qualities, and may be used instead.

RED ROOT (Ceanothus Americanus).

Common Names. New Jersey Tea, Wild Snow-baU.
Medicenal Part. The bark of the root.
Description. — This plant has a large root with a red or brownish bark,
tolerably thick, and body of dark-red are from two
color. The stems
to four feet high, slender, with many
smooth branches.
reddish, round,
The leaves are ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate, acuminate, rather smooth
above, and cordate at the base. The flowers are minute and white, and
fruit a dry capsule.
—
This plant is very abundant in the United States, especially
History.
in the western portions thereof. It grows in dry woodlands, bowers,
etc. and flowers from June to August.
, The leaves are sometimes used
as a substitute for Chinese tea, which, when dried, they much resemble.
The root, which is officinal, contains a large amount of Prussic acid.
Ceanothine is the name that has been given to its active principle.
Properties and Uses. —Red Root is astringent, expectorant, sedative,
anti-spasmodic, and anti-syphilitic. used with great good effect in
It is
dysentery, asthma, chronic bronchitis, whooping-cough, and consump-
tion. It is also successfully used as a gargle in aphthae of children,
sore mouth subsequent to fevers, and sore throats.
Dose. — Of decoction, one tablespoonful three times a day.

RHATANY (Kramerla Triandrla.).

Medicinal Part. The root.
—
The root of this plant is horizontal, very long, with a
Description.
thick bark. The stem is round and procumbent, branches two or three
feet long when young, white and silky when old, dark and naked.
; ;

The leaves are alternate, sessile, oblong and obovate, hoary and entire.
The flowers are red on short stalks. Calyx has four sepals, and corolla
four petals. The fruit is a dry, hairy drupe.
History. —Rhatany flowers the year round, and grows upon the
all

sandy, dry, and gravelly hills of Peru. The root is the officinal part,
and is dug up in large quantities after the rains. It was made officinal
ill 1780 by Ruiz, but long before that the natives had used it as a strong
144 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

astringent for various diseases, afflictions, maladies, and complaints

In Portugal, to which the Peruvians send the bulk of the roots gathered,
it is used to adulterate red wines. The best method of extracting the
medicinal qualities of the root, is to put it powdered in a displacer and
pass water through. This will bring a brick-red aqueous solution,
which will embrace all the medicinal virtues. There is a false Rhatany,
the source of which is unknown.
Properties and Uses.— It
is a powerful astringent, and slightly tonic.

wherever powerful astringents are required, and may be

It is beneficial
used to advantage, if properly prepared, for all diseases which call for
the application of a decided astringent.

RHEUMATISM ROOT (Jeffersonia Diphylla).

Common Names. Twin-leaf, Ground- Squirrel Pea.

Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This plant perennial, and has a horizontal rhizoma or
is

fleshy root, with matted fibrous radicles. The stem is simple, naked,
one-flowered, and from eight to fourteen inches in height. The leaves
are in pairs, broader than long, ending in an obtuse point, smooth and
petioled ;
flowers, large and white and fruit an obovate capsule.
;

History. — This plant is found from New York to Maryland and Vir-
ginia, and in many parts of the Western States. It grows chiefly in
limestone soil, but also is found in woods and near rivers, irrespective of
limestone, and flowers in April and May. The root is the part used,
and its virtues are extracted by water or alcohol. A chemical analysis
of this plant showed it to contain tannic acid, gum, starch, pectin, fatty
resin, bitter matter, similar to polygalic acid, carbonate and sulphate of
potassa, lime, iron, magnesia, silica, etc.
Properties and Uses. — It is diuretic, alterative, antispasmodic, and a
stimulating diaphoretic. It is successfully used in chronic rheumatism,
secondary or mercurio-syphilis, drojjsy, in many nervous affections,
spasms, cramps, nervous excitability, etc. As a gargle it is useful in
diseases of the throat.
—
Dose. Of the decoction, from two to four fluid ounces, three or foui
times a day. Of the saturated tincture, from one to three fluid drachms,
three times a day.

RHUBARB (Rheum Palmatum).

Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. —
The scientific world happens to be in much argument
as to the exact plant or plants from which Rhubarb is produced. It is,
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 145

however, well known to all instructed herbalists that Rhubarb is the

root of a Rheum, and that the plant
from which the drug of the shops is
obtained chiefly inhabits Chinese Tar-
tary, and grows wild on the mountains
and highlands of that section of the
globe. That the truth of its botanical
identity is not elicited is owdng to a
severe prohibition of the Chinese gov-
ernment. Every sacrifice to obtain the
true plant or the seed has been in vain.
History. — There are several varieties Rheum Palmatum.
met with incommerce termed the Rus-
sian, Chinese, English, and French Rhubarb, among which the Russian
is considered the best. The names are given, not that they are pro-
duced in indicated countries, but of the channels by which they are
thrown upon the market. Rhubarb has a peculiar aromatic odor, bit-
ter, faintly astringent taste, and when chewed tinges the saliva yellow.
It contains oxalate of lime in abundance.
Properties and Uses. — Rhubarb
is cathartic, astringent, and tonic; as

a cathartic it by increasing the muscular action of the bowels

acts
rather than augmenting their secretions. It is much used as a laxative
for infants, its mildness and tonic qualities making it peculiarly appli-
cable. It is a valuable medicine.
Dose. — Of the powder, as a purgative, from ten to thirty grains. As
a laxative, from five to ten grains. As a tonic, from one to five grains.
Of the tincture or syrup, one to two fluid drachms.

ROSEMARY (RosMAumus OFFicmALis).

Medicinal Part. Tlie tops.

Description. —Rosemary
is an erect, perennial, evergreen shrub, two

numerous branches of an ash color, and densely

to four feet high, with
leafy. The leaves are sessile, opposite, and linear, over an inch in
length, dark-green and shining above, and downy. The flowers are
few, bright blue or white. Calyx purplish.
History. — Rosemary is a native of the countries surrounding the
Mediterranean, and is cultivated in nearly every garden for its fra-
grance and beauty. It flowers in April and May. The parts used in
medicine are the flowering tops.
Properties and Uses. —
It is stimulant, antispasmodic, and emmena-
gogue. The oil is principally employed as a perfume for ointments, lini-
meuts, and embrocations.
Dose. — Of the oil, internally, from three to six drops.
7 K
146 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

PYROLA (Round-leaved) (Pyrola Rothndifoll^).

Common Names. False Wtntergreen, Sliin-leaf, Canker- Lettuce,
Pear-leaf Wintergreen, etc.

Medicinal Part. The herb.

Description. — This
a low, perennial, evergreen herb.
is The leaves are
radical, ovate, nearly two inches in diameter, smooth, shining, and
thick. The petioles are much longer than the leaf. The flowers are
many, large, fragrant, white, and drooping. The fruit is a five-celled,
many-seeded capsule.
Mistory. —This plant is common in damp and shady woods in various
parts of the United States, flowering in June and July. The whole plant
is used, and imparts its medicinal properties to water.
Properties and Uses. — It is astringent, diuretic, tonic, and antispas-
modic. The decoction is much used in all skin diseases, and is good to
eradicate a scrofulous taint from the system. It is used in injection for
whites and various diseases of the womb. The herb is applied with
profit as a poultice to ulcers, swellings, boils, felons, and inflammations.
The decoction will be found beneficial as a gargle for sore throat and
mouth, and as a wash for sore or ophthalmic eyes. Administer it inter-
nally for gravel, ulceration of the bladder, bloody urine, and other
urinary diseases also, for epilepsy and other nervous affections.
;

Dose.— Of the decoction, one fluid ounce, three times a day; of the
extract, two to four grains.

SAFFRON (Dyers') (Carthamus Tinctorius).

Common Names. Safflower^ Bastard Saffron.
Medicinal Part. The flowers.
Description. — This annual plant has a smooth, striate stem, from one
to two feet and branching at the top. The leaves are alternate,
high,
ovate-lanceolate, sessile, smooth, and shining. The flowers are numer-
ous, long, slender, and orange-colored. Corolla five-cleft.
Histoi-y. — This plant is cultivated in England and America, although
it is a native of Egypt and the countries surrounding the Mediterranean.

The orange-red florets are the oflBcinal parts. The cultivated Safflower
is usually sold in the shops, and contains two coloring matters the first :

of which is yellow and soluble in water the second a beautiful red,

;

.and readily soluble in alkaline solutions only.

Proj>erties and Uses. —
It will restore the menstrual discharge when
the latter has been recently suppressed by cold, if used ra warm infu-
sion. It will also, when taken in the same form, produce an action of
the bowels. In measles, scarlet fever, and other eruptive maladies, it is
also considered an excellent diaphoretic. The seeds are sometimes used
as purgative and emmenagogue, but, in my opinion, are of no great
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 147

ralue. The infusion is made by boiling a drachm or two of the flowers

in water, and may be taken tolerably freely.

SAGE (Salvia Officinalis).

Common Name. Garden Sage.

Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. —
Sage is a plant with a pubescent stem, erect branches,
hoary with down, leafy at the base, about a foot or foot and a half
long. The leaves are opposite, entire, petioled, ovate-lanceolate, the
lowermost white, with wool beneath. The flowers are blue and in
whorls.
History. — Sage is a native of Southern Europe, and has been natural-
ized for very many The leaves
years in this country as a garden plant.
and tops should be carefully gathered and dried during its flowering
season, which is in June and July. They have a peculiar, strong, aro-
matic, camphorous odor, and a sharp, warm, slightly bitter taste, which
properties are owing to its volatile oil, which may be obtained by distill-
ing the plant wdth water. It imparts its virtues to boiling water in infu-
sion, but more especially to alcohol.
Properties and Uses. —It is feebly tonic, and astringent, expectorant,
diaphoretic, and having properties common to aromatics. The infusion
is much valued in cases of gastric debility, checking flatulency with
speed and certainty.
The warm infusion by checking its diapho-
will cause active diuresis
retic tendency. caUed by some a most capital remedy for sperma-
It is
torrhoea, and for excessive venereal desire, and I am one of those who
know from experience in my practice that it is grand for what is termed
sexual debility when its use is indicated. The infusion is much used
as a gargle for inflammation and ulceration of the throat and relaxed
uvula, either alone or combined with vinegar, honey, or sumach.

ST. IGNATIUS' BEAN (Ignatius Amara).

Description. — The Ignatius Amara
a branching tree with long, ta-
is
per, smooth, scrambling branches. The
leaves are veiny, smooth, and
a span long. The flowers are long, nodding, and white, and smell like
jasmine. The fruit is small and pear-shaped, and the seeds number
about twenty, are angular, and are imbedded in a soft pulp.
History.— The tree is indigenous to the Philippine Islands, and the
seeds thereof are the St. Ignatius' Bean of the drug-shops. The bean
yields its properties best to alcohol, but wiU also yield them to water.
It contains about one -third more strychnia than nux- vomica, but is sel-
dom used for the production of strychnia on account of its extreme
scarcity.
Properties and Uses. —Very similar to nux- vomica seeds, but more en-
 148 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

ergetic. used in nervous debility, amenorrhoea, chlorosis, epilepsy,

It is
worms, with partial good effect, but is a dangerous article however
etc.,
well prepared, and should be used only by the advice of a professional
gentleman, upon whose truth and ability you may place the utmost con-
fidence. It should not be employed in domestic practice.
Dose. —
Of the powdered seed, one grain of the alcoholic extract, one-
;

eighth of a grai'i.

ST. JOHN'S WORT (Hypericum Perforatum).

T'EDiciNAL Parts. The tops and flowers.
Description. — This is a beautiful shrub, and isa great ornament to
our meadows. It has a hard and woody root, which abides in the
ground many years, shooting anew every year. The stalks run up about
two feet high, spreading many branches, having deep-green, ovate, ob-
tuse, and opposite leaves, which are full of small holes, which are
plainly seen when the leaf is held up to the light. At the tops of the
stalks and branches stand yellow flowers of five leaves apiece, with
many yellow threads in the middle, which, being bruised, yield a red-
dish juice, like blood, after which come small, round heads, wherein is

contained small blackish seed, smelling like resin. The fruit is a three-
celled capsule.
History. —
This plant grows abundantly in this country and Europe,
and proves exceedingly annoying to farmers. It flowers from June to
August. It has a pectdiar terebinthine odor, and a balsamic, bitterish
taste. It yields its properties to water, alcohol, and ether.
Properties and Uses. —
It is astringent, sedative, and diuretic. It
suppresses the urine, and is very applicable in chronic urinary affec-
tions, diarrhoea, dysentery, jaundice, monorrhagia, hysteria, nervoua
affections, hemoptysis, and other hemorrhages. Externally, in fomen-
tation, or used as an ointment, it is serviceable in dispelling hard tumors,
caked breasts, bruises, etc.
Dose. — Of the powder, from half a drachm to two drachms infusion, ;

Dne to two ounces.

SANICLE (Sanicula Marilandica).

Common Name. Black-snake Root.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — Sanicle is an indigenous, perennial herb, with a smooth,
furrowed stem, from one to three feet high. The leaves are digitate,
mostly radical, and on petioles from six to twelve inches long. Cau-
line leaves few, and nearly sessile. The flowers are mostly barren,
white, sometimes yellowish, fertile ones sessile.
History. —
It is common to the United States and Canada, and is
found in low woods and thickets, flowering in June. The fibrous root
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 149

is aromatic in taste and odor. It imparts its virtues to water and

alcohol.
Pr<yperUes —
and Uses. In its action upon the system it resembles
valerian very much, possessing nervine and anodyne properties. Do-
mestically, it is used with advantage in intermittent fevers, sore-throat,
erysipelas,and cutaneous affections. It is very efficacious in chorea,
and is very beneficially employed in various nervous affections.
Dose. —
Powder, one drachm decoction, from one to four ounces.
;

SARSAPAEILLA (Smilax Officinalis).

Medicinal Part. The root.

Description. —
The stem of this plant is twining-, angular, and prickly,
the young shoots being unarmed. The leaves are ovate-oblong, acute,
cordate, smooth, and about a foot long. The petioles are an inch long,
bearing tendrils above the base. Botanically, nothing is known of the
flowers. This plant grows in New Granada, on the banks of the Magda-
line, near Bajorque. Great quantities are sent to Mompox and Cartha-
gena, and from thence to Jamaica and Cadiz.
The Smilax SypJdlitica., 8. Papyracea., S. Medica.^ S. China, and S.
Sarsaparilla are all members
same family of plants their medi-
of the ;

and they form the Sarsaparilla of commerce,

cinal qualities are similai,
with the exception of the S. Sarsaparilla, which is native to the Uni-
ted States, flowering from May to August. The American plant is re-
garded by some as inert, but why so I do not know. The plant exten-
sively known in the South as Bamboo Brier.^ which is but a species of
Sarsaparilla, certainly possesses medicinal qualities equal, if not superior,
to commercial Sarsaparilla. Professionally, I employ the Honduras
Sarsaparilla, which I regard as the best.
History. —
The Sarsaparilla of commerce consists of very long roots,
having a thick bark of a grayish or brownish color. They have scarcely
any odor, but possess a mucilaginous taste. Those roots that have a
deep orange tint are the best, and the stronger the acrid and nauseous
qualities, the better are the properties of the root. Water and alcohol
extract its medicinal qualities. By chemical analysis it contains snlse-
parin, a coloring matter, starch, chloride of potassium, an essential oil,
bassorin, albumen, pectic and acetic acid, and the several salts of lime,
potassa, magnesia, and oxide of iron.
Properties and
Uses. —
An alterative. When properly prepared it ex-
erts a favorable change over the system. It has great repute in syphi-
litic diseases. In several chronic diseases, as of the skin, rheumatic af-
fections, passive dropsy, etc., it is of service. Its chief use, however,
is an adjuvant to other alteratives its individual properties being too
;

feeble to answer all the conditions required of an alterative.

Dose. —Of the powder, thirty grains of the iufusion or syrup, four
;

fluid ounces.
150 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

SASSAFRAS (Laurus Sassafras).

Medicinal Part. The hark of the root.
Description. — This is a small tree, varying in height from ten to forty
feet. The bark is rough and grayish, that of the twigs smooth and
green. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, bright green, very variable
in form, smooth above and do\ATiy beneath. The flowers appear before
fruit an oval succulent drupe.
the leaves, are small, greenish-yellow ;

History.— Indigenous to North America, and common to the woods

from Canada to Florida, and flowering in the latter part of April or
early in. May, The bark has an aromatic, agreeable taste, and similar
odor. It yields its properties to hot water by infusion, and to alcohol.
Properties and Uses. —
It is a warm, aromatic stimulant, alterative,
diaphoretic, and diuretic. It is much used in alterative compounds as a
flavoring adjuvant. In domestic practice it enjoys a wido field of appli-
cation and use, especiaUy as a so-called spring-renovatoi of the blood.

SAVORY (Summer) (Satureja Hortensis).

Medicinal Part. The leaves.

Description. — This
annual plant has a branching, bushy stem, about
eighteen inches in height, woody at the base, frequently changing to
purple. The leaves are numerous, small, entire, and acute at the end.
The flowers are pink-colored. Calyx tubular, corolla bilabiate, sta-
mens diverging.
History. —It is a native of the south of France. It is extensively cul-
tivated for culinary purposes in Europe and America, and flowers in
July and August. The leaves are the part employed. They have an
aromatic odor and taste analogous to those of thyme.
PToperties and Uses. —It is a stimulant, carminative, and emmena-
gogue. A warm infusion is beneficial in colds, menstrual suppression,
and wind colic, for which it is a specific. The oil inserted into the
carious teeth wall often relieve the tooth-ache.
Satureja Montana, or Winter Savoi^y, possesses similar qualities.
Dose. —
From two to four ounces of the infusion, several times a day.

SCULL-CAP (Scutellaria Lateriflora).

Common Names. Blue Scull- Cap., Side-Flowering Scull- Cap^ Mad
Dogweed., and Hood-wort.
Medicinal Part. The ichole plant.
Description. — Scull-cap
has a small, fibrous, yellow, perennial root,
with an erect and very branching stem, from one to three feet in height.
The leaves are on petioles about an inch long, opposite, thin, subcordato
on the stem, ovate on branches, acuminate,. acute, and coarsely serrate.
The flowers are small, and of a pale-blue color.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 151

History. —
It is an indigenous herb, growing in damp places, meadows,
ditches, and by the side of ponds, flowering in July and August. The
whole plant is medicinal, and should be gathered while in flower, dried
in the shade, and kept in well-closed tin vessels. Chemically it contains
an essential oil, a yellowish-green fixed oil, chlorophyll, a volatile mat-
ter, albumen, an astringent principle, lignin, chloride of soda, salts of
iron, silica, etc.
Properties and Uses. —
It is a valuable nervine, tonic, and antispasmodic,
used in chorea, convulsions, fits, delirium tremens, and all nervous af-
fections, supporting the nerves, quieting and strengthening the system.
In delirium tremens an infusion dnmi: freely will soon produce a calm
sleep. In all cases of nervous excitability, restlessness, or wakefulness,
etc. , it exerts beneficial results.
Dose. —
Of the fluid extract, from half to a teaspoonful of the tinc- ;

ture (four oimces scull-cap to a pint or diluted alcohol), one to two tea-
epoonfuls of the infusion, a wineglassful, three times a day.
;

SENEKA (PoLTGALA Senega).

Common Name. Seneca Snake-Boot.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This indigenous plant has a perennial, firm, hard, branch-
ing root, with a thick bark, and sends up several annual stems,' which
are erect, smooth, from eight to fourteen inches high, occasionally tinged
with red. The leaves are alternate, nearly sessile, lanceolate, with a
sharpish point, smooth; flowers white; calyx consists of five sepals,
corolla of three petals; and capsules are small, two-celled and two-
valved,
HisUyry. —It is found in various parts of the United States, in rockv
woods and on hill-sides, flowering in July. It is more abundant in the
West and South than in the East. The officinal root varies in size from
two to four or five lines in diameter, crooked, and a carinate line ex-
tends the whole length of it. Its chemical constituents are polygalic,
virgineic, pectic, and tannic an oil, cerin, gum-,
acids, coloring matter,
albumen, salts of alumina,
magnesia, and iron.
silica,

Properties and Uses. —

In large doses emetic and cathartic; in ordi-
nary doses it stimulates the secretions, acting particularly as a siala-
gogue, expectorant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and emmenagogu^. In active
inflammatory diseases it should not be employed. In protracted pneu-
monia, commencing stages of croup, humoral asthma, stc. it is a good ,

expectorant.
Dose. —
Powder, five to twenty grains infusion on syrup, half an oauce
;

to two ounces polygalic acid^ one-fourth to one-half grain.

;
152 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

SKUNK CABBAGE (Symplocarpus Fcetidus).

Common Names. Skunk-weed, Pole-cat weed, Meadow Cabbage.
Medicinal Parts. The roots and seeds.

Description. — This plant has been a troublesome one for botanists to

classify but the term Sym2Jlocarpus is now
;

generally preferred. It is perennial, having a

large, abrupt root, or tuber, with numerous
crowded, fleshy fibres, which extend some dis-
tance into the ground. The spathe appears
before the leaves, is ovate, spotted, and striped,
purple and yeUowish-green, the edges folded
inward, and at length coalescing. The flowers
are numerous, of a dull purple within the
Calyx consists
spathe, on a short, oval spadix.
wedge-shaped sepals
of four fleshy, coroUa, ;

none stamens, four seeds round and fleshy,

; ;

and about as large as a pea.

History. —
Skunk Cabbage is a native of the
United States, growing in moist groimds, flow-
ering in March and April, and maturing its fruifc
in August and September, forming a rough-
Skunk Cabbage.
ened, globular mass, two or three inches in
diameter, and shedding its bullet-like fruit, one-third to half an inch in.
diameter, which are filled with a singular solid, fleshy embryo. The
parts used are the seeds and roots, which have an extremely disagree-
able odor. Water or alcohol extracts their virtues. Chemically it con-
tains a fixed oil, wax, starch, volatile oil and fat, salts of lime, silica,
iron, and manganese.
Properties and Uses. —Internally it is a stimulant, exerting expecto-
rant, antispasmodic, wath slightly narcotic influences. It is successfully
used in asthma, whooping-cough, nervous irritability, hysteria, fits, epi-
lepsy, convulsions, chronic catarrh, pulmonary and bronchial affections.
Externally, in the form of an ointment, it aids reparative processes,
discusses tumors, stimulates granulations, eases pain, etc. It is an in-
gredient in my world-renowned " Herbal Ointment." (See page 469.)
Dose. — Fluid extract,twenty to eighty drops; tincture (three ounces
of root or seed to a pint of alcohol), half a teaspoonful syrup (two ;

ounces of fluid extract to eight ounces of simple syrup), two or three

teaspoonfuls.

SOAP-WORT (Saponaria Officinalis).

Common Name. Bouncing Bel.
Medicinal Parts. TJie root and leaves.

Description. —This is a stout perennial, herbaceous plant, with a stom

 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 153

from one totwo feet in height. The leaves are lanceolate, smooth :

flowers are many, large, flesh-colored, or pale-pmk, and often double

fruit an oblong one-celled capsule.
—
This plant grows in roadsides and waste places in Europe
History.
and the United States. It flowers in the early part of July in Europe,
but ia America in the early part of August. The leaves and root are the
parts used medicinally. They have a sweet and bitter taste combined,
^vith a subsequent persistent pungency and a benumbing sensation.
'
'

'When the root pnd leaves are subjected to the extractive powers of
water they yield a residue something like soap-suds. Their active pro-
perties are brought out by either water or alcohol —by the latter particu-
larly. The which is \ery valuable.
root gives a principle called Saponin,
Fro'perties and Uses. — Itand valuably employed m. the
is largely
treatment of diseases of the liver, scrofulous, syphilitic, and cutaneous
afflictions of a severe character also catarrh, rheumatism, gonorrhoea,
;

whites, and green sickness. Saponin can be prepared only by a com-

petent herbal chemist. In its absence use decoctions of the leaves and
roots. Dose of tne decoction, from one to two fluid ounces, three times'
a day. I employ the saponaceous qualities of this plant, which I ex-
tract from the root by chemical processes in my laboratory, as a con
stituent of my " Renovating Pill." (See page 472.)

SOLOMON'S SEAL (CoNV all aria Multiflora).

Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. —
The stem of this plant is smooth, from one to four feet-

high, and gro\%Tng from a perennial root. The leaves are alternate,
lanceolate, smooth, and glossy above, paler and pubescent beneath;
flowers greenish-white, and fruit a dark-blue or blackish berry. There
is another variety, the Convallaria Racemosa, the root of which posses-
ses similar qualities to that of Solomon's Seal.
History. --Both plants are to be found throughout the United States
and Canada. They flower from May to August. The root, which is
the part used, is iaodorous, but has a sweetish mucilaginous taste, which
is followed by a slight sense of bitterness.

Properties and Uses. —

The root is tonic, mucilagiaous, and astringent.
The decoction is successfully used in whites, pectoral affections, monor-
rhagia, female debility, inflammation of the stomach and intestines
erysipelas, neuralgia, itch, local inflammations, etc. Dose of the decoc-
tion, one to three ounces, three times a day.

SORREL (Wood) (Oxalis Aceto sella).

Medicinal Part. 2'he whole lierh.

Bescripi^n. — This is a smaU perennial herb, with a creeping and

scaly-toothed root-stock. The leaves are numerous, radical, and on
7*
154 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,

long, weak, hairy stalks leaflets broadly obcordate, and of yellowish-

;

green color. Flowers white, yellowish at the base, and scentless. Fruit
a five-lobed, oblong capsule.
History. —
It is indigenous to Europe and this country, growing in
woody and shady and flowering from April to June. It is in-
places,
odorous, and has a pleasantly acid taste. The acidity is due to oxalic
acid, which, in combination with potassa, forms the binoxolate of that
alkali The Salts of Sorrel^''' formerly so much used to remove ink-
'-'

spots and iron-marks from linen, is merely this salt separated from the
plant.
Properties and Uses. —
Cooling and diuretic useful in febrile diseases,
;

hemorrhages, gonorrhoea, chronic catarrh, urinary affections, scurvy,

etc. Care is to be observed in its use.
RuMEX AcETOSA, or Garden Sorrel^ Rumex Acetosella, or Sheep
and Rumex Vesicarius possess similar qualities.
Sorrel.,

SQUIRTING CUCUMBER (Momordica Elaterium).

Medicinal Part. TJie fecidence of the juice of tne fruit.
BescHption. — This hispid and glaucous plant has several stems grow-
ing from the same root. The leaves are cordate, some-
what lobed, and on long stalks. Flowers monoecious and
yellow. Fruit oblong, obtuse at each end, separating from
its stalk with violence, and expelling its seeds and mucus

with considerable force, in consequence of the sudden con-

traction of the sides.
History. — This plant is indigenous to the south of Eu-
rope, growing in poor soils, in waste places, and flowering
in July. The juice around the seeds is, the officinal part,
and which, when properly prepared, forms the Elaterium
of commerce. It must be collected a little before the
period of ripening.
Properties and —
It is an energetic hydragogue
Uses.
cathartic, operating with great violence in doses of a few
grains, and very apt to cause diffuse inflammation of the
stomach and bowels, characterized by vomiting, griping
pain, and profuse diarrhoea. It is used chiefly in obstinate
dropsy, and as a revulsive in cerebral affections, or wher-
Cucumber, ^^^^ ^ revellent effect is desired. Owing to its active
cathartic properties, it is always best to commence with
very small doses, from the uncertainty of the preparation.
Dose. —From one-eighth to one-half a grain.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 155

STAE-GRASS (Aletris Farinosa).

Common Names. Colic-root^ Ague-root^ Crow-corn^ Unicorn root, etc.

Medicinal Part. The root.

Description. — This plant has a perennial root, with radical leaves,
sessile, lying flat on the ground, ribbed, broad, lanceolate, smooth, the
large ones being about four inches long. The flower-stem is from one
to three feet high, erect and simple, bearing a beU-shaped flower, which,
as it grows old, has a wrinkled, mealy appearance. The fruit is a tri-
angular capsule.
History. —It is indigenous to North America, growing in low grounds,

sandy soils, and at the edges of woods. Its flowers are white, and ap-
pear from May to August. The root is the part used. Alcohol is the
best solvent.
Properties and Uses. —Its root, when thoroughly dried, is an intensely
bitter tonic, and in decoction or tincture is of great utility in dyspep-
sia, general or local debility, flatulent colic, hysteria, etc. It greatly
strengthens the female generative organs, affording protection against
miscarriage ; and in chlorosis, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, engorged
condition of the uterus, prolapsus of that organ, is a very superior vege-
table agent.
Dose. —Of the powdered root, from five to ten grains, three times a
day ; of the saturated tincture, five to fifteen drops.

STILLINGIA (Stillingia Sylvatica).

Common Names. Queeii's Root, Queen''s Delight, Tawroot, and
Silver-leaf.
IVIedicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This
perennial herb has a glabrous, somewhat angled
stem, from two to four feet high, which, when broken, gives out a milky
sap. The leaves are sessile, somewhat leathery, and tapering at the
base. The flowers are yellow, and arranged on a terminal spike. Fruit
a three-grained capsule.
History. — Queen's Root grows in sandy soils, and is a native of the
southern part of the United States. The root is the part used. It
should be used as soon after being gathered as possible, as age impairs
its properties. The latter yield to water, but are better extracted by
diluted alcohol. Its properties appear to be owing to a very acrid oil,
known as the Oil of Stillingia.
Properties —
and Uses. In large doses stillingia vomits and purges, ac-
companied with more or less prostration of the system. In less doses
it is an alterative, exerting an influence over the secretory functions

unsurpassed by any other known alterative It is very extensively used in

.

aUthe various forms of primary and secondary syphilitic affections also ;

in scrofulous, hepatic, and cutaneous affections also, with combinationa ;

156 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

of anise or caraway, for laryngitis and bronchitis. Tlie oil, unless well
incorporated with some mucilag-inous or saccharine substance, should
Mever be used internally. This great alterative is one of the principal
«3onstituents in my " Blood Purifier." See page 473.
Dose. — Tincture, half a drachm to a drachm ; decoction, one or two
ounces.

STONEROOT (Collinsonia Canadensis).

Common Names. Hardliack-i Horseweed^ Heal-aU^ Michweed, Ox-
halm^ etc.

Medicinal Part. The plant.

Description. — This
plant has a knobby root, and a four-sided stem,
from one to four feet in height. The leaves are thin, broadly ovate,
acuminate, coarsely serrate, from six to eight inches long, and from two
to four broad. Flowers large, corolla greenish -yellow stamens two, ;

and very long seeds four, of which two or three are sterile.
;

History. —
This plant grows in moist woods from Canada to Carolina,
and flowers from July to September. The whole plant has a strong
odor and a pungent and spicy taste. The odor of the fresh root is
slightly disagreeable. The whole plant is generally used, and has its
value. The chief virtues of the plant are, however, concentrated in the
root, which should always be used when fresh. Its active principle is
Collinsonin., which name is derived from its discoverer, Peter Collinson.
Properties and Uses. —
It is used with good effect in chronic catarrh
of the bladder (as are other plants mentioned elsewhere), whites, and
weak stomach. It exerts a strong influence over all the mucous tissues.
It is a very fair stimulant, and a gentle tonic and diuretic. The prepa-
ration called Collinsonin is vei^y valuable as a remedy for hemorrhoids,
and all other diseases of the rectum, and for such afliictions I recom-
mend it highly. It is chiefly used in inveterate and chronic cases. The
largest dose is five grains the average dose two grains.
;
The iofusion
or decoction of the plant may be moderately used without additional
remedies, and in some instances so may the Collinsonin ; but in about
every case a skilful combiaation of the latter with other standard prepa-
rations is necessary to insure easy and speedy restoration to good health.
Stoneroot is used externally —
the leaves particularly in fomentation —
and poultice, and bruises, wounds, blows, sprains, contusions, cuts, ul-
cers, sores, etc. cannot call the attention of the reader too strongly to
I
the effect the preparation called CoUinsomn has upon all affections of the
urinary organs. It should be combined with other indicated remedies.

SUMACH (Rhus Glabrum).

Medicinal Parts. The hark and fruit.
Description. — Sumach is a shrub, from six to fifteen feet high, coi>-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 15"/

sisting- of many straggling- branches, covered with a pale-gray bark, hav-

ing occasionally a reddish tint. The leaves are alternate, consist of from
<riix which are lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate,
to fifteen leaflets,
shiaing and green above, whitish beneath, becoming red in the fall.
The flowers are greenish red, and fruit a small red drupe, hanging in
clusters, with a crimson down, extremely sour to the taste, which is due
to malate of lime.
History. —
Sumach grows in the thickets and waste grounds of Canada
and the United States. It flowers in June and July, but matures its
fruit in September and October. The bark and berries are officinal.
The berrif s should be gathered before rains have washed away the acid
properties which reside in their external, downy efflorescence. Both
the bark and berries yield their active influence to water. Great care
is to be taken in the selection of several species of Rhus, as many of
them are highly poisonous.
Properties and Uses. —
The berries are refrigerant and diuretic the ;

bark is tonic, astringent, and antiseptic. The bark of the root has
sometimes been used with success in decoction or syrup as a palliative
of gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, diarrhoea, hectic fever, dysentery, and scrof-
ula. Combined with the barks of white pine and slippery elm, in cer-
tain particular doses of decoction, it will, with other very simple treat-
ment, cure syphilis.
Dose. — From one to three fluid ounces of the decoction of bark. Of
the infusion of berries, from one to four flmd ounces.

SWAMP BEGGARS' TICK (Bidens Connata).

Medicinal Parts. The root and seeds.
Description. — This herb has a smooth stem, from one to three feet
high. The leaves are lanceolate, opposite, serrate, acuminate, and de-
current on the petiole. Flowers, terminal ; florets, yellow ;
and fruit,
a wedge-formed achenium.
History. —
This is a common weed, found in wet grounds, rich fields,
swamps, and ditches, from New England to Missouri. It flowers in Au-
gust. The root and seeds are employed medicinally, and may be used
in decoction, infusion, or tincture.
Properties and Uses. — The root and seeds are emmenagogue and ex-
pectorant the seeds, in powder or tincture, have been used in ame-
;

norrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, and some other uterine derangements, and an

infusion of the root has proved beneficial in severe cough. It has been
used with great success for palpitation of the heart, and for croup. For
this latter affliction a strong infusion of the leaves, sweetened with
honey, and administered in tablespoonful doses every fifteen minutes
untn vomiting is produced, is regarded a cure. The leaves heated to
the form of a poultice and laid upon the throat and chest in cases of
 158 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

bronchial and laryngeal attacks from exposure to cold, etc., are very-
beneficial.
BiDENS BiPiNNATA, or Spanish Needles, and Bidens Feondosa, or
Beggar Tick, can be employed, medically, the same.

SWEET GUM (LiQUiDAMBAR Styraciflua).

Medicinal Part. The concrete juice.
Description. —
The Sweet Gum tree grows to the height of from fifty
to sixty feet. bark is gray and deeply furrowed, and there are corky
Its
ridges on the branches the leaves are palmate, rounded, smooth, and
;

shining, fragrant when bruised, and turn a deep red in the fall. Fruit,
a kind of strobile.
History. —
This tree is very abundant in the Southern and Middle
States, and can be found in the moist woods of nearly all parts of the
Union. From incisions made in the tree a gum exudes which is resin-
ous and adhesive, and somewhat like white turpentine in appearance.
Properties and Uses. —
As a remedy for catarrhs, coughs, and pulmo-
nary affections generally, it is without an equal, although physicians gen-
erally do not use it in their practice. It is also very valuable for fever-
sores, fistula, scrofula, etc. when made into an ointment.
,

Dose.— The dose internally is from ten to twenty grains, according to

circumstances.

TACAMAHAC (Populus Balsamifera).

Common Name. Balsam Poplar.
Medicinal Part, T'he buds.
Description. — This also called Tacamahac Poplar, attains the
tree,
height of from seventy feet, with a trunk about eighteen inches
fifty to

in diameter. The branches are smooth, round, and deep brown. The
leaves are ovate, gradually tapering, and pointed, deep-green above, and
smooth on both sides.
History. — This tree is. Siberia, and in the northern parts of
found in
the United States and Canada. In America it is in blossom in April.
The leaf -buds are the officinal part. They should be collected in the
spring, in order that the fragrant resinous matter with which they are
covered may be properly separated in boiling water, for upon this their
virtues depend. They have an agreeable, incense-like odor, and an im-
pleasant, bitterish taste. The balsamic juice is collected in Canada in
sheUs, and sent to Europe under the name of Tacamahaca. Alcohol, or
spirits, is the proper solvent. The Populus Balsamifera is generally
confounded with the Populus Candicans, from whose buds we get the
virtues known as the Balm of Gilead ; but it is much the superior tree
for medical purposes.
Properties and Uses. — The buds are stimulant, tonic, diuretic, and
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 150

anti-scorbutic. tinctiire they have been beneficially employed in

In
affections of the stomach and kidneys, and in scurvy and rheumatism.
Sometimes they are applied in that form as a remedy for affections of
the chest. The bark is known to be tonic and cathartic, and wUI prove
of seivice in gout and rheumatism.
Dose. —
Of a tincture of the buds, from one to four fluid drachms of ;

an extract of the bark, five to fifteen grains, three times a day.

PoPULUS Tremuloides, White Poplar., or Aspen., the well-known
tree, furnishes us with Populin and Salacin ; and is tonic and febrifuge,
useful in intermittents. It has also good diuretic properties, and is
beneficial in urinary affections, gonorrhoea, gleet, etc.

TANSY (Tanacetum Vulgare).

Medicinal Part. The herb.
Description. — Tansy has a perennial creeping root, and an erect herba-
ceous stem, one to three feet high. The leaves are smoothish, dark-
green flowers, golden-yellow fruit, an achenium.
; ;

History. —
Indigenous to Europe, but has been introduced into this
country and cultivated by many but grows also spontaneously in old
;

grounds, along roads, flowering in the latter part of summer. Drying

impairs much of the activity of the plant. It contains volatile oil, wax,
stearine, chlorophyll, bitter resin, yellow coloring matter, tannin with
gallic acid, bitter extractivegum, and tanacetic acid, which is crystalli-
zable and precipitates lime, baryta, and oxide of lead.
Properties and Uses. —
It is tonic, emmenagogue, and diaphoretic. In
small doses, the cold infusion will be found useful in convalescence from
exhausting diseases, dyspepsia, hysteria, and jaundice. The warm in-
fusion is diaphoretic and emmenagogue. It bears a good reputation in
suppressed menstruation, but should be used only when the suppression
is due to morbid causes.

THYME (Thymus Vulgaris;.

Medicnal Part, llie herh.
Thyme
Description. — is a small undershrub, with numerous erect
stems, procumbent at base, and from six to ten inches in height. The
leaves are oblong-ovate, lanceolate, and numerous. The flowers are
bluish-purple, small, and arranged on leafy whorled spikes.
History. —A native of Europe, but introduced iuto this country, and
extensively cultivated in gardens for culinary purposes. It blossoms in
the summer, when
should be collected and carefully dried. It has a
it

strong, pungent, spicy taste and odor, both of which are retained by care-
ful drying. The herb yields its properties to boiling water and alcohol.
Properties —
and Uses. Tonic, carminative, emmenagogue, and anti-
Bpasmodic. The cold infusion is beneficial in dyspepsia with weak and
160 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

irritable stomacli. The -warm infusion is useful as a parturient, also in

hysteria, dysmenorrhoea, flatulence, colic, and to promote perspiration.

The leaves are used externally in fomentation.
The Thymus Serpyllus, Wild Thyme or Mother of Thyme^ has simi-
lar virtues to the above.

TOLU (Myrospermum Toluiferum).

Medicinal Part. Thehalsamw exudation.
Description. —A full botanical description of this tree has not yet been
given, but it is supposed that it is similar to the Balsam ofPeru tree,
differing only in the leaflets, which in this tree are thin, membranous,
obovate, taper-pointed ; the terminal ones larger than the others.
—
History. It is a tree v^^hich grows throughout the forests of South
America, especially on the elevated parts near Carthagena, Tolu, and
in the Magdalena provinces of Columbia. The balsam is obtained by
making incisions into the tree, and which flows into wax vessels. It

is exported from Carthagena in tin, earthen, and other vessels. It has

a pale, yellowish-red or brown color, solid and brittle, an agreeable
vanilla-like odor, and a sweetish aromatic taste. It is soluble in alco-
hol, ether, and essential oils.

Properties and Uses. — It

is, like Balsam of Peru, a stimulant, tonic,

and expectorant, and cannot be equalled for its curative effects in cases
of consumption, catarrh, bronchitis, asthma, and all inflammatory, ulcer-
ated, spasmodic, or other morbid conditions of the respiratory organs
and their adjuncts. The balsam dissolved in ether, and the vapor
therefrom inhaled, is reported beneficial in coughs and bronchial affec-
tions of long standing, and I have no doubt it is so, as its virtues in such
complaints are very wonderful.

TURKEY CORN (Corydalis Formosa).

Common Names. Wild Turkey-pea^ Stagger-weed, Choice Didytra.
Medicinal Part. The root.

Description. — This indigenous perennial plant has a tuberous root,

and a stem from six to ten inches in height. The leaves are radical,
rising from ten to fifteen inches high, and somewhat tritemate. The
scape is naked, eight to twelve inches high, and bearing from six to ten
reddish-puriDle nodding flowers. The fruit is a pod-shaped, many-
seeded capsule.
History. —
This beautiful little plant flowers very early in the spring,
and the root should only be gathered while the plant is in flower. It
grows in rich soil, on hills, among rocks, and old decayed timber, and is
found westward and south of New York to North Carolina. The alka-
loid, Corydalia., is the active principle.
Properties and Uses. — Tonic, diuretic, and alterative. In all syphi*
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 161

Stic, scrofulous, and cachectic conditions

one of the best remedies.
it is

Its tonic properties render it valuable as an alterative in

all enfeebled

conditions. Its tonic properties are similar to Gentian, Columbo, and

other pure bitters. Its magical properties as an alterative renders it
one of the most valuable remedies in the whole range of medicine. Cory-
dalia may be substituted for the herb. It is one of the ingredients in
my " Blood Purifier." (See page 473.)
Dose. —
Of the infusion, one to four ounces saturated tincture, half to ;

two drachms ;
corydalia, one-half to a grain.

VALERIAN (Valeriana Officinalis).

Common Name. Great Wild Valerian.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This is a large herb, with a perennial, tuberous, fetid
root, most aromatic when growing in dry pastures, and a smooth, hollow,
furrowed stem, about four feet in height. The leaves are pinnate, oppo-
site leaflets, from seven to ten pairs, lanceolate, coarsely serrated, and
;

on long foot-stalks. The flowers are flesh-colored, small, and fragrant.

History. —
Valerian is a European plant, growing in wet places, or even
in dry pastures, flowering in June and July. Several varieties grow in
America, and are used, but the English Valerian is by all odds the best.
The officinal part is the root. The taste of the root is warm, camphora-
ceous, slightly bitter, somewhat acrid, and nauseous. The odor is not
considerable it is fetid, characteristic, and highly attractive to cats,
;

and, it is said, to rats also. Besides valerianic acid the root contains
starch, albumen, valerianin, yellow extractive matter, balsamic resin,
mucilage, valerianate of potassa, malates of potassa and lime, and phos-
phate of lime and silica.
Properties and Uses. —
Valerian excites the cerebro-spinal system. In
large doses it causes headaches, mental excitement, visual illusions, gid-
diness, restlessness, agitation, and even spasmodic movements. In
medicinal doses it acts as a stimulating tonic, anti-spasmodic, and cal-
mative. It is temporarily beneficial in all cases where a nervous stim-
ulant is required. The extract is worthless. The infusion and fluid ex-
tract contain all the virtues of the plant.
Dose. — Of the infusion, one or two fluid ounces, as often as may be
prescribed by a physician.

VANILLA (Vanilla Aromatica).

Medicinal Part. The fruit or pods.
Description. — Vanilla Aromatica is a shrubby, climbing, aerial para-
site, growing in the clefts of rocks, or attaching itself to the trunks of
trees. It suspends itself to contiguous objects, and is truly an aerial
plant. The stem is round, about as thick as the finger, from twenty to
162 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

thirty feet in length, and oftener thicker at the summit than at the base.
The leaves are alternate, oblong, entire, on short petioles, green, fleshy,
and pointed by a species of abortive tendril. The flowers are yellowish
white. The fruit is a species of bean, yellow or buff color, of an agreea-
ble aromatic odor the beans must be dried with care or they will lose
;

their properties.
History. —Vanilla
grows in Mexico and other parts of tropical South
America. There are several species which are supposed to furnish the
Vanilla of commerce. It yields its virtues to water or alcohol.
Properties and Uses. —
It is an aromatic stimulant, and is used, in in-
fusion, in hysteria, rheumatism, and low forms of fever. It is also
called an aphrodisiac, powerfully exciting the generative system. Va-
nilla is said to exhilarate the brain, prevent sleep, increase muscular en-
ergy, and stimulate the sexual propensities.

WAFER-ASH (Ptelea Trifoliata).

Common Names. Wing-seed.^ SJiruhhy Trefoil, Swamp Dogwood^ etc.

Medicinal Part. The hark of the root.

Description. — This is a shrub from six to eight feet in height, with the
leaves trifoliate, and marked with pellucid dots the leaflets ; are sessile,
ovate, shortly acuminate, downy beneath when young. The flowers are
polygamous, greenish- white, nearly half an inch in diameter, and of
disagreeable odor. Stamens, mostly four style short, and fruit a two-
;

celled samara.
History. —
^Wafer-Ash, or Ptelea^ is a shrub common to America, grow-
ing most abundantly west of the AUeghanies, in shady, moist places
and edges of woods, and also in rocky places. It flowers in June. The
bark of the root is officinal, and yields its virtues to boiling water.
Alcohol, however, is its best solvent. Ptelein is its active principle.
Properties and Uses. — It
especiaUy tonic and unirritating. It is
is

said to be very useful as a promoter of the appetite, and as a remedy for

general debility. It will be tolerated by the stomach when other tonics
are rejected. Some think it equal, in cases of fever (intermittent), to
quinia. In convalescence from fever it serves an admirable purpose.
Dose. —Of the powder, ten to thirty grains ; of the tincture, one or two
drachms ; of the extract, five to ten grains ;
ptelein, one or two grains,

WALNUT (White), (Juglans Cenerea).

Common Names. Butternut, Oil Nut, etc.

Medicinal Parts, Inner hark of the root, and leaves.

Description. — This indigenous tree attains a height of from thirty to
fifty feet, with a trunk about four feet in diameter the branches are ;

wide-spreading, and covered with a smooth gray bark. The leaves are
alternate, twelve to twenty inches long, and consist of seven or eight
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 163

pairs of leaflets, which are oblong-lanceolate, and finely serrate. Male

and female flowers distinct upon the same tree. Fruit a dark-colored
hard nut, kernel oily, pleasant-flavored, and edible.
JuGLANS Nigra, ox Black Walnut^ a well-known tree, is also medicinal.
History. —
Butternut is found throughout the New England, Middle,
and Western States, on cold, uneven, rocky soils, flowering in April and
May, and maturing its fruit at or about the middle of autumn. Its
ofiicinal parts are its leaves and the inner bark of the root. The latter
should be gathered from April to July. It contains resin, fixed oil, sac-
charine matter, lime, potassa, a peculiar principle, and tannic acid. The
Black Walnut flowers and ripens its fruit at the same time with the But-
ternut. Juglandin is the active principle.
Properties and Uses. —
Butternut is a gentle and agreeable cathartic,
and does not induce constipation after its action. In cases of habitual
constipation or other intestinal diseases, it has considerable value. It
is used in decoction in cases of fever, and in the murrain of cattle. The
juice of the rind of the Black Walnut will cure herpes, eczema, porrigo
etc., and a decoction of it has been used to remove worms. The Euro
pean walnut has been found to be efi&cacious in cases of scrofula.

WATER PEPPER (Polygonum Punctatum).

Commoi^Name. Smartweed.
Medicestal Part. The icJiole herb.
Description. — This is an annual plant,
with a smooth stem, branched, often de-
cumbent at_^ the base, of reddish or green-

ish-brown color, and growing from one to

two feet high. The leaves are alternate,
lanceolate, wath pellucid dots,
petiolate,
wavy, and scabrous on the margin. The
flowers are small, greenish -white or purple,
and are disposed in loose, slender, drooping,
but finally erect spikes.
History. —
It is a well-known plant, grow-
ing in England and America, in ditches, low
grounds, among rubbish, and about brooks
and water-courses. It flowers in August
and September. The whole plant is offici-
nal. It has a biting, pungent, acrid taste,
and imparts its virtues to alcohol or water.
It should be collected and made into a tinc-
ture while fresh. WTien it is old it is almost Water Pepper.
worthless. The English variety of this plant possesses the same properties.
Properties and Uses. — It is stimulant, diuretic, emmenagogue, anti-
 164 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

septic, diaphoretic, etc. The infusion in cold water has been found
serviceable in gravel, colds and coughs, and in milk sickness. In cholera,
the patients wrapped in a sheet moistened with a hot decoction have
recovered.
It is used as a wash in chronic erysipelatous inflammations. The
fresh leaves bruised with the leaves of May-weed, and moistened with
the oil of turpentine, and applied to the skin, will speedily vesicate.
The infusion in cold water forms an excellent local application in the
sore mouth of nursing women, and in mercurial ptyalism or salivation.
The decoction or infusion in hot water is not so active as when prepared
in cold or warm water. It has very many virtues and its office in my
;

" Restorative Assimilant" (see page 472.) it performs well.

Dose. —
Of the infusion, from a wineglassful to a teacupful, three or
four times a day.

WORMSEED (Chenopodium Anthelminticum).

Common Name. Jerusalem Oak.
Medicenal Part. TJie seeds.
Description. — This plant has a perennial branched root, with an erect,
herbaceous stem, from one to three feet high. The leaves are alter-
nate, oblong-lanceolate, of yellowish-green color, and marked beneath
with small resinous particles. The numerous flowers are of the same
color as the leaves. Seeds solitary and lenticular.
History. —
This plant grows in waste places in almost all parts of the
United States, flowering from July to September, and ripening its seeds
throughout the fall, at which time they should be collected. The whole
plant has a disagreeable odor, and the seeds partake of the same odor.
Properties and Uses. —
Anthelmintic and antispasmodic. Excellent t»
expel the lumbrici from children. The oil is the best form of adminis;
tration, which may be given in doses of four to eight drops on sugar.
The infusion with milk is also given often in wineglassful doses.

WORjVIWOOD (Artemisia Absinthium).

Medicinal Parts. The tops and leaves.
Description. — This
a perennial plant, with a woody root, branched
is

at the crown, and having numerous fibres below. The whole herb is
covered with close, silky hoariness the stems are numerous, bushy,
;

and from one to two feet in height. Their lower part exists for some
years, from which young shoots spring forth every year, decaying in
cold weather. The leaves are alternate, broadish, and blunted, the
lower ones on long petioles, upper ones on shorter, broader, and some-
what winged ones.
History. —
Wormwood grows nearly all over the world, from the
United States to Siberia. It flowers from June to September. The
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 165

tops and leaves are the parts used. The dried herb, with the flowers,
has a whitish gray appearance, a strong-, aromatic odor, and is extreme-
ly bitter to the taste. Alcohol or water takes up its active principles.
It yields what is known to druggists as Absinthine.
Properties and Uses. — It is anthelmintic, tonic, and narcotic. It la
used for many diseases, among which may be enumerated intermittent
fever, jaundice, worms, want of appetite, amenorrhoea, chronic leucor-
rhoea, obstinate diarrhoea, etc. It is also~used externally in country
places as a fomentation for sprains, bruises, and local inflammations.
Taken too often, or in large quantities, it will irritate the stomach, and
dangerously increase the action of the heart and arteries.
Dose. — Of the powder, ten to twenty grains ; infusion, one or two
ounces.
Santonin.^ a well-known anthelmintic, is the peculiar principle ob-
tained from the Artemisia Saiotonica.
Dose. — Three or four grains, twice a day.

YAM (WILD), (DioscoREA Villosa).

Common Name. Colic root.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This is a delicate twining vine, with a perennial root.
From this root proceeds a smooth, woolly, reddish-brown stem, the sixth
of an inch in diameter, and from five ta fifteen or eighteen feet long.
The leaves average two and about three-quar-
to four inches in length,
ters of their length in width. They are glabrous on the upper surface,
with soft hairs on the lower. The flowers are of a pale greenish yellow
color, and are very small. The seeds are one or two in each cell, and flat.
History. —There are several species of yam-root which grow in the
West Indies, and which the natives eat as we do potatoes, but these are
not medicinally like the Dioscorea Villosa, which I have described
above, and which is a slender vine growing wild in the United States
and Canada, and found running over bushes and fences, and twining
about the growths in thickets and hedges. The farther south we go the
more prolific it is. It flowers in June andJuly, The root, which is
the part used, is long, branched, crooked, and woody. From this is
made a preparation called Dioscorein^ or Dioscorin., which contains aU its
active qualities.
—
Properties and Uses. Antispasmodic. Half a pint of the decoction
has been used, in almost innumerable cases of bilious colic, with great
good effect the same is also employed for spasm of the bowels, and to
;

allay violent nausea especially^ however, the unaccountable nausea of

;

pregnant women. Dioscorein possesses the properties of the crude root

in a marvellous degree. I use it mainly for bilious colic ; it is the very
best relief and promptest cure now known. I also give it in some forms
166 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST»

of uterine disease (always, however, combiaed with other material of a

similarly excellent character), but my use of it is chiefly for bilious
colic,and for this I commend it to the public.
Dose. —Of the decoction, two to four ounces; tincture, twenty to
sixty drops Dioscorein, one to four grains.
;

YARROW (Achillea Millefolium).

Common Names. Thousand Seal, Nose-UeecU
Milfoil.,

Medicinal Part. The herh.

—
DescripUon. Yarrow, also called Thousand Seal, is from ten to twenty
inches high, with a simple stem, branching at the top, and many long,
crowded, alternate and dentate leaves spread upon the groimd, finely
cut, and divided into many parts. The flowers are white or rose-col-
ored, and arrayed in knots upon divers green stalks, which arise from
among the leaves. Fruit an oblong, flattened achenium.
History.— Yarrow inhabits Europe and North America it is found in ;

pastures, meadows, and along road-sides, flowering from May to Octo-

ber. The plant possesses a faint, pleasant, peculiar fragrance, and a
rather sharp, rough, astringent taste, which properties are due to tannic
and achOleic acid, essential oil, and bitter extractive, alcohol or water
being its proper menstruum.
Properties and Uses. —
It is astringent, alterative, and diuretic, in de-
coction. It is efficacious in bleeding from the lungs and other hemor-
rhages, incontinence of urine, piles, and dysentery. It is valuable in
amenorrhoea, or suppressed or restrained menses, flatulency, and spas-
modic diseases. It forms a useful injection in leucorrhcea or whites,
also in menorrhagia, or profuse or too long continued menstruation. An
ointment cures wounds, ulcers, fistulas, and the head bathed in a decoc^
tion prevents the falling out of the hair ; whUe the leaves chewed in
the mouth will frequently ease the tooth-ache. Achilles is supposed

to be the first that left the virtues of this herb to posterity, hence the
active principle of this plant is called Achilleine, which is much used as a
substitute for quinia in intermittent fevers in the South of Europe.
Dose. —The infusion of Yarrow is given in doses of from a wineglass-
day the essential oil from five
ful to a teacupful, three or four times a ;

to twenty drops. In menorrhagia or profuse menstruation, a table-

spoonful of the saturated tincture may be given three or four times a
day.
Achillea Ptarmica, or Sneeze-wort, has leaves entirely different from
the Yarrow, and should not be mistaken one for the other. The whole
of this plant is pungent, exciting an increased flow of saliva and the ;

powder of the dried leaves, when snuffed into the nostrils, produces
sneezing, which is supposed to be owing to their small, sharp, and mar-
ginal teeth.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 167

YELLOW PAEILLA (Menispermum Canadense).

Common Names. Vine-maple^ Moonseed.
MJEDicmAL Part. The root.
Description. —This plant has a perennial, horizontal, very long- woody
root, of a beautiful yellow color. The stem is round and climbing, and
about a foot in length. The leaves are roundish, cordate, peltate,
smooth, glaucous green above, paler
below, entire, and four or five inches
in diameter. The flowers are in clus-
ters, and are small and yellow. The
fruit,a drupe, is about the third of
an inch in diameter, and one-seeded.
—
History. Yellow Parilla grows in
moist woods audi, hedges, and near
streams, from Canada to Carolina,
and west to the Mississippi. It flow-
ers in July. The root, which is the
part used, has a bitter, lasting, but
not unpleasant acrid taste, and yields
its virtues to water and alcohol. It is
called, not without justice, American
Sarsaparilla, and its active principle,
known as menispermin.^ shows that it
might have received a name less ex-
pressive of its merits.
Properties and Uses. — The authors
of herbalist dispensatories have set
Yellow Parilla.
down Yellow Parilla as '
' tonic, laxa-
tive, alterative, and diuretic," and
seems to possess all these qualities.
it

Every plant of medicinal value, however, possesses one virtue which is

paramoimt to all others. Yellow Parilla is essentially and particularly
anti-syphilitic, anti-scrofulous, anti-scorbutic, and anti-mercurial. As
a purifier of the blood, it is equal to the imported sarsapariUa as we
get the latter, and its active principle, menispermin., may be used with
great good effect in all diseases arising from either hereditary or ac-
quired impurities of the system. It exerts its influence principally on
the gastric and salivary glands, and is found expressly beneficial in
cases of adhesive inflammation, and where it is found necessary to
break up organized deposits, and hasten disintegration of tissue. I use
it principally for those diseases arising from a vitiated condition of the

blood, but sometimes apply it to dyspepsia. A decoction of the plant

may be used to advantage as an embrocation in gouty, rheumatic, and
cutaneous affections. The dose of the menispermiii is from one to four
grains. When it produces vomiting reduce the dose.
168 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

FL_A.]SrTS
THEIR COIiliECTION AND PRESERVATION.
A Physician who would cure diseases, or seek to assist Nature to throw
off all morbid accumulations from the body, should have a sintrle eye to
the perfection, purity, or quality of the remedial agents he may feel called
upon to employ. Plants should be gathered at a proper period, and under
correct climatic influences, and always chosen from those in a wild or un-
cultivated state.
The roots of an annual plant will yield their most active medical
properties just before the flowering season, whereas this class of roots are
erroneously gathered after the flowering season in consequence, they are
;

less active, and do not retain their qualities for any reliable time. The
roots of the biennial plants are most energetic if gathered wlien the leaves
have fallen from the plant, in the autumn of the first year while the
;

roots of perennial plants are most active when gathered between the decay
of the flov/ers and leaves and the renewal of verdure of the followmg
Spring. Bulbs are to be collected as soon as matured, or soon after the
loss of the foliage, in order to secure their most active principles.
Herbaceous stems should be collected after the foliage, but before the
blossoms have developed themselves, while ligm-ous or woody stems
should be collected after the decay of the leaves and previous to the vege-
tation of the succeeding Spring.
Barks are to be gathered in the Spring previous to flowering, or in
Autumn after the foliage has disappeared. Spring is the best time to
gather resinous barks, and Autumn for the others.
Leaves are best when gathered between the period of flowering and
maturation of the fruit or seeds. Biennial plants, however, do not perfect
themselves the first year, consequently their leaves should be gathfeftd
only during the second year of the growth of the plant.
Flowers are to be collected when about to open, or immediately after
they have expanded, although I prefer the buds. Flowers, buds, and leaves,
are to be gathered in dry weather, after the dew is off from them, or in
the evening before It falls, and freed from all impurities. Aromatics
should be collected after the fiower-buds are formed, while stalks and
twigs are best if e:athered soon after the decay of the flowers. Berries, suc-
culent fruits, and seeds are to be collected only when ripe, except in some
few cases where the medicinal virtue is contained in the unripe article.
Koots are to be well washed, rejecting all worm-eaten or decayed portions.
Bulbs are cleaned and dried as roots. Barks, stems, twigs, and woods are
best dried in a moderate sun-heat, and sliould be taken every night into a
well-ventilated room, where the dew or rain will not touch them, and laid
upon sticks, slats, or boards which are some few inches apart, so that the
air may be well circulated through. The best method of drying leaves is
to strip them from the stem, lay them loosely upon a flooring where the
sun shines moderately and the air circulates sutticiently to avoid mould
keep them well stirred. The custom of steaming or moistening leaves in
order to pack them more solidly after having been dried, is exceedingly
improper, as the articles become thereby much deteriorated in quality
and soon get musty.
Seeds are dried in the same manner as stems and leaves. Aromatic herbs
and annual plants are dried as advised for leaves similarly prepared.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 169

MECHANICAL ARTICLES.
The following articles, so necessary in many instances, will be sent, prepaid
by ma-l, securely packed from observation. We offer them to our patrons be-
caa?e of tneir beins: in many respects superior to others offered for sale at double
the price we ask for them.
EAR TRUMPETS.
The conversation tube suits the most
obstinate cases of deafness, and is particu-
larly convenient at the dinner-table and
in company, as private conversation can
be carried on without attracting the atten-
tion of others.

Conversation Tubes.—Worsted, Silk, Japanned $5.00. Nickle Plated,

Ivory Mounts, $3, $5, $10. Nickle Plated $7.00. $5.00.
There are thousands of persons with one or both ears supposed to be perfectly
useless, who in many cases might hear very well were the sonorous and«ulations con-
veyed to them by artificial Ear Trumpets, thus drawing blood to the parts and re-
storing healthy action. The hearing will thus be greatly improved, if not
altogether cured.
URINALS.
We have taken great pains to have the urinals offered below, light, soft, durable
and of a fine finish. They are manufactured from the finest quality of vulcanized
rubber.
Fig. 91 represents
a Day and Night
Urinal. The long
tube connecting the
scrotal and penis
portion to the reser-
voir will allow the
wearer to move and
turn in bed without
changing the posi-
tion of the reservoir.
This tube can be re-
moved and the other
portions joined to-
gether, which per-
mits it to be worn
during the day while
attending to busi-
ness. Fig. 94 has a
perfect scrotal sup-
port attached.
Children's Urinals,
with reservoir, $4 ;

without reservoir, $3
170 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,

HARD RUBBER SYRINGE.

The above syringe very durable, being made of hard rubber. By inserting the
is
appropriate tubes (furnished \vith it), it can be used as a rectum, vaginal or urethra
syringe. This
is the best
article of the
kind made.
and we will
send it by
mail to any
part of the
country, packed securely from injury or observation in a nice paper box, on the
receipt of price, $2.5U. Price with only one tube, straight, male or female as de- ,

sired, $2.00.
HARD RUBBER VAGINAL SYRINGES.
Every lady suffering from leucorrhoea, or female weakness, should possess one
of these syringes. Various excellent decoctions, composed of healing herbal in-
gredients are given in these pages, which
!3if injected according to directions (fol-
lowing at the same time my hygienic
directions) will in the generality of cases effect a cure. Those desiring farther in-
formation may write a brief description of their case, and I will give farther
advice by return mail. Price, prepaid by mail, $1.25.
MALE SYRINGE.
To parties desiring such an article, we offer I

this syringe as being the best in market.

Price by mail, prepaid, 60 cents. We
pack the
above syringes securely in a nice box, entirely
secure from observation.
EAR SYRINGE.
Those desiring an ear syringe will find this
—
an excellent one made of hard rubber it is
easily cleansed and does not get out of order. Price, prep:iid by mail, $1.25.
BREAST PUMP.
This pump is of hard rubber —cannot break easily or Bed Trinal,

get out of order. Easily used and a superior article.

Price, prepaid by maU, $2.00.
HARD RUBBER BED URINAL, No. 9.

This urinal can be used without inconvenience by the

invalid in bed, without the assistance of a nurse. First
having the end of the rubber tube placed in the vessel
under the bed, the urine will be conducted therein,
Suitable for either sex.
RUBBER AIR CUSHIONS. The air cushion is
one of the greates-t
luxuries of the ago,
greatly contributii g
to the comfort of in-
valids. Those of-
fered are of the best
quality and most de-
sirable styles. Chair cushions (reeded), square or rounded
(see cut), $6. Chair cushions (reeded) with back, $12.
Carriage cushions, $8. Hospital cushions, $8.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 171

ESSAYS OIJJ' HYGIENE, ETC.

Food akd Drinks.

Man is an omnivorous creature, partaking of the nature both of the
carnivorous and herbiverous animal. Hence, it is reasonable to suppose
that man should subsist on a mixed diet, consisting both of animal and
vegetable substances. To settle this matter, we must appeal to man's
organization. His structure will tell us something we need not mistake.
All the works of the Creator show design. Everything he has made has
a use, and is so contrived as to be adapted to that use. Lions, tigers,
and other animals, for example, which feed on flesh alone, have a short
—
alimentary canal it being only about three times the length of an animal'a
— —
body. Animals which eat no flesh a sheep for example have very long
second stomachs while the duodenum, or second stomach of the human
;

being, is of a medium capacity which fact, in connection with the pe-

;

culiar formation of his teeth and his erect or upright position, prove con •

clusively that man was destined to adapt himself to any clime, and to
partake of any kind of food, animal or vegetable, as may be naturally
supplied for his subsistence by the hand of Providence. For instance,
the inhabitants of the Polar regions subsist principally on animal sub-
stances, and that, too, of the most oleaginous or fatty sorts.
Those tribes of men, laborers, hunters, etc., living in cold climateB,
who subsist almost wholly on flesh, fish, or fowl, devour on an average
about seven pounds per diem. In fact, the quantity of animal food con-
sumed by some human beings, who are flesh-eaters in practice, seems
almost incredible. Captain Parry relates the case of an Esquimaux lad,
who at a meal, which lasted twenty hours, consumed four pounds of raw
as well as four pounds of broiled sea-horse flesh, one and a half pints of
gravy, besides one and three-quarter pounds of bread, three glasses of
raw spirits, one tumbler of strong grog, and nine pints of water. Cap-
tain Cochrane states, in a " Narrative of Travels through Siberian Tar-
tary,'''' that he has repeatedly seen a Yakut or Largouse eat forty pounds

of meat in a day and it is stated that the men in the Hudson's Bay
;

Company are allowed a ration of seven or eight pounds of ordinary flesh

meat per diem.
Charles Francis Hall, in his work called " Arctic Researches and Life
among the Esquimaux,'''' relates his strange experiences among the tribe»
of the country, with whom he became, as it were, naturalized. Speak-
ing of the kinds of food they used, and the enormous quantity con-
172 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,

sumed, Captain Hall remarks :

—
" The skin of the Mysticetus (Greenland
whale) is a great treat to the Esquimaux, who eat it raw. The black '

skin ' is three-fourths of an inch thick, and looks like india-rubber. It

is good eating in a raw state, even for a white man, as I know from ex-
perience but when boiled and soused in vinegar it is most excellent."
;

The Captain afterwards saw the natives cutting up the krang (meat) of
the whale into such huge slices as their wives could carry and as they ;

worked they kept on eating, until boat-load after boat-load was sent
over the ice to be deposited in the villages of the vicinity. All day long
were they eating, which led the Captain to exclaim " What enormous :

stomachs these Esquimaux have " He came to the conclusion, how-

!

ever, that the Esquimaux practice of eating their food raw is a good one
— at least, for the better preservation of their health. To one educated
otherwise, as we civilized whites are, the Esquimaux custom of feeding
on uncooked meats is highly repulsive but eating meats raw or cooked
;

is entirely a matter of education. God has made of one blood all na-
'
'

tions of men to dwell on the whole face of the earth, and has determined
the times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitations." Take
the Esquimaux away from the Arctic regions, and they would soon dis-
appear from the face of the earth.
The Esquimaux are a hardy and happy people are comparatively free
;

from diseases, and are never known to die of scrofula or consumption, as

one of the consequences of eatrag so enormously of oleagiaous or greasy
animal substances.
On other hand, in contrast to the gormandizing propensities of the Es-
quimaux, there are many examples of people living in cold climates sub-
sisting on coarse bread, not exceedLag the average amount of one pound
of wheat, rye, or corn, daily but such persons, unless exceedingly ac-
;

tive in their habits, seldom escape from the penalties of scrofula and con-
sumption, for the simple reason that they soon fail to supply themselves
with the meats or fatty animal substances necessary for the heat and life
of the body. The Canadian teamsters live almost exclusively upon bread
and fat, which, in a temperate climate, would produce nausea and skin
eruptions.
In warm climates, as in China, Hindoostan, Africa, and the tropics, the
food of the natives is principally composed of vegetables and fruits rice —
being the general diet, with only animal or other food enough to amount
to a condiment or seasoning. Though the amount of food consumed by
some of the nations is very small, and their habits very temperate, we do
not find that even they are any the less liable to many of the diseases
which afflict those who eat largely of a mixed diet. It is reasonable to
suppose, however, that less food and lighter clothing are required in
warm or hot climates than in those of the temperate and frigid.
The negroes on the plantations of Mississippi and Alabama grow sleek
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 172

and live toan advanced age by subsisting largely on fat pork and homi-
ny, com In the pampas of Brazil and
bread, sweet potatoes, rice, etc.
Buenos Ayres, where immense herds of wild cattle are found, the hunt-
ers catch these bovines, strip them of their hides and horns, and, if hun-
gry, will cut out a huge chunk of beef, half roast it, and eat it without
salt or bread. In some parts of Brazil the natives feed on a flour made
from the roots of a certain plant or tree, moistening the same with the
juice of the orange or lemon. Others find support in the yam, the ba-
nana, or plantain, etc., while they are hugely addicted to drinking a spe-
cies of whiskey called aguardiente.
In Asia and Africa many of the natives derive their staple nutrition
from gum acacia, and among us many an invalid has derived healthy
nourishment from preparations containing gum acacia, when his stomach
would neither bear nor digest any other article in the shape of food. In
Peru the Indians will subsist for a month at a time by chewing a plant
caUed erythroxylin .coca, and in the mean time perform journeys of hun-
dreds ot miles. The Hindoos hve principally on rice, and are considered
a long-lived and a very docile people. On the other hand, many of the
Indian tribes of North America, who live on roots, barks, berries, etc.,
are very savage and warHke in their habits. The Chinese drink strong
tea, and the Turks coffee equally as strong, mthout apparent detriment
to their general health. The laboring Scotch thrive partially on oatmeal
porridge, without using a particle of meat. The Irish want nothing bet-
ter than plenty of potatoes, cabbage, and buttermilk. The English,
French, German, Italian, Spanish, and other civilized people of Europe
live upon mixed diet, though each have their peculiar likes and dislikes
in the shape of dishes, and the average health of each nation is about the
same. So in America they eat everything and anything, without particu-
lar injury to the constitution, except when eating too fast and too much
at a time, which is a proverbial national error.
People are liable to eat what they have been taught or educated to eat,
without stopping to inquire concerning any physiological laws on the
subject. Scrofula is the most prevalent of all diseases,— this fact being
justly attributed not to pork or food of any kind, but to the manner in
which the people are lodged, Hving in small or un ventilated apartments,
crowded together and breathing foul air and the pestiferous effluvias of
their own bodies.
There can be no doubt that many of the maladies incident to the hu-
man race are produced through the agency of improper food, over-feed-
ing, etc. on the internal organs
, yet it can be readily shown that a far
;

greater amount of maladies are induced through the medium of atmos-

pheric impressions and vicissitudes on the external surface of the body.
^

More diseases arise from breathing foul air, or from lack of the natural
atmospheric air, than from the worst or poorest kind of food. Disease,
174 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

therefore, is not so mucli a result of the kind of food we eat, as it is id

the quantity and quality. What may be excellent for one man may be
very injurious for another; custom, habits, idiosyncrasies, tempera-
ments, etc., having a great deal to do in the digestion of food, and con-
verting it into wholesome or nutritious blood, Capable of supplying aU the
tissues of the body with their natural needs or stimuli. Very few people
seem to know what their stomachs were intended for, or even know
where they are situated. All sorts of deleterious substances are
crammed into the stomach by thousands of people. When any article
of food is repulsive to any of the senses, it had better be avoided as an
article of diet. This antipathy is so intense in some as to amount to ac-
tual idiosyncrasy. The sympathy and antipathy displayed by some per-
sons with regard to alimentary food or drinks are extremely curious.
Some notable instances are on record. Boyle fainted when he heard
the splashing of water or liquids. Scaliger turned pale at the sight of
water-cresses Erasmus became feverish when he saw a fish. Zimmer-
;

man tells us of a lady who shuddered when touching the velvety skin of
a peach. There are whole families who entertain a horror of cheese on ;

the other hand, there was a physician, Dr. Starke, of Edinburgh, who
lost his life by subsisting almost entirely upon it. Some people have
been unable to take mutton even when administered ia the microscopic
form of pills. There is a case of a man falling down at the smell of
mutton, as if bereaved of life, and in strong convulsions. Sir James
Eyre, in his little book, mentions three curious instances of
well-known
idiosyncrasy the case of a gentleman who could not eat a single straw-
:

berry with impunity the case of another, whose head would become
;

frightfully swollen if he touched the smallest particle of hare the case ;

of a third, who would inevitably have an attack of gout a few hours

after eating fish. We ourselves know of a lady in Connecticut who wUl
turn pale and faint at the smell of an apple. She could certainly claim
innocence with reference to tempting any Adam.
This ignorance of the uses of the stomach, or rather abuse of the func-
tions, is sometimes the source of much suffering and disease. Besides
the gastric tubes which supply the stomach with the gastric juice, which
isnecessary to dissolve the food before it can be converted into blood, it
isextensively covered with a net-work of nerves and blood-vessels, ren-
dering the stomach very sensitive and very liable to inflammation. This
inflammation sometimes becomes very active, producing vomiting, pain,
fever, etc. all caused by imprudence in diet.
, It is a warning. If the
warning be not heeded, this inflammation becomes chronic ;
the nerves
lose their sensibility the stomach becomes inactive, and that most dis-
;

tressing of all diseases, dyspepsia (and often epilepsy or fits), takes up its
abode as a permanent guest. Most frequently it comes on more slowlj
and without apparent warning.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 175

The food we eat has to be properly digested. People are apt to sup-
pose that digestion performed in the stomach only. This is a mistake.
is

The stomach performs the greater part of the work, but it is greatly as-
sisted by other organs besides. Digestion really begins in the mouth.
Besides the teeth, which are the true organs of digestion, there are situ-
ated in the cavity of the mouth three small bodies called salivary glands,
which pour out a fluid called saliva (or spittle), which is just as necessary
to the proper digestion of food as the gastric juice itself. The more
thoroughly the food is mixed with saliva, the more perfect will be di-
gestion. This should teach us to eat slowly, and to chew so weU that
every mouthful of food may contain a proper amount of it. It should
also teach us that this saliva is too valuable a substance to be contami-
nated with tobacco-juice, or wasted in expectoration from smoking, es-
pecially where the temperament is nervous. Saliva is constantly being
poured into the cavity of the mouth, whether we are asleep or awake.
As a general thing, in a healthy person, about five wine-glasses full of sa-
liva are secreted in a day.
We body may be supported with blood, for our food, be-
eat that the
fore can become a part of the body, must first be converted into blood,
it

A fuU-grown, healthy working-man consumes in one year about twelve

—
hundred pounds of victuals and drink that is, about eight times his own
Weight yet, if he should weigh himself at the end of the year, he would
;

find that he weighs very little more or less than he did at the beginning.
Now what has become of the twelve hundred pounds he has eaten ? It
has been wasted away. With every motion, every breath, every opera-
tion of the mind, the body has been wasted, and food has been required
to support the waste.
The one great cause of the wasting of the body, and of the constant
demand for food, is action. If the muscles could be kept from moving,
our lungs from breathing, and our minds from thinking, then we might
not require food, for there would be no waste. This condition of things,
of course, could never exist without death speedily following.
Exercising violently excites hunger, since it makes us breathe faster,
and therefore causes us to inhale more air, A man of sedentary habita
does not require so much food as a laboring man, because he does not
waste away as fast. Much of the wasted material of the body is carried
ofC by the lungs, in the form of carbonic acid. The skin, too, does its
Bhare of the work. It not only assists in breathing, but it also carries
out of the system a large portion of its dead particles.
Children require more food in proportion than adiilts, because they are
growing, and therefore, so to speak, need more to build up their bodies.
After we have attained our growth, we neither gain nor lose our weight,
provided we are in health, for we consume as much food as the body
wastes. This is called a state of equilibrium. As old age comes on the
176 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

body begins to decline in weiglit, and then we waste more than we con-
6ume.
Food may t)e distinguished into two kinds, viz. , nitrogenized and non-
nitrogenizect. The first class is called the plastic elements of nutrition,
and is designed solely to make blood and to form the substance of the
tissues in the general structure of man ;
while the non-nitrogenized kind
is necessary to keep up the animal heat, by yielding hydrogen and car-
bon, to be exhibitea in the lungs. The elements of human nutrition and
recuperation are vegerable fibrine, albumen, caseine, and animal flesh
and blood ; while the elements of respiration are fat, starch, gum, cane
sugar, grape sugar, sugat of milk, wine, beer, and spirits. The elemen-
tary principles or proximane elements of food consist in water, gum, su-
gar, starch, lignin, jelly, rat, fibrine, albumen, caseine, gluten, gelatine,
acids, salts, alcohol, etc. AU these elements are found in sufficient
abundance in either the veg-etable or animal kingdoms, and are to be
used according to the natural -svants of man, or the supply of the waste.
No precise rules, therefore, can be laid down to suit every particular
state of' either disease or health. Every one, accordingly, should eat and
drink only those things which ho may find by experience, habits, or pecu-
liarities to best agree with his condition, and reject all substances which
he may find injurious to his health and general well-being. It is the
provocative variety, or the over-stimulation of the palate, that does the
greater mischief to health. The plainer the food and the fewer the
dishes, the greater will be the immunity from disease. Whether the
diet be vegetable or animal substances, the result wiH be the same in rel-
ative proportion to the nutriment yielded. Fish, for scrofulous and con-
sumptive persons, is a most excellent diet, containing a principle called
iodine.
Meats contain the most nitrogen, the nitrogenous portions of our food
i^ake flesh, and go to supply the wear and tear and wastes of the body
these are ultimately passed from the system in the urine. If more ni-
trogenous food is eaten than is needed to supply these wastes, Nature
converts it more rapidly into living tissues, which are, with correspond-
ing rapidity, broken down and converted into urine. This is when the
food is digested but when so much is eaten that it cannot be digested,
;

Nature takes alarm as it were, and endeavors to remedy the trouble in

one of three ways. The stomach rebels and casts it off by vomiting, it
is worked out of the system by attacks of diarrhoea, or the human crea-

ture is made uncomfortable generally, and is restless both by day and

by night ; as a further punishment his appetite is more or less destroyed
for several meals afterwards. Little or no nitrogen is poured off with
the perspiration, breathing, or faeces.
"Whatever diet we use, whether animal or vegetable, the secret of its
utility lies not only in the quantity and quality, but in the manner in
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 177

which either kind is cooked, when so prepared for food. Much ignorance
prevails everywhere in this matter of cooking- the substances that are
requisite for the sustenance of our bodies. Let any person, unable to
eat broccoli or greens cooked in a quart of water, try the effect of having
them cooked in a gallon of water, or of having the quart of water changed
three or four times during the process of cooking, and he will soon dis-
cover the difference. If good potatoes are " watery," it is because they
are ill-cooked. Fried dishes, rich gravies, and pastry should be avoided
because of their tendency to develop fatty acids in the stomach.
We may reasonably suppose that the physiology of digestion is yet too
imperfectly understood to enable us to lay down any precise laws as to
what to eat, drink, and avoid. With a little vigilance, however, each
person can ascertain for himself what foods do and do not agree with
him. As before intimated, the peculiarities in this respect are remark-
able. Some cannot endure fat ; others cannot get along without it.

Some cannot touch mutton others are made ill by eggs. Let each find
;

out his own antipathy. Suppose the case of a healthy man so healthy —
that he cannot be healthier. We will say the quantity of blood in hia
body IS thirty pounds, loses one pound of this in every
and that he
twenty-four hours. not plain enough that he must eat as much
Is it
food in the same time as will supply the waste of blood he has lost ? But
if he should eat as much as will furnish a pound and a half of blood, he

will have half a pound of blood too much in his system. Should he go
on adding an extra half pound of blood daily more than is required to
supply the tissues, what then will be the consequences ? Bursting of the
blood-vessels. But good Dame Nature has measurably guarded against
any such plethoric catastrophe for, after having supplied the waste of
;

the body, the undue quantity of blood is converted into fat or adipose
matter, thus restoring the blood's volume to a due standard. But this
quasi fat is of no use to the body. It does not give it strength on the ;

contrary, an encumbrance to the machinery, and, in more ways than

it is

one, is an evil. He, therefore, who eats too much, even though he di-
gests or assimilates what he eats, and should be fortimate enough to
escape apoplexy, or some other disease, does not add a single particle to
his strength. He only accumulates fat, and incurs the evils thereunto
appertaining —
one among many of which I will mention I mean the ac- —
cumulation of fat about the heart, and interfering, to a most dangerous
degree, with the heart's action. A man's strength resides in his arte-
rial blood —
in his muscles and bones and tendons and ligatures in hia —
brawn and sinew and his degree of strength depends upon the vigor,
;

size, and substance of these and if he were to eat without ceasing, he

;

could not add to their size and substance one atom, nor alter their origi-
nal healthy dimensions. Therefore it is a most mischievous fallacy to
suppose that the more a man eats the stronger he grows.
8* M
 178 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

The quantity of food taken daily should just be sufficient to restore to

the blood what the blood has lost in restoring the waste of the body, and
that should always be proportioned to the degree of bodily exertion un-
dergone. But how are we to know the exact amount of the waste that is

daily going on in our system, in order to apportion the quantity of food

thereto ? Nature tells us not only when, but how much we ought to eat
and drink.
For instance, when you are excessively thirsty, and when you are in
the act of quenching your thirst with a draught of cold water, you know
when you have drunk enough by the cessation of thirst but there is ;

another token, which not only informs you when you have drunk enough,
but which also prevents you from drinking more, that is, if you drink
water only. While you are in the act of drinking, and before your thirst
has been allayed, how rich, how sweet, how delicious is the draught,
though it be but water But no sooner has thirst been quenched, than
!

behold, in an instant all its dehciousness has vanished It is now dis- !

tasteful to the palate. To liim,-then, who requires drink, water is de-

licious for him who does not require drink, water not only has no relish,
;

but impresses the palate disagreeably. To a man laboring under the

very last degree of thirst, even foul ditch water would be a deUciooa
draught but his thirst having beer quenched, he would turn from it
;

with disgust. In this instance </ ^-^jter-drinking, then, it is clear that

the relish depends not on any fiavor residing in the water, bat on some
certain condition of the body. It is absurd to say that you cannot drink
water because you do not like it, for this only proves that you do not
want it since the reUsh with which you enjoy drink depends upon the
;

fact of your requiring drink, and not at all upon the nature of the drink
itself.

"Now apply this to eating instead of drinking. Place before a hungry .

workman stale bread and fat pork, flanked by a jug of cold water.
While his hunger remains unappeased, he wiU eat and drink with an ea-
ger relish but when his hunger has been appeased, the bread and meat
;

and water have lost what he supposed to be their delicious flavor.

If we ate only simple and natural food, plainly cooked, there would be
no danger of eating too much— the
and the feeling of dis-
loss of relish
gust, consequent upon would make it impossible. In-
satisfied hunger,
deed, this sense of satiety is as much and as truly a natural token,
intended to warn us that we have eaten enough, as the sense of hunger
is a token that we require food.
As himger instructs us when to eat, so disrelish teaches us when we
should desist. It would seem that the very ne plus ultra of the cook's
art is to destroy the sensation of disrehsh, which is almost as necessary
to our health as hunger itself. Thus it appears the object of modem
cookery is to make the stomach bear a large quantity of food without
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 179

—
nausea to cram into the stomach as much as it can possibly hold with-
out being sick.
The rule which should regulate the quantity of food to be used is
found in that sensation of disrelish which invariably succeeds to satisfied
appetites. If you be content to live plainly and temperately, you will
never eat too much, but you will always eat enough but if you would ;

rather incur the penalty of disease than forego the pleasure of dining
daintUy, all I can say is, you are welcome to do so but do not plead —
—
ignorance blame only yourself.
I have stated -already that certain people have been known to eat
from seven to forty pounds of meat or food in a single day. On the
other hand, persons have Uved on twelve ounces of food a day, and
were actually exempt from disease. Dr. Franklin, in his younger days,
confined himself solely to ten pounds of bread a week, drinking water
only in the mean time. Rev. John Wesley lived to a great age on six-
teen ounces a day, although he led a very active life as a preacher of
the gospel and a celebrated Italian nobleman, who led a dissipated
;

life till near fifty years of age, suddenly reformed his habits, and lived

on twelve ounces a day with a single glass of wine, untD he had reached
the hundredth year of his age. Was the wine one of the means by which
he prolonged his life ? It no doubt served to cheer his spirits. And
this leads me to consider somewhat the nature of stimulants. By
stimulants I mean ardent wines, and strong ales.
spirits, Are they
necessary as articles of diet ? They are not always, but have their
uses. They are pernicious to the general organism, if too freely in-
dulged in. Liquids which contain or make solids are better than
wines, etc., yet both have their uses. IVIilk, the moment it reaches the

stomach, is converted into curds and whey. The whey passes off by
—
the kidneys the solid curd nourishes the body. Now, if we evaporate
a glass of wine on a shallow plate, whatever solid matter it contains
will be left dry upon the plate, and this wiU be found to amount to
about as much as may be laid on the extreme point of a penknife blade
—
and a portion, by no means all but a portion of this solid matter I wiH
—
readily concede is capable of nourishing the body and this portion is
only equal to one-third of the flour contained in a single grain of wheat
If we want noiuishment merely, why not eat a grain of wheat instead
of drinking a glass of wine ? Yet wine has its uses as an exhilarant to
the mind and body.
Onfce placed beyond the reach of the seductions of the palate, the
simple rule of drink what you want and as much as you want will of
itself suggest the needful limitation. Physiology teUs us plainly
enough, not only why liquids are necessary, but how all superfluous
quantities are rapidly got rid of.
An interdict has been placed against hot drinks, which, if directed
180 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

against tea and coffee so hot as to scald the mucous membrane, is ra-
tional enough, but is simply absurd when directed against hot in favor
of cold drinks the aroma of tea and coffee is produced by heat, conse-
;

quently the pleasant, stimulating effect is considerably diminished when

they are allowed to get cold.
Great diversity prevails as to the kinds of drinks which should be
used. Some interdict tea, others only green tea some will not hear
;

of coffee others allow mild beer, but protest against the bitter. Who-
;

ever very closely examines the evidence will probably admit that the
excessive variations in the conclusions prove that no unexceptionable
evidence has yet been offered. By this I mean that the evil effects
BeveraUy attributed to the various liquids were no direct consequences
of the action of such liquids, but were due to some other condition.
We often lay the blame of a restless night on the tea or coffee, which
would have been quite inoffensive taken after a simpler dinner, or at
another hour.
When a man uniformly finds a cup of tea produce discomfort, no
matter what his dinner may have been, nor at what hour he drinks it,
he is justified in the inference that tea disagrees with him if he finds
;

that the same effect follow whether he take milk or sugar with his tea,
then he has a strong case against the tea itself, and his experience is
evidence as far as it goes. But we should require a great deal of evi-
dence as precise as this, before impugning the wide and massive in-
duction in favor of tea, which is drawn from the practice of millions.
Had tea in itself been injurious, had it been other than positively
beneficial, the discovery would long ago have been made on a grand scale.
The same may be said of coffee. Both tea and coffee may be hurt-
ful when taken at improper times, or by bilious persons and a little
;

vigilance will enable each person to decide for himself when he can,
and when he cannot, take them with benefit.
I may briefly state my opinion that the great objection against wines
is its pleasantness, which is apt to lure us into drinking more than is

needful. is quite unnecessary for robust men living imder healthy

Wine
conditions but to them it is also, when moderately taken, quite harm-
;

less. For many delicate men and women, living under certain un-
healthy conditions, it is often indispensable. The physician must
decide in such cases.
all
Many think they cannot do without something to drink at regular
meals. Cold milk at meals has the disadvantage, if used freely, of
engendering constipation, biliousness, and the long train of minor symp-
toms which inevitably follow these conditions.
Warm drinks are preferable in moderate quantities. Field hands on
cotton and sugar plantations find a wholesome drink in a mixture of
molasses, ginger, and water. This is a safe drink for harvesters, as are
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 181

many other temperate household preparations. A recipe for many of

these will be found in the proper department of this work.
Whatever we eat or whatever we drink, let it be only enough barely
to appease the instincts ofhunger and thirst. If we rigidly do this, we
shall seldom or never be afflicted with dyspepsia, liver complaints, heart
disease, and the thousand ills to which flesh is heir, but will continue
to enjoy unceasing rubicund health and vigorous old age.

Clothing.
Clothing must be adapted to the climate in which a person lives.
Warm or heavy clothing is rendered imperative in a northern climate,
while the lightest and thinnest can only be tolerated in the torrid zones.
It however, a physiological fact that the more the whole surface of
is,

the body is exposed to the external air, within certain limits, the more

vigorously is its functional action performed, and the better is it enabled

to preserve its own proper temperature, as well as to resist all unwhole-
some impressions from vicissitudes of weather, or the extremes of heat
and cold. It should always be as light and loose as possible without
bodily discomfort.
The substances principally employed for clothing are linen, cotton,
silk, wool, hair, or down. WooUens or flannels, being bad conductors
of heat, afford the greatest immediate protection from cold and for
;

the same reason are less debilitating to the cutaneous function than is

generally supposed. The most healthy clothing for a cold climate, es-
pecially the year round, is undoubtedly that made of wool. If worn
next to the skin by all classes in summer and -winter, an incalculable
amount and fevers would be
of coughs, colds, diarrhoeas, dysenteries,
prevented, as also many sudden and premature deaths from croup,
diphtheria, and inflammation of the lungs and bladder. Of course, the
clothing should be regulated in amount according to the degree of the
heat of the weather at the time prevailing. In a very hot day, for in-
stance, a single garment might be sufficient, but on a colder day an
additional garment should be added, and in this way keep the equi-
librium of the temperature of the body uniform as possible day by day,
the year round. Winter maladies would be prevented by the ability of
a wooUen garment to keep the natural heat about the body, instead of
conveying it away as fast as generated, as is done by linen, flaxen,
cotton, and silken garments. Indeed, the laboring classes, or those com-
pelled to toil in the sim, would enjoy better health by wearing light
woollen clothing, than by wearing linen or cotton fabrics. Among the
Irish emigrants and others who arrive in the United States during the
summer season, we find many clothed entirely in woollen garments,
frequently wearing hea\y cloaks or coats, and actually feeling less dis-
comfort from the heat than those of our native -bom citizens who are in
 182 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

the habit of wearing linen or cotton next to their skin, and similar fab-
rics over these for outer clothing. It is more healthful to wear woollen
next to the skin, especially in summer, for the reason that woollen
textures absorb the moisture of perspiration so rapidly as to keep the
skin measm-ably dry all the time. It is curious to notice that the water
is conveyed by a woollen garment from the surface of the body to the

outer side of the garment, where the microscope shows it condensed in

millions of pearly drops while it is in the experience of all observant
;

people, that if a linen shirt becomes damp by perspiration, it remains

cold and clammy for a long time aftervv'ards, and, unless removed at
once, will certainly cause some bodily ailment, as palsy, rheumatism,
etc. To dowm, or remain inactive with a linen or cotton shirt wet
sit

with perspiration, will speedily cause a chill to the whole body, leading
not unfrequently to some sudden and fatal disease. In the night-sweats
of consumption, especially, or of any debilitated condition of the sys-
tem a woollen or flannel night-dress (light for warm weather) is im-
measurably more comfortable than cotton or linen,^ because it prevents
that sepulchral dampness and chilliness of feeling which are otherwise
inevitable. The British government make it imperative that every
sailor in the navy shall wear flannel shirts in the hottest climates, a rule
that should be adopted by aU persons everywhere exposed to variable
weather, to extreme heats and colds, merely regulating the amount of
woollen garments wora to suit the variable temperatures of climates and
seasons. In saying all this, however, we must remember that comfort
is very much a matter of habit and therefore we should make due
;

discrimination between the natural sensation of health and the morbid

sensitiveness produced by false customs. For instance, some keep their
whole bodies constantly covered by many layers of woollen garments,
and yet go into a shivering fit at every unusual breath of cold air. The
reason is, they never adapt their habiliments gradually to the degree of the
heat or cold of the season. If it be deemed advisable to wear wooUen
clothing all the year round, whether summer or winter, it does not
follow that we are to wear more than one or two extra folds of clothing
in addition to the under garments. The true rule is not to cover all
parts of the body equally with the same amount of clothing. The fleshy
parts require the least clothing, and the limbs and feet, or less muscular
parts, the most. Yet we often wear, in addition to under clothing, a
thick vest, coat, and overcoat and to these will add heavy scarfs of fur
;

or wool to the neck, etc. while the legs and feet are seldom clad in
,

more than a single additional garment to the drawers and stockings.

These parts require more clothing, especially in the winter season, than
any other parts of the body. Furs are worn in the United States more
for ornament than benefit. They are the warmest clothing materials
known yet are not adapted for general wear, inasmuch as they are
:
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 183

apt to overheat the body, and thus render it keenly susceptible to colds
and other afflictions. By consequence, fur neck cloths, caps, eoc., are
very pernicious for the head and throat, inducing catarrhs, quinsy sore
throat, and similar afflictions. On the contrary, a light woollen waist-
coat worn constantly over the breast, summer and winter, would guard
against these and other evils, and insure vigorous strength to the lungs
or respiratory apparatus, and thus should not be dispensed with even in
dog-days. The simple rule is to keep the head cool and the feet warm
at all seasons of the year. Cheap and pretty silks, of which there are
many varieties, are materials which are admiraole for ladies' evening^
dinner, or walking dresses, and cost less in the end than other fabrics.
While I contend that woollen or flannel clothing is the most suitable
for the colder or even the more temperate climates, it is not for me to
object to the use of linen or cotton clothing for those living in the torrid
or tropical climes. Indeed, cotton and linen would seem best adapted
to such climes. In the north, many persons cannot wear flannel next
to the skin, on account of inducing some peculiar cutaneous affection
while others prefer such fabrics from choice, although exposed to all
vicissitudes, never experiencing any evil effects from such a course.
Such persons usually lead an active, out-door life, or are accustomed to
exposing their bodies frequently, especially their chests, to atmospherio
influences.
In a strictly hygienic regulation of dress, however, the color of the
clothing is not to be disregarded. White color reflects the rays of the
Bun ; black absorbs taem. Light colored clothing is, therefore, more
comfortable and sanitary in warm weather than dark colored, because
the former repels the heat, while it is readily received and retained by
the latter. The heat-reflecting or heat-retaining property of different
fabrics varies exactly with their lighter or darker shades of color. This
difference, however, is much greater in the luminous rays of light than
in the non-luminous. When, therefore, we are not exposed to the sun,
the subject of color is of very little importance. The absorbing power
of dark surfaces renders the skins of dark-colored animals, as well as
the darker persons or races of the human family, less liable to be
scorched or blistered by the direct rays of the sun than are those of a
lighter color.
As to the cut or fashion of garments, that is a matter to be decided
by the taste or habits of the wearer. Fashion, however, is very arbi-
trary, and seldom consults hygiene in matters of dress. Of late years
she "has really much improved, as to the regulation of attire with regard
to both health and elegance. The hooped skirt, which at the outset of
its career was proved to be a great blessing
so mercilessly ridiculed, has
to the ladies, as it enables them to dispense with a heavy drag of solid
skirts, and gives their lower limbs free and easy play and motion. The
 184 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

hats or head-covermg-s now worn by both sexes are, in a sanitary poinu

of view, far superior to those worn by our immediate
ancestors, being
very light, and affording free ventilation, which is indispensable for the
avoidance of headaches, rushing of blood to the head, and many other
afflictions.
can therefore only say that the first physiological rule for dress is
I
to have all garments as light in texture and as loose in fashion as is

consistent with bodUy comfort, or such as will admit of the most perfect
freedom in the exercise of every muscle in the body. Inequality of
clothing, as before remarked, is a far more frequent cause of colds than
deficient clothing. For instance, if a person exposes a part of the body
usually protected by clothing to a strong current of cold air, he will take
cold sooner than by an equal exposure of the whole body. A great
safeguard against disease is to regulate the texture and quantity of
clothing according to the temperature of the climate in which a person
lives, avoiding extreme colds or extreme heats keeping the clothing
;

always fresh and clean (especially that of the feet), and wearing a dif-
ferent garment at night from that worn during the day, not omitting
the cleanliness of the whole body in the general hygiene of wearing
apparel.

Sleep.
Sleep is as much a necessity to the existence of all animal organiza-
tions as light, air, or any other element incident to their maintenance
and healthful development. The constitutional relation of man to the
changes of the seasons, and the succession of days and nights, implies
the necessity of sleep. Natural or functional sleep is a complete cessa-
tion of the operations of the brain and sensory nervous gangha, and
is, therefore, attended with entire unconsciousness. Thoroughly heal-
thy people, it is believed, never dream. Dreaming impUes imperfect
rest— some disturbing cause, usually gastric irritation, exciting the brain
to feeble and disordered functional action. Individuals of very studious
habits, and those whose labors are disproportionately intellectual,
require more sleep than those whose duties or pursuits require more
manual and less mental exertion. The waste of nervous influence in
the brain of literary or studious persons requires a longer time to be
repaired or supphed than in those even who endure the largest amount
of physical toil, without particular necessity for active thought whUe
engaged in their daily manual pursuits. But no avocation or habit
affects this question so much as the quality of the ingesta. Those who
subsist principally upon a vegetable diet, it is said, require less sleep
than those who subsist on both animal and vegetable food. It seems
certain that herbivorous animals sleep less than the carnivorous ; while
the omnivora require more sleep than the herbivora and less than the
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. l85

camivora. Man, therefore, partaking most of the omnivorous, living

on a mixed diet of animal and vegetable food, requires more sleep than
the ox, the horse, or the sheep, but much less than the lion, the tiger,
or the bear.
Physiologists are not well agreed respecting the natural duration of
sleep. Indeed, no positive rule can be laid down on this subject ; the
statute of Nature, however, appears to read : Retire soon after dark,
and arise with the first rays of morning light ; and this is equally
applicable to all climates and all seasons, at least in all parts of the
globe proper for human habitations, for in the cold season, when the
nights are longer, more sleep is required.
History shows that those who have were the longest
lived the longest
sleepers, the average duration of sleep being about eight hours. The
time of sleep of each individual must depend on his temperament, man-
ner of life, and dietetic habits. For instance, John "Wesley, with an
active nervous temperament and a rigidly plain vegetable diet, and who
performed an immense amount of mental and bodUy labor, slept but
four or five hours out of the twenty-four while Daniel Webster, with a
;

more powerful frame but less active organization, and living on a mixed
diet, had a "talent for sleeping" eight or nine hours. Benjamin Frank-
lin used to say that seven hours sleep was enough for any man, eight

hours for a woman, and nine hours for a fool Nevertheless, the inva-
!

riable rule for allwhose habits are correct, is to retire early in the even-
ing, and sleep as long as the slumber is quiet, be the time six, seven,
eight, or nine hours. Those who indulge in late suppers, or eat heartily
before retiring, are usually troubled with unpleasant dreams, nightmare,
and are oftentimes found dead in the morning. Restless dozing in the
morning is exceedingly debilitating to the constitution. Persons ad-
dicted to spirituous liquors and tobacco, in connection with high-seasoned
food, are in danger of oversleeping even to the extent of very consider-
ably increasing the stupidity and imbecility of mind, and indolence and
debility ofbody naturally and necessarily consequent upon those habits.
Sleeping in the daytime, or after meals, is not a natural law of the phy-
siology of man. No one requires to sleep after a meal unless he has
eaten more food than his system required. Sleep may be indulged in
during the day when sufficient sleep is not had at night but this sleep-' ;

lessness at night need seldom occur were our habits made conformable
to the general hygienic requirements of Nature. Children may sleep all
they are inclined to. The position of the body is of some importance.
It should be perfectly flat or horizontal with the head, a little varied by
a small pillow. Sleeping with the head elevated by two or three pillows
or bolsters is certainly a bad habit. The neck is bent, the chest is com-
pressed, and the body unnaturally crooked. Children are made round-
shouldered from their heads being placed on high pillows. The beda
186 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

sliould be made of straw, corn-husks, hair, various palms and grasses,

never of feathers, which can only be mentioned in reprehension. The
bed-clothing should always be kept scrupulously clean, and adapted to
the season of the year, while the bed-rooms should always be sufficiently
large and airy as best conducive to sound sleep and general vigorous
health.

Bathing.
Were all to follow the natural laws of their organization in respect to
eating, drinking, clothing, exercise, and temperature, an occasional bath
or washing would be suflTicient ; but as the laws of life and health are
transgressed in a thousand ways, the sum total of all the unphysiologi-
body characterized by deficient
cal habits of civilized life is a condition of
external circulation, capillary obstruction, and internal congestion or en-
gorgement. To counteract this morbid condition of the system, bathing
of the whole body, on regular occasions, cannot, or should not, be
omitted. For hygienic purposes, the particular process is merely a
matter of convenience. You may bathe in a river if you like, or may
employ the shower-bath but these modes are no more beneficial than
;

the towel or sponge-bath. After the ablution, in whatever manner per-

formed, care should be taken to thoroughly rub the body, with a crash
towel. The best time for such purification of the body is on rising from
bed in the morning. The temperature of the water should be adapted
to suit different circumstances of constitutional health and disease.
Cold or cool baths are best for those in robust health but those who are
;

deficient in blood, or have a low vitality, should use tepid water.

Extremely feeble persons should commence with warm water, and grad-
ually reduce the temperature as reaction improved Sponging the body
with spirits or vinegar may prove highly beneficial in many cases of
debility, where water would be injurious. Excessive bathing tends to
make the skin harsh and scaly by diluting the secretions of the sebaceous
glands, the oil of which is intended to be regularly and naturally poured

out to the surface of the skin in order to keep it smooth, glossy, and
soft. Bathe as often as may be necessary to keep the skin clean, and
you will then have fulfilled the requirements of hygienic bathing.

Exercise. — i*hysical and Mental Development.

Everj'thing tends to prove that man was destined to lead a life of

bodily action. His formation — his physical structure generally, and

that of his joints particularly - his great capacity for speed and laborious
exertion— the Divine injunction, that " he shall live by the sweat of his
larow" —
the bodily imbecility and enfeebled health invariably conse-
—
quent upon sedentary habit all go to prove that he was destined to
lead a life of physical activity. Most people are apt to despise many of
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 187

the aids to health, because of their very simplicity. A sensible Dervish,

in the Eastern allegory, well aware of this weakness of human nature
to despise simple things, and venerate those they do not understand,
when called to the Sultan to cure him of a disease, did not dare to
simply advise him to take exercise but he said to him
;
:
—
" Here is a
ball which I have stuflEed with certain rare and precious medicines.
And here is a bat, the handle of which I have also stuffed with similar
medicines. Your Higness must take this bat and with it beat about
this ball, until you perspire very freely. You must do this every day.
His Highness did so and, in a short time the exercise of playing at bat
;

and ball with the Dervish cured the Sultan's malady. But it should be
remembered that there are a great many cases where medicines must
be given to assist nature, besides the employment of exercise to facili-
tate the recovery of the patient.
Nevertheless, exercise is one of the chief aids of aU others I must re-
commend to be adopted as eminently essential for the remedying of bad
health, and of preserving that which is already good. It is impossible
for a healthy adult to be otherwise than active in body or mind, or both ;

while it may
be asserted, with abundant reason, that laziness is actually
a disease, dependent on some abnormal condition of the organism. A
variety of social circumstances may operate to produce an indolent dis-
position of mind and inactive habit of body, but these also produce a pri-
mary condition of ill-health.
The function of respiration, by which the blood is vitalized, and the
nutrition of the muscular structure, on which depend the motive
all

power or strength of the system, are intimately connected with the cir-
culation of the blood, and this with active exercise. Without this, there
must be unhealthy accumulation somewhere and, as the larger arteriea
;

are not permanently dilatable, while the veins and capillary arteries are
so, this accumulation or congestion must take place in the veins and ca-
pillary or hair-like arteries.
When the circulation is from lack of bodily exercise, or other
feeble
cause, the blood creeps sluggishly along theminute vessels composing the
elementary tissue of the body these veins and capillaries become
;

gorged, which engorgement operates as a stiU further impediment to the

free flow of the blood. The blood, when not circulated with due energy
through the ultimate tissues, becomes deteriorated in quality, and so, in
turn, fails to supply that proper nutrition upon which, according to its
degree of purity, all the tissues and functions of the body depend. If
the propelling power arising from breathing pure air and using active
bodily exercise is not sufficiently energetic, the circulation through the

elementary tissue is so slow that the blood loses its healthful arterial hue
before it has reached the extremities of the hair-like arteries and thus
;

that part of the tissue which oaght to be filled with arterial blood is
188 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

gorged only witli black venous blood, from which the proper secretion
necessary to the nutrition of the body, cannot be separated, either in due
abundance or of a healthy quality. Hence, if this state of congestion be
permitted to exist from lack of active exercise and consequent free res-
piration, so as tovitalize the blood, there must needs be a speedy wast-
ing of flesh, and all the other phenomena of consumption or any other
disease. The strength of the system is intimately connected with the
circulation of the blood, as stimulated in its flow by means of active
bodily exercise and pure air.
This principle is well illustrated in the effects of gymnastics and train-

ing, by which the muscles of any part of the body are remarkably invig-
orated by regular systematic exercise. People of all trades and occupa-
tions find those parts of the muscular system which are habitually the
most exercised to be the most powerful.
For healthful purposes all that is necessary is, any way, to exercise all
parts of the body to a degree of fatigue without exhaustion that is, to
;

a degree which will insure an energetic circulation of the blood through-

out the entire economy. All exercises, however, to secure their full
benefit, should be coupled either with some object of utility or amuse-
ment, otherwise the mind is apt to labor adversely to the body.
When I say that exercise is what is wanted to restore to health the
weak and languid, I mean that it is not so much exercise that is wanted
as the exhilarating effect which the enjoyment of exercise produces. A
man who exercises half an hour unwillingly in his wood-shed, is not bene-
fited in the degree one is who takes an hour's walk for pleasure through
a beautiful country.
It is the enjoyment of exercise in which consists its chiefest excellence.
It is the diversion of the mind from the ailments of the body. The in-
valid is by this drawn away from himself.
What can better accomplish this object than amusement? Laughter
—
and lively talk may be said to be a species of exercise mental exercise
— which is very often as beneficial to an invalid as physical exercise.
Anything that wiU induce a fit of laughtet must have an influence in
promoting an active circulation of blood, and, as we have seen, it is ne-
cessary to health that the blood should be duly aerated and flow with en-
ergy through the system. Whatever means may be employed to give
rapid circulation to the blood must be conducive to health. I beUeve,
then, most fully in using all proper means of amusement which will cheer
the invalid, and thus be a mental stimulus or auxiliary to the preservation
and restoration of health.
So, not only are amusements which afford exercise to the mental faculv
ties useful, but occupation —
some useful business pursuit, which requires,
and hence secures, attention and labor during several hours of each day
—is absolutely essential to the high sanitary condition of the body, for
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 189

iiothing else will insure so constant, regular, and equally divided exer-
cise for both mind and body.
Walking, running, leaping, hopping, dancing, rowing boats, etc., are
physiologically adapted to strengthen the whole muscular system. Even
boxing and fencing are to be advised when properly regulated. Wres-
tling is adangerous method of developing muscular power. Ten-pins,
biUiards, etc., are excellent exercises,
but useful employment is better.
Singing, declaiming, reading, etc, are admirable methods of cultivat-
ing the vocal powers, and increasing the capacity of the respiratory ap-
paratus. Riding on horseback, hunting, fishing, etc. are all more or less
,

beneficial in the prevention of disease and promoting good health. Ri-

ding in easy carriages, sailing in boats, swinging, and other passive exer-
cises,are all to be duly considered as remedial expedients for invalids.
Amid the many vicissitudes of fortune and the moral crosses to which
female life is doomed, I recommend healthful exercise of the body, in
order that the material fabric may be fortified against the thousand
causes of disease continually assailing the sex.
Woman comes earlier to maturity by several years than man. The
tree of life blossoms and bears fruit sooner in the one sex than in the
other. It also sooner withers and sheds its leaves, —
but does not sooner
die. Female life at any period is fully as good, —perhaps a little better
LQ respect to probable duration, —than that of the male. during the It is
period of from fourteen to twenty-one years that the seeds of female
—
diseases are chiefly sown or, at least, that the soil is specially prepared
for their reception and growth. The predisposition to infirmities and
disorders of various kinds is affected by acts of omission and commis-
sion. In the first class need I mention the deficiency of healthy exer-
cise of the body in the open air, and of iuteUectual exercise in judicious
studies. The hoop and the skip-rope, even in city homes, might useful-
ly supersede the piano, the harp, and guitar, for one hour in the day, at
least. In schools and seminaries there is no excuse and, indeed, in —
many of them this salutary poiut of hygiene is well attended to. In
others, however, gymnastic exercises have been hastily thrown aside—
partly because some enthusiasts have carried them to excess partly be- —
cause they were supposed to be inimical to the effemiaacy of shape and
features so much prized by parents and progeny, —
but chiefly, I suspect,
from that languor and disiuclination to exertion which characterize the
higher and even the middle classes of female youth. This deficiency of
exercise^ in the open air may be considered the parent of one-half of fe-
male disorders. The pallid complexions, the languid movements, the
torpid secretions, the flaccid muscles and disordered functions (including
glandular swellings), and consumption itself, attest the truth of this as-
aertion.
The exercises of small children consist in giving them the largest lib^
190 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

erty and plenty of room. The cradle is a most pernicious method of

exercising a child to sleep, and should be discarded from every family.
For the ordinary or wakeful exercises of a child, the modem baby '
'

jumper " will be found a preferable contrivance. Among- the poorer

classes, the children, for want of room to stir in, are apt to become
sickly, puny, peevish, and often idiotic.
The best time for exercise is in the morning, an hour or so before
breakfast, when the stomach is partially empty. If it should happen to
be entirely empty, or nearly so, it should be fortified with a cracker or
two, or some other light aliment. Vigorous evening exercises may also
be employed by persons of sedentary habits with great advantage.
"Night work," when mental or physical, is at once a violation of the
natural order of things.
Thus, if you would preserve your health, you must take exercise, but
not exercise exceeding your strength. Remember, the body must be
induced to throw off its waste by action before it can be nourished.
Nevertheless, it should also be remembered, that exercises of extreme
severity are never required in ordinary cases of health, while in disease
it must be incompatible with the strength and circumstances which

surround the patient. With plentiful bodily exercise you can scarcely
be ill, —without bodily exertion you cannot possibly be well. By "well,"
I mean the enjoyment of as much strength as may be consistent with
your natural physique.
Exercise should be taken to the extent of quickened breathing and
sensible perspiration. If in health, walk, when possible, at least from
one to two miles every morning before breakfast. The invahd should
go out^into the open air, and ramble to the degree of strength he may
possess, avoiding fatigue.
Exercise gives health, vigor, and cheerfulness, sound sleep and a keen
appetite. Indeed, the effects of sedentary thoughtfulness are diseases
— —
that embitter and shorten life interrupt rest give tasteless meals,
perpetual languor, and ceaseless anxiety.
Cheerful exercise, when at all practicable to be taken, whether active
or passive, is absolutely an indispensable means to prevent or guard
against disease, and to assist in the recuperative action of medicine
when the body has become diseased.

Air and Sunshine,

As air may
be said to be the very pabulum of life, it is highly essen-
tial that it should be pure, —inasmuch as any deterioration of it never
fails to render the blood impure, and thus iJtimately to affect both
mind and body.
Air covers the entire globe, pressing alike upon land and water, hav-
ing a depth of about forty -five miles. This vast ocean of air we call an
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 191

atmosphere, from two Greek words, signifying vapor and space, it being —
an immense fluid sphere or globe. This atmosphere presses upon man,
and upon every object on the surface of the earth, with a force equal to
fifteen pounds to every square inch. A man of average size has a sur-
face of two thousand five hundred square inches according-ly, the air in
;

which he lives presses upon him with a weight of eighteen tons. This
would of course crush every bone in his body, but for the fluids within
him, which estabHsh an equilibrium, and leave him imoppressed.
Pure air contains seventy-nine parts of nitrogen and twenty-one
parts of oxygen. If we add a single part more of oxygen to the air, it
would no longer be atmospheric air, but aqua fortis^ an element capable
of destroying everything coming beneath its terrible power.
The quantity of air consumed by a man of average size at each inspi-
ration, is from fifteen to forty cubic inches, according to the capacity of
the lungs. Thus, in about an hour, a person consumes about six thou-
sand and sixty-six pints, or two hogsheads of air. This air meets in the
lungs in one hour, about one half of that amount of blood, or twenty-
four in twenty-four hours. In other words', the quantity of blood which
circulates through the system is estimated to be about one-eighth of
the weight of the body. So that a man weighing one hundred and
fifty pounds will have in his circulation about eighteen and three-
quarter pounds of blood. The whole of this large quantity of blood has
been proved, by careful experiment, to circulate through the blood-
vessels in the almost incredible brief period of sixty-five and seventy-
six one -hundredths seconds of time, and that is over one
very little

minute !This indeed seems wonderful, when we consider the vast ex-
tent of vessels it has to travel through the arteries, the veins, and the
;

minute capillaries through which it must be urged with no little force.

The physiology of the respiratory functions explains the relation of an
abundant supply of air to the maintenance of health and the attainment
of longevity. Fresh air in the lungs is so immediately essential to life,
that most animals in less than one minute, when deprived of it, suffo-
cate, become unconscious, and appear to be dead, — real death occurring
in a few minutes if air is not supplied.
There are at least three objects to be accomplished by breathing,
namely the renewal of the blood and the taking of impurities out of it
:

the warmipg of the body and the finishing up of the process of diges-
;

tion, and the change of chyle into nutritive blood. That carbonic acid
and water are borne out of the lungs with every breath may be easily
proved. If we breathe into lime-water, it will become white. This ia
owing to the carbonic acid in the breath uniting with the lime, and pro-
ducing carbonate of lime. Then if we breathe upon a piece of glass, it
becomes wet, showing that there is watery vapor in the breath. That
the blood receives oxygen from the air we breathe, is proved by the fact
193 THll COMPLETE HERBALIST.

that the in-going breath has one-fourth more oxygen in it than the out-
going. The lungs, then, take out of all the air we breathe one-fourth
of its oxygen. If we breathe it over a second, a third, or a fourth time,
itnot only has less oxygen each time, and is less useful for the purposes
of respiration, but it becomes positively more hurtful by reason of the
poisonous carbonic acid which, at every out-going breath, it carries with
it from the lungs.
Equal in importance with the quantity of air we breathe is its purity.
The supply of air for an ordinary man to breathe each minute, is from
seven to ten cubic feet. Now, suppose a hundred persons to be con-
fined in a room thirty feet in length, breadth, and height, the room
containing nearly thirty thousand cubic feet, it follows that the whole
air of the room would be rendered unfit for respiration on account of the
vast volume of carbonic acid thrown out of the lungs and skin of the
one hundred persons thus crowded together. This proves the import-
ance of always having an abundant supply of pure atmospheric air
always kept in circulation in crowded assemblies, churches, school-
rooms, theatres, factories, workshops, and dwellings.
Consider the effect of sleeping in a small room, seven feet by nine,
not furnished with the means of ventilation. If a person sleeps eight
hours in such a room, he will spoil during the time one thousand nine
hundred and twenty cubic feet of air, rendering the air of the room
positively dangerous to breathe. Every disease is aggravated by the
breathing of bad air ! Yet it is common to close aU the doors and
windows where sick persons are confined, lest the patients should take
cold. This is a bad practice. The sick should have plenty of fresh
air. Their comfort is promoted by it, and their recovery hastened. It
it utterly impossible for the lungs to be expanded in an impure atmos-

phere, because the air-passages, irritated by the extraneous particles,

spasmodically contract to keep them out. The consequence of this is,
those persons who reside permanently in an atmosphere charged with
foreign ingredients or miasms, find their lungs continually contract-
ing.
All sedentary habits weaken the abdominal muscles, and thereby
lessen the activity of the breathing process. Intense mental applica-
long continued, powerfully diminishes the respiratory functions.
tion, if
Persons habitually in deep thought, with the brain laboring at its utmost
capacity, do not breathe deep and free, and are consequently short-
lived. All crooked or constrained bodily positions affect respiration
injuriously. Reading, writing, sitting, standing, speaking, or laboring,
with the trunk of the body bent forward, is extremely hurtful. In all
mechanical or manual labor, the body should be bent or lean on the
hip joints. The trunk should always be keirt straight. Dispense with
bed-curtains, if you can. la sleep the head should never be raised
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 193

very high, as that position oppresses the lungs nor should the sleeper
;

inclinetoward the face with the shoulders thrown forward.

Grates and fire-places secure much better ventilation than stoves.
No used without the means of the
stove, especially furnaces, should be
free admission of external air into the room.Lamps, candles, gas-burn-
ers, etc., are so many methods of consuming oxygen and rendering the
air irrespirable. Smoking lamps are a very common source of vitiated
air. The bad air of steamboats, railroad cars, stages, omnibuses, etc.
are a source of constant suffering to many. I may here remark that
the general misapprehension of the theory of catching cold frequently
produces the evil sought to be avoided. More colds are taken in over-
heated than in too cold places, and still more are owing to vitiated
or foul air. In sleeping and other apartments, where thorough ventila-
tion is may be rapidly changed and materially fresh-
impossible, the air
ened, by opening the doors and windows, and then swinging one
all

door violently forward and backward. The rules of ventilation apply to

allrooms and apartments alike, whether in dweUing-houses or travelling
vehicles. There is no necessity for breathing air which has lost a part
of its oxygen and acquired a portion of carbonic acid. The supply of
good air is ample.
In connection vnth a full supply of atmospheric air to every human
being, the importance of plenty of sunshine is not to be overlooked.

Pure and bright sunlight for the eyes, is a physiological

air for the lungs
maxim which should never be forgotten. The nutritive process is ma-
terially checked in all vegetable and animal Hf e when deprived of light
for a considerable time. In the case of vegetables, they become etio-
•

lated or blanched. Almost the entire population of our large cities

who occupy back rooms and rear buildings where the sun never shines,
and cellars and vaults below the level of the ground, on the shaded
side of narrow streets, is more or less diseased. Qt those who do not
die of acute diseases a majority exhibit unmistakable marks of imper-
fect development and deficient vitality. During the prevalence of epi-
demics, as the cholera, the shaded side of a narrow street invariably
exhibits the greatest ratio of fatal cases. A certain amount of shade
is essential to comfort, but when it reaches the point of excluding

sunshine to a large degree, it becomes a positive evil. Let us always

welcome the visits of the healthful air and glowing sunshine, and look
out continually for the essential conditions of vigor and cheerfulness.

Old Age, or Longevity.

The life is to live and enjoy
true philosophy of —
to use and not abuse
the essentials to human longevity and happiness. As we read in Holy
Writ, in the earUer history of man, when the air was free from infec-
tion, the soil exempt from pollution, and man's food was plain and
194 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

on the average four or five hundred years

natursw. Individuals lived
the —
maartmum point of longevity recorded that in the case of Methu-
—
selah oemg nine hundred and sixty-nine years. Without speculating
upon t7ie problem whether the years of the early historians included the
same period of time as the years of our present almanac, it is sufficient
for au practical purposes to know the general law, that human lives
may t)e lengthened to one or two hundred years, or dwindled to the
" snortest span," by our voluntary or individual habits. If it can be
provea tnat any one man has lived one hundred, two hundred, or even
three hundred years, under favorable hygienic circumstances, it will be
Bufflcieni; evidence of a physiological principle that most men may attain
to similar extreme longevity, by a mere simple obedience to the natural
laws ot nis being.
Vke examples of extreme longevity are too numerous to be detailed
even in a book of many pages, but a few examples may be cited on this
point. Haller, the celebrated English physician, during his time col-
lected more than one thousand cases of persons in Europe who attained
the ages of from one hundred to one hundred and seventy years. In
Bakers " Curse of England," we find a list of one hundred individuals
whose ages ranged from ninety -five to three hundred and seventy !

Twenty-two of these reached the age of one hundred and fifty and up-
wards, and thirty exceeded one hundred and twenty years. Modem
statistics exhibit numerous examples of persons in the United States
and all parts of the world attaining more than one hundred years. In-
deed, it was common to the American Indians, previous to the introduc-
fire-water " among them, to Hve to one hundred years of age
'
tion of '
;

although, as a general rule, the duration of life among savage races is

much shorter than among the civilized and cultivated people of the
globe.
In our present artificial state of society, it is not probable that one in
a thousand persons dies a natural death. Alas disease and violence
!

sweep, with few exceptions, the entire human family to an untimely

grave. Even the celebrated Thomas Parr, who died at one hundred
and fifty-two years of age, came to an unnatural death by eating too
heartily at a feast given in his honor by an English king while Richard
;

Lloyd, who was in full health and vigor at one hundred and thirty-two
years, died soon after from being persuaded to eat tlesh meat and drink
malt liquor, to which he had never been accustomed in all his life before.
On physiological principles, natural death results from a gradual con-
solidation of the structures of the body. In infancy the fluids are iv
much larger proportion than the solids, but as we grow older the fluids
decrease and the solids increase— thus gradually changing the flexibility
and elasticity of youth to the stiffness and immobility of age. Thus
in a perfectly normal condition of the organism, all the functions,
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 195

powers and senses decline in the same harmonious relations in which

they were developed. As the process of condensation goes on equally
and imperceptibly, the motive powers grow tor[:)id, the nutritive func-
tions are enfeebled, the sensibility becomes dull, the external senses are
obtunded, and lastly, the mental manifestations disappear death occurs —
without a struggle or a groan.
Certain poUtical and social economists have attempted to prove that
old age and a vast population are not desirable things, on the ground
that, w^hile population increases geometrically, the alimentary produc-
tions of the earth only increase arithmetically ;
hence, that some scheme
of death or destruction is requisite or indispensable to kill off, or clear
the ground of existing human beings as fast as the coming generations
demand In other words, that it is necessary that disease,
their places.
violence, pestilence, murder, wars, and death should prevail, because of
the earth's incapacity to produce sufficient food for the whole race of
human beings, were all permitted to live out their natural lives and die
a natural death. A small amount of rational investigation will show
the fallacies of such theories. Indeed, under existing governments
all

and social arrangements, more than three-fourths of all the lands and
all the labor, so far as the production of the means of human sustenance

is concerned, is literally wasted, or worse than wasted while a large ;

extent of the earth's surface has never yet been brought under cultiva-
tion, and that part w^hich is cultivated the best admits of vast improve-
ment.
Casting all speculation aside, it will not be denied that this earth was
made the residence of man, and that God expressly enjoined upon him
to be fruitful, and to occupy and replenish the earth, giving him at the
eame time dominion over all the vegetable and animal kingdoms, as a
means for subsistence and happiness, while progressing through the
(p-adual stages of his natural or terrestrial existence. Hence, the Crea-
tor did not bring man into existence without first furnishing him with
the means of an abundant supply of all the elements requisite for a long
life of health and joy. Man, however, has grossly violated the laws of
nature, and blundered on in his perversity, tUl life has actually become
a grievous burden, and extreme old age a great and moral curse instead
of a divine and special blessing.
Were it might be given for believing
necessary, a thousand reasons
that the earth now
and always will have, room and food enough
has,
for all the population that can be produced by human beings who live
agreeably to the laws of their natural organism. Indeed, it is a philo-
sophical maxim that "intensive life cannot be extensive." The races
of man have now a hurried, stimulated, forced and disorderly exist-
ence, marrying at too early an age, bringing myriads of children into
the world, '
' scarce half made up," only to perish by thousands in the
 196 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

drawl out a miserable and unhealtliy existence, if

earliest infancy, or to
their lives are prolonged to manhood's estate, and sink at last, even
then, into premature graves, from continued and perverse abuses of the
hygienic and dietetic rules of life.

As already said, if the body develops itself slowly and healthfully

(as it always will in its natural state), it is only reasonable to suppose
that the periods of infancy, childhood, and adolescence or maturity
would be greatly prolonged by the more simple conformity to the ori-
ginal laws of our being the period of youth might and would be
;

extended to what we now call " old age," say "threescore and ten,"
and •
' threescore and ten " would be but the beginning of vigorous
manhood to be indefinitely prolonged, reaching on to a hundred, or even
two hundred years
The special means to insure sound health and a long life are to avoid
all errors in diet and personal habits. As the fluids and solids of the
human organism are formed from the materials taken into the stomach
as food and drink, it follows that we all ought to abstain more than we
do from concentrated materials of aliment, and live more on fruits and
vegetable substances, and fret ourselves less with the cares of the
world so all individuals would be able to maintain the juices of the
;

body, and reduce, in a large degree, the solid elements which induce
rigidity of muscles, thickening of membrane, contraction of organs, all
leading to disease, premature debility, old age, and death.
Let us all then strive to return to the elementary principles of organic
or human life. Let our diet be plain, simple, and of a juicy nature.
Let us refrain from excesses of all kiuds, whether connected with our
mental or physical powers, and thereby secure a long lease on life, at-
tended with a thousand blessings unknown to those who lead "fast
lives," eat and drink immoderately, and indulge in the various forms. of
intemperate or luxurious habits. It is never too late to commence a
reform in all these things. The oldest person now living might prolong
his life to an indefinite period, by avoiding the errors named, and sub-
mitting himself to the prior-ordeal mandates of nature. To assist
Nature in her work of regeneration and recuperation of the human or-
ganism, my "Renovating Pills" will be found of most wonderful effi-
cacy in connection with the hygienic and dietetic requirements already
indicated. They will thus prolong the period of youth to vigorous
manhood, and vigorous manhood to the extremest limit of life ever yet
vouchsafed to the human being. The already "old and feeble," so
called, may be sure of having their lives greatly prolonged, and finally,
in the inevitable ordinances of Heaven, or the laws of gradual progress
and decay, passing away with cheerful resignation and peace to that
mysterious bourne from which no mortal traveller ever has returned.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 197

Life, Health, and Disease.

What is life ?In general terms life may be said to be a subtle ema-
—
nation of Deity a principle that pervades aU the works of creation,
whether organic or inorganic. It is a sort of Entity, whose nature is
as mysterious and unfathomable as that of Divinity himself. Many
scientific men have contended that life is electricity, and arguments and
experiments have been adduced to show that such is the fact. For
instance, a scientific body of France pulverized stone, and by the use of
electricity produced from the atoms living insects. But this and similar
experiments are accepted as evidence that electricity is not life, but is a
leading phenomenon of its actuality. Life is something neither physical
nor spiritual. It is allied to both, but is neither. It is not soul, for
—
soul is something infinitely higher than life a something of which life
itself is but an inadequate, visible manifestation.
Health is perhaps a subtle thing, yet most importantly palpable to
our senses and perceptions. It is that state of the human body in which
the structure of all the parts is sound, and their functions regularly and
actively performed, rendering the individual fit for all the duties and
enjoyments of life. Or, in other words, it is that condition of the ani-
mal economy when the functions of all the organs, beginning with the
heart and limgs, act in natural and harmonious relation, the one with the
other, and the whole together, rendering existence not only a state of
completeness, but a pleasure, a beauty, and a charm, and therefore the
chief est cause and leading feature of aU from which the human being
derives that phase of joy called bliss. In the various temperaments the
phenomena of health are somewhat different hence, what would at once
;

preserve it in one, might not preserve it in or restore it to another, until

some reasonable period of time had elapsed. Health varies much in
people of the many occupations which necessity and circumstances
compel them to adopt for a livelihood or for pleasure, and the acute-
ness of the senses which would be necessary in some recreative or pro-
ductive occupations, would be morbid in persons otherwise engaged.
But the general symptoms of health are, in all temperaments, a spark-
ling eye, a clean skin, a white and rose-blended complexion (unless
where the temperament naturally prescribes a rich and glowing olive),
ruby Hps, pearly teeth, untainted breath, glossy hair, expanded chest,
elastic spine, muscular limbs, symmetrical waist, well built and firm
pelvis, fleshy thighs and calves, and a buoyant grace of the whole body.
Added to these we have a rich and melodious voice (wherever the
sHghtest hoarseness or discordance of tone is noticed look for dan-
ger), and a calm and cultivated the old, a joyous spirit in the
spirit in
young. What munificeut gifts are these, and who should fail, by every
means in his power, tc secure them ? Disease is the opposite of health,
198 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

and means any departure from the normal condition of the general
organism, or any impairment or derangement of any function by which
the regular action of any other one or of the whole are made or forced
to work —
an irregular or unnatural manner producing and entailing
in
disorder, pain, misery,and death We see disease in the lustreless and
!

phrenzied eye, in the pallid and sunken cheeks, in the parched lips, in
the jaundiced or yellow skin, in the contracted chest, in the difficult
respiration, in the racking cough, in the expectoration of tubercles and
sputa from the lungs, in the palpitating heart, in the scrofulous sores
and ulcers, in the bloated or attenuated abdomen, in the disabled legs
and arms, in decayed teeth and toothless jaws, in fetid breath, in
crooked spine, in the deformed pelvis, in all derangements of the sexual
organs, in baldness, in disordered stomach and bowels, in neuralgias,
rheumatisms, leprosies, spasms, epilepsies, palsies, loss of the senses of
sight, hearing, smelling, taste and touch, hypochondrias, manias, drunk-
enness, pains, aches, wounds, bruises, maimings, and in innumerable
other agonies With the simple methods by which health can be pre-
!

served by those who were born to health, how astonishing it is that dis-
ease and misery are the general rule, and health and pleasure the
exception Who of all the human race may now say, " I have health
! !

I am actually living in a state of nature, or in that perfect mental and

physical condition in which I was or ought to have been bom. " Not
one, is my reply. We may therefore regard life as a negative rather
than a positive quality of existence. Occasionally there may be freedom
from the slightest degree of actual suffering, and yet that pleasurable
condition which would be natural to the regular co-operative work of all
the organs of the body will be wanting.
In health our moments fly on lightning wing, and we are scarcely
conscious of their rapid exit in sickness, on the contrary, our moments
;

are clogged with leaden heels, and pass in that lingering manner as to
render our sufferings seemingly the more acute by reason of the slow
or tardy march of time. To the sick, time does not pass lightly, but
with the heavy tread of a giant.
How inestimable is that state of being comprehended under the name
of health !
—
yet how few are ever led to consider its priceless value and
importance. Health, perfect health, is not to be found in our present
age among the races of men yet even in its negative aspect, its most
;

deteriorated quality, what were all the joys, all the riches, all the ad-
vantages of this world without its possession ? Unless all, from the
highest to the lowest, from the king to the beggar, learn to prize health
—
and avoid disease, death, who is no respecter of persons, will continue
to reap his rich harvests atoong them all. Csesar could not escape, nor
could the renowTi of a thousand victories diffuse an anodynic or soporific
influence over the pillow of the great Napoleon, nor save the laurels of
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 199

Marengo from the blighting mists of St. Helena ! Intellectual cultiva-

tion oftentimes sows the seeds of physical deterioration. When we see
that the prince equally liable to the same physical and mental mis-
is

eries as the vagrant, it becomes everybody to bear in remembrance the

axiom that a sound body is the natural basis of a sound mind, and vice
versa^ and that every rational method should be adopted to preserve
them. I have shown briefly that there is no condition or state of man
that exempt from disease and death. It may now be asked, Are
is

there no means of preventing the ravages of the one, and postponing

the sad triumph of the other ? No means of restoring lost health, or of
rendering sickness compatible with contentment, or even happiness
itself ? Yes. The severest diseases are and may be prevented and ;

are curable and cured — even consumption itself when judicious treat-
ment is applied. All right-thinking persons vrHl admit that sickness
may be obviated, disease mitigated, and even death robbed of his prey
for years, by approved remedies ris^htly employed.

Regulating the Passions.

It has been truly said that we may religiously observe all the laws of
hygiene in relation to air, light, drink, food, temperature, exercise,
clothing, sleep, bathing, and the excretions, and yet lack one thing— one
grand essential to human health and happiness. Yes, if our passions
are our masters and not our slaves, tney will rule and ruin us instead of
obeying and serving our behests. There is, therefore, no single hygienic
influence more conducive to health, happiness, and long life, than a
cheerful, equitable temper of mind and there is nothing that wiU more
;

surely disorder the bodily functions, exhaust the vital energies, and
stamp premature infirmities on the constitution, and hurry us on to an
early grave, than an uneven, irritable, fretful, or passionate mental
habit.
Medical men, at least, well know that a violent fit of passion will sud-
denly arrest, alter, or modify the various organic secretions. Excessive
mental emotion will deprave and vitiate the secretions as readily as a
deadly poison taken into the stomach. A paroxysm of anger will render
the bile as acid and irritating as a full dose of calomel excessive fear ;

will relax the bowels equal to a strong infusion of tobacco intense grief ;

will arrest the secretions of gastric juice as effectually as belladonna

and violent rage will make the saliva as poisonous as will a mercurial
salivation. There are many persons whose rage, either thoroughly real
or exaggerated, is so violent that they froth at the mouth, and are
thrown into spasms or violent convulsions. These fits of anger are often
assumed, however, by designing parties for the purpose of frightening
stem parents and guardians and others into the support of their own
views and wishes. Such persons, finding their displays copied from
 200 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

nature of no avail, will suddenly become tame as lambs, but the effect
upon their general health is found in the appearance of many nervous
disorganizations, which, if the cause be often repeated, become per-
manent.
Thousands of facts of the above kind could be mentioned, but enough
has been presented to demonstrate the law that a sound body cannot
exist unless connected with a well-balanced mind. A vigorous exercise
of the higher mental powers, a lively cultivation of the intellectual
faculties and the moral affections, will never fail to sustain and elevate
the human character, while, on the other hand, the violent indulgence
of the animal propensities and the lower order of the passions, will wear
out the mental machinery and enervate all the physiological powers.
Will not the inspiration of love exalt the soul to the realms of '
' bliss,
exquisite bliss ? " Will not the influence of hatred depress the soul,
and sink it to the nethermost depth of misery and despair ? Contrast
the emotions of benevolence, or gratitude, or veneration, or conscien-
tiousness, or mirthfulness, or faith, or hope, with that of envy, revenge,
jealousy, fear, grief, remorse, or despair ! The first are as refreshing
to the soul as the gentle dews of morn to the tender blades of grass
the other as withering as the fiery blasts of a crater to the verdant vales.
The one energizes the mind and reanimates the body the other sinks, —
and enfeebles both one manufactures, creates as it were, vital
chills, ;

—
power the other wastes and destroys body and soul.
Those who would maintain permanent and uniform health and live
to an old age, will perceive the necessity for cultivating all the nobler
impulses of our nature with unremitting care and jvidgment. When we
"nourish wrath to keep it warm," we only add to the venom of a
malicious heart. That anger which dwells only in the bosom of
'
'

fools," should have no inheritance in the bosom of the wise and

thoughtful of our race. The "evils of life," whatever they may be,
are often "blessings in disguise," and therefore should be met with a
brave fortitude and courage, instead of wailing, complaining and lamen-
tation. Fretting, scolding, and fault-finding, not only aggravate all
the necessary evils of life, but greatly multiply them. When we in-
dulge in these faults, we but sow the dragon's teeth to reap a harvest of
greater sorrows. More than this, we dissipate unwisely our best talents
and energies, and render life a curse instead of a blessing. The grand
essential, therefore, of a cheerful mind is self-control. This is the great
law of mental hygiene. Before any one can acquire self-government,
he must learn to govern the animal propensities, and make them sub-
servient to the intellectual faculties and moral sentiments. It may
require long, patient, and thorough discipline it may cost much self-
;

denial, and appear to demand great temporary sacrifices, but it is worth

all it may cost. Occasionally it is acquired through long years of bitter
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 201

experience and sometimes the greater part of a life is spent in suffer-

;

ing-disappointments, troubles, and crosses, ere the mind is found at

peace with itself, and in right relations to all surrounding nature.
Happy are they who can, even in such expensive schools, learn the art
of adapting themselves to the invariable laws of the universe, which
they cannot successfully oppose or in any respect alter Indeed, !

the only guarantee a man can have for a long life of health and happi-
ness is to constantly cherish and maintain an even, cheerful, and hope-
ful spirit.

Things for the Sick-Room.

Barley Water. — Pearl barley, two ounces ; boiling water, two
quarts. Boil to one quart and strain. If desirable, a little lemon-juice
and sugar may be added. This may be taken freely in all inflammatory
and eruptive diseases Measles, Scarlet Fever, Small-Pox, etc.
:

—
Rice Water. Rice, two ounces water, two quarts. Boil one hour
;

and a half, and add sugar and nutmeg to suit the taste. When milk is
added to this it makes a very excellent diet for children. Should the
bowels be too loose, boil the milk before adding.
—
Sage Tea. Dried leaves of Sage, half an ounce boiling water, one ;

quart. Infuse for half an hour and strain may add sugar if desired.
;

Balm, Peppermint, Spearmint, and other teas are made in the same
manner.
—
A Refreshing Drink in Fevers. Boil an ounce and a half of
tamarinds, two ounces of stoned raisins, and three ounces of cranber-
ries in three pints of water until two pints remain. Strain, and add
A small piece of fresh lemon-peel, which must be removed in half an
hour.
Arrow Root Jelly. —Stir a tablespoonful of arrow root powder
into half a cupful of cold water, pour in a pint of boiling water, let it

stand five or ten minutes, and then sweeten and flavor it to suit the
taste.
—
Irish Moss Jelly. Irish Moss, half an ounce fresh milk, one and ;

a half pints. Boil down to a pint. Strain and add sugar and lemon-
juice suflBcient to give it an agreeable flavor.
—
Isinglass Jelly. Isinglass, two ounces water, two pints. Boil ;

to one point. Strain, and add one pint milk and one ounce of white
sugar. This is excellent for persons recovering from sickness, and for
children who have bowel complaints.
Tapioca Jelly. — Tapioca, two large spoonfuls ; water, one pint.
Boil gently for an hour, or until it add sugar, wine,
appears like a jelly ;

and nutmeg, with lemon-juice to flavor.

—
Rice Jelly. IVIix a quarter of a pound of rice, picked and washed,
with half a pound of loaf sugar, and just sufficient water to cover it.
202 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Boil until it assumes a jelly-like appearance. Strain, and season to suit

the taste and condition of the patient.
Grapes. — In all cases of fever, very ripe grapes of any kind are a
beneficial article of diet, acting as both food and drink, and possessing
cooling and soothing properties. They are also extremely grateful to
every plate.
Toast. — To make a most excellent toast for a reduced or convalescent
patient, take bread twenty-four or thirty-six hours old,which has been
made of a mixture of fine wheat
and Indian meal, .and a pure yeast
flour
batter mixed with eggs. Toast it until of a delicate brown, and then
(if the patient be not inclined to fever) immerse it in boiled milk and

butter. If the patient be feverish, spread it lightly with cranberry jam

or calves' -foot jelly.

—
Rice. In all cases where a light and nice diet for parties who have
been or are afflicted with diarrhoea or dysentery is required, rice, in
almost any cooked form, is most agreeable and advantageous. It may
be given with benefit to dyspeptics, unless costiveness accompanies the
dyspepsia. To make rice-pudding, take a teacupful of rice, and as
much sugar, two quarts of milk, and a teaspoonful of salt. Bake, with
a moderate heat, for two hours. Rice flour made in a batter, and
baked upon a griddle, makes a superb cake and rice-flour gruel, seasoned
;

to the taste, is most excellent for the sick-room.

—
Bread Jelly. Boil a quart of water and let it cool. Take one-
third of a common loaf of wheat bread, slice it, pare off the crust, and
toast it to a light brown. Put it in the water in a covered vessel, and
bon gently, till you find, on putting some in a spoon to cool, the liquid
has become a jelly. Strain and cool. When used, warm a cupful,
sweeten with sugar, and add a little grated lemon-peel.
—
Rice Gruel. Ground rice, one heaping table-spoonful; water, one
quart. Boil gently for twenty minutes, adding, a few minutes before it
is done, one table-spoonfid of ground cinnamon. Strain and sweeten.
Wine may be added when the case demands iti
—
Water Gruel. Oat or com meal, two table-spoonfuls water, one ;

quart. Boil for ten minutes, and strain, adding salt and sugar if de-
sired by the patient.
—
Sago Gruel. Sago, two table-spoonfuls water, one pint. Boil
;

gently until it thickens stir frequently.

; May add wine, sugar, and
nutmeg, according to circumstances.
—
Arrow-Root Gruel. Arrow root, one table-spoonful sweet milk ;

and boiling water, each one half pint. Sweeten with loaf-sugar. This
is very good for children whose bowels are irritable.
—
Decoction op Bran. New wheat bran, one pint; water, three
quarts. Boil down to two quarts, strain oflE the liquor, and add sugar,
honey or molasses, according to the taste of the patient.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 203

—
Tapioca. Tapioca is a very delightful food for invalids. Make an
ordinary pudding of it, and improve the flavor agreeably to the desire
of the patient or convalescent, by adding raisins, sugar, prunee, lemon-
juice, wine, spices, etc.
—
Beef Liquid. When the stomach is very weak, take fresh lean
beef, cut it into strips, and place the strips into a bottle, with a little
salt. Place into a kettle of boiling water and let it remain one hour.
Pour off the Kquid and add some water. Begin with a small quantity,
and use in the same manner and under similar circumstances as beef
tea. This is even more nourishing than beef tea.
Beef Tea.— Cut one pound of lean beef into shreds, and boil for
twenty minutes in one quart of water, being particular to remove the
scum as often as any rises. AVhen it is cool, strain. This is very nour-
ishing and palatable, and is of great value in all cases of extreme
debility where no inflammatory action exists, or after the inflammation
is subdued. In very low cases, a small tea-spoonful may be adminis-
tered every fifteen or twenty minutes, gradually increasing the amount
given as the powers of life return. In cases of complete prostration,
after the cessation of long exhausting fever, it may be used as directed
above, either alone or in conjunction with a little wine.
Pajstado. — some
Put a little water on the fire vsdth a glass of wine,
sugar,and a little grated nutmeg boil all together a few seconds, and
;

add pounded crackers or crumbs of bread and again boil for a few
;

minutes.
French Milk Porridge. — Stir some oatmeal and water together,
letthe mixture stand to clear, and pour off the water. Then put more
water to the meal, stir it well, and let it stand tni the next day. Strain
through a fine sieve, and boil the water, adding milk while so doing.
The proportion of water must be small. With toast this is admirable.
Common Milk Porridge will be found very palatable in ordinary
oases. Everybody knows how to make it.
—
Buttermilk Pap. Fresh buttermilk, four parts water, one part
;

mix, boil, and thicken with Indian meal. Eat with butter, sugar, or
molasses.
Coffee Milk. —
Put a dessert-spoonful of ground coffee into a pint
of milk ; a quarter of an hour with a shaving or two of isinglass ;
boil it
let it stand ten minutes, and then pour off.
—
Kestorative Jelly. Take a leg of well-fed pork, just as cut up,
beat it, and break the bone. Set it over a gentle fire, with three gal-
lons of water, and simmer to one. Let half an ounce of mace and the
same of nutmegs stew in it. Strain through a fine sieve. When cold,
take off the fat. Give a chocolate-cup the fii-st and last thing, and at
noon, adding salt to suit the taste. This is very valuable in all cases
of debility where animal food is admissible.
204 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Dri:^tk D"! \ENTERY.

I^isf —
Sheep's suet, two ounces milk, one pint; ;

starch, half an ounce. Boil gently for thirty minutes. Use as a com-
mon drink. This is excellent for sustaioing the strength in bad cases
of dysentery.
Crust Coffee. — Toast slowly a thick piece of bread cut from the
outside of a loaf, until it is well browned, but not blackened. Then
turn upon it boiling water of a sufficient quantity, and keep it from half
an hour to an hour before using. Be sure that the liquid is of a rich
brown color before you use it. It is a most excellent drink in all cases
of sickness and convalescence.
Cranberry Water.— Put a tea-spoonful of cranberries into a cup of
water and mash them. In the mean time boil two quarts of water with
one large spoonful of com or oatmeal, and a bit of lemon-peel then add ;

the cranberries and as much fine sugar as will leave a smart flavor of the
fruit— also a wine-glassful of sherry. Boil the whole gently for a quar-
ter of an hour, then strain.
—
Wine Whey. Heat a pint of new milk until it boHs, at which mo-
ment pour in as much good wine as will curdle and clarify it. Boil and
set it aside imtil the curd subsides. Do not stir it, but pour the whey oflF
carefully, and add two pints of boiling water, with loaf-sugar.
Orange Whey.— Milk, one pint the juice of an orange, with a por-
;

tion of the peel. Boil the milk, then put the orange to it, and let stand
till it coagulates. Strain.
Mustard Whey. — Bruised mustard seed, two table- spoonfuls milk, ;

one quart. Boil together for a few minutes until it coagulates, and
strain to separate the curd. This is a very useful drink in dropsy. A
tea-cupful may be taken at a dose, three times a day.
Sippets. — On an extremely hot plate put two or three slices of bread,
and pour over them some of the juices of boiled beef, mutton, or veal.
If there be no butter in the dish, sprinkle over them a little salt.
—
Chicken Broth. Take half a chicken, divested of all fat, and break
the bones add to this half a gallon of water, and boH for half an hour.
;

Season with salt.

Vegetable Soup. —
Take one potato, one turnip and one onion, with
a little celery or celery seed. Slice and boil for an hour in one quart of
water. Salt to the taste, and pour the whole upon a piece of dry toast.
This forms a good substitute for animal food, and may be used when the
latterwould be improper.
Calves'-Foot Jelly.— Boil two calves' feet in one gallon of water,
until reduced to one quart. Strain, and when cool, skim carefully.
Add the white of six or eight eggs, well beaten, a pint of wine, half poun(3
of loaf sugar, and the juice of four lemons. Mix them well, boil for a
few minutes, stirring constantly, and pass through a flannel strainer. In
'ome cases the wine should be omitted.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 205

Slippery Elm Jelly. — Take of the flour of slippery elm one or two
tea-spooufuls ; cold water, one pint. Stir, until a jelly is formed.
Sweeten with loaf sugar or honey. This is excellent for all diseases of
the throat, chest, and lungs, coughs, colds, bronchitis, inflammation of
lungs, etc. It is very nutritious and soothing.

Nutritive Fluids. —Below will be found directions for preparing

three nutritious fluids, which are of great value in all diseases, either
acute or chronic, that are attended or followed by prostration, debility, —
whether general, or of certain organs only, derangement of the digest-
ive organs, weak stomach, indigestion, heartburn, or sour stomach, con-
stipated bowels, torpidity or want of activity of the liver, thin or poor
blood. They are highly nutritious, supplying to the blood in such a form
that they are most easily assimilated, the various elements which are
needed to enrich it, and thus enable it to reproduce the various tissues
of the body that have been wasted by disease. In cases where the stom-
ach has become so weakened and sensitive that the lightest food or
drinks cannot be taken without causing much uneasiness and distress,
these fluids are invaluable. They strengthen the stomach and neutralize
all undue acidity, while, at the same time, they soothe the irritation by

their bland and demulcent quaUties. When carefully and properly pre-
pared, according to the direction following, they very nearly resemble
rich new milk in color and consistency, while their taste is remarkably
pleasant. Care should be taken that all the ingredients are of the best
quality. Soft water must be used in aU cases. Fresh rain-water is to
be preferred, but spring water may be used if perfectly soft. Hard
water will cause the fluids to be of a yellow color, and if the milk is
old, they are apt to separate.
—
Fluid No. 1. Put one pint of new milk (the fresher the better) and
two pints of soft water in a vessel perfectly free from all greasy matter,
over a slow fire. Rub two even tea-spoonfuls of superfine wheat flour
and two tea-spoonfuls of carbonate of magnesia, together with a little
milk, into a soft batter, free from lumps add this to the milk and water
;

as soon as they begin to boil. Boil gently for five minutes no longer^
stirring constantly. Pour into an earthen or glass dish to cool, adding,
at the same time, two tea-spoonfuls of loaf sugar, and one tea-spoonful
each of saleratus and table salt, rubbed fine stir until cold. The fluid
;

must not be allowed to remain in a metallic vessel of any kind, and it

must be kept in a cool place.
—
Fluid No. 2. Put one pint of fresh milk and two pints of soft water
in a vessel over a slow fire. Rub together with a little fresh cream into
a soft batter, free from lumps, one table-spoonful each of good sweet
—
rye flour, ground rice, and pure starch which add to the milk and
M^ater as soon as they begin to boil. Boil for five minutes, stirring con-
306 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

stantiy. Remove from the fire, and add three tea-spoonfuls of loaf su
gar and one tea-spoonful each of saleratus and table salt. Observe the
same precautions as in No. 1
—
Fluid No. 3. Put in a vessel, over a slow fire, one pint of fresh
milk and two pints of soft water. When they begin to boil, add one
table-spoonful of wheat flour, two table-spoonfuls pure starch, and two
tea-spoonfuls of carbonate of magnesia, rubbed together with a little
milk into a soft batter, free from lumps. Boil gently for five minutes,
stirring constantly. Pour into an earthen vessel to cool, and add one
tea-spoonful of the best gum arable, dissolved in a little warm water, one
tea-spoonful each of saleratus and table salt, and one table-spoonful of
pure strained honey. Stir until cold. The same precaution must be
observed as in preparing No. 1.
Directions. — One may be taken at a
half pint or less of these fluids
dose, and at he taken during the day, and the
least three pints should
amount gradually increased to two or three quarts. Commence with
No. 1, and use two weeks then use No. 2 for the same length of time,
:

after which No. 3 is to be used for two weeks. Continue their use as
long as necessary, taking each for two weeks before changing. In all the
diseases enumerated above, the use of these fluids, in connection with
proper herbal remedies, will ensure a speedy restoration to health.
—
Gum Acacia Restorative. Take two ounces of pure white gum
Arabic, —
procure the lump, the powdered is very apt to be adulterated,
— pulverize it well, and dissolve by the aid of a gentle heat in a gill of
water, stirring constantly. When it is entirely dissolved, add three
table-spoonfuls of pure strained honey. Let it remain over the fire until
it becomes of the consistency of a jelly. The heat must be very gentle,
it must not boil. If desirable, flavor with lemon or vanilla. This will
be found a very pleasant article of diet for delicate stomachs. When
the articles used are pure it will be transparent and of a light golden
color. This will be borne by the weakest stomach, when everything else
is rejected. It is highly nutritious.
Malt Infusion. —Infuse one pint of groimd malt, for two hours, in
three pints of scalding water. The water should not be brought quite to
the boiling point. Strain, add sugar, if desired flavor with lemon-
;

juice. This is an excellent drink in inflammatory fevers, acute rheuma-

tism, etc.
—
Peas. Take young and fresh shelled green peas, wash them clean,
put them into fresh water, just enough to cover them, and boil them till
they take up nearly all the water. Season with salt, pepper, and but-
ter. This dish, if prepared according to directions, and eaten warm, wiU
—
not harm any invalid not even one suffering from diarrhoea.
—
Milk. In some cases where a milk diet is advisable, owing to the
peculiar condition of the patient's stomach, it will cause distress. ThiS
 •THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 207

is frequently the case when there is undue acidity. In such cases let it
be prepared in the following- manner, and it will be found to set well :
—
Take a tea-cupful of fresh milk, heat nearly to boiling dissolve in it a
;

tea-spoonful of loaf sugar pour into a large-sized tumbler, and add

;

sufficient plain soda-water to fill it. Prepared in the above directed

manner it will be perfectly free from all unpleasant effects.
—
Soups for the Coxvalescent. To extract the strength from
meat, long and slow boiling is necessary but care must be taken that
;

the pot is never off the boil. All soups should be made the day before
they are used, and they should then be strained into earthen pans.
When soup has jellied in the pan, it should not be removed into another.
When in danger of not keeping, it should be boiled up.
—
Eggs. In cases of extreme debility, eggs are most excellent. They
should never be boiled hard. The best way to prepare them is to beat
them well with milk and sugar. Where it will be appropriate to the
case, add some fine pale sherry wine.
Milk for Infants. — Fresh cow's milk, one part water, two parts
;

sweeten with a very little loaf sugar. When children are raised by hand,
it is always necessary to dilute the milk. As the child advances in age,
the proportion of water stated above may be gradually lessened.
Water G-ruel.— Com or oatmeal, two table-spoonfuls; water, one
quart. Boil ten or fiteen minutes, and strain. Add salt and sugar to
suit the taste of the patientl This should be used freely, during and
after the operation of cathartic medicines.

HOW TO ASSIST THE DOOTOE.

The Sick-Room.
If there is a choice of rooms, the patient's welfare demands that lie
should be placed in the one affording to a greater degree light, pure air,
warmth, etc. The patient should not be put into the room which is
dark and gloomy, but let it be one that is light and cheerful, and with a
fire-place in it, if possible.
If the illness be fever, an ophthalmic affection, brain disease, or other
disease requiring quiet, a backroom away from the family should be se-
and the patient wiU not care to
lected, as quiet is absolutely necessary,
look at anything or to speak much. If, however, he be suffering from an
accident, he will be more contented and cheerful if he is placed near to
the rest of the family, where he can assist in the conversation, watch
your movements, and see you at your labors. It wiU greatly tend to
208 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

make him forget to a greater extent his misfortune, and it will also savo
time in waiting upon him.
The room should be free from all unpleasant odors, and should not be
exposed to disagreeable effluvia from water-closets, sinks, etc. The fur-
niture of the room should be but very simple and plain, and, in infectious
diseases, but very little should be placed in the room. If you have ever
been in a hospital, you may have noticed the bare floors, the iron bed-
steads, the absence of woollen bed-clothing, and the plain tables, and
most probably pitied the inmates for their lack of comforts, and involun
tarily the thought may have arisen in your mind that fortune is moie
propitious to you when sick, for your sick-room wouldhave at least a good
carpet, upholstered furniture, and your bed an easy one to repose upon,
and plentifully supplied with woollen blankets, etc. But you and many
more are also deluded in this respect. If you wiU bear in mind that
woollen fabrics retain smells much longer than cotton and linen, and are
therefore less sanitary, you would probably not consider them so advan-
tageous. The room should have no upholstered chairs or sofas, cane-
bottomed or plain wood are preferable, and it would be better if no car-
pet was on the floor, except perhaps a narrow strip for you to walk upon
to prevent noise, but a clean boarded floor, kept clean and sweet by
scrubbing and elbow-grease " is infinitely better. It is better to have
'
'

no curtains but if the room looks too cheerless without them, use light
;

muslin or something which will easily wash.

The position of the bed is also very important. In case of accident
the bed should be placed where the patient feels most comfortable, only
it should be placed where there is a good light to see and dress the

wound but in fever and small-pox the bed should occupy the position
;

between the door and fire-place. The reason for this is, that as fire can-
not burn without air, there must be a draft to feed it as this becomes ;

heated and escapes up the chimney, it is replaced by a fresh supply

drawn in through the door and window. This prevents a spread of the
disease, as the chimney acts as a ventilating shaft, carrying away the
impurities of the room. A stove will also do this, but to a much less
extent. It is very apparent, therefore, that if a person stands between
the bed and the fire-place, he must breathe air laden with the effluvia
from the patient, whereas, on the other side, that is, between the bed
and door, he inhales air that has not yet come m contact with the pa-
tient. If, from the form of the room, the bed cannot be placed in this

position, the space between the window and the bed should always be
Bufi3.cient to stand in.

The room should always be fully prepared before the patient is placed
in it, as the setting it to rights is not only annoying, but may do positive
harm to the patient. The fire, if any is wanted, should particularly be
previously built, for 7ery often the chinfmey refuses to draw well, and
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 209

the poor patient is choked with the smoke. He may suffer from a chest
complaint, and his difficulty of breathing be so aggravated as to put him
in a miserable plight. The \vindows should not be so fastened tnat you
cannot open them, especially from the top. An equable temperature
should be kept up, neither too hot nor too cold, and extremes avoided.
The bed itself is very worthy of consideration. Unqualifiedly, the best
is a hair mattrass, but, as this is so expensive, it cannot be expected to

be found in every house, but, unless obliged, use no feather bed. It is

too soft, and the patient sinks into holes, so that, in case of wounds or
bums, you cannot get at them properly, and besides, if the feathers
get wet, you cannot easily put them right again. Good clean straw or
chaff, evenly packed, is far superior. It costs but little, to begin mth, is
more comfortable, far superior in a sanitary point of view, and has this
advantage that in case of being spoiled, it can be emptied, the cover
:

washed, and refilled without loss of time, and at a very trifling expense.
The bed should not be too wide, for if the patient needs help, the at-
tendant is obUged to move him kneeling on the bed, or at arms' length,
should he be lying in the middle.
It is often a matter of much concern how to change the bed-clothing
in case of fracture or low states of disease, where the patient cannot be
moved from the bed. The following method should be pursued roll: —
up the clothes to be changed tightly to the middle, lengthwise, not across
the bed put on the clean things with half the width rolled up close to
;

the other roU, lift the patient on the newly made part, slip off the soiled
clothes, unroll the clean ones, and the bed is made.
Before the patient is put to bed scour the floor right well, and wash it
with hot water with a few pennies' worth of chloride of lime, or, if you
cannot get this, use a little quicklime, and rub it well into cracks and
comers. The whole of the lime need not be removed, as the little par-
,
tides left sticking in the cracks and pores of the wood will prevent in-
sects, give a clean, sweet smell to the place, and tend to keep away in-
fection. After the room is thoroughly dried, it is ready for the sick oc-
cupant.
If all this is done, you will have the healthleat sick-chamber possible,
and rob the disease of its exciting causes. He must then be well nursed,
and as this is so important, the author will next consider

Nurses and Nursing.

Next to the physician, the nurse has responsibilities that must be faith-
fully discharged, as the life of the patient is not alone dependent upon
the the physician, but in a great measure also
skill of upon careful nurs-
ing. Every physician will tell you that he recollects capes in his practice
where all his skill would have been unavailing had it not been for the
excellent nursing that the patient received.
210 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

It la a common opinion that women only can nurse. This is erroneous,

as men are frequently met with, especially husbands and brothers, who
are quite as gentle in their touch, quite as considerate about little wants,
and far more tender and thoughtful than almost any woman. A male
—
nurse has, moreover, one great advantage his strength. Ask that wife
who how safe she feels in
requires lifting from the bed, and she will tell
her husband's strong arms, and what a comfort it is to be lifted by him.
It is a dreadful feeling for a patient not to have full confidence in the
power of the person assisting, and the nervous shock induced by the fear
of being let fall, may take days to recover from. It is, therefore, not to
be thought that nursing is peculiarly woman's work, but that men are
just as capable,
A nurse should have five qualifications sobriety^ cleanliness^ firmness^
gentleness, and patience.
Sobriety. —
The drunken nurse should not be allowed to cross the door-
eill of the sick-room. It is no place for her, —
she cannot be trusted.
Human life is too precious to be entrusted to the care of one who cannot
resist the temptation to indulge in intoxicating drinks.
Cleanliness. —
The nurse should not only keep the room clean, but
always be clean herself. A very little thing will spoil the appetite of a
Bick person, and nothing offensive, as dressings from wounds or burns,
should be allowed to remain in the room. All necessary vessels should
be emptied as soon as done with, well washed out, and left in the open
air. It should be remembered that bad air is just'as poisonous to a per-
son as bad food, and hence it should be frequently changed by opening
the window. The dreaded draft will do no harm, but bears upon ita
wings the elements conducive to the health of both patient and attend-
ants. The fever-poison is weakened by admixture with pure air just in
the same proportion as spirits are weakened by the addition of water.
The food that the patient cannot eat should not be left in the room it —
will breed distaste for it if always in the sight of the patient. The
drinking-water should be frequently changed, as it absorbs all the gases
in the room, so that if the patient is allowed to drink it, it actually puts
back into his stomach what his body exhaled. Always give him fresh
water, then, when he wants to drink.
Firmness. —
The lesson that firmness is not rudeness should be learned

first. be expected that a suffering person knows as well

It is not to
what is best for him as those whose brains are clear. If, therefore, a
certain thing is best to be done, do it, do it kindly, but do it, and the
patient will thank you afterwards.
Gentleness. — It
should never be forgotten that gentleness is an abso-
lute requirement of a nurse. If the poor patient suffers from rheuma-
tism or a broken limb, and the bed-clothes must be changed, it should
be done gently, and all needless suffering avoided. If his position in
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 211

bed requires change, do not torture him, but gently move him, and
avoid all jerkb and knocks with great care.
Patience. —
Need a word be said to the effect that of all beings nurses
should especially be patient? It should never be forgotten that the dif-
ference a great one between the nurse and the person under his or her
is

care, and it should be remembered that in their own experiences they

have been cross and irritable even when they were well, that they were
easily put out, and so peevish and fretful from the slightest causes.
They should then consider how it must be with the person taken sud-
denly from active life and compelled to lie stiU in one position, or with
one whose whole body is racked with pain. The one, therefore, who
loses patience, however sorely tried, and who cannot bear with these
trials for a while, should stay away from the sick-room in the capacity
of nurse.
Nursing, in a great measure, is a natural gift either in man or woman,
just asmuch as music, painting, and other things are. It is not every
one, therefore, who is fit for a nurse, not because they wilfuUy do
wrong, but they are not adapted for it. There are many good-hearted
yet thoughtless people who would never make good, handy nurses with
all the training in the world.
The atckwar'd nurse is a queer creature, and she is everlastingly get-
ting into some trouble. If she is going up stairs with her hands full,
she is sure to step on the bottom of her dress, and either drops what
she is carrying or falls herself. If the fire wants coal, she throws on a
whole scuttleful, a good part of which falls upon the fender, and the
poor patient is so terrified that he cannot rest for hours. If she has a
hole in her dress, or a bit of braid is loose, it wiU be sure to catch a

chair or the fire-irons, bringing them down with a rattle. If of matronly

age and wears caps, she will have strings so long that when she stoops
over to catch the patient's whisper, the ends will tickle his nose or other
parts of his face. At least one of her fingers is sure to be enveloped in
a rag tied on with black cotton. If the patient wants a little bread and
butter, the knife that has been used for cutting cheese or peeling onions
is unerringly used. If she is cooking cabbage or frying bacon in the
next room, she always forgets to close the door leading to the patient's
room, fills it with a strong smell which sickens him, and then says that
it is too bad that the patient cannot eat a morsel of food. If the patient
thirsts, she will fill the glass full to the brim, put her hand under his
head, bend his neck till his chin touches his breast, then puts the glass
to his lips, spills a good part of it on his clothes, and thinks he is very
awkward to choke over a mouthful of water. If a candle is to be
lighted, she sticks it in between the bars of the grate, which soon fills
the room with the rank smeU of burning tallow, and when she finally
succeeds in lighting it, she finds she has a wick several inches long,
 212 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

gained at the expense of the melted tallow or if it be gas, she takes a

;

short bit of paper, turns the gas full on, makes a sudden blaze like a
flash of lightning, forgets the bit of paper in her hand while she is regu-
lating the blaze, bums her fingers, throws the lighted paper on the
floor, and puts her foot on it. All this does not escape the patient's
notice, and he gets so nervous and frightened that he loses his night's
rest. If the patient is so far convalescent as to be able to sit up in bed
to take his food, she will, of course, put the tray on his knees, then
assist him into the sitting posture, and ten chances to one the thingT5
are upset aU over the counterpane.
Then there is the fussy mirse^ and there are many of this sort. Her
zeal to benefit the patient is so great, that she sadly overdoes it : she
bustles in and out of the room every few minutes, wearies the patient
by persistently asking him if he cannot eat something, which she would
willingly walk miles to get if wanted, raising him up, tucking in the
bed clothes, drawing up and lowering the blinds one, in fact, who is
;

perfectly miserable if she is not constantly on the move. The fussy

nurse is generally a kind-hearted, loving creature, and it is her very
goodness which makes her weary the patient, who congratulates him-
self on the relief gained whenever she vacates the room.
Then we have the careless^ slovenly nurse. Doctors are always sus-
picious of this person ;
they can never feel sure that their patients really
had the right quantity of medicine if she happened to remember it
;

they would get it, but if not, she would make up for it by giving a
double dose next time. There is no clean glass or cup when wanted.
Food is taken to the patient, and if he cannot eat it, it is left there for
hours. There are so many crumbs of bread in the bed that it feels to
the patient like lying on a gravel walk. Cinders cover the hearth all
over, and the fire is black. The slops, which should have been removed
in the evening, are hid under the bed, filling the room with bad smells.
Those bits of meat, crumbs of bread, and other matters which have
fallen on the floor are left there ;
the consequence is, that being winter,
the mice and perhaps rats finding a warm room and something to eat,
think a comfortable place,
it and use it accordingly. No one can
im-
agine the degree of comfort these scampering animals afford to the
helpless creature in bed.
Next we have the C7'uel nurse., who does her duty, but not from love ;

she carries out the doctor's orders exactly. In matter of duty she is
inflexible if the medicine has to be taken at a certain time, she brings
;

it and worries the patient into taking it on the instant.

to the minute,
Her law Medes and Persians, which
in all things is like that of the
altereth not. She may be perfectly honest in her dealings, but the
utter absence of tenderness and compassion makes her an undesirable
nurse.
 THE COMPLETE HEEBALIST. 213

And we have what I trust is a very rare character, the dishonest

lastly,
nurse. She drinks all the wine, and partakes pretty freely of the food
intended for the patient, and tells the doctor that the patient ought to
get better according to the quantity of nourishment he gets through.
She is also dishonest in another way she finds it a great deal of trouble
:

to make the patient take his medicine, so she just empties it away, a
regular dose at a time, so that when the doctor calls, he may see that
the bottle is gradually emptying.
All these characters are to be met with, and doctors find one or more
of them in various sick-rooms every day. Now, it is not well to be too
exacting in such matters, but as a good nurse is, next to a good physician,
necessary to properly combat disease, it is well to object to what are
positive faults.
A good nurse should be tender and compassionate, and ought to have
aU her five senses in a healthy, active condition. Sights that she may
be able to read directions, or read aloud to the patient, and watch the
change of countenance, A quick-sighted nurse will not need to wait
for the sufferer to make his demands ;
she will see in a moment what is

wanted from the motion Hearing^

of the eye, or the lips, or a finger.
that she may be able to catch the faintest whisper, and not oblige a
weak patient to exert the voice or repeat his requests. Feeling^ that
she may readily detect the temperature of the skin of the patient, and
not use any application which wiU either scald with heat or chill with
oold. Smell, that all impurities in the atmosphere of the room may be
readily detected. Taste, that she may not offer food unfit to be used,
or improperly cooked if good in itself.

She need not be highly educated, but she should be able to read
writing, so that she can fully understand the directions on the labels.
She ought to have a knowledge of common and every-day affairs, and
possess the qualification of "common sense." But she must not place
too high a valuation on her own opinion or skill, as that may cause her
^.o use either in opposition to the wishes of the doctor. She must do
everythiDg for the patient that she can, and deal with the doctor fairly.
 214 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

PAET II.

DISEASES.
The great difficulty of treating disease, by those who are not physiciana,
7s the liability to mistake the character of the affection, being unable
through obscurity of the symptoms to ascertain the organ or tissue af-
fected. Without entering minutely into diagnosis, the author will en
d.eavor to simplify the study of morbid conditions of the human body,
fio that the unscientific may more readily ascertain the disease and apply

the appropriate remedy or treatment.

1. General condition pertaining to :

a. Temperature and dryness of skin.

b. Condition of pulse— full and quick, or slow and weak.

c. Appearance of tongue.
d. State of bowels and kidneys.
e. Desire for food and drink.

2. The general appearance of the patient.

a. —
Size emaciation or increase, general or local.
b. Aspect of face or expression.
c. Changes of color of skin.
3. The position or posture.
a. In bed —the manner of lying, on the back or either side, quiet,
restless, etc.
b. Out of bed —posture, gait, stiffness, loss of power of limbs, etc.
4.The sensations of the patient.
Whenever any of these conditions are at variance with the normal
6tate, the presumption, or rather certainty, is that some organ or tissue
is assailed by disease. Some of the general indications of the patient
in many cases often make known the character of the affection, when
not suggested by other symptoms. For instance, the skin is remarka-
bly moist and soft in delirium tremens the perspiration profuse and
;

sour in acute rheumatism exhausting sweats in the latter stages of

;

consumption or profuse suppuration the crackling feeling of emphy-

;

sema, and the pitting under i^ressure in dropsy.

The pulse is hard and wiry in abdominal inflammations in acute ;

hydrocephalus its frequency is very great, slow and labored in brain dis-
eases, irregular in disease of the heart, almost imperceptible in cholera
or in the latter stages of the low fevers.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 215

The tongue covered with a thin white layer is indicative of disorder

of the stomach when patchy, the stomach is considerably irritated
;

when yellow, the patient is bilious when shining, glazed, and chapped,
;

it indicates long -continued inflammation or ulceration of the bowels;

aphthous patches indicate imperfect nutrition, etc.
In cholera the stools resemble rice-water when clay-colored, it de- ;

notes a deficiency of bile when yeast-like, fermentation takes place in-

;

stead of digestion.
The urine is dark-colored in fevers, very limpid and abundant in
hysteria, scanty in dropsies, acid in rheumatism.
The aspect is often very significant. In scrofula the comers of the
nose and lips are swollen, in chlorosis a waxy pallor is observed, in
malignant diseases a sallow hue, in heart-diseases a blue color of the
lips, in pneumonia a dusky flush, in phthisis a hectic flush. When the
expression is anxious, it indicates disease of the heart and dyspnoea
when pinched and contracted, there is much suffering, as in the low
forms of fever the skin is white in anasmia, yeUow in jaundice and
;

mahgnant cases it has a muddy hue in splenic diseases, blue in cholera,

;

and livid in commencing mortification.

If the patient's head is elevated by choice in bed, it denotes heart-dis-
ease ;
when he is on his back in peritonitis the knees
very feeble he lies ;

are drawn up in cramps or pain of the abdomen, he lies on his side.

;

In order that the reader may not have a confused idea of what is
meant by inflammation, I will describe it insomuch as to give its
phenomena. These are redness^ heat^ sioellmg^ and pam. When all
these are present it constitutes inflarnmation. When a fever or disease
partakes of this character, it is inflammatory. Chronic inflammation is
characterized by all the essential conditions of the acute form, differing,
however, in this, by being preceded through all its changes with symp-
toms so mild that it is only after a certain time that the patient is much
inconvenienced constitutionally. Inflammation always denotes increase
of activity of the vascular system. WTien of a localized character, the in-
crease is noticed in the capillary circulation when general, as in fevers,
;

or of some important organ, the whole circulatory apparatus is abnor-

mally active.

Miasmatic Fevers.
These, as signified by name, owe their origin to, or are caused by, a pe*
culiar principle to which the name of rnalaria or miasm has been given.
Of the chemical nature of miasm we literally know nothing but we ;

have abundant evidence that it is a specific cause of disease. There are,

practically, two kinds of malaria First, koino-mmsmata^ the product
:

of vegetable decomposition, or terrestrial emanations second, Idio-mias- ;

mata, the deleterous effluvia originating from the decomposition of

216 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

matter derived from the human body. Both of these are prolific causes
of disease, yeb the profession, owing to the subtile nature of the miasms,
manner of operation. These
are in a great degree ignorant as to the
two causes may act and produce their different symptoms,
separately,
or they may operate together, causing a confusion of morbid phe-
nomena.
"Marsh gas," or the product of vegetable decomposition, owing to
course the greater cause of disease.
its diversification, is of Two re-
quisites, heat and moisture, are necessary for its production and ;

hence, where these abound in any quantity, so proportionably is the

miasm evolved. For this reason, low, marshy lands are at certain sea-
sons very unhealthy, while those regions at a greater elevation are pecu-
liarly healthy in this respect. Wherever vegetation is profuse, and to
which abundant heat and moisture are contributed, there we may
reasonably expect a plentiful product of miasm and consequent disease.
Experiments have proved that in decomposition of vegetable matter,
— —
animal matter infusoria is produced in very rapid succession, having
an exceedingly short-lived existence. These infusoria are inhaled at
every breath, as the air contains swarms of them, but which are imper-
ceptible to any of the senses. It is reasonable to suppose that they, in
a great measure, contribute largely to periodic fevers. The diseases
generally classed as Malarial are Intermittent, Remittent, Yellow, and
Typhus Fevers.

Intermittent Fever.
This is commonly called Fever and Ague, or Chills and Fever. As
the name implies, the fever is not constant, as in the continual fevers,
but inteimits, so that in its career there are well-marked periods of ab-
sence of febrile symptoms. It is a fever characterized by a succession
of attacks, with equal intervals and intermissions, that are complete,
but irregular, owing to the paroxysms being of uncertain duration. By
irderval is meant the time from the beginning of one paroxysm to the
beginning of the next, and by intermission the period of time between
the. close of one paroxysm to the beginning of the next. The length of
the interval determines the variety of ague. When the interval is
twenty-four hours, it is called quotidian thirty-six hours, tertian and
; ;

when seventy-two hours, it is called quartan. These varieties dupli-

cate, and are then called double quotidian, etc.
The disease is announced by a paroxysm which has three stages,
the cold, the hot, and the sweating. The cold stage is well marked ;

the patient yawns, has a feeling of weakness, stretches, no appetite,

and no inclination to move. Paleness is observed in the face and ex-
tremities the patient shakes, the teeth chatter, and the skin shrinks,
;

causing horripilatio7i or "goose-flesh."

 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 217

When this stage declines, the hot stage comes on, which is character-
ized by a high fever. This
followed by the sweating stage, which
is

increases from a mere moisture at first to a profuse perspiration. After

this the body returns to its natural temperature, and apparent health
returns.
During the cold stage the circulation is thrown upon the internal or-
gans, the spleen becomes congested, which organ is enlarged, causing
what is known as the ague cake.
A quotidian begins generally in the morning, a tertian at noon, and a
quartan in the afternoon. The cold stage is shortest in the quotidian,
and longest in the quartan. Intermittent fever is more common in the
spring and autumn than at other seasons of the year, and in fall more
severe and dangerous.
—
Treatment. Commence treatment with a cathartic, as senna or the
Renovating Pill. In the cold stage give hot drinks, and even stimulants
may be of service. Induce warmth and comfort by extra covering,
foot-baths, bottles filled with hot water applied to the surface, etc. In
the hot stage, cooling drinks and anything that mollifies febrile action.
When an intermission ensues, administer Peruvian bark, or, prefera-
bly, one of its active principles, quinine. This can be given in a large
dose, or smaller doses repeated. Fifteen grains may be given at once or
in successive doses. It may be taken in pills or in solution with elixir
of vitriol. Quinine is a specific in this disease, and it rarely ever fails
in curing every case, if the patient be placed under its influence. Pecu-
liar head symptoms and buzzing in the ears denote the influence of this
admirable remedy. My experience has not taught me that there is
much danger in an overdose', and I consider it more or less harmless
yet, like every other remedy, it must be judiciously and intelligently
administered. The web of the black spider rolled up five-grain pills, m
and taken, one pill at a time every two hours, is a valuable domestic
remedy. Decoctions of dogwood bark are successful in many cases ; so
also of the bark of the tulip tree.

Remittent Fever.
This is commonly called Bilious Fever.
It is a disease whose attack
isgenerally sudden and well marked, without prominent premonitory
symptoms, if any, at all times. There is sense of languor and debility
for a few days previous to the onset slight headache, lack of appetite,
;

furred tongue, bitter taste in the mouth in the morning, pain in the
joints,and a feeling of uneasiness.
The onset is announced by a rigor or chill, distinct in character,
first

though generally brief and sometimes slight, but at times severe and
prolonged. Sometimes the chill is first felt in the feet at other times ;

commences at the shoulder-blades, or in the back, running from thenoe

10
218 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

through the whole body. Usually there is but one well-marked chill
the paroxysms of fever returning subsequently, and seldom preceded by
a cold stage.
The symptoms of this disease intensify at certain periods of the day
preceded occasionally, but not generally, by a chill. Between this
period of severity in the febrile symptoms and a similar period follow-
ing there is generally a decrease in the violence of the symptoms, dur-
ing which the fever moderates, but does not, as in intermittent fever,
totally disappear. It remits in severity, and hence the name. The
pulse in the hot stage ranges from one hundred to one hundred and
thirty. The pains in the head, back, and limbs are almost insufferable.
The covering of the tongue is yellowish or dirty white, and in severe
cases, in the advanced stage, the tongue is parched, brown or nearly
black in the centre, and red at the edges. Food is distasteful, and
nausea and vomiting ensue, with frequently pain, upon pressure, in the
epigastrium. The bowels are at first costive, but become loose, and the
faeces are dark and offensive.
—
Treatment. Give an emetic or cathartic in the formative stage.
When the disease is fully developed, sponge the body all over several
times a day with cold or tepid water, whichever is most grateful to the
patient, and give cooling drinks, as the effervescing draught. When
the fever is high, moderate it with tincture or fluid extract of green

hellebore, in doses of from three to ten drops. Dover's powder should

be given as a diaphoretic. Ice-water can be drunk at pleasure. A
mustard poultice should be placed over the pit of the stomach when-
ever tenderness exists.
Quinine is the great remedy in this disease also, and should be admin-
istered in the same manner as advised in fever and ague. It is to be
given in a remission. Whenever the fever has been subdued by large
doses of quinine, its administration should not be abruptly ceased, but
be continued in smaller or tonic doses for several weeks afterward.
There is a form of fever called Congestive. It is also called perniGious
fever. It is not essentially remittent, but may also be intermittent in
character. The congestion may only operate upon one of the internal
organs, or upon all of them. Congestion may ensue in the earlier or
later stage of the disease. There is usually congestion of the brain,
and profound stupor follows. It assumes all types of periodic fevers,
but is more frequently quotidian or tertian. The first attack generally
simulates a simple attack of intermittent, and excites but little atten-
tion. The second attack is severe, producing great coldness, and the
patient has a deathlike hue of face and extremities. As the disease
advances, the heat of the skin becomes pungent. The skin also be-
comes dry, husky, and parched, followed, after a time, by a cold,
cLwnmy sensation. The eyes are duU and watery, and at times glassy
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 219

the countenance dull, sleepy, and distressed the tongue trembles upon
;

protrusion, indicating weakness, and is at first covered with whitish fur,

which changes to either brown or black the breathing is difficult, and
;

inspirations often thirty to the minute. Pressure over the liver, stom-
ach, or bowels occasions pain ;
and the mind is often disturbed, and falls
and stupor, or is delirious.
into lethargy
The treatment is the same as in remittent fever. Quinine and the
other remedies are of the some signal service. In stupor friction is
to be made along the course of the spine with spirits of turpentine or
ammonia.
In convalescence the diet must be light and nutritious, and as strength
returns may be increased. Exercise out of doors should be encouraged.
If recovery be slow, it should be hastened by wine, ale, or brandy, and
the usual vegetable tonics.
Any person who is suffering from almost a continuity of the disease,
or the so-called chronic form of malarial fever, desirous of correspond-
ing with me on the subject, I should be most happy to reply to, for in
the vast and beneficent domain of Herbahsm there are many remedies
that can be advised as curative, to mention which would occupy too
much space in a volume of this size. We can be eclectic in Nature's
laboratory.

Yellow-Fever.
The first symptoms of this fever seem identical with remittent, often
well marked by periodicity, but finally reaction occurs, and it assumes
a typhoid character. The disease is ushered in generally with a chill,
severe at times, though usually moderate, of short duration, and rarely
repeated. The chill is followed by slight fever, with increased heat of
surface ; but this rarely rises to any considerable height, and continues
only for two or three days, when, in cases likely to prove fatal, it is suc-
ceeded by coldness of surface, Sweating exists in many cases.
etc.
The pulse is singular in character, but rarely rises above a hundred
the tongue is moist and white for the first few days, but as the disease
advances it becomes red, smooth, shining, and dry, having a black
streak in the middle. The most prominent symptoms are nausea and
vomiting. In fatal cases the vomiting is persistent, and towards the
termination the green biliary matter thrown up changes to a thin black
fluid, having a sediment like the grounds of coffee. This is the terrible
black wmit (vomita-nigra) of yellow-fever. The bowels are generally
costive, and the abdomen tender upon pressure. Severe headache
generally exists, and the countenance bears a singular expression, in
which a smile seems to play upon the lips, but the rest of the face bears
a vnld or sad look. Restlessness is common to this disease night and
day. Blood often escapes from the nose, gums, ears, stomach, bowels,
 220 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

and urinary passages. The skin bears a tinged color similar to that in
jaundice. The disease appears both endemically and epidemically. At
first the disease hard to recognize, presenting but the usual symp-
is

toms of fevers with no symptoms to distinguish

in their incipient stage,
the disease, or, if any, very obscure but when the severe pain in the
;

back and loins exists, the conjunctiva injected, and a red flush of the
face and forehead is present, the identity of the disease is no longer in
doubt, especially when extraneous circumstances, calculated to suggest
the probability of an attack of yellow-fever, are also present.
—
Treatment. In the early stage of the attack it should be treated,
as regards medicines, the same as a case of malarial fever. If any de-
rangement of the stomach exists, a gentle emetic is proper this rouses ;

the nervous system from its lethargy, promotes the action of the liver,
and, by determining the blood to the surface, restores the capillary cir-
culation. The best emetic for this purpose is lobelia combined with
boneset. The febrile stage requires a thorough bath with tepid water
and whiskey over the entire surface, with friction by rubbing with a
towel or the hand. Large mustard-poultices should be placed over the
spine and abdomen. Immediately upon the decline of fever, if the
symptoms denote urgency, administer the antiperiodic remedies advised
in intermittent and remittent fever. The sulphate of quinia may be
combined with tannin, because the astringent properties of the tannin
have a beneficial effect in subduing inflammatory action of the mucous
membranes. This remedy should not be delayed a moment if the pa-
tient is in a period of prostration, and its retention by the stomach
should be favored by anodjnies, carminatives, or stimulants, as the case
may require. Oil of turpentine and Cayenne pepper can also be com-
bined with advantage in this disease. The strength of the patient must
be supported by every means that can be employed gruel and weak —
animal broths, bread-water, my nutritive fluids, milk and water, etc ,

are important means for this object. The revulsive influence of a

blister over the stomach is of great service in this stage. If reaction ig
induced and convalescence established, the remaining strength of the
patient must be carefully husbanded by proper tonics and wholesome
and digestible diet, increasing the quantity as the patient gains strength.
All exposed to yellow-fever should avoid the night-air and sudden
changes of temperature they should sleep in the highest part of the
;

house be moderate in taking exercise they should take nutritious but

; ;

not stimulating food, and never expose themselves to infected air with
empty stomachs or when fatigued.

Typhus Fever.
This is also called Hospital, Jail, Camp, Putrid, and SIdp Fever. It
ifi usually preceded by lassitude, debility, and loss of appetite, and
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 221

by rigors and chills, and characterized by frequent exacerba-

tistiered in
tionsand declines during- its progress. It generally presents itself as
an epidemic, and runs a uniform course. From the third to the seventh
day of the fever the peculiar petechial eruption occurs. It is of a florid,
reddish, or reddish-pink color, disappearing on pressure, which distin-
guishes it from the petechia of typhoid. The breathing is hurried, the
skin dry and hot, the tongue thickly coated, and the thirst urgent.
There is great distress about the head, which often results in delirium.
This stage of excitement continues generally, with little increase or
abatement in the symptoms, for some time. The fever is greatest
towards evening, least in the morning. The bowels are generally cos-
tive, and if it continues for some time, all the secretions become vitiated,
the body exhaling a nauseous odor, and the tongue, gums, and teeth
become coated with a dark-brown slime. Collapse generally follows,
voluntary powers depressed, surface relaxed, and diminished in temper-
ature, often covered with a clammy sweat pulse small and tremulous.
;

The tongue becomes black and dry, voice faint, breathing short, feeble,
and very anxious. The mental functions become greatly disordered,
the patient is restless and fearful, his delirium is low-muttering, and he

lies in a state of stupor from which he can be scarcely aroused. Often

an irritating cough is present, coming on as if in convulsive paroxysms.
In this stage of collapse the patient is disposed to lie on his back, with
his feet drawn up, and there is a great tendency in his body to slide
towards the foot of the bed. As the disease progresses, all the symp -

toms of prostration increase. A con\ailsive motion of the tendons, as

as in typhoid, is observed his stupor becomes fixed
;
hiccough, in-
;

voluntary discharges from the bowels, a cadaverous smell of the body,

generally occur towards the close of the disease. Death, in violent
cases, is generally preceded by extreme prostration, cold, clammy
sweats, involuntary fecal discharges, and a discharge of grumous blood
from the mouth, nose, and anus or by convulsions.
;

This is a contagious disease, and emphatically one of poverty and low

life.

—
Treatment. Place the patient in a weU-ventilated apartment, wash
the body with soap and water, and give an emetic and cathartic, if the
patient's condition requires it. Then give quinine in two or three grain
doses every two or three hours, until its effects are observable. Con-
trol the fever with veratrum, as advised in typhoid cases. If great
prostration is present, add capsicum or prickly-ash to the quinine, which
should be continued in regular doses throughout the greater part of the
course of the disease. A decoction of ladies' -slipper, or, preferably, cy-
pripedin, in two or three grain doses every two hours, should be given
in delirium or tendinous convulsions. Support the strength with iced-
milk, chicken-broth, beef -tea, milk-punch, etc. The bladder should re-
 222 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

ceive attention, and, if distended, should be evacuated by the influence

of a sitz-bath, or by a catheter. In cases of cerebro-spinal congestions,
make counter-irritations along the course of the spine, apply cold water
to the head, and bottles of hot water to the feet. Convalescence is to
be aided by the proper tonics, as golden-seal, columbo, etc., and com-
plete repose should be allowed to the convalescent.

ERUPTIVE OR EXANTHEMATOUS FEVERS.

These are all characterized by fever and the usual constitutional dis-
turbances, together with an eruption or exanthem distinguishing each
variety. They owe their origin to animal or vegetable malaria, or both
combined, and the peculiarities of this class are, that they, when once
affecting the system, render the patient comparatively exempt from any
future attack of the disease.

Typhoid Fever.
This a very insidious disease, its commencement being scarcely per-
is

ceptible. The patient has a sense of indisposition, but is unable to de-

scribe his condition. He feels slight debility, a dull and heavy feeling
in the head, which increases and terminates in violent frontal headache.
At full development of the disease, the limbs are weak, accompanied by
lameness, and sometimes rheumatic pain. The bowels may at first be
constipated, but in a few days the tendency is to diarrhoea. The pulse
is quickened, a creeping, chilly sensation is felt, and the skin is dry and

warm. The tongue is but slightly coated, and the appetite often
remains until the disease is fully developed. After the fuU develop-
ment, a niunber of small vesicles, called siidamincB, may be observed on
the abdomen. They are small, and may escape notice unless carefully
observed. On the fifth day after the occurrence of these, another erup-
tion occurs, which consists of small red or purple spots, resepabling flea-
bites. These spots are called petechlm. If these are observed, the dis-
ease is unmistakably typhoid fever. When the abdomen is percussed,
it yields a drum-like resonance, and a gurgling may be heard on the
right side, a little below the navel. Nervous symptoms arise, frequently
delirium, great pain in different parts of the body, stupor, and a buzzing
noise in the head are often complained of. The tongue becomes red,
and is protruded with much difiiculty, pulse increases, eyes have a
watery appearance, and remain partly open when asleep. The breath-
ing becomes difiicult, mouth half open, and a black substance (sordes)
collects on the teeth. The urine becomes nearly suppressed, and has a
dark-red appearance. The bowels bloat, and evacuations of frothy and
watery excrement are frequent. If the disease is about to terminate unfa-
vorably, the patient becomes stupid, with low, muttering delirium, his
muscles jerk, hiccoughs, picks at bed-clothes, and labors under profound
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 223

coma. The anatomical character of this disease is ulceration of certain

glands, called Peyerian^ of the intestines, which are sometimes perforat-
ed by the process, when, of course, death inevitably follows. The course
of the disease is from 11 to 21 days.
—
Treatment. If the disease is suspected, the patient should be placed
in bed, and his bowels evacuated by warm-water injections, if costive.
If indigestible food is contained in his stomach, an emetic of lobelia
should be administered. Rice-gruel should then be given. The tinc-
ture of American Hellebore should, on the approach of the febrile parox-
ysm, be given until the pulse becomes less frequent, and perspiration
ensues. Lye and slippery-elm poultices should be applied to the abdo-
men as long as bowel symptoms prove troublesome. Quinine and Hy-
drastin should be exhibited, with a view to overcome the periodicity of
the fever. At the same time a cold infusion of marsh mallow, acacia,
and Apply cold water to the head, and keep
flax-seed, should be taken.
the feet warm. Control the fever throughout its whole course with the
veratrum or aconite. If the patient is restless and unable to sleep, give
a little morphine in a decoction of Ladies' -slipper. If the diarrhoea is
persistent, let the patient take a decoction of rhus and cranes-bill.
When the red tongue is noticed, administer the spirits of turpentine, in
from six to ten drop doses, three or four times a day. Beef -tea, brandy,
etc. should be given to support the strength through the course of the
,

disease. During convalescence care should be taken that the patient

does not eat hearty food. Convalescence should be assisted by golden-
seal and other tonics. The danger in the treatment of this disease is
over-medication, and hence only such agents as are chemically called
for should be given, and the patient's strength well supported through-
out the course of the fever.

Diphtheria.
This disease in constitutional and local symptoms would be analogue
with the auginose variety of Scarletina, if the rash characteristic of the
latter were p. escent. The precursory symptoms of Diphtheria are lassitude,
headache, chilliness, fever, furred tongue with prominent red papillae,
throat displays radiating scarlet lines, followed in a few hours by a white
exudation; which rapidly organizes into a tough membrane, under the
surface of which a foetid pus forms and discharges, giving to the breath
a powerfully offensive odor, this exudation also often invades the nasal
passages causing a similar discharge from the nostrils. There is also great
swelling of the throat both internal and external involving tonsils, sub
maxillary and parotid glands and sometimes it involves the larynx pro-
ducing Dipththeretic croup; breathing becomes painful and difficult, and
asphyxia often ensues before medicines can have time to act.
—
Treatment. True Diphtheria is a formidable disease and should have
the immediate attention of an experienced physician; but if such be
224 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

not within immediate reach, see that the patient's bowels are free-
ly relaxed, and give sweet spirits of nitre freely, with minute doses of
aconite and ipecac. Give the patient ice internally, and if the external
glands are much enlarged, apply ice externally until inflammation and
swelling abate. Before the exudation from the throat organizes, load a
camels hairbrush with flowers of sulphur, and freely touch every portion
of the inflammed surfaces. Give all the milk the patient will drink, beef
juice (made by expressing a hot and quickly broiled beef steak) freely, egg
nogg, nutritive prepared f oods,and drinks— enumerated on pages 201 to 207.
As this disease is contagious the patient should be secluded in a large,
well ventilated apartment with clean bare floor and white-washed walls—'
the temperature of which should not rise above 70 degrees Fahr.
During convalescence great caution is necessary to avoid exposure to atmo-
spheric influences to which the system in its prostrated condition is excess-
ively sensitive. Paralysis (local) frequently results from want of caution
in this respect.

Small-Pox ( Variola).

The symptoms are divided into four periods. The period of invasion oc-
cupies about three days, and is marked by languor, lassitude, restlessness,
stretching, gaping, petulance, sullen mood these are followed by chills
;

and rigors. Towards evening the skin becomes hot and dry, pain attacks
the head, loss of appetite, nausea, and frequently lumbago. On the
third day, heat, fever, flushed face, headache, and in children some-
times convulsions. The period of eruption commences on the fourth day
(often on the third), with the appearance of a series of small red circular
points (papulae). They do not rise above the surface then, but can be
seen in it, and felt by the finger. They are situated in the substance
of the skin, and roll about under the finger, the size that of a small pin's
head. These gradually enlarge, the patient in the mean time suffering
severely, until the period of suppuration arrives. The fever is now
great, the hands, feet, and face swell, and salivation is profuse and con-
stant. There is hoarseness and pain, and the saliva emits a most dis-
agreeable odor. Then comes the period of recovery. The pustules
scab, the fever and other unpleasant symptoms gradually disappear,
and, if all goes right, the danger is over from the twelfth to the fif-
teenth day after the eruption.
What is known as confluent small-pox is when the pustulus are very
numerous and running together ; and when all the symptoms are very
severe, the disease is known as malignant. Variola patients emit a
peculiar fetid odor, which is characteristic, and distinguishes it from
Varioloid,
Treatment. — An active purge should be given at the outset. For
this purpose a combination like the "Be^ovating Pills" should be
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 225

selected, as the catharsis produced is thorough and unattended with

subsequent debility or costiveness. Diaphoretics should be given to
promote early appearance of the eruption. The patient should be
placed in a cool and well-ventilated room, and frequently sponged with
tepid water. Not much treatment of a medicinal character is required.
The fever should be controlled by aconite or veratrum, as in all active
fevers. If complicated with pneumonia, pleurisy, etc., the treatment
necessary is such as is advised in those diseases. Pitting to a great
extent may be avoided by sweet-oil applied to hands and face.
Varioloid is but modified small-pox. It has aU the essential charac-
teristics of the disease except its virulence. The treatment is the same
as advised for small pox.
The utility of vaccination is a mooted question. It has unquestion-
ably done great harm, as in many cases scrofulous and syphilitic taints
have been implanted. Aside from this, however, it has been the means
of almost banishing the dreadful plague from existence, and its practice
should be encouraged. Great care, however, should be exercised in
the selection of the vaccine virus, so thatits purity is unquestionably

estabhshed before being used as an agent of prevention.

Chicken Pox {Varicella).

This is a very mild eruptive disease, characterized by a slight fever

of short duration, and followed by vesicles which desquamate about the
fifth or sixth day. The fever is sometimes ushered in by slight rigors,
though there is seldom any chill. There is often headache, and vomit-
ing occasionally. The eruption appears in one or two days after the
inauguration of the fever. It consists of red spots at first, which
quickly become vesicular, and are frequently attended with itching.
—
Treatment. Very little treatment is required, except in cases of
feeble vitality, when the disease often assumes a severe character. In
such cases the stomach and bowels should be well cleansed, the surface
sponged with hot water, and the fever controlled with arterial sedatives.
Tonics should be given if the patient is enfeebled. The diet should be
nutritious, but composed of easily digested articles.

Measles {Rubeola).

This is an acute inflammation of the entire skin, of an infectious and

contagious nature. It is ushered in with chills, followed by heat, drow-
siness, pain in head, back, and limbs, sore throat, dry cough, and other
symptoms common to febrile action, growing in violence untU the fourth
day. Then the eruption appears, producing heat and itching. The
breaking out appears in patches of half -moon shape, which disting-uishes
this disease from the other eruptive diseases. They reach their height
at the fifth day on the face and neck, and on the legs about the se»«nth
10* ^
 226 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

day. Their decline is in the same order as appearance, disappearing

about the tenth day, when the scarfskin peals off in the shape of scurf.
—
Treatment. If the attack be a mild one, all the treatment neces-
sary consists in light diet, acid and demulcent drinks, as flaxseed-tea
decoction of slippery-elm, etc. Sponging with tepid water is very
grateful to the sufferer in aU cases. If during the first stage the
eruption should be tardy in its coming, it should be hastened by a
warm bath, and sweating drinks made from saffron, mullein, penny-
royal, summer savory, etc. If tardy on account of excessive fever, give
tincture of green hellebore, ipecac, lobelia, snake-root, etc. In en-
feebled constitutions stimulants are necessary.

Scarlet Fever {Scarlatina).

Also a contagious disease. The eruption is in the shape of pimples

of a scarlet hue, displayed in patches over the whole surface. The
fever is more intense than in measles, and accompanied by sore
usually
throat, swollen face, and coated tongue. The greatest degree of red-
ness is attained at the third or fourth day. The decline is the same as
in measles. Scarlet fever is distinguished from other diseases by the
swollen condition of the flesh, which spreads out the fingers peculiarly.
The throat becomes ulcerated, and swallowing is attended with pain
and diflBculty. There is no cough, which also distinguishes it from
measles.
The following will show the difference between scarlet fever and
measles :

In Scarlet Fever. In Measles.

The eruption is bright scarlet. The eruption is dark-red color.

It appears on the second day. Does not appear till the fourth day.
Is quite smooth to the touch. Is raised.
Is in small round spots. Is larger and crescent-shaped.
Disappears on pressure. Does not disappear.
The face is quite dry. Face swelled running from the eyes and
;

Sore throat auu no cough. and nose.

Hoarse dry cough.
Treatment. —This should be cooling in its nature, cooling drinks,
sponging with cold water, etc. In ordinary cases little more is required,
excepting a few drops of tincture of belladonna may be given several
times per day. When high fever exists, give the remedies advised in.
measles. Hot foot-baths are advisable. As this is a prostrative disease,
beef -tea and the ordinary stimulants should be given from the first.
What is called malignant scarlet fever is only a severer form than the
above. Gargles of sage and Cayenne pepper are used to allay the throat
affections. The abscesses in the region of the ear, and consequent deaf-
ness, can be obviated by subduing the inflammation of that part by the
usual methods.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 227

Nettle Rash.
This commences witli fever, lasting- two or three days then itching
;

pimples, diversified in shape, appear, which go off during- the day and
come again at nig-ht. Teething causes it sometimes, while at other
timesit is due to improper diet.

Treatment. —This is indicated by the cause. If due to indigestible

food, the stomach must be unloaded by an emetic of blood-root or
ipecacuanha. A lotion of vinegar and water is of service. Tonics and
simple diet will complete the cure.

Erysipelas.
This disease commences with languor, aching or soreness of the
limbs, chilliness, alternating with flushes of heat. The pulse is quick,
skin hot, tongue foul, appetite gone, thirst, nausea sometimes vom- ;

iting, headache, restlessness, sore throat, swelling and tenderness of

the glands of the neck, arm-pits, or groin, according to the seat of the
cutaneous inflammation. The eruption usually makes its appearance,
about the third day of the fever, in the form of a small reddish spot,
somewhat elevated, painful or tender to the touch. This occurs most
frequently upon the face, especially on the side of the nose, cheek, or
rim of the ear. In some instances the inflammation advances slowly,
in others it spreads quickly over large portions of the body, accom-
panied by tumefaction, and a burning and stinging pain in aU cases.
About the third day of the inflammation small blisters, filled with yel-
low serum, appear, which break about three days afterward. On the
fifth or sixth day they begin to dry, and on the seventh or eighth form
crusts or scabs, which desquamate, and a new skin forms. In phlegmon-
ous erysipelas the inflammation involves not only the skin, but the sub-
cutaneous tissues also, and the symptoms are aU severer. It often
assumes a very malignant type, and is then a disease of a most fatal
character. It is liable to attack wounds and those who are nursing
;

patients suffering with erysipelas should never wait upon a woman who
has been but recently confined, as she will be very liable to contract
puerperal peritonitis, a very fatal disease.
—
Treatment. Give a lobelia emetic, a mild purge, and a hot bath
at the commencement. In the mild form cover the inflamed patch
with collodion, and renew every two or three hours. The emetic and
purge should be f oUowed with quinine in two or three grain doses every
three hours. The inflamed surface should also be washed with a de-
coction of the bark, or a solution of quinine. Bruised cranberries are a
good application. Cloths wrung out of a hot decoction of white-oak
bark and golden-seal should be applied to the inflamed part to pre-
vent spreading. In wounds apply lint saturated with compound tinc-
ture of myrrh and capsicum. If the fever is violent, treat it as in aU
228 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

other febrile cases. A nutritive diet should follow medical treatment

as soon as the disease has passed its active career.

Rose Rash {Roseola).

This is an eruptive disease of little importance. The f ebrUe symp-

toms are slight, more or less attended with gastric derangement, which
continues two or three days before the rash appears and subsides with
it. The eruption generally commences upon the face, is of uniform
redness, and causes itching or tingling. The rash continues from one
to five days, and is followed by a slight scaling off of the skin. It is
often the accompaniment of dentition and is not contagious.
—
Treatment. Little more is necessary than a warm bath and a few
dropa of veratrum. If the eruption is troublesome, two or three drops
of tincture of Belladonna should be added to a tumbler of water, and a
teaspoonful given occasionally.

Erythema.
The eruption of this disease is of superficial redness, generally in ir-

regular patches, slightly elevated, and attended with heat, tmglrng, and
sometimes It may be local or owing to constitutional dis-
slight pain.
turbance. It may
be caused by friction of contiguous surfaces, as in the
groin and arm-pits, in fat infants, particularly when not frequently
washed. When owing to constitutional causes, it usually appears on
the face, breast or limbs. It lasts from a few days to a week or longer.
—
Treatment. If the cause can be ascertained, it should be removed
by the proper remedies. Anoint the affected part with a little lime-
water and sweet-oil, or bathe with a strong decoction of golden-seal.
Glycerine may also be applied, but if you can procure the " Herbal
Ointment" (see page 469) I advise its application, as it is a specific for
this and kindred affections.

Glanders.
This may be contracted from the horse, and is a very malignant dis-
ease. It is characterized by a purulent and sometimes bloody discharge
from the nose, a peculiar pustular eruption, and by tumors in different
parts of the body. Its initial stage is the same as in aU eruptive fevers,
attended with neuralgic pains in the limbs. In the course of four or
five days the eruption makes its appearance in different parts of the
body, usually most abundant upon the face and limbs. The discharge
from the nose ensues in the course of a week or ten days, being at first
yellowish, afterwards bloody, and very offensive. The body finally ex-
hales a fetid odor, the mind wanders, delirium and coma follow, and
by the end of the second week, or during the third, it generally proves
fatal, if not arrested sooner in its course. It is fortunately very rare
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 229

and attendants upon a horse affected with glanders should be very care-
ful that they do not come in contact with the virus. The affected
horse should be shot, as the disease is very seldom cured.
Treatment. — Support the strength of the patient, and stimulate the
emunctories. This can be best achieved by a thorough alcoholic vapor
bath, followed by an active lobelia emetic and a brisk cathartic. After
this give quinine, three grains, and baptisin, two grains, every two or
three hours, for a day or two. The nostrils should be syringed with
warm water, to which a few drops of creosote has been added, three or
four times a day. The throat may be gargled with the same prepara-
tion. Support the strength with chicken-broth, rice-gruel, cream,
punch, porter, ale, etc. If this course is not effectual, repeat every
three or four days.

Dandy Fever {Dengue).

This disease occasionally prevails as an epidemic in the southern sea-

coast towns. There is pain, stiffness of the neck, back, and loins, and
swelling of the muscles of the limbs and joints. Intolerance of light,
restlessness, chilliness, fever, headache, a full and quick pulse, red
eyes, a hot and dry skin, and an intense thirst prevail. The fever
usually lasts from one to two days, when a gradual remission occurs,
and the patient feels quite comfortable. After an interval of two or
three days the fever returns, the pains are increased, the tongue is
thickly coated, the stomach irritable, and the patient becomes dejected
and fretful. Nausea is a prominent symptom, but seldom any vomiting
occurs. About the sixth or seventh day an eruption, resembling scar-
latina, appears, and gives relief to the distressing symptoms. It dis-
appears after two or three days, the color of the skin gradually fading,
with slight desquamation. The duration of the disease is about eight
days. The causes are evidently miasmatic poison, in concert with epi-
demic influence.
Treatment. —Essentially the same as in scarlatiaa, accompanied
with such remedies as advised in rheumatism. Quinine, in antiperiodic
doses, should also be administered, and the anodynes should be given
if the pains are severe. Tonics may be required in some cases and in;

convalescence, frequent baths, a generous diet, and out-door exercises

should be prescribed.

Purpura.
This affection is characterized by a greater or lesser number of livid
spots on the skin, from extravasated blood. In simple cases the effu-
sion is confined to the skin and cellular tissues, mostly occurring on the
arms, legs, and breasts. The spots at first are small, and resemble flea-
bites, The countenance is pale, and the patient complains of debility,
 230 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

loss of appetite, irregularity of the bowels, and periodic fever. If al-

lowed to progress, it will assume a form known as jiur^mra hemorrhagica^
in which the spots are longer, and resemble whip-marks or violent bruises.
They are bright red at first, but become purple or livid. A great
variety of symptoms are presented by each case, and the disease is a
very singular one.
Treatment,— In the simple form a very liberal diet of fresh vege-
tables, out-door exercise, and some simple tonic, are all that is neces-
sary. In the hemorrhagic character, quinine, in one or two grain doses,
should be given every three hours. Diet should consist of green vege-
tables, salt meats, eggs, and the free use of lemonade. A liniment of
camphor, whiskey, and turpentine should be externally applied. If in-
ternal hemorrhage occurs, give oil of erigeron, in five-drop doses, every
half hour ; or matico, in from five to ten grain doses, may be adminis-
tered every twenty minutes until it ceases.

ANATOMY OF THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION.

Mouth. —The mouth is separated from the nose by the hard and soft
palate, and communicates. It is bounded in front by the lips, and its
Bides by the cheeks. The space between the lips and teeth is called the
vestibule. The mouth is lined by a mucous membrane, which is covered
by numerous glands, some being mucous and some salivary. The mouth
contains a double row of teeth, thirty-two in the aggregate, performing
the first process in digestion, the mastication of food.
Tongue. — The tongue is an oblong, flattened, muscular body, which
varies in size and shape ;
it is the organ of taste, and also of importance
in speech and mastication. Its posterior extremity or root is attached
to a bone, caUed the hyoid., by yellow fibrous tissue. Its anterior ex-
tremity is called the tip ; its intervening portion its tody. The mucous
covering of the tongue very thick upon its upper surface, and very
is

thin upon its under surface. Upon its upper surface are a number of
projections, of various sizes and shapes, called papillcB. The largest are
eight or nine in number, called pa])ill(je maximm., and are situated at the
posterior portion of the tongue, in two convergent lines. The smallest
papiUge are fine and pointed, and are found near the middle of the
tongue, and are termed filiform. The intermediate papiUge are most
abundant, some of which are conical^ others fungiform. The tongue
assists in the process of deglutition.
Palate. — The palate back portion of the nose from
separates the
the mouth, and is The hard palate., of a bony
divided into two parts.
base, covered by mucous membrane, which is continuous with that
of the mouth the soft palate is the membranous separation between
;

the back portion of the mouth and nose. From the middle the
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 231

Bide of the uvula there are two divergent crescentic folds of mucoua
membrane, which are called lateral JiMf-arches ; the space between
which constitutes the fauces.
Between the anterior and posterior arches of each side is the
tonsil gland. The tonsils are about the size of an almond, and consist
of a collection of large mucous follicles.
Salivary Glands. —
The salivary glands are of light pink color, and
their secretion is of great service in mastication and digestion. These
are three in number — the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual. The
parotid is the largest it lies on the side of the face in front of the
;

ear, and beneath the skin. The submaxillary lies in a depression on

the internal face of the lower jaw-bone. The sublingual is the small-
est of the three it is situated under the tongue.
;

Phalanx. — The pharynx is a muscular and membranous sac, com-

municating with the mouth, nose, oesophagus, larynx, and the tube
(Eustachian) leading to the ear. Its length is about five inches, al-
though this varies by extension and contraction. Its uses are for deglu-
tition, respiration, and modulation of the voice.
(Esophagus. — This is the canal that conveys the food from the pharynx
to the stomach. about nine or ten inches, and its dia-
Its length is
meter not uniform, gradually increasing (as it descends).
is Its upper
portion is the narrowest part of the alimentary canal and hence ;

foreign bodies which are too large to pass through the alimentary
canal are generally arrested in the neck. It never contains air. Deglu-
tition is performed by the contraction of the longitudinal fibres of the
oesophagus, which shor-
ten the passage, and by
contraction of its circu-

lar fibres successively

from above downward.
Stomach. — The stom-
ach is a conoidal sac,
somewhat bent or curv-
ed, and situated below
the breast-bone or in
the epigastric region.
The left* extremity is

much and
the larger,
terminates in a rounded
sac at the upper por-
;

tions of this extremity

is the cardiac orifice^ The Stomach.
where the oesophagus is

continued into the stomach, immediately below the diaphragm. The

232 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

right extremitycontinuous with the intestines, and its orifice is

is

called the pyloric. The structure of the pylorus is much thicker than
that of any other portion. The stomach is held in its position by the
oesophagus' and the duodenum/" as well as by reflexions of the perito-
neum. The upper and lower curvatures of the stomach are called the
greater and lesser cuvatures. ' ® Near the pyloric extremity of the stom-
ach is a small dilatation'' called the antrum pylori. The dimensions of
the stomach are variable, depending- upon the mode of life. It has four
coats the peritoneal, muscular, cellular and mucous.
;

In the stomach the food receives the admixture of the gastric juice,
which is the solvent agent of digestion. The fluids taken into the
stomach are for the most part absorbed from it the solids, with the;

exception of the insoluble parts, are by the action of the gastric juice
reduced to a substance called cJiyme., which in general is grayish, semi-
fluid, homogeneous, with a slightly acid taste and smell. The chyme is
then poured into the duodenum through the pyloric orifice for the
subsequent action of the intestines.
Intestines. — The intestinal canal is from thirty to thirty-five feet in
length, and is divided into large and small intestines. The small intes-
tine is four-fifths of the length of the whole canal, reaching from the
pylorus to the large intestine it is ; cylindrical, and about one inch in
diameter there is a gradual diminution in calibre as it descends. Its
;

coats are the same as those of the stomach. The mucous coat is very
vascular, and its absorbents are very numerous. The glands are the
crypts or follicles of Lieberkiihn, the glands of Peyer, the solitary
glands, and Brunner's glands.
The small intestine is divided into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
The Duodenum commences at the pylorus, and is about twelve inches
long. The common duct formed by the junction of the bile and gall
ducts opens into it about four or five inches from the pylorus. The
Jejunum (from jejunus, empty) constitutes the upper two-fifths of the
small intestine, and the ileum the remainiag three-fifths.
The from the ileum to the anus, and is one-
large intestine reaches
fifth in length of the whole canal it differs much from the small
;

intestine, and has a sacculated appearance. It likewise has four coats.

It is divided into caecum, colon, and rectum.
The G(EGum is a cul-de-sac or blind sac, and the commencement of
the large intestine, and hence often called the caput coll. At the
worm-like process called the appendix vermiformis.
inferior portion is a
On the side of the csecum is the ileo-ccecal valve, an elliptical opening
whereby the small intestine empties into the large.
The Colon is the largest portion of the large intestine gradually ;

diminishes in diameter until it terminates in the sigmoid or S-like

flexure on the left side. It ascends on the right side, and forming an
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 233

arch transversely, descends upon the left side. The Rectum is the ter-
minating portion of the large intestine, and reaches from the sigmoid
flexure to the anu^. It is somewhat barrel-shaped, being larger in the
middle than at either end.

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

Stomatitis.

This is characterized by inflammation of the mouth. It may involve

the whole membrane, or be confined to isolated portions. The first

prominent symptom is a loss of taste, and a sensation similar to that

produced by scalding liquids. The surface is red, very tender, and
painful. The inflammation may extend to the fauces, nasal passages,
and Eustachian tube. The stomach often becomes irritable, bowels loose,
and the patient debilitated and emaciated. When caused by vitiated
secretions, produced by the disturbed condition of the lymphatics while
suckling, it is known as '•''nursing 8ore-inouth^^'' or technically, follicular
stomatitis. It may
then extend to the stomach and bowels, causing
ulceration, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, dysentery, and great prostration of the
nervous system and if not arrested, the mucous membranes of the air
;

passages are involved, producing cough, expectoration, tuberculous de-

generation and death. The teeth may fall out, and the gums be ab-
sorbed.
Aphthm Thrush is another form of stomatitis. It is generally cha-
or
racterized by small ulcers scattered over the surface, or in patches of
white exudation, which may become thick and absorbed, and leave a
raw-looking surface, or a foul spot. Children are very liable to it, and it
is generally caused by acidity of the stomach, or general derangement

of that organ by improper diet or unhealthy milk.

—
Treatment. This depends upon the cause, which, if ascertained,
should be removed. If due to carious teeth, they should be removed,
and if owing to dyspepsia, the proper remedies should be given. The
mouth should be frequently washed with a warm decoction of golden
seal. The system should be supported with tonics, a generous diet, and
a liberal use of fresh succulent vegetables, as grapes, etc., should be
prescribed. Sage-tea gargles are very useful. The mother should also
pay attention to her diet, so as not to supply the babe with improper
milk. If due to acidity of the stomach, the necessary absorbents
should be administered.

'

Glossitis.
This is inflammation of the substance of the tongue, involving its
muscular structure. It usually commences with a throbbing pain in the
tongue, followed soon after with redness and sweUing. In the course
 234 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

of a few hours the tongue enlarges so much as to fill the whole mouth,
forces open the jaws, and protrudes from the mouth. Some fever usu-
ally accompanies it. Swallowing is usually almost impossible, speech
gone, abscesses may form, and the tongue may even become mortified.
Treatment. — If due to a disordered state of the stomach, an active
lobelia emetic should be given, and followed with an anti-bilious purge,
like theRenovating Pill. If due to scalds or bums, the mouth should be
washed with mucilage of flaxseed and slippery elm. If due to mercury,
vapor baths should be taken, a free use of the syrup of stillingia resorted
to, and equal parts of charcoal and yeast ijsed as a gargle.

QumsY (TonsilUtis).

This consists of inflammation of the tonsils, which may in many

cases extend to the adjacent tissues. It usuaDy commences with a slight
chill, followed by much febrile excitement, uneasy feeling in the throat,
and which increases in severity very rapidly,
difficulty of swallowing,
until at last deglutition becomes almost impossible. There is a constant
disposition to swallow, in order to free the fauces from a tenacious,
colorless mucus which adheres to that part. The respiration is not
much affected unless in bad cases. From the commencement there is
fever, severe headache, and a rapid pulse. The termination is usually
an abscess, which at length opens, and a discharge of very fetid pus en-
sues, which affords relief. The duration of the disease is usually about
a week, and is scarcely ever fatal.
—
Treatment. Administer a free lobelia emetic, and anoint the throat
thoroughly with the Herbal Ointment. In ordinary forms this will be
sufficient. If an abscess, however, forms, it should be evacuated by
an incision. In malarial districts, quinine in anti-periodic doses may be
necessary, and if the fever is severe, veratrum should be given. The
throat should be gargled with a decoction of golden seal, and to prevent
termination into induration and permanent enlargement, alteratives
ehould be given, especially in strumous habits.

Pharyngitis.
This characterized either by acute, sub-acute, or chronic inflamma-
is
tion of the pharynx. There is slight pain upon pressure, or in the act
of swallowing. seldom attended with fever, but in severe cases
It is
abscesses may form,
causing great difficulty in swaUowing and breath-
ing. In the acute form the inflammation is usually limited to the
mucous membrane, and simply constitutes an ery thematic affection.
The chronic form is known as " clergyman's sore throat,'''' and is attended
with a dry, hacking cough, hoarseness, and a sense of fatigue of the
Tocal organs after a slight exercise.
—
Treatment. The treatment of simple pharyngitis is but little more
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 235

than merely to regulate the stomach and bowels, the external applica-
tion of cold packs, and a few days' rest. In the chronic form an in-
vigorating and tonic course of treatment should be pursued, in connec-
tion with rest, baths, and pure air. To relieve the local difficulty, one
grain of stillingia may be mixed with a drachm of sugar, divided into ten
powders, of which one should be taken every two hours. The inhala-
tion of hot vapor from bitter herbs is to be recommended. Blood-root
in connection with constitutional treatment is highly beneficial. Patients
will find that my Acacian Balsam " in the chronic form is a virtual
'
'

specific the Herbal Ointment should also be outwardly apphed. If

;

owing to a complicated constitutional disorder, or if it exists in associa-

tion with catarrh, it constitutes an affection requiring the most skilful
treatment, and those who may wish my advice in such cases may refer
to page 390 for general directions for consultation.

Parotitis {Mumps).

Mumps an inflammatory affection of the salivary glands, especially

is

the parotids. It generally commences with slight fever, stiffness of the

jaws, and a slight pain or swelling in one jr both parotid glands. The
parts are hot, painful, and very tender upon pressure. Mastication and
swallowing become painful, which causes considerable nervous irrita-
bility. Metastasis to the breasts of the female and to testicles of the
male is liable to occur, especially if the patient is subjected to undue
exposure. Inflammation of the brain may occur in some cases. It
reaches its height in about four days, disappearing entirely about the
seventh.
Treatment. —Keep the patient quiet, and give a mild purge. For
external application a liniment of goose-fat and camphor is very bene-
ficial. If there be much fever, resort to the usual anti-febrile treat-
ment. If inflammation of the brain should ensue, resort to active
and give small doses of macrotin and quinine. The " Herbal
cathartics,
Ointment " will be found a superior remedy, see page 472.

CESOPHAGITIS.

This is an inflammation of the oesophagus, or that portion of the

alimentary canal which conveys the food from the pharynx to the
stomach. Heat and pain, increased by swallowing, at some point along
the tube, are the earhest symptoms. Occasionally there is pain between
the shoulders, and, perhaps, tenderness on pressure, with more or less
difficulty in swallowing. Hiccough, an eructation of glairy mucus, and
vomiting, are sometimes present. There is also more or less constitu-
tional disturbance. Ulcers and abscesses may form. It may become
chronic, and stricture of the canal at any part of its passage may result,
236 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

which may so effectually prevent deglutition as to cause death by

starvation.
Treatment. — In the acute form, the stomach should be cleansed by
a lobelia emetic, and the bowels opened by a purge. The surface
should be sponged with hot water, and sufficient tincture of veratrum
given to maintain a gentle diaphoresis. In the chronic form the altera-
tives are to be administered, and the bowels occasionally purged. The
patient should be confined mostly to a vegetable diet of fluid character.
Frequent sips from a decoction of golden seal and slippery elm should
be taken. Stricture of the oesophagus should only be treated by a
competent physician, as the means employed for its cure might do more
harm in improper hands than any possible good.

Inflammation op the Stomach {Oastritis).

This usually commences in the acute form with violent vomiting and
a burning pain in the region of the stomach. Swallowing becomes diffi-
cult, thirst is intense, tongue is dry and smooth, headache often violent,
delirium and prostration are present. If the stomach only is inflamed,
there is constipation; but if the bowels also are affected, there is
diarrhoea.The attendant fever is as common, and the disease may
assume such a gravity that death inevitably ensues, especially in per-
foration of the stomach. Chronic gastritis is a common disorder. It is
generally of a mild character, unless of long continuance, when it may
occasion considerable organic disorder. Its approach is gradual, present-
ing a variety of symptoms, but may be known from dyspepsia in there
being more pain at some particular point, and more frequent vomiting
after taking food.
Treatment. — Give an emetic, and cleanse the stomach by means of
large draughts of warm water. Counter-irritation should be resorted to
over the stomach. The vomiting may be checked by opium, and the
tincture of crawley may be given to control the fever. If produced by
a corrosive poison, the necessary antidotes will, of course, be required.
All solid foods should be withheld, and the drinks should be mucilagi-
nous, as marshmallow, slippery elm, gum-water, etc.
The treatment of chronic gastritis is not so easily stated. It depends
upon associated conditions and complications. Diet is an import-
greatly
ant element in the treatment. My ''
Restorative Assimilant " internally,
and "Herbal Ointment" externally, generally cure each case; but
some cases are of such a serious character that a cure can only be
effected by special symptomatic treatment. Those desiring to consult
me are referred to questions, page 390.

Cancer op the Stomach.

The symptoms
early of cancer of the stomach are usually similar to
chronic gastritis. The appetite is impaired, and frequent nausea and
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 237

vomiting supervens. The pain

stomach is of a lancinating char-
in the
acter. The and the mucous discharges
gast'ic functions are impaired,
become sour and purulent, finally bloody, and if subjected to micro-
scopical examination, cancer cells are found. The complexion has a
yellowish-white, waxen appearance, which distinguishes cancer from
other diseases of the stomach.
—
Treatment. The treatment consists chiefly in combating the
symptoms as they occur. Cundurango should be given a fair trial in all
cases. If the disease has reached a certain stage, no remedy will pro-
duce a radical impression but I have the assurance that I have cured
;

r^any cases of well-defined cancer of the stomach, in more or less

advanced stages of the disease, by the employment of consistent and
energetic chemical treatment.

Heart-Burn {Oastralgia).

Two forms of heart-bum are commonly observed : one, attended by

acid causing irritation of the throat and fauces; and
eructations,
\a the other, the ejections from the stomach are rancid and alkaline,
and connected with a gnawing pain and distention of the stomach. It
'principally occurs during digestion, and may be of every grade of sever-
ity. It is caused by excess of acid, or an accumulation of gas, in the
stomach.
Treatment. — This depends upon the cause. If acid, administer
pulverized charcoal, with a little magnesia, or, what is just as good,
compound spirits of lavender. If alkaline, give lemon-juice as often as
required.

GASTRALGIA, or GtASTRODYNIA.
This a neuralgic affection of the stomach, and is often a symptom
is

of dyspepsia. The appetite is generally impaired, though sometimes

remains good. There is a gnawing pain in the stomach, and a strong
disposition to vomit. The tongue is usually foul, the skin cool, and
pulse quite disturbed.
—
Treatment. If owing to long-continued use of indigestible or im-
proper food, abandon it, and change to other articles. Take quinine,
and a little cherry laurel water, to subdue the neuralgic affection, and
tonics to restore the tonicity of the stomach.

Spasm of the Stomach.

This consists of a sense of pain, stricture, or contraction, occurring
in paroxysms. The stomach feels as if rolled, into a ball, or drawn
towards the back. It assumes different degrees of violence, being often
exceedingly painful.
Treatment. —It is instantly relieved by a dose of some preparation
238 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

of wild gum, in combination with a fourth of a grain of gelsemin.

External application of the "Herbal Ointment" acts equally as specifi-
cally,

Water-Brash {Pyrosis).

This also occurs generally in paroxysms. The pain is intense, and of

a burning character. An eructation of a thin, insipid, watery liquid
occurs, and, when discharged, affords momentary relief.
—
Treatment. Quinine and the general tonics will remove this diffi-
culty. Certain habits, as inebriety, anxiety of mind, etc., are to be
overcome, and a generous diet indulged in.

This one of the most common affections in the whole catalogue of

is

diseases. Scarcely a human being lives that has not or will not be a
victim to this harassing disease. In simple indigestion, the symptoms
vary much in nature and severity. One may suffer severely, while
another has merely slight depression of spirits. Loss of appetite, nausea,
vomiting, constipation alternating with diarrhoea, furred tongue, foul-
ness of breath, palpitation of the heart, pains in various parts, dull
headache, hypochondriasis, etc. , are present in all cases. The patient's
appetite may at one time be wholly lost ; morbid
at other times it is

and ravenous, which, if indulged in, will only add to his misery. There
is seldom any healthy feeling of hunger, but, in place of this, the

patient has a most miserable sensation of hoUowness or sinking at the

region of the stomach. Nausea and vomiting are the most distressing
symptoms of dyspepsia the former may occur soon after the food is
;

swallowed, or it may be deferred for an hour or two. The matter

ejected is most frequently sour, and mixed with bile, often having the
flavor of rotten eggs, which is due to a gas known as sulphuretted
hydrogen. This gas, in ascending, often brings the solid food into the
throat and mouth, making the patient almost a ruminant animal. Suf-
fering is experienced when the stomach is full or empty, though it differs
in various cases. Sometimes not much uneasiness is felt until several
hours after eating, when all its attendant horrors are manifested. This
isdue to fermentation of the food. Water-brash, gastralgia, spasm of
the stomach, etc., are constant companions of the dyspeptic, and his

days are most miserably spent, whQe his nights are not much better,
because his sleep is not refreshing; the body is not repo.^ed, and he is
the frequent victim of horrible nightmares. A dyspeptic patient suffers
from every variety of indisposition, and it is easy to learn from his
dejected countenance and woe-begone look that he yearns for that com-
fortable human existence that only a healthy digestive apparatus
affords to man. He is fretful and peevish, dissatisfied with others and
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 239

with himself has individually no comfort, and allows but little to those
;

around him everything- that was formerly bright and cheerful now
;

bears a gloomy aspect; his smiles are derisive, his opinions cynical and ;

everything that is bright, cheerful, and lovable has gone with tho
enjoyment of good health. The disease is in fact a malady that em-
braces in its symptoms and consequences nearly every physical and
mental torture known to mankind.
—
Treatment. When it arises from inertia of the stomach, it may be re-
moved by stomachics. If produced by bad habits, it can only be cor-
rected by strict adherence to the physiological laws controlling the
digestive functions. When it occurs from softening of the mucous mem-
branes and a deficiency of the gastric secretion, alnuin is a good reme-
dy; and chelonin acts weU in chronic inflammation of the organ.
WTien dependent upon nervous debility, herbal phosphorus and cypre-
pedin act well. Constipation should be relieved by leptandrin and simi-
lar cathartics. Diet and hygiene form a very important part in the treat-
ment, and these should receive very careful attention. Fresh air,
baths, friction, out-door exercise, careful avoidance of overloading the
stomach, are indispensable adjuncts to all treatment. It is but just to
myself, and eminently due to my readers, to acquaint them with my
mode of treating dyspepsia, and which, I confidently assert, is attended
with as specific results as can be expected from any medicinal agents. It
is my sincere behef that failure is impossible if the remedies are taken

faithfully, for a reasonable length of time. I advise in all cases and in

aU forms of the disease, my "Restorative Assimilant," "Renovating
Pills," and " Herbal Ointment." The Assimilant is taken internally, in
prescribed doses, three times a day the pOls are taken as occasion re-
;

quires, to keep bowels regular, and the Herbal Ointment is rubbed exter-
nally, once or twice a day, over the region of the stomach and bowels.
The philosophy of this treatment is obvious the Assimilant restores the
;

tonicity of the digestive organs, increases secretion of gastric juice, pro-

motes chymification, stimulates the accessory organs of digestion, and,
by its assimilative properties, increases the functional action of the
absorbents, and restores the chemical process of digestion to its healthy
state. The pills increase the peristaltic motion of the bowels, augment
biliary discharges, stimulate the mesenteric glands, whUe, at the same
time, they give tonic power to the whole ahmentary canal. The oint-
mcAt, by its discutient properties, removes all inflammation, localizes
healthy blood to the organs and tissues, and prevents centralization of
morbific agents.
These remedies at once assert their value, and gain complete mastery
over the disease in a short time and should any of my dyspeptic read-
;

ers, though faithless in medicinal relief from repeated failures, be

pleased to give them a trial, the author is confident that the medicines
240 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

wUl cure them and restore them to vigorous health, so that they may
once more enjoy the boon of healthy digestive organs. (See page 469.)

ANATOMY OF THE LIVER.

The liver is the largest glandular organ in the body ; its office is to
secrete bile. It is oblong and oval in shape, and occupies the position
on the right side, under the lower ribs. It weighs from four to five
pounds it measures from ten to twelve inches transversely, and from
;

Bix to seven antero-posteriorly its greatest thickness is from four to five

;

inches. On the upper surface it is convex, and on the lower concave.

Its color is of a reddish-brown, with occasional spots of black.
The under surface of the liver presents a deep fissure, called umbilical
or longitudinal, reaching from the anterior'^ to the posterior^'' notch,
containing the re-
mains of the umbili-
cal vein of foetal life.

Sometimes this fis-

sure converted into

is

a foramen,'' or open-
ing, the right and left
lobes being connect-
ed. At right angles
to this fissure is ano-
ther, called the tr^ans-
mrse^'^ fissure, con-
taining the portal
vein, hepatic artery,
and hepatic duct,
bound together by the capsule of Glisson, a membrane of cellular tissue.
The gall-hladder^° lies in a deep depression upon the under surface of the
right lobe of the liver. The lohulus quadratus^ is that portion of the liver
included between the depression occupied by the gall-bladder and the
longitudinal and transverse fissures. At the posterior and inferior por-
tion of the liver is a triangular lobe called the lohulus Spigelii.'^ The elon-
gated ridge running from the lobulus Spigelii outwardly is the lobulus
caudatus.^ These lobules are, however, all contained in the two lobes of
the liver. The rigJit lobe^ is the largest and thickest, and the lefP ter-
miaates in a thin cutting edge. The structure of the liver may be seen
by tearing the liver of any animal. This will show a granulated arrange-
ment, and each of these granules is usually called an acinus. These aci-
ni consist of a terminal branch of the portal vein and hepatic artery, to-
gether with the incipient radicles of the hepatic duct and hepatic vein,
and in the capillary network thus constituted are numerous cells, which
secrete vhe bile.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 241

The liver is liable to a variety of disorders, and, when affected, exerts

a marked influence on the organs and tissues of the body. The func-
tions of the organ are so important that impairment arising from any or-
ganic cause quickly disturbs the harmony and health of the whole econ-
my. Its office is to eliminate the superfluous carbon from the blood.
This carbon enters into chemical combination with other substances,
forming the compound known as bile, and which is poured into the duo-
denum, or upper bowel, where it assists greatly in the process of diges-
tion.

DISEASES OF THE LIVER.

Hepatitis.

Inflammation may be confined to

its outside covering, or involve the
entire substance of the liver. It usually makes its appearance with
sympathetic fever, pain, a sense of tension on the right side, inability
to lie on the left side, difficulty of breathing, a dry cough, vomiting,
and a troublesome cough. As the morbid action increases, high fever,
with hot skin, thirst, and scanty urine is observed. The pain is acute
and lancinating, and is apt to run up to the right collar-bone, and to
the top of the shoulder. The pain is increased by coughing, breath
ing, and lying on the left side. A soreness is felt by pressing over the
liver, and usually, when enlarged, is readily recognized by the touch.
The pulse is full and hard, bowels costive, stools clay-colored, and
the tongue is covered with a dark-brown, or even black coat, and there
is a bitter taste in the mouth.

—
Treatment. Evacuate the stomach and bowels, and apply not
packs, rubefacients, or even vesicants in. some cases, to the region of the
liver. The purges should be such that will thoroughly evacuate the
bowels with watery discharges, as jalap, elaterium, etc. Promote
perspiration by a spirit vapor bath, or by American hellebore, or other
diaphoretics. When the urine is red and scanty, an infusion of marsh-
mallow, pumpkin-seeds, or trailing arbutus should be given. Quinine,
may be necessary in some cases.
gelsemin, and irisin

CHRONIC HEPATITIS.
Chronic inflammation of the liver usuaUy involves the entire organ,
and may be the result of the acute form, although it exists independ-
ently of it. It is a disease very common in the South and West, and
is evidently owing to malarial poison, in connection with heat and at-
mospheric vicissitudes. It is a very insidious disease, and the whole
organ may assume a pathological condition before attracting any spe-
cial attention. The most common symptoms are a disordered stomach,
occasional vomiting, a sense of fulness and weight in the riglit side, Ir
11 Q
242 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

regular bowels, pains in one or both shoulders, unhealthy stools, yel-

lowness of skin, eyes, and urine, a short dry cough, disturbed appetite,
febrile exacerbations towards night, and general emaciation. The pa-
tient is generally despondent, his temper is irritable and peevish, and
he frequently the prey to the dread of some impending evil.
is The
exercise of his mental faculties is often impossible in a hterary or argu-
mentative direction, and the loss of the cherished attribute of manhood
is most frequently added to his misery. If the patient be a female,
Bexual congress becomes to her a revolting union, and her husband's
approaches create in her only a feeling of disgust and scorn.
Treatment.— The diet should be regulated, outdoor exercise should
be taken, baths liberally used, and chafing liniments applied over the
liver keep the bowels open with leptandrin, or decoction of the plant,
;

and give one-tenth of a grain of gelsemin with two grains of quinine,

every three or four hours, until about twenty doses have been taken.
This may be followed by dandelion and blackroot in small doses four or
five times a day. An may also be given. I also most
alterative like irisin
strongly advise my
"Restorative Assimilant," "Herbal Ointment,"
and "Renovating Pills ;" to be used about the same as ordered in dys-
pepsia. The pills, especially, exercise specific control over morbid con-
ditions of the liver, and frequently cure the disease, unaided by other
remedies.
It is frequently the case that chronic inflammation of the liver is so
complicated that it will not respond to any ordinary treatment. In such
cases a careful analysis of the symptoms and general condition of the
patient must be made, and the treatment so modified and varied as to
suit all the conditions of the case.In these cases it is difficult to desig-
nate the required treatment, as each individual case is characterized by
its own pathological phenomena, and requires essentially particular

treatment. My success in the treatment of these stubborn cases has ex-

ceeded even my own anticipations in many instances, and I now like to
combat the "bilious" foe with my herbal weapons —
and success usu-
ally crowns my efforts. Those who wish to consult me are referred
to page 390.

CIRRHOSIS.
The result of chronic inflammation of the areolar tissue of the entire
organ is often induration or cirrhosis of the liver. The tissues become
BO firm, and ultimately so constricted, as to diminish the caliber of the
portal vein, hepatic artery, and duct, resulting in the wasting away or
atrophy of the lobular structure, and the hepatic cells become studded
with fat. This condition sadly interferes with the circulation of the
blood through the portal vein, producing inflammation of gastric and in-
testinal linings. It is the Jioh-nailed liver of some writers. The usual
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 243

eymptoms are constipation, a dry skin, high-colored urine, fickle appe-

tite, and derangement of the nervous system. The spleen often be-
comes enlarged, while the liver diminishes in size, the pain becomes more
intense, and frequently the kidneys are also involved. Digestion is
feeble, chills, hectic fever, and night-sweats are often present, and fre-
quently a dropsical condition of the lower limbs and abdomen is ob-
served.
Treatment. — AU alcoholic stimulants should be avoided, and the
action of the liver aroused by prickly ash, leptandrin, dandelion, emetics,
etc. The hemp should be administered
tonics should be given, and Indian
in sufficient quantities tomaintain a gentle influence upon the bowels
and kidneys. The alteratives, if indicated, should be exhibited, and
continued as long as required.
This disease is certainly an unfavorable one for treatment in its
advanced stages, but my treatment in well-defined cases has been
attended with the most favorable results, and I hope ere long that the
result of my investigations into the morbid character of the disease in
all its phases, that I have made for many years, will enable me to still

more rob the disease of its formidable nature.

Gall-Stones.
These concretions are generally oval or pear-shaped, and formed
in the gall-bladder or hepatic ducts. They vary in size, from that of a
small pea to a fowl's egg, and in chemical composition present choles-
terine, coloring matter, and the salts of lime, magnesia, etc. They
occur oftener in females than in males, from the fact that their inactive
life is more conducive to their formation. They give rise to a dull,
hea^y pain in the region of the liver, and more or less febrile excitement.
In their passage through the duct they cause the most excruciating pain,
which is accordingly intensified in proportion to the size of the stone.
Impaction of the cystic duct, with complete obstruction and inflamma-
tion, ulceration, and perforation of the duct and bladder may occur,
giving rise to great difficulties.
Treatment. —To reduce the spasm, Dover's powder, or other ano-
dynes, should be given, and hot packs or fomentations should be
applied extemaily. A vapor bath and lobelia emetic often afford great
relief. Belladonna plasters should be applied over the region of the
liver, as they dilate the cystic duct, and alleviate the pains. Thorough-
wort is a good remedy, and should be freely taken. If the stones can
be found in the alvine discharges, their chemical character should be
definitely ascertained, and the proper chemical treatment resorted to in
order to prevent their re-formation. Those who may desire my services
in this respect can forward to me the stones, and on receipt I will care-
fully analyze them, and suggest the proper treatment.
244 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Jaundice {Icterus).

The most prominent symptoms are yellowness of the skin, eyes, and
urine, owing to the deposit of the coloring matter of the bile in the
blood. The appetite is impaired, the food is loathed, an uncomfortable
feeling of a load at the pit of the stomach is felt. The stomach is sour,
sometimes there is sickness and vomiting, a bitter taste in the mouth, a
dull pain at the right side, sleepiness, and an uncomfortable feeling of
lassitude at all times distresses the patient. The urine is heavily tinged
with bile, and the stools clay colored. It is usually idiopathic, but may
be a concomitant of other diseases. Torpidity of the liver is the chief
cause, yet any functional disorder of the organs may cause it.
—
Treatment. If caused by inactivity of the liver, the organ should
be aroused by a lobelia emetic and active antibilious purges. I can
certainly advise no better cathartic for this purpose than my Renovating
Pill. The liver should be further stimulated to action by the applica-
tion of an irritating plaster over the region of the liver. Tonics, like
quinine, poplar, and liriodendron, may be necessary in some cases. The
diet should consist of fresh vegetables, and as much out-door exercise
Bhould be taken as the patient can bear.
The liver is the seat of many other diseases, but as they are more or less
rare, of difficult detection, and treatment difficult, I deemed it prudent not
to enter upon any consideration of them. The organ may hypertrophy or
atrophy, its blood-vessels may become diseased, it may be affected by syph-

ilitic taint, it may become fatty, it may degenerate into a waxy or albumi-

nous mass disease may change it into a pigment or nutmeg liver it may
;
;

be the seat of hydatids or parasites, tumors or cancer may assail it, and
may be
finally it the seat of tuberculous matter of a miliary character.
When symptoms derangement of the Liver, prompt action should
incucate
be taken to arouse this organ to healthy activity. I will here say, that the
following medicines and treatment, having so successfully accomplished
this result in hundreds of cases under my advice and treatment for Liver
Complaint, that I have concluded to recommend it in this connection
as follows:
My well known Liver Invigorator should be taken three times a day be-
fore meals; the Herbal Ointment should be well and freely rubbed in a-
cross the small of the back, over the sides, stomach and bowels each night
before retiring; the Renovating Pills should be taken only often enough
to keep the bowels soluble and regulated to one passage daily. I will al-
so remark farther that two bottles of the Liver Invigorator used in con-
nection with Ointment and Pills as above stated, have cured the most
aggravated cases of Jaundice,
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 245

ANATOMY OF THE SPLEEN.

The organ occupying the right of the following cut, is the
2^',

Bpleen. It is a soft vascular organ, of a purplish color. It is not a

true gland, as it has no duct.
The shape of the spleen is irregular and variable, but it is generally
the section of an ovoid, with a convex surface resting against the dia-

Spleen and Pancreas.

phragm, opposite the ninth, tenth, and eleventh ribs, and a convex sur-
face directed towards the stomach.
It varies in size more than any other organ in the body. It is gene-
rally five inches long and three wide, and weighs from five to seven
ounces. The proper substance of the spleen is a soft, pulpy mass, of a
reddish-brown color, resembling grumous blood. Its office in the econo-
my is not well understood, but is evidently concerned in the blood-
depurating process. It is numerously supplied with lymphatics. The
long and flat gland lying between the spleen and duodenum, in the left
of the cut, is the Pancreas, or sweet-hread. It is of a light-pink color,
and isabout seven inches long. Its right extremity ®, or head is much
the thickest part, and is often called the lessei' pancreas. Its left
extremity gradually diminishes in breadth until it touches the spleen
^
* '°. The superior edge has a groove for the passage of the splenic
artery. Its structure is conglomerate. Its excretory duct is called
the duct of Wirsungkis,
Its secretion is somewhat similar to saliva, hence it is often called the
abdominal salivary gland. Its secretion contains a larger amount of
solid matter than the saliva, and assists in the process of digestion.

Splenitis.
The functions of the spleen have formerly been the cause of much
controversy, nor are they better understood at the present day ;
but the
organ is evidently concerned somewhat in the blood-making process
246 THE COMPLT5TT5 HERBALIST.

but that it performs a very important part is doubtful, as the whole

organ has been removed without affecting- the health in the least.
In some countries, the practice of removing the spleen in pigs, for the
purpose of facilitating the fattening practice, has been resorted to,
which fact has suggested to some over-confident analogists the propriety
of removing the spleen in the human subject as a remedy for debility.
Splenitis prevails most in malarious districts, and is a frequent result
of chills and fever. A feeling of weight, tightness, sometimes pain in
the left side, which is increased by pressure, or an attempt to lie on the
left side, are the earliest symptoms. —
The organ enlarges sometimes
BO much that it can readily be felt by the hand. It is known by the
name of "ague-cake," and causes numbness and weakness of the legs,
difficulty of breathing, palpitation of the heart, obstinate constipation,
vomiting of food, piles, dry skin, and occasionally dropsical affections.
Treatment. — This does not differ much with the treatment advised
for acute and chronic inflammation of the liver. Quinine, in combina-
tion with leptandrin and irisin, is indicated in all cases. Counter-irrita-
tion should also be made over the splenic region, and, when complicated
with dropsy, the required directions should be administered. My
"Restorative Assimilant," " Herbal Ointment," and " Renovating Pills"
cure every case, if taken for a reasonable length of time.
The spleen may also be affected with dropsy, or become studded with
tuberculous matter. In such events the treatment is the same as for
dropsy and tubercular depositions of any other internal organ.

Diseases op the Pancreas.

The pancreas is rarely the seat of disease. The symptoms of its
morbid conditions are usually obscure. It may be affected by inflam-
mation, passive or acute. In typhoid, typhus, and puerperal fevers, it
occasionally becomes involved in inflammation. The symptoms of dis-
ease of this gland are usually pain in the epigastrium, enlargement and
tenderness, a sensation of heat and constriction, salivation, nausea and
vomiting, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, despondency, chills, alternated
with flushes of heat, and debility, with great emaciation. The vomiting
in some instances is very obstinate the matters ejected are thin, ropy
;

and of a sour or saltish taste. Jaundice is often observed.

—
Treatment. Control the disease by equalizing the circulation with
hot packs, veratrum, aconite, mild purges, etc. In the chronic form,
administer mandrake, blue flag, and poke-root, as these remedies are
known to increase the functions of this gland. Lobelia and capsicum, in
some cases of chronic congestion and inflammation, act with decided
benefit. In all diseases of this gland it would be well, however, to
intrust the treatment to a competent herbal physician.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. $47

Diseases op the Bowels.

The intestinal tube is very seldom affected throughout its whole
extent, but inflammation may involve any portion of it at one time. II
the duodenum is affected it is called Duodenitis^ if the caecum or blind
gut is inflamed, it receives the name of Typhilitis^ if it involves the
small intestine, it is called Enteritis. These diseases are very rare,
however, and their consideration as separate affections is of not much im-
portance, except to the nosologist. The treatment is upon general prin-
ciples and corresponds withthat given in all inflammatory affections of
the intestinal mucous membrane. Dysentery is a typical case of enteric
inflammation, hence we will commence with the consideration of it.

Dysentery {Colitis).

Thisis also known as bloody flux, and consists of an inflammation of

themembrane of the colon and rectum, and characterized by small

mucous or bloody evacuations, griping, and straining. The disease
comes on with loss of appetite, costiveness, lassitude, shivering, heat of
skin and quick pulse. These are followed by griping pain in the bowels
and a constant desire to go to stool. The passages are mostly small in
quantity, and composed of mucus mixed with blood. These passages
are attended with severe griping and straining, technically known aa
tormina and tenesmus. Nausea and vomiting sometimes attend the
early stages. "WTien the natural faeces pass off, they are usually formed
in round compact balls, called scyhala. Fever is commonly present, with
a feeble, almost thread-like pulse. The discharges have but little odor
at first, but become exceedingly offensive as the disease advances. The
chronic form is characterized by frequent small evacuations, consisting
mostly of mucus, but sometimes mixed with pus, bile, faeces and blood.
The symptoms are the same, but less intense than in the acute form.
Emaciation, debility, dropsy, and consumption result, if not arrested.
When the liver and stomach become disordered at the commencement,
it is called bilious dysentery. Various forms of the disease are known
as adynamic, intermittent and remittent, typhous, rheumatic and epi-
demic dysentery ;
but it is not necessary to classify the disease under
these heads.
Treatment. —A free lobelia emetic may be given at the outset, and
the bowels evacuated by a purge castor-oil with laudanum is the best
;

for this purpose. After the purge, take twenty grains of quinine and
one drachm of leptandrin, divide into six powders and take one every
hour until all are taken. The tenesmus should be relieved by injecting
into the rectum five or six ounces of starch water, containing about
twenty drops of laudanum, as often as is necessary. Ipecacuanha is a
superior remedy. Gelsemin may be given afterwards, and if required
the fever should be controlled by veratrum. The patient should lie
 248 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

quietly in bed, and his diet should consist of grapes, baked apples, flour
porridge, bread, rice, coffee, beef-tea and ripe fruit. The astringents are
of course necessary, and for this purpose tannic and gallic acids, kino,
rhatany, opium, capsicum, cranesbill, etc. can be given. , Tonics should
be combined when the patient
weak, and if the debility is very great
is
the alcoholic stimulants should be administered. I can with safety
recommend my Restorative Assimilant " as a sure cure for both acute
'
'

and chronic dysentery, as well as for all bowel complaints. The Herbal
Ointment should be rubbed externally on the whole abdomen to relieve
the inflammation. In the chronic form, the astringents, with such other
remedies as may be indicated by the symptoms, are all that is necessary.

Diarrhoea.
This common disorder is characterized by frequent and urgent de-
mands to evacuate the bowels. It is usually preceded by a sense
of indigestion, fulness of stomach, flatulency, and more or less colic
pains. The pain generally subsides after an evacuation, and re-
turns as an indication of another discharge. The discharges may be
thick, consisting of ingesta, or they may be serous, or of a rice-water
appearance. Sometimes they consist of disintegrated mucous mem-
branes, blood, and bile. There is usually a disagreeable sinking sen-
sation in the abdomen along with the discharge, with exhaustion, a
cool skin, and a feeble irregular pulse. It may be attended with fever,
indicating extensive irritation of the mucous coat. The urine is usually
scanty. When the discharges are composed of serum, and highly
colored with either yellow or green bile, it is called bilious diarrhoea
when composed principally of mucus, it is known as mucous diarrhoea,
and when of a thin, watery character, the name of serous diarrhoea is
given to it. The disease may become chronic.
—
Treatment. If it occurs in children, a little paregonc, or essence of
peppermint or spearmint, usually cures in a short time. Opium in com-
bination with ipecac, as in the Dover's powder, is an excellent remedy.
The astringents are all indicated. Starch injections, as advised in dysen-
tery, should also be resorted to, and counter-irritation of the abdomen
is In the chronic form the tonics should be combined
also serviceable.
with the astringents. I cannot recommend my Restorative Assimilant
'
'

(see page 469) too strongly. It is certainly an admirable remedy for

this complaint, relieving it most instantly.
Chronic diarrhoea may often be so dependent upon a vitiated con-
dition of the system that it becomes quite difficult to cure. In such
cases the most careful treatment is necessary to overcome the disease.
During the war, and also afterwards, the author was consulted for this
affection by those who contracted it in the army in thousands of cases ;

but under proper treatment aU recovered.

 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 249

Constipation.
By this isunderstood a collection of excrementitious matters in some
part of the intestinal tube. It is marked by unfrequency of stool, and
by the recun-ence of fulness and tension in parts of the abdomen. It
occurs in patients of a lax and weak habit of body, or it may arise
from rigidity of the muscles. It may also be due to imperfect func-
tional action of the stomach, liver, pancreas, etc., in which case the in-
tellectual faculties are dull, the complexion is sallow, the skin dry, urine
scanty, acidity of the stomach, and headache. Sometimes the accumu-
lation of fsecal matter is so great that the masses can be felt through
the abdominal walls. It is frequently caused by an atonic condition of
the muscular structure of the intestines, and in very many cases it re-
sults from neg-lect to attend to the caUs of nature. These calls should
be imperative, and whenever the desire arises they should not be disre-
garded, but obeyed as quickly as opportunity allows. I once knew a
sea-captain who only evacuated his bowels when in port, and who re-
marked to me that when he battened dowm the hatches of his vessel,
'
'

he also battened do\vn the hatches of his body, and no matter how long
the voyages, no stools are made. " The consequences were, that when-
ever he came to port he had a hard time to be relieved of his fascal ac-
cumulations. In many other cases no movement of the bowels was
observed for ten or twelve weeks. Constipation is attended with vari-
ous sympathetic affections, and finally deranges the blood, impairs the
health, tone, and vigor of the whole system. It is frequently the cause
of piles, strangury, dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, leucorrhoea, apoplexy,
epilepsy, dyspepsia, insanity, etc.
Treatment. — The cause of the difficulty should be carefully studied,
and the proper treatment resorted to. The diet should be composed of
laxative articles of food, as fresh fruits, unbolted-flour bread, etc. If
dependent upon a lax state of the muscular fibres, golden seal, in com-
bination with mandrake and blackroot are the proper remedies, and
when due to vitiated secretions of the stomach, liver, etc. the American
,

Columbo should be given. In atony of the bowels, nux vomica should be

caref uUy administered with the cathartics. Cathartics and enemas are of
course indicated for present relief in all cases, and those should be se-
lected which operate sufficiently, without causing irritation of the mu-
cous membranes. Kneading the bowels often overcomes habitual consti-
pation. There exists no better remedy than my " Renovating PiUs," they
cure every case of habitual constipation. The bowels may become ob-
structed from other causes, Intussusception^ or invagination of the
bowels, or when one part of the bowel is drawn into another portion,
produces complete closure of the canal. The bowels also become
twisted. These conditions mav be known by the vomiting of stercora-
11*
250 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

ceous or fascal matter, and when this is observed, instant medical aid
should be called for, as the condition is one of great danger, and re-
quires intelligent treatment.

Intestinal Worms.
Every animal seems to be a nest for other animals, and man is no
exception to the rule. There are five varieties of intestinal worms, all
more or less familiar to every one of my readers.
1. Ascaris Imnhricoides — This worm resembles the common earth-
worm, and is supposed to belong to the same species. It varies in size
from four to eighteen inches in length it also varies in color, having in
;

some instances a whitish pink hue, and in others a dull, dirty-yellow

color. It feeds on the chyme found in the intestines, upon absorption
from which the growth of the human system depends. They are gene-
rally found in the smaller intestines.
2. Ascaris vermicularis. — This
worm is sometimes improperly called
the thread-worm, for there another variety more like a thread than
is

this. It is commonly called the maw-worm, and is the smallest known.

The male is exceedingly small, but the female is about half an inch
long. It is very slender, and about the size of small sewing-thread.
From the fact^that it inhabits the rectum chiefly, it is often called the
seat-worm. This is the animal so troublesome and annoying to children,
but is occasionally also found in adults. The child infested with them
nms about during the day apparently well, but when night comes it com-
sometimes excessively annoying.
plains of itching in the rectum, tvhich is
3. Tricocephalus dispar. — This
the long thread- worm, from one to
is

two inches in length, but sometimes reaches a length of four inches. It

is like a small thread, except at the posterior extremity, where it is

enlarged. It is not so often found as the others. It is of light color.

The male is smaller than the female, and differs little in shape. It is
common to all parts of the intestinal canal.
4. T(Enia solium or vulgaris. —
This is the common tape-worm. Of
this family there is but one variety in the United States, though there
is another peculiar to other parts of the world. It varies gxeatly in
length and size. The ordinary length is from seven to fifteen feet, btit
it sometimes arrives at the enormous length of one hundred feet. It is
of a flat, ribbon-like shape, about one-quarter of an inch in breadth in

the largest places, and tapers to almost a mere thread at the caudal
extremity. Its color is whitish or yellowish and it is made up of nu- ;

merous segments or joints, which are most distinct and perfect at a dis-
tance from the head. These segments resemble a gourd-seed, and are
four-sided. The head is smaller than most of the body, with a small
point in the centre with openings. It is supposed that this animal can
exist or reproduce itself if but a single joint exists, but this is doubtful
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 251

unless the head exists. When the head

is evacuated the remainder will
decay and be also expelled. This animal is hermaphrodite, and im-
pregnates itself. It inhabits the small intestines. Persons affected
with this worm frequently pass joints, but it often remains in the body
for a long time without its presence being thus revealed.
5. Tcenia lata^ or
hotliiiocephalus latus. —
This is the broad tape-
worm, and does not exist in this country unless imported. It is found
in Central and Western Europe. It is much broader, and the joints are
shorter than in the common long tape-worm. The joints are more per-

Sections of the Tape Worm.

feet, well developed, and thrown off in connected rows, and by a cavity
in the centre, and not in the border of the joint. It varies in length
from one to twenty feet.
Almost every variety of symptoms is found to result from the irrita-
tion that worms produce in the human system. The symptoms, however,
occur mostly in children, and are generally produced by the long, round,
or common worms. The abdomen is prominent, full or bloated the ;

appetite variable and capricious sometimes deficient and sometimes vo-

;

racious. The breath is usually offensive, the tongue has a white-coated

appearance, and often the upper lip will be much swollen. The eye-
lids also swell often, sometimes so much that the child can barely see
;

and occasionally swollen patches will present themselves in other parts

of the body. Children troubled with worms are apt to pass restless
nights, and frequently start in their sleep. Paleness around the mouth,
extending up the sides of the nose, is another common symptom. Itch-
ing of the anusis the most common and only particular effect produced

by the small worms. St. Vitus' dance and epilepsy often result from
verminous irritation, but the latter is usually harmless when properly
treated. A dry, choking cough is a symptom pecu]iar of worms. Itch-
ing of the nose is a common symptom, and the child is almost inces-
santly rubbing that member.
 252 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

The symptoms of tape-worm are Bomewhat peculiar, and deserve a

brief notice. Persons of all ages are subject to them, but they are most
common to middle age. The disturbance they occasion is that of great
uneasiness and distress, which often, sooner or later, destroys the gene-
ral health. Uneasiness in the head, sometimes pain, slight giddiness
and ringing in the ears, are the symptoms most complained of. The
countenance changes frequently from a flushed to a pale condition;
twitching of the muscles, especially those at the mouth, and a pinched,
contracted appearance of the nostrils, accompanied with itching, are
peculiar symptoms of tape-worm. The appetite is variable, the eyelids
swollen, the breath offensive, etc.,and other symptoms common to
other worms are present also in tape-worm. Nausea occurs at times,
with ejections of frothy mucus. The patient grits his teeth in sleep
and the abdomen seems full, with contraction of the navel. After a
night's sleep there is a sensation of an animal moving about in the
bowels, accompanied by darting pains, which subside after eating. The
patient becomes weak and nervous, and finally, worn out with excite-
ment, gets hypochondriacal and even deranged. Of course, the most
unequivocal symptom is a discharge of joints of the worm.
—
Treatment. This varies with the symptoms of each case. If con-
vulsions exist, the first step should be to subdue these by brisk friction
and warm ap'pHcations along the spine and abdomen. Anti-spasmodics
in these cases should be given ;also sweating drinks. If these symp-
toms are relieved, the compound powder of senna and jalap may be
given with pink and wormwood in sufficient doses to produce free
evacuations of the bowels. This is to be repeated for two or .three days,
and is usually successful. It is equally reliable in the treatment of the
long thread-worm. The powder is composed of three drachms each of
the above herbs decocted in a pint of water dose, a tablespoonful.
; It
produces sometimes alarming symptoms, but these, however, are harm-
less and of short duration. Pinkroot and wormwood are good remedies,
however, given in any form. The melia azedarach, or the Pride of
China, given in decoction, is a favorite remedy so also is the burr of
;

the red cedar, the efficacy depending upon the turpentine it contains.
Santonine in doses of three or five grains is efficacious, and very service^
able because it is tasteless, and therefore readily administered. Blue ver-
vain is a good remedy, and for this reason my Restorative Assimilant "
'
'

is so efficient for the expulsion of worms. Seat, or maw-worms, are

best expelled by injections of moderately strong salt and water, or soap-
suds. Turpentine in emulsion also makes an efficient injection.
For tape-worm various remedies are used. Kousso, pumpkin-seeds,
and turpentine have each a good reputation. Male Fern, however, ia
the most specific remedy that can be used. It is certain to dislodge the
distressing enemy.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 253

My "Male Fern Vermifuge" is without doubt the best vermifuge

ever compounded and offered to the public. It instantly expels the

minor worms, and the tape-worm is quickly dislodged by it. It is com

posed of such articles as make it applicable to every variety of worms,
and veritably infallible in its effect.
it is (See page 469.)
I admonish all persons to avoid eating pork that is not well cooked,
for it is an established and indisputable fact that tape-worm is caused
by eating raw pork, provided that it is not in a healthy condition. That
which is commonly known as "measly pork" contains the germs of
tape-worm, and should not be eaten unless thoroughly cooked. Tape-
worm is most prevalent among the peasants of Central Europe, being
they subsist largely on raw pork.

Peritonitis.
This an inflammation of the serous membrane liaing the abdominal
is

cavity, and investing the viscera, and may be either acute or chronic.
During the early stages of the disease there is a feeling of lassitude, pain
in the back and limbs, chills alternating with flushes of heat, headache
and a feeling of uneasiness about the abdomen. As soon as the febrile
action is established, the paia becomes sharp and severe. The abdomen
is very tender, the slightest pressure by the hand causing most intense

pain. The patient lies on his back, with his knees drawn up and shoul-
ders elevated, finding that this relaxes the abdominal muscles, and pre-
vents pressure by the bedclothes. Nausea, vomiting, thirst, constipation
and suppression of urine, are frequent symptoms. The face is pale and
contracted, respiration is oppressed, each inspiration aggravates the
pain pulse is frequent and small, tongue moist, and the patient is
;

generally wakeful. The abdomen becomes tympanitic, and when a fatal

termination is approached it becomes very much distended. The pulse
also becomes feeble and quick, and the countenance assumes a ghastly
appearance. It is very rapid in its course, death sometimes occurring
within twenty-four hours. Puerperal peritonitis is only another variety
of this disease,and attacks women in child-bed. It may arise idiopathi
cally, or it may
be caused by wounds, blows, falls, etc.
—
Treatment. The stomach and bowels should be evacuated by an
emetic and purge. If associated with malarial influence quinine should
be given. The fever should be controlled by veratrum. A large mustard
plaster or turpentine stupe should be applied to the abdomen. Large
doses of opium to allay the pain are also indicated. The patient should
drink freely of marsh-mallow or flaxseed tea, and be supported by tonics,
beef-tea, etc.
Summer Complaint ( Cholera Infantum).
This a complaint which usually attacks chDdren between the ages of
is

two months and three years it occurs in the warm season, and is chiefly
;
 254 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

confined to cities. It is very fatal. It commences with a profuse diar-

rhoea, stools thin and variously colored. The stomach becomes irritable,
and rejects everything. flesh, languor, and prostration follow,
Loss of
and stools become and odorless, skin is dry and harsh, head and
colorless
belly hot, thirst is great, and fever at night-fall. Delirium is present in
many cases, indicated by violent tossing of the head, etc.
—
Treatment. The child should be removed to a vicinity abounding in
pure air, if possible otherwise, in a large and airy room, and may even
;

be taken into the open air occasionally. Its food should consist of the
farinaceous articles of diet, if weaned otherwise, of its mother's milk
;
;

mucilaginous drinks can also be given. If the vomiting be obstinate,

give camphor, or a little opium, or combined, as in paregoric. The
astringents, as turmeric and cranesbill, must be given to check the diar-
rhoea. Rhubarb is a good remedy, also leptandrin, prepared chalk, etc.
Lime-water is grateful, and should be given. Charcoal is the proper
remedy when the stools are very offensive.

Cholera Morbus.
This is characterized by violent purging and vomiting of bilious matter,
attended with griping, sickness and a constant desire to go to stool. The
attack is usually abrupt, but it is sometimes preceded by loss of appe-
tite, nausea. Headache, chilliness, cohcky pains, etc. It occurs gener-
ally at night, and the vomiting and purging occur in quick succession.
The evacuations are usually copious, consisting of the ingesta first, but
afterwards of a sour, acrid, serous liquid, causing a scalding sensation in
the throat there is slight tenderness over the abdomen, hiccough, anxie-
;

ty, restlessness and exhaustion. The pulse is quick, small and feeble,
the skin cool and moist, or bathed in clammy perspiration. It is quite
a serious disease and runs a rapid course — death often occurring within
twenty-four hours.
Treatment. —If the stomach
overloaded with indigestible food a lo-
is
belia emetic should be given in connection with warm ginger tea. Hot
packs or mustard plasters should be placed on the abdomen, and bottles
of hot water to the feet. Lumps of ice should be placed in the mouth to
allay the patient's thirst. Opium is a very good remedy, and may be
given by mouth or by injection. A tea made of chamomile flowers or
columbo often succeeds well. Where great exhaustion is felt, a brandy
toddy should be given.

Asiatic Cholera.
This is an endemic disease of India, and visits other lands by travel-
ling in what is called the cholera cycle. The Hindoos call it purrhee
morlii (rapid death) ;
the Mahometans, euncrum vaudi (diarrhoea and
vomiting) ; and the Arabs, el Jiouwah (hurricane). It is evidently
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 255

caused by a noxious malaria arising from human or animal decomposi-

tion. It is characterized by three stages. The first is marked by
derangement of the digestive organs, rumbling in the bowels, pain in
the loias or knees, twitching of the calves of the legs, impaired appetite,
thirst, and especially a slight diarrhoea. These symptoms continue from
a few hours to several The pulse
is frequently very slow, the
daj-s.
tongue is furred, and a sense of great debility is present in all cases. In
the second stage vomiting occurs, and the characteristic rice-water stools
make their appearance. These stools are thin and watery, and have a
peculiar spermatic odor. The cramps become excessively severe, draw-
ing the muscles into knots. The tongue is pale and moist, pulse feeble,
the breathing hurried, with distress about the heart, great thirst, and
the secretion of urine nearly stopped. The thin, colorless fluid dis-
charged by vomiting and purging is the watery portion of the blood, and
when so much has been discharged that the blood cannot circulate
freely, the patient sinks into the third, or stage of collapse. This is
characterized by great prostration, the pulse benig hardly perceptible,
skin cold and clammy, face blue or purple, eyes much sunken, hands
dark-colored, looking like a washerwoman's, breathing short and
laborious, a sense of great heat in the stomach, intense thirst, inanition,
and death. Recoveries from the third stage seldom occur.
—
Treatment. In the first place the diarrhoea should receive prompt
attention. The patient should lie in bed, and from five to ten drops of
laudanum every two or three hours should be given. The astringents
should also be administered. Morphine can also be given. The diet
should be carefully regulated, and eveiy symptom promptly met with
an appropriate remedy. In the second stage the treatment should be
energetic, quinine should be given, and the sinking powers sustained with
tonics, beef-tea, etc. A pill containing opium, camphor, and cayenne pep-
per should also be administered. Brandy may also be given freely. I
also advise my " Restorative Assimilant " as a good remedy it should ;

be taken in full doses. Its success has been very gratifying wherever it
has been used.
In the thii'd stage the above remedies are to be pursued with increased
energy, especially the stimulants, and every effort should be made to
promote the warmth of the body.

Prolapsus of the Rectum.

This is more common to children than to adults, and is frequently
a sequel to protracted diarrhoea, the falling caused by the debility occa-
sioned thereby. It is also associated with disease of the digestive
organs, and is peculiar to persons of feeble habit, or of a scrofulous or
tuberculous diathesis. It causes pain in the lumbar region, constipation,
sometimes diarrhoea, cardiac irritation, and general prostration.
256 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

—
Treatment. The bowels should be replaced as soon as possible to
prevent inflammation, that would naturally follow. The bowel can be
replaced with the finger, well greased with sweet oil, gently pressing the
tumor within the fundament. Cold water should be applied to the
parts, and a decoction of white oak bark should be injected. A T-
bandage should be applied to restrain the bowel from protrusion.

Anal Fistula.
This consists of an abscess occurring in some portion of the cellular
tissue around the anus. As suppuration occurs the pus can be detected
by the touch, and which sooner or later makes its way to the surface,
and is discharged. While the abscess is forming the patient is consider-
ably feverish, and feels a tenderness about the anal region. At first the
discharge is a bloody pus, w^hich in time becomes watery and acrid, or
sanious. The channel through which it passes is called the fistula. If
it communicates with the rectum, the fistula is said to be complete ; but
if it does not perforate the mucous membrane, it is said to be incomplete

or blind. Fistula is more liable to occur in scrofulous and consumptive

persons than in others, though it may be caused by piles, habitual con-
stipation, or the presence of foreign bodies in the rectum.
—
Treatment. During the active inflammatory state the bowels
should be evacuated by a mild purge, and if the pain is severe, an opiate
may be given. Flaxseed poultices, or hot fomentations, should be applied,
and as soon as fluctuation is quite evident, an incision should be made,
and the pus evacuated. A weak decoction of white oak bark may then
be injected, and the parts drawn together by adhesive straps. The
poultices should be continued as long as there is any hope to prevent a
fistulous opening. If the fistula does occur, it gives great annoyance,
and is quite difficult to cure. The surgical treatment consists in intro-
ducing a ligature through the fistulous opening into the bowels and out
the anus, securing it to a small piece of cork, and twisting it once
or twice a day until it cuts through, or by dividing the septum by
a knife, and healing it from the bottom. Others cauterize the fistula, and
attempt to stimulate adhesive granulations in that way. I grant that
success attends all these surgical operations, but I do not see the pro-
priety of subjecting the patient to all the attendant pain and confine-
ment to bed when a cure can be as radically effected in as short a space
of time by purely medicinal treatment. I have cured very many cases,
and in no instance have resorted to cauterization or the knife. Con-
sultation, either in person or by letter, is free with reference to such
cases. (See page 390).

Piles {Hemorrhoids),
By these are understood the existence of small excrescences within
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 257

the rectum and around the anus, which are characterized by a varicose
condition of the hemorrhoidal veins. They may be situated either
internally or externally, and when blood is discharged they are called
bleeding piles, if not, blind piles. The tumors vary
in size from a pea
to a hen's egg. They aremore common in women than men, owing to
the sedentary habits of the former. They are caused by obstruction of
the portal circulation, drastic purgatives, habitual constipation, preg-
nancy, uterine misplacement, etc.
—
Treatment. If costiveness exists, give some mild purgative, as
senna and leptandrin, or the "Renovating Pill," and keep bowels gently
open, so as to secure one passage a day. Thoroughwort, in decoction,
is also very useful. A compound decoction, or an ointment made of
witch-hazel, white oak bark, and sweet-apple tree, applied to the
tumors, very often cures them. In congestion of the Hver, or derange-
ment of the portal circulation, resort to the treatment advised in chronic
hepatitis. If there is much inflammation, apply a slippery elm, stramo-
nium, or poke-leaf poultice. Daily injections of cold water are also
very useful. The diet should be regulated, and fatigue should be
avoided. As a remedy for either internal or external piles, I can recom-
mend nothing better than my " Herbal Ointment Suppositories." If ap-
plied to the tumors about twice a day, they give instant relief, and cure
them in a short time. See page 488.

DISEASES OF THE ABSORBENT SYSTEM.

These are diseases affecting the lymphatic glands. The lymphatic
system is that particular system of organs inservient to the formation
and circulation of lymph, and consists of glands and vessels. When any
of these glands become inflamed, the affection is lymphangeitis^ angdo-
leucitis, or lymphadenitis.

Scrofula.
This is commonly known as " King's Evil," and derives its name from
the Latin scrofa, a sow, because it was supposed that it also affects
Bwine. It is most apt to occur in persons of sanguine temperament,
with thick upper lip. "When fully developed, it gives rise to a deposit
of tuberculous matter. It is characterized by a morbid state of the
system, manifested by glandular swellings, chiefly in the neck, suppu-
rating slowly, and healing with difficulty. At first there appear small,
hard, movable kernels about the neck, just under the skin. These are
the affected lymphatic glands. No redness or soreness is perceptible at
first, but when in course of time they reach the size from a filbert to a

hen's egg^ or even larger, they come to a head and break, discharging a
watery fluid, or a mixture like whey and curd. No great pain is seldom
if ever felt. When the ulcers heal, they are apt to leave a puckered
258 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

condition of the skin, and ugly scars. There is scarcely any tissue or
organ in the body that scrofula does not assail, and it forms the basis,
in many cases of disease, of all their virulence and stubbornness.
Strumous habits are very common, being mostly hereditary but they ;

may also be contracted by bad habits, or be the sequel to low vitality or

prostrating diseases. The taint is apt to become universal if in marriage
the health of either party is not considered of equal importance with
affection, etc., etc. It impairs the functions of all the organs; it
renders the mental faculties more or less imbecile it gives to the
;

patient a heavy, sullen, and forbidding appearance, and is destructive

of all beauty of form or sprightliness of character. It is so serious a
disease that no one affected with the taint, however slight it may be,
should defer such rational treatment as will cure him of one of the
greatest enemies of mankind.
—
Treatment. How lamentable it is that we have no Kings now a
days, whose "sacred touch" will cure the prevalent scrofula. In olden
times persons believed that if the scrofulous patient could get into the
presence of the King, and be touched by his royal hand, his disease
would vanish in nothingness. Hence the name of "King's Evil."
This folly reached its height in the reign of Charles II. and after the
Restoration the number who flocked to the royal palaces to receive the
;

"touch" is said to have been immense— no less than ninety-two thou-

sand in twelve years. If Kings are no longer divine, and whose sacred
touch no longer cures, we are not left hopeless, for the products made
by a divine hand as manifested in the herbal world afford us abun-
dant agents of cure, if we but have the wisdom not to ignore them, and
the intelligence to use them properly.
Rational treatment should be preventive and curative. The pre-
ventive treatment consists in regulating the diet and to supply all the
chemical material lacking in the histogenic character of the tissues.
The habits should be conformed to well-established hygienic laws, and
the digestive and assimilative organs should especially be elevated in
tonicity and healthfulness. Exercise and bathing are very important,
and must not be neglected. When it manifests itself by its characteris-

tic features, tumors, ulcers, etc. , the herbal alteratives alone will effect
the cure. The best of these are rock-rose, stillingia, corydalis for-
mosa, yellow-dock, fig-wort, sarsaparilla, etc. If the system is debili-
tated the tonics should also be given to give tone to the various organs
of the body. The ulcers should be treated as aU chronic indolent
—
ulcers the best application to them being my "Herbal Ointment." My
"Blood Purifier" (see page 473) is composed of the choicest alteratives
known, and acts specifically in the cure of this disease, and ever since it
has been given to the public, its success was asserted in every case in
which it received a competent trial.
 THE C03IPLETE HERBALIST. 259

Certain cases of scrofula, in which nearly all the tissues and organs are
involved, and where the vitality of the system is at a low point, energetic
special treatment is necessary. In such cases the author can be con-
sulted, according to directions given on page 390.

Tabes Mesenterica.
This consists of an engorgement and tubercular degeneration of the
mesenteric glands, followed by emaciation and general disorder of the
nutritive functions. It occurs particularly in children of a scrofulous
diathesis, and in those who are weaned too soon, or fed on indigestible
substances. The disease is often owing to irritation in inflammation
of the lining membrane of the intestines, giving occasion to enlarg-
ment of the glands of the mesentery, or duplicature of the peritoneum.
Diarrhoea, emaciation, loss of appetite, or sometimesimmoderate appe-
tite, hardness and swelling of the abdomen, and toward the end hectic
fever, are the chief symptoms of this disease. Recovery is seldom from
this disease, if it has attained such a stage in which the glands have
become extensively disorganized.
Treatment. — Digestible food, must be provided for
fresh air, etc.
the patient, and the bowels should be kept soluble. The treatment
advised in scrofula should be resorted to in this disease. The patient's
strength is especially to be well supported by good food, tonics and sti-
mulants. This disease is commonly known as "6>p?2eme" in certain
localities, which literally means taking of or wasting away, and per-
sons can yet be found who ascribe the miserable condition of the child
to the power of witchcraft, and the celebrated "witch doctors" do
vet find employment and supply their amulets or engage in heathenish
incantations. I advise every mother when the first symptoms of this
disease are recognized to at once engage skilful medical aid, and her child
may oftentimes be saved.

ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.

Larynx.
The larynx a canal formed of cartilages, whose varions movements
is

regulate the voice. It is situated in the median Kne in the upper and
anterior part of the neck. It can Readily be felt from the exterior, and
is commonly called Adam's Apple. It forms the commencement of
' '
' '

the wind -pipe, and in shape is cylindrical below and prismatic above.
It is larger in males than in females, which accounts in a measure for
the different quality of the voice between the sexes.
It is composed of five cartilages viz., thyroid, cricoid, two arytenoid,
;

and epiglottis. The thyroid is the largest it occupies the upper anterior
;

portion of the larynx. The cricoid is next in size, and situated at the
base of the larynx. Its form is that of a laterally-compressed thick
260 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

ring-. The arytenoid cartilages are two in number, pyramidal in shape,

and situated at the upper and back portion of the larynx. The e2nglotti&
isa thin, oval, cartilaginous plate, behind the root of the tongue, and
attached to the angle of the larynx it resembles a leaf in shape, and
;

is perforated with numerous foramina or holes. During- deglutition it

ispressed over the rima glottidis^ thus preventing either solids or liquids
from entering the respiratory tract.
Within the larynx are two ligaments on either side. The infen(yr liga-
ments are usually called the meal chords^ though they are more properly
ligaments. The space between them is called the rima glottidis^ and the
space between the superior ligaments is the glottis. The larynx is lined
with mucous membrane, inflammation of which constitutes laryngitis.

Trachea.
The trachea ' (see figure) is a cylindrical tube, four or five inches long,
reaching from the larynx to the point of division into the bronchial tubes.
It isformed of from sixteen to tvrenty cartilaginous rings, united by
elasticligamentous tissue. It is lined with mucous membrane contin-
uous with that of the larynx, which is extremely vascular, and covered
with numerous follicles.
The bronchi ^ ^ or bronchial tubes are essentially of the same struc-
ture and arrangement as the trachea the right bronchus is shorter and
;

of larger diameter than the left. The bronchial tubes ramify into
numerous sub-divisions, which finally terminate in the lobules of the
lungs.
In front of the first two rings of the trachea and upon the sides o£
the larynx is the thyroid gland. It is sometimes much enlarged, const!
tuting goitre.

The Lungs.
The lungs are the organs of respiration properly they are two in num-
;

ber, and situated in the chest, placed side by side, being separated from
the abdomen by the diaphragm.
The size varies with the capacity and condition of the chest, age, in-
spiration, expiration, and disease. They are conical in shape, are longei
posteriorly than anteriorly, and have cpncave bases. The color of the lungs
is of a pinkish gray, mottled with black these black spots are more nu
;

merous in adult life than in infancy. The vight lung is shorter but largei:
than the left, whose transverse diameter is somewhat diminished by thi
position of the heart. It has three lobes, the left having but two.
The structure of the lungs is spongy, and its compression betweei^
the fingers produces a crackling sound called crepitation. It consisia
of air-vesicles -°, held together by cellular tissue, called parencJiyma^
through which blood-vessels and air-vessels are ramified. A certa-'n
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 261

number of air-cells communicate with each other, and with a single

branch of the bronchial tube these are separated from neighboring cella
;

by partitions of parenchyma, and thus are formed the lobules in which

the aeration of the blood is performed.

The Lungs.
Pleura.
The pleura is a serous membrane investing each lung, and then reflected
upon the walls of the chest. That portion in contact with the chest is

called the pleura costaUs ; that covering the lungs, the pleura pulmonalis.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYS-

TEMS.
CORYZA.
This is the " running at the nose " or "cold in the head," so frequently
contracted. It consists of acute inflammation of the Schneiderian or
mucous membrane of the nose, and the sinuses connecting with it. It
causes considerable annoyance, and often creates some constitutional dis-
 262 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

turbance. caused by the partial application of cold, as to the back

It is
of the head or neck, to the feet, etc. and the effect is especially apt to
,

be produced after perspiration from heat or exertion. When it reigns

epidemically it is called influenza.
Treatment. — It will usually subside without any treatment, but the
subsidence can be greatly hastened by hot baths, a draught of ginger
tea upon retiring, and the inhalation of some hot aromatic vapors, such
as of balm, water-pepper, etc.

OZ(ENA.
This consists of chronic inflammation of the nostrils, with an uneasy
feeling, heat, and stiffness of the nose, swelling of the mucous mem-
brane, and an offensive discharge. The nostrils are sometimes closed,
owing to the thickness of the membrane. The discharge is often quite
purulent, of a yellowish or greenish color, or sanious, and tinged with
blood. It is very frequently associated with ulceration, and caries or ne-
crosis of the bone. The breath is usually extremely offensive, and the
sense of smell is occasionally lost. It is frequently the result of scrofu-
lous, scorbutic, or syphilitic taint, and is a serious and disgusting disease.
Treatment, — The constitutional symptoms should receive special at-
tention, and if owing to or connected with scrofulous or syphilitic taint
the general treatment for those diseases should be given. The stomach
and bowels should receive careful attention, the digestion being invig-
orated by alnuin, vibumin, etc, A
water bath should be taken
salt
every morning to stimulate the emunctories. The vapors of tar, naph-
tha, astringent and narcotic herbs are very beneficial an inhaling of ;

mecca oil through an atomizer is successful and necessary in obstinate

cases. Tonics, as quinine, 'etc, are necessary in some cases.
, Those
persons who may wish the treatment to be directed by a competent
physician, and who desire prompt relief and cure, may consult me, as I
have given special attention to this disease, and have cured the most
obstinate cases.

Catarrh.
We now come to a disease that is a bane to the existence of many a
person. The catarrhal patient is never happy, for he knows that he is
inseparably connected with a disease that is excessively annoying to
himself and no less disagreeable to those with whom he comes in con-
tact. It consists of inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the
nose and sinuses or cavities connecting with it. It is a very common
affection, arising from repeated colds, damp apartments, we^ ^eet, in-
suflBcient clothing, hot rooms, a sudden check of perspiration, and a
rheumatic or scrofulous disposition predisposes to an attack. The
symptoms are weariness, pains in the back and limbs, frontal headache,
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 263

increased discharge from the nose, hoarseness, sore throat, impaired

vision, fever, constant hawking, cough, and, if the diseeise continues,
partial or complete deafness. By the constant dropping of the secre-
tions into the throat, the catarrhal inflammation is made to extend to the
mucous membrane and larynx, causing gastritis, tonsillitis,
of the throat
laryngitis, pharyngitis, and bronchitis. Consumption is not an imfre-
quent sequel to catarrh, and it may so undermine the vitality of the
system that the most energetic and rational treatment will only re-
establish it. A case that illustrates the ravages of catarrh in its ordi-
nary severe forms is given in the following letter :

Washington, D. C, April 3, 1871.

Dr. O. Phelps Brown.
Respected Sir —
My catarrh, which had almost destroyed
:

my power of speech, had nearly lost me the senses of smell and taste,
and was rapidly extending to the lungs, by dropping do^vn, has dis-
appeared. I owe this great blessing to your course of treatment. I
applied to you by advice of acquaintances, with many doubts but a ;

"drowning man catches at a straw," and I wrote you a full description

of my sufferings. I cannot be too grateful to Providence for having
directed me to do this. Use my
name in any way you please for the
benefit of others afflicted as I was, etc.
S. Brown Mills.

This patient describes the effect of nasal catarrh, as developed ia

himself, but partially. He has omitted to say that his breath was so
offensive that people could not sit in the room with him; that the
matter was discharged so copiously that it descended into the stomach,
causing vomiting, reducing him in strength and flesh to a comparative
skeleton that he had inflammation and elongation of the soft palate
;

(uvula) had lost his appetite, and was troubled with hectic fever.
;

He was subject to the usual despondency and hopelessness of patients

suffering from long-standing catarrh, and it required every effort to
arouse his drooping spirits to anything like natural vivacity. In fact,
the symptomatic hopelessness and great depression of the spirits in
catarrhal patients is often a greater barrier to speedy cure than the
pathological condition of the disease itself.

Treatment. — It is only in the chronic form that catarrh presents diffi-

culties requiring the most patient and skillful treatment.
It is not merely a local disease, but dependent upon a vitiated con-
dition of the blood hence, merely local treatment will prove ineffec-
;

tual : therefore the only successful method of treating this disease, is in

combining proper local treatment with appropriate constitutional medi-
cation,
For years this complaint baffled the skill of physicians universally,
and I myself, came to the conclusion, that to really eradicate the disease
264 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

from the system, a combination of remedies were required : a remedy to

cleanse the blood ; a remedy for local application ; a remedy to circulate
the bloood, thus arousing the system to action and a medicine to stimu-
late the liver, to aid the system in throwing off the disease. The follow-
ing treatment meets all these requirements and has proved effectual in
curing many thousands of individuals —many of whom represented
cases of long standing in the most advanced stages of this really
dangerous complaint :

Accident first brought to my notice Dr. Lane's Catarrh Cure, and I

tested it with perfect success in many instances, in conjunction with my
Blood Purifier, Herbal Gljntment, and Renovating Pills.
The following treatm^tlt is what I advise in cases of catarrh : A
course of the Blood Purifier, consisting of six bottles, taken inter-
nally to cleanse the blood. The Herbal Ointment well rubbed in at
least once a day across the small of the back, sparingly over the stomach
and bowels, and about the forehead and between the eyes to arouse
action, assist digestion, soothe the nervous system, and remove irri-
tation. The Renovating Pills taken only often enough to keep the bowels
soluble and regulated to one passage per day. They arouse the liver to
action and thus aid in throwing off disease.
Dr. Lane's Catarrh Cure may be snuffed up the nostrils from the palm
of the hand ; or, a small syringe may be used ; or the Nasal Douche,
which is preferable to any other
contrivance for the purpose (see
illustration) of conveying the ca-
tarrh cure gently but thoroughly
to the afflicted membranes. The
price of the " Nasal Douche " is
one dollar and twenty-five cents,
postage 10 ets. extra. The catarrh
cure should be diluted with warm^
soft water, in preference to
cold, as the latter has a tenden-
cy to produce irritation, or spas-
modic action. Those prefering
the douche will find it of very
great convenience and efficiency,
as all parts of the inflamed
surface can be reached by its

aid.
Catarrh can be mastered by
Dr. O. Phelps Brown's the above treatment, and I know
Nasal Douohe Apparatus.
of no other that will thoroughly
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 265

and permanently cure it. Rational treatment will succeed in this, as in

other diseases, and those suffering from its presence should act promptly
in arresting its progress.
We consider the following medicine sufficient to cure the generality
of cases a course of Blood Purifier consisting of six bottles, the price
:

of which is five dollars two bottles of Dr. Lane's Catarrh Cure of

;

double strength, one dollar and fifty cents each, three dollars one large ;

pot of Herbal Ointment, fifty cents,and a small box of Renovating

Pills, twenty-five cents : total, eight dollars and seventy-five cents.
Those desiring to send for my course of treatment for catarrh, may
send the money by post office order, or registered letter at my risk, and
I will promptly forward the medicine on the receipt of the same by
ex-

press with full directions for use. Sufferers should not fail to possess
the Nasal Apparatus, illustrated above, as by its use the nasal cavities
can be thoroughly cleaned and medicated.
I have spoken thus confidently regarding the above treatment, know-

ing how successful iu has proved in thousands of cases of catarrh.

I am willing to give my advice, or opinion when desired to do so, in

any case, free of charge, either at my office or by letter. Address Dr.

O Phelps BrowNj 19 &
. 21 (New Nos. 45 & 47) Grand St., Jersey City, N. J.

Laryngitis.
This consists of an inflammation of the parts composing the larynx,
especially the mucous membranes, and may be either acute or chronic.
When it knowTi that in the larynx are situated the vocal organs,
is

and that the aperture for the air to reach the lungs is situated at the
apex, it can readily be conceived why inflammation impairs the voice
or impedes the respiration. Li the acute form there is hoarseness, a
pain about the larynx or "Adam's apple," cough, and difficulty of
swallowing. If the inflammation is violent the patient's life is in im-
minent danger from strangTilation, caused by closure of the rima
glottidis. The voice is often completely lost. In bad cases the patient
Btarts up suddenly in bed begging for air his lips assume a livid or
;

purplish color, the surface becomes cold, the pulse frequent and feeble,
the countenance ghastly, perspiration clammy, and finally death occurs
from insufficient aeration of the blood. The chronic form is more com-
mon than the acute, and is generally associated with induration or
ulceration of the mucous membrane. It causes great debility, emaci-
ation, night-sweats, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhoea, and the
patient often dies in a state of hectic exhaustion.
—
Treatment. Control the circulation with veratrum, administer an
emetic and purge, and apply hot packs to the throat. Hot water
should be used frequently as a gargle. The inhalation of hot vapors,
as that of belladonna, lobelia, stramonium, mullein, sweet fern, etc.j
12
266 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,

gives great relief. Some practitioners use ice-bags in place of hot packs
to the throat. They seem
to answer the same purpose. In case of
impending strangulation, no objection should be made to laryngotomy,
if in the opinion of the physician or surgeon it is deemed necessary.

In the chronic form the disease demands the same treatment, though
modified to suit the conditions of the case. A gargle of golden seal,
and a syrup of Ceanothus Americanus, or frost-wort, taken internally,
are very beneficial. Mecca oil is also used with great advantage.
Tonics and stimulants become necessary if the strength is failing. I
can offer to the patient an almost sure cure in my " Acacian Balsam,"
which is to be taken internally, and my "Herbal Ointment," applied
externally.
If complicated, or owing to syphilitic contamination, special treatment
(see page 390) is advised.

Bronchitis.
Inflammation of the bronchial mucous membrane is of common
occurrence. Its severity is proportionate to the size of the tube in-
volved. The disease may exist independently, but is often associated
with lung diseases. It may exist either in the acute or chronic form.
Iq the former variety, affecting the large and middle-sized tubes,
coryza, sore throat, hoarseness, and slight chills are the first symptoms
lassitudeand pain in the limbs are also present, and as the disease pro-
gresses there is a sensation of heat, soreness, and rawness of the
bronchial surface, oppressed breathing, and a spasmodic cough and pain.
The cough in the early stage is followed by a clear, frothy expectoration,
with a saline taste, which changes to yellowish or greenish sputa, or it
may be streaked with blood. If the small tubes are involved, the pulse
isextremely frequent, great difficulty of breathing, blue appearance of
the countenance, coldness of surface, and a tendency to asphyxia is
noted. As soon as the disease becomes chronic the febrile symptoms
disappear, but the pulse remains frequent, and the cough and dyspnoea
are persistent, though to some extent relieved by free expectoration.
The and night-sweats frequent, occasioning great
sleep is irregular,
debility. The cough becomes croupy, and diarrhoea often attests ap-
proaching dissolution.
—
Treatment. A hot bath, hot packs, and veratnim will often termi-
nate the career of the acute form at the outset. In the more severe forma
an emetic should be given, and the hot packs or chafing liniments to
the chest and throat frequently renewed. Blood-root and other expec-
torants should be given, and quinine should be administered if the dis-
ease is associated with malarial influence. The tonics may become neces-
sary to sustain the strength. The vapors of mecca oil, goose-grease,
and bitter herbs are beneficial. In the chronic form the treatment
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 267

varies with the cause. If owing- to syphilitic taint the treatment for
that disease should be given, and if rheumatic in origin, colchicum, in
coTftiection with tonics, is the treatment indicated. The inhalation of
the various vapors before alluded to should also be instituted, and the
Btrength of the patient carefully husbanded by tonics, beef -tea, wine
whey, etc. A remedy that combiues both tonic and expectorant quah-
ties is found in my " Acacian Balsam," which generally cures the worst
cases very quickly. The " Herbal Ointment " should at the same time
be thoroughly rubbed upon the chest, throat, and back. Consultations,
either in person or by letter, will receive careful and prompt attention.

Croup.
Croup an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx and
is

trachea, or windpipe. It is one of the scourges of childhood. False

membranous croup is owing to an oozing of a peculiar fluid, which
thickens into apparent membranes, and adheres to the surface of the
windpipe. In membranous croup, there is much greater danger than in
the simpler form.
The symptoms are, difl&ctdt breathing, hoarseness, loud and shrill
cough, with fever. When the symptoms are violent at first, the disease
will be in all probability not fatal, as the membranous croup comes on
insidiously, and is scarcely ever ushered in by high inflammation.
Treatment.— An early and effective emetic is indicated in aU cases.
Some mechanical emetic, as ipecacuanha, alum, etc. should be preferred.
,

Flaxseed poultices, my "Herbal Ointment," and irritating liniments

should be apphed to the neck. The Dover's powder should be given to
promote perspiration and rest. Inhalation of vapor from hot water and
muUein leaves is of great service. The bowels should be kept regular.
In membranous croup, if the membrane cannot be dislodged by emetics,
and suffocation is imminent, tracheotomy becomes necessary. Croup
may often be prevented by tying a bag containing powdered rosin,
which is electro-negative, around the throat at night.

Pneumonia.
This is commonly called lung fever. It is characterized by inflamma-
tion of the parenchyma or texture of the lungs. The patient is gener-
ally found lying on his back, complains of pain in his side, has more or
less difficulty of breathing, a cough at first dry, but soon accompanied
by bloody phlegm. As the disease becomes severe, the phlegm becomes
very tenacious, so that it will adhere to the spit-cup if turned upside
down. Three characteristic stages are observed in this disease, viz.

cangestioTi; hepatization, and softening. In the first stage the lungs be-
come engorged vnth blood or congested, and if the lungs are percussed a
dull sound is elicited, and if the ears are applied to the chest a minute
268 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

crackling'sound is heard, similar to that produced by rubbing fine hair

between the fingers and thumb. It is only heard during inspiration, and
is caused by the air breaking up the mucous adhesions. The urine is
scanty and high colored. In the second stage the lungs become solid,
or hepatized, resembling the liver. Some writers call it red softening.
The dulness becomes more upon percussion, and a whistling
distinct
sound is heard if the ear is placed to the chest. The cough is more or
less dry, but the fever is aggravated. There is great prostration, rest-
lessness, complete loss of appetite, constipation, a loaded brown tongue,
and the respiration is hurried and imperfect. In the third stage tho
lung softens and becomes filled with matter, and portions of the lung
are apt to give way. The cavities may be detected by increased reso-
nance at some parts by percussion, and the cavernous breathing by aus-
cultation. There is also a metallic tinkling heard, and the sputum be-
comes more liquid, looking like prune-juice, and the general condition
of the patient worse in every respect. If the disease advances into this
stage, recovery is not very probable.
Pneumonia may be double or single ; the right lung suffers, however,
more frequently than the left. If pleurisy is associated with it, it is
called pleuro-pneumonia. When characterized by great debility and
prostration, and is of a low type, it is called typTwid pneumonia. The
pneumonia of children is called lobular^ as it is generally confined to
one or two lobes of the lung.
—
Treatment. Bleeding formerly was done in each case, and is again
receiving attention by some physicians, but I deem it injudicious, as a
general thing, though it may be of benefit in some plethoric cases. The
treatment should be commenced with a mild cathartic, and the fever
should be controlled with veratrum. The expectorants should be ad-
ministered, and in cases of great prostration, beef -tea and alcoholic
stimulants must be given. The chest should be blistered, and a cloth
smeared with lard should be placed on the raw surface. Sleep should
be promoted by lupulin or the opiates, and if great difficulty of breath-
ing exists, turpentine should be poured on hot water, and the patient
allowed to breathe the vapor. Fresh air, quietude, and rest, with
frequent sponging of the body with tepid water, should not be neglected.

Asthma.
This is characterized by difficult breathing, occurring in paroxysms,
accompanied by a wheezing sound, a great desire for fresh air, and im-
attended by fever or organic disease of the lungs or heart. It is evi-
dently caused by an irritable condition of the cerebro- spinal system or
medulla-oblongata, which deranges the nervous influence through the
cervical and pneumogastric nerves. It is also called PhtJiisic. The attack
generally comes on suddenly, but in some cases for a few days before
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 269

the onset there is loss of appetite, flatulence, belching of wind, languor,

chilliness, and drowsiness. The attack generally occurs at night, when
the nervous system is at its lowest ebb. At first a sense of tightness,
with a feeling of constriction about the chest, is felt, which inten-
sifies into a fearful struggle for breath. The patient assumes various
postures to facilitate in emptying and filling the lungs, and the feeling
that he must have fresh air, induces him to rush to the window and put
his head far out to catch the stirring breeze. The hands and feet are
cold, the expression haggard and anxious, the body wet with perspira-
tion, and the pulse irregular. The paroxysms usually last for some hours,
when breathing becomes more easy. If the symptoms subside without
expectoration it is called dry asthma^ but when any phlegm is raised it
is known as humoral asthma. The paroxysms may recur every night,
remitting gradually in severity, before a final subsidence takes place.
The very troublesome complaint, which seems to combine the peculiari-
ties of asthma and coryza, occurring in some persons during hay -mak-
ing, or evenlater, is called hay asthma. This complaint is often a dis-
tressing one.
Treatment. — During the paroxysm the inhalation of vapor of hot
water, or that arising from a decoction of anti-spasmodic herbs, such as
conium, belladonna, etc. lessens the severity of the spasm. The follow-
,

ing preparation is a very good remedy Ethereal Tincture of Lobelia § ij

:

Tincture of assafoetida, 3 i laudanum, 3 ss<; fluid extract of still in gia,

;

§ ij
; simple syrup, 3 iv mix, and take a tablespoonful every two hours.
;

Electro-magnetism, smoking stramonium leaves, inhaling the smoke

from burning paper, dipped in a solution of saltpetre, are all beneficial.
The anti-spasmodics, especially cherry-laiu-el water, should be taken to
prevent the occurrence of frequent attacks. In hay asthma, changes
of locality will often save the patient from an attack. The tincture of
lobelia is a very good remedy. Quinine and nux vomica carefully ad-
ministered are good remedies. Chloride of lime placed in a saucer in
the sleeping-room often gives relief. My Acacian Balsam" internally,
'
'

and the " Herbal Ointment" rubbed externally on the chest, and up and
dowm the spine, have cured many cases. Many interesting cases have
come under my notice and treatment, but space forbids any allusion to
them. By special treatment I think every case can be cured.

Pleurisy.
This is characterized by inflammation of the pleura or serous mem-
brane enclosing the lungs. The disease usually commences with a chill,
which is succeeded by a sharp, lancinating pain in the side cough, ;

Bhort and quick breathing, and fever. The pain is usually called a stitch
in the side, and is felt somewhere in the mammary region. It is in-
creased by inspiration, cough, and motion, lying on the affected side, or
270 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

by pressure. As the pain subsides, the effusion of a serous liquid occurs

into the pleural cavity. The cough is usually short and dry, though a
little frothy mucus may be expectorated. Severe pain often attends,
and the patient tries to suppress the cough as much as possible. The
breathing is more or less dilficult in most cases, and the patient is said
to have a catch in his breath. When the effusion is both sudden and
copious, the function of one lung may be more or less suspended. The
fever is usually considerable, and presents the usual phenomena of
febrile affections. At some stages the patient's voice is said to be cego-
pho7ious^ or similar to a goat's.
Treatment.— Commence with a mild cathartic, and though opposed
to bleeding, yet if there is a human ailment requiring bleeding it is
pleurisy, as it often gives prompt relief from pain. Sweating should
be encouraged at the outset, and for this purpose the tincture of
Virginia snake-root, in teaspoonful doses, every half -hour, is the best.
It may be given in an infusion of catnip, balm, or pleurisy root. The
affected side may be fomented with hops, tansy, wormwood, etc.,
applied very hot, or it may be blistered. The fever is to be con-
trolled and the perspiration kept up with full doses of veratrum.
Dover's powder may be given to procure sleep. The diet should be of
the very lightest kind. The alteratives may be given if the effusion is
not absorbed, and should these fail, the surgeon may perform paracen-
tesis^ or tapping of the side.

APNCEA, OR ASPHYXIA.
Literally the word asphyxia means pulseless, and was for a long time
only used in that sense, but is now applied generally to all cases of sus-
pended animation. It is produced by the non-conversion of venous or
blue blood of the lungs into arterial, or red blood. Death is caused in all
cases from want of oxygenized blood, and the stagnation that results
in the pulmonary capillaries. There are several varieties of asphyxia ;

and as life can in many cases be revived, I shall state the procedure
of resuscitation in each case.

Asphyxia by Extreme Cold.

When a person subjected to extreme cold, the first symptoms are
is

painful feelings, followed by sensations similar to those produced by

inhalation of carbonic acid gas. He becomes benumbed, indifferent to the
danger of his situation the muscular system becomes enervated, step
;

grows tottering, speech imperfect and as these influences increase, the

;

breathing becomes irregular and slow, the muscular powers fail, and
he sinks into a state of insensibility and death.
—
Treatment. Rub the person with snow if practicable, or the whole
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 271

body may be Bubmerged in cold water for a short time. These applica-
until the surface
tions should be gradually increased in temperature
approaches a natural state, or the muscles and joints are sufficiently
relaxed to admit of free motion. Then resort to artificial respiration
as in drowning.

Asphyxia by Inhalation os* Gases.

Some gases cause death by spasmodic closure o-f the glottis, others
by want of oxygen. Carbonic acid gas is the mo*5t common noxious
gas.
Treatment.—Place the patient in a region where pure air abounds,
and then practise artificial respiration.

Asphyxia by Submersion, Drowning.

Death in this case is not caused by the stomach and air passages
being with water, but ensues in consequence of the person being
filled

plunged in a medium unfit for respiration. In no case where the body

is recovered immediately after drowning, should
the means of resusci-
tation be left unemployed. Life has been revived even in cases that
were submerged half an hour.
Treatment.— 1st. Treat the patient instantly, on the spot, in the
open air, freely exposing the face, neck, and chest to the breeze, except
in severe weather.
2d. Send for the nearest medical aid, and for clothing, blankets, etc.
3d. Place the patient gently on the face, the forehead resting on
his wrist. This empties the mouth of fluids, and allows the tongue to
fall forward, which leaves the entrance to the pipe free.
4th. Turn the patient slightly on his side, and apply ammonia, snuff,
or other irritating substances, to the nostrils then dash cold water on
;

the face, previously rubbed briskly until it is warm. If there be no

success, instantly
5th. Replace the patient on his face, and turn the body gently, but
completely, on the side and a little heyond, and then on the face,
alternately repeating these measures with deliberation, efficiency, and
;

perseverance, fifteen times to the minute. When the patient reposes

on the chest, this cavity is compressed and expiration takes place the ;

pressure is removed when turned on the

and inspiration occurs.
side,

6th. When in the prone position, make equable but efQ.cient pressure
along the spine, augment expiration, and remove it before rotation on
the side, to facilitate inspiration.
7th. Induce circulation and warmth, while continuing these measures,
by rubbing the limbs upward with, firm pressure and with energy, using
handkerchiefs, etc.

8th. Replace the patient's wet clothing by such other covering aa

272 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

can be instantly procured, each bystander furnishing a coat or waist-

coat. Meantime, and from time to time, let the surface of the body be
slapped freely with the hand, or let cold water be dashed briskly over
the surface, previously rubbed dry and warm.
Let the patient often inhale diluted pure hartshorn, as this stimulates
the respiratory organs.

Consumption (Phthisis).
This is a constitutional affection manifesting itself in most essential
changes in the tissue of the lungs. It may be acute or chronic. The
acute form, or galloping consumption^ commences with chills, fever,
rapid pulse, cough, pain and difficulty of breathing, which are soon fol-
lowed by night-sweats, hectic fever, great emaciation, exhaustion, and
if its course is not arrested, death. The chronic variety is, however,
that which we usually meet with.
For the sake of convenience, I will class the symptoms of consump-
tion into four general stages, viz. , the Incipient stage ; the Solidification
stage ; the Maturation or Softening stage ; and the Ulceration and Sup-
puration stage.
The first stage of Tubercular Phthisis is generally stated to be that to
which the physical signs indicate a deposit in the lungs. Evidently,
however, there is, and must be, an antecedent state of disordered health
before the most skilful observer can detect the sound which indicates
the least shade or degree of solidification of the lungs, whether by
means of the stethoscope, or other methods usually resorted to by the
profession for such purpose. When
the physical signs are observed, the
use of the stethoscope, may be
regarded as little more than profes-
etc. ,
sional display, without a particle of advantage, except as developing in
some degree the actual amount of lesion or injury then sustained by the
tissues of the lungs. There must be a causative agent that originates
the predisposition or tendency to the deposit of tubercles in the tis-
sues, or which elaborates or prepares the material in the system, from
which only tubercle is formed. But we should not wait to see the
physical signs developed if we would expect uniform and hopeful treatment
of tubercular consumption.
From my own long experience in the specialty of thoracic diseases, I
do not hesitate to say that the actual first set of symptoms of consump-
tion consists simply in the wasting of fies\ particularly if this is attended
with, or by, a low scale of health and strength. Such loss of muscle,
plumpness, as well as juices and fat, is first noticed in three principal
places. The first region of flesh-consuming is usually the face the ;

second, the hands the third, over the sacral or hip bones.
; The sacral
region, where it first is lame and sore.
gives out, The hands look pool
and " scrawny ;
" the muscles of the arms and legs are soft and flabby.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 273

If the face shows it first, the eyes stare; the brow, temples, and
scalp look lean ; the muscular tissues of all the hmbs soon waste, and
the pectoral muscles, as also the chest muscles, waste away^ and
all

then the breathing is already become imperfect and weak.

The diminished respiration is soon attended -with cough then pains ;

axe felt through the breast or thorax.

The patient next is sensible of something wrong, and is conscious of
a sense of general debihty. The fact is, nutrition is lost. The vital
powers are flagging, for the wasting of the body^ in spite of eating^ is
moi^e rapid than the repair.
—
Then comes a state of spirit depression not the catise of consump-
tion, but caused by the akeady deficient vitahty, and all the more
helping on the grand catastrophe for it is a law of our being, that
;

where nerve structure is not itself nourished, it, too, will fail in its
work, just as surely as muscle fibre fails of power fioin the same cause.
To recapitulate: —
1. Incipient stage. This may present itself at a y&cj early age, or
may appear in middle age, and the first indications are, generally, a
subdued and saddened feeling, the former buoyancy of spirits subsides,
and the person becomes languid. The face begins to assume a sickly
hue, and, to a practised eye, tells a sad tale. The skin becomes whiter,
and a neirvousness and sometimes irritable disposition of mind appears
and if any hint be given about consumption threatening, the person
rebels against it, and will not tolerate such an idea. The appetite and
digestion frequently become impaired, and may manifest itself in
capricious fancies for certain sorts of food. A slight cold or any ex-
citement will bring on diarrhoea. The breath is short, and the breath-
ing hurried running or walking up an incline, or ascending a flight of
;

stairs, is unpleasant, and attended by a fluttering and palpitation of the

heart. The strength and weight of the body diminish, but this varies.
The sleep is disturbed, the skin becomes hot, there are burnings of the
palms of the hands, and cold feet a short, dry, teasing cough, or
;

tickling, or hawking up of mucus from the throat appears. There is

also a feeling of feverishness and uneasiness after meals, which are

unfavorable symptoms, indicating the first wa^assimilation of the food,
which, if not rectified, will inevitably deposit the germ of tubercles,
and hence no time should now be lost in opposing the disease, before
it lays siege to the citadel of the body.
2. Solidification. The cough, which at first appeared very trifling,
now begins to assume an anxious aspect, and becomes troublesome. It
may not as yet be attended with expectoration, and if it be, the matter
expectorated is of a ropy and viscid nature. The breathing becomes
more impeded; hectic fever sets in, with chills and heats, while the
weakness of both body and mind increases, although the intellect is
12* S
274 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

sometimes extremely bright or sound to the very last. Pains, like

those of pleurisy, are felt about the chest, and are indications of those
inflammatory effusions and adhesions which attest the progress of the
disease, and the infraction of the lung structure, and the impeding of
the access of air to the cells of the lungs. The blocking up of the air-
cells constitutes the stage of Solidification, and thus interferes with the
due motives or functions of the chest, and, if not arrested, creates an
afflux of fluid to the parts, thus promoting congestion and fresh de-
posits in the lungs.
^.—Maturation and Softening. In this stage, all the former symp-
toms are aggravated, and consumption is now confirmed. Fresh de-
posits in the lungs occur, and hasten the maturation and softening.
These local lesions in their turn re-act on the system at large, aggravat-
ing the general infection and depressing the vital powers. Hence the
advancing inertia of all the vital powers— the universal languor, loss of
flesh, and strength, and weight. The cheeks and lips become blanched
—painfully contrasting with the circumscribed hectic patch of the for-
mer. The expectoration is changed, and becomes more copious, opaque,
and viscid, more massive, and frequently streaked with blood, or mixed
with flocculent, wool-like, or curdy particles. It is most troublesome in
the mornings, and when going to bed. The feverishness and general
exhaustion increase restless nights, with perspirations, hurried breath-
;

ing, change in voice, and emaciation also increases. The appetite fails
—either constipation or diarrhoea, more frequently the latter, comes on,
with great increase of cough and vomiting after meals. If the disease
advance to this stage, it will require much vigilance and judgment to
arrest its progress, as the mischief in the lungs is now very great, and
ulcers, rapidly forming, constitute what is called tubercles.
4, — Ulceration and Suppuration. now assumes a totally
The disease
different aspect, and becomes exceeding formidable in its nature and
results. The cough becomes more severe, and the expectoration green-
ish, yeUow, or even sometimes like tufts of wood chewed, appearing,
when viewed in water, like jagged round balls. Hemorrhage, or bleed-
ing from the limgs, is likely to come on, and the difficulty of breathing
is very great. The patient can scarcely lie down many times he must
;

be kept with his head bolstered up in a chair, or in his bed, when sleep
is desired. Sometimes the voice is reduced to a mere whisper, while in
others it remains quite strong to the last. The perspiration, or night-
sweats, are very copious, and very exhaustive of the vitahty of the
organism. The ulcers or tubercles in the lungs increase, causing large
excavations, from which issue copious expectorations, sapping and un-
dermining the foundation of the entire system.
The most unpractised eye can now at once detect the ravages of this
disease in the altered appearance of the whole frame the body is ;
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 275

reduced to a mere skeleton the eyes are sunken cheek bones promi-
; ;

nent, with sunken cheeks ;

the head bends forward the chest is wasted,
;

and the breathing- becomes distressingly painful. The mental faculties

generally become impaired yet a gracious God, amid all this suffering,
;

frequently permits the faculties to remain intact until the last ember
bums out.
Treatment. —
This resolves itself into such a management of the
case as will tend to prevent the development of the disease, or its
removal when it exists. It will be seen that consumption has its origin
in a vitiated and defective condition of the general organism. This
may occur as the result of hereditary predisposition, or from defective
nutrition, orfrom imperfect development of either a part or the whole of
the organic structure, and general disobedience to the physiological law
of the general organism. Whenever this predisposition exists, the de-
fective organization, as far as practicable, should be remedied by a
faithful adherence to the laws of physiology and dietetics. Children
possessLQg this organization should not be confined too closely in schools
or to study, but should be reared in the country, and be exposed to
fresh air and out-door exercise. Both boys and girls should be allowed
to ramble through the fields, and indulge in those gymnastic exercises
which tend to give strength and vigor to the system generally, such as
jumping the rope, rolling the hoop, flying the kite, hoeing, wheeling,
ridiag on horseback, etc. and not be studiously confined in-doors, be-
,

cause it is a "delicate child." Tidy mothers should not be horrified

if they find their child of frail organization making mud-pies, or that

he has torn his frock in climbing an apple-tree. Their diet should be

plain and nutritious, consisting of bread and milk, oatmeal porridge,
baked apples and milk, vegetables, and a liberal amount of meat once
or twice a day. Their sleeping apartments should be well ventilated,
and they should be warmly clad in all seasons. Misses, upon the
approach of the catamenial flow, should be well instructed that the feet
should be kept warm and dry, that washing and bathing in cold water
should be avoided, and all exposure to cold and moisture is hurtful.
The medicinal treatment of consumption has been extensive, and to
enumerate all that has been tried and recommended would fill a volume.
Some recommend inhalations ; these answer their purpose well for tem-
porary relief. The diseasemust be treated upon general principles.
The cough should be allayed by appropriate remedies, the occasional
diarrhoea checked by the astringents, the debility removed by tonics,
and vitality stimulated by alcoholic liquors. It is beyond question, that
spirit-drinking has been beneficial in a number of cases, if taken regu-
larly and moderately. Phosphorus is a good remedy, especially if given
in a form as it exists in, evythroxylon coca. External irritants, as Groton
oil to the chest, answer very well. The blood of the consumptive con •
276 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

tains too mucli oxygen, and too little carbon hence to supply this defi-
;

ciency cod-liver which is a highly carbonaceous food, is excellent.

oil,

It gives warmth to the body, and supplies the disease with material for
destruction, without expense to the body. The chalybeates may also be
given to give strength and enrich the blood in its red particles. Changs
of climate is rarely beneficial. The diet must be highly nutritious fresh. ;

air, occasional baths, and plenty of friction, should not be neglected.

While investigating the best means of treating this disease, I deemed

that if a combination could be made that would prove remedial to aH
the morbid characters of consumption, that would antagonize each
pathological condition as they arose, thus holding the disease in abey-
ance, and allow the forces of reparation and recuperation to mend thft
ravages of the disease, that such a combination would most surely cure
the disease. After various experiments, I, finally, by intimate know-
ledge of the chemical elements of plants and the pathology of the dis-
ease, was led to compound the " Acacian Balsam," which has stood th^
test for years, and the thousands of testimonials of the permanent cure
of many bad cases of consumption attest its virtues.
It is a superior exhilarant. It purifies all the fluids and secretions in
the shortest reasonable period. It nourishes the patient who is too
much reduced to partake of ordinary food. It will supply the place ot
food for a month at a time. It strengthens, braces, and vitalizes the
brain. It heals all internal sores, tubercles, ulcers, and inflammations.
It stimulates, butnot followed by reaction. It at once obviates ema
is

elation, building up wasted flesh and muscle, as the rain vivifies an^
enhances the growth of the grass. It is without a rival as a tonic, and
it immediately supplies electricity or magnetic force (as if it were a bat

tery) to every part of the enfeebled and prostrate body. In conjunc-

tion with the balsam, I also advise external application of the " Herbak
Ointment" (which answers all the purposes of counter-irritants) to thd
chest, throat and back, and the bowels regulated with the "Renovat
ing Pill" (see page 471).

ANATOMY OF THE HEART.

The heart a hoUow muscular organ, surrounded by a membranounf
is

sac caUed the pericardium. It lies between the two pleurae of tne
lungs, and rests upon the cord-like tendon of the midriff, in the cavity
of the chest.
Its shape is conoidal, though it is somewhat flattened upon that side
that rests upon the tendon of the diaphragm. Its apex inclines to the

left side, touching the walls of the thorax between the fifth and sixth
ribs. It measures about five inches and a half from its apex to its base,

three and a half inches in the diameter of its base, and weigJis about six
or eight ounces. It contskins four cavities^ which perform two functions
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 277

that of receiving the blood and emptying the blood into the lungs, and
that of recei\dng it again after it has been oxygenated, and distributing

it throughout the vascular system. The receptacles are mtricles, and

the ventricles propel the blood to the lungs and through the body.
The auricle and ventricle of the right side receive and propel the
venous blood into the lungs. The auricle and ventricle of the left side
receive and propel the arterial blood throughout the system.
The blood circulates as follows The ascending and descending vena
:

cavae empty the blood (venous) into the right auricle from here it ;

passes to the right ventricle, through an opening protected by a valve,

downwards from the right ventricle it is propelled through the pul-
;

monary artery, which divides into two branches, to the lungs in the ;

lungs it is oxygenated by the inspired air it is then brought from the

;

lungs, by four pulmonary veins, into the left auricle. The left auricle
has an opening communicating with the left ventricle, protected by
a valve opening dov\Tiwards, and from the left ventricle it pas., es into
the aorta, thence to be distributed throughout the body.
The right auricle is a cavity of irregular shape, somewhat oblong, and
like a cube ; anteriorly it has a convexity
which is called its sinus ; superiorly there is

an elongated process resembling the ear of an

animal, whence the term auricle. Its walls
are thin, and composed of muscular fibres,
which are called musculi pectinati, on account
of their parallel arrangement, resembling the
teeth of a comb. The superior ^, and in-
ferior vena cavae enter the auricle from be-
hind. The elevation between the orifices is
called the tuberculum Loiceri. The coronary
veins open into this cavity, and their orifices
are protected by the valdes of Thehesius.
The opening to the ventricle is circular, and
surrounded by a dense white line. .
'^^^ Heart.

The tight ventriclea triangular cavity, with thick walls, and of

^, is

greater capacity than any other cavity of the heart. Its muscular
structure is in the form of large fleshy bundles, called columnce carnece^
from which proceed thin, white cords, called chordce tendinecB^ which are
attached to the edge of the tricuspid valve. This valve is circular,
having at its lower edge three spear-pointed processes, whence its name.
It closes downwards, and prevents the blood from returning into the
auricle, and, therefore, it passes out by the pulmonary artery \ The
valves protecting the orifice of the pulmonary artery open outwards, and
are called the semi-lunar valves. They are formed by three half-moon-
Bhaped folds of the lining membranes, and their use is to prevent the
278 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

blood re turnings from the artery to the ventricle, when it dilates.

Behind each valve is a pouch or dilatation, called the Sinus of VaUalva,
into which the blood flows by its reflux tendency upon the dilatation of
the ventricle, and thus these valves are closed. The piilmonary artery
is of the same diameter as the aorta, but its walls are thinner. After its
origin it curves upwards and backwards, and divides into two branches,
the right of which is larger than the left '',
and passes imder the arch of
the aorta.
The more concealed from its natural position than the
left auricle'^, is

right. The four pulmonary veins enter into it, which give it a quad-
rangular shape. Its walls are muscular and somewhat thicker than
those of the right auricle. The partition between the auricles is not
always perfect even in adult life.
The left ventricle *, forms by its cavity the apex of the heart it is ;

like a cone in shape. Its walls are thick, and its columnm carnece nume-
rous, strong a,nd projecting the chordae, tendinea are weU developed, and
;

attached to the bicuspid or mitral valve. This valve consists of two

leaflets, one of which is much larger than the other. The contraction of
the ventricle closes the valve, and the blood passes out by the aorta ^
The heart is supplied with blood by the right and left coronary arte-

ries^' '^; the veins which accompany them empty by a common trunk
into the right auricle.
be seen what a complex piece of machinery the human
It will thus
heart and how vital the organ must be. It will be apparent to every
is,

reader that the least interruption or derangement of its functional ac-

tion is sure to be manifested upon the integrity of the general system.
Any valvular derangement or breaking down of the septum between the
auricles and ventricles will allow the commingling of arterial with ve-
nous blood, threatening death with asphyxia. Atrophy and hypertrophy
interfere with the muscular action of the walls of the heart, and, in
fact, it will be obvious from the complex character of the structural
anatomy and the importance of the functional actions of the heart, that
any disease assailing the organ is attended with danger.
In circulation the contraction of all the cavities is followed by their
dilatation. The contraction is called the systole ; the dilatation, the
diastole. What is called the im2mlse of the heart occurs during the
diastole. The heart's impulse is the shock communicated by its apex to
the walls of the thorax, in the neighborhood of the fifth and sixth
ribs. The impulse is not the same as the arterial pulse. The heart
emits two sounds, first and second., followed by an interval. The first
are the longest. The following table shows the connection of the
sounds of the heart with its movements :

First Sound. — Second stage of ventricular diastole. Ventricular svstole, and auricu-
lar diastole. laipulse against the chest. Pulse iu the arteries.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 279

Second Sound. —First stage of ventricular diastole.

Interval. — Short repose, then auricular Bystole, and second stage of ventricular dias-
tole, etc.

Each cavity of the heart will hold about two fluid ounces, but it is
probable that the ventricles do not entirely empty themselves at each
stroke they wiU therefore discharge about one and one-half ounces at
;

each pulsation. Reckoning 75 pulsations to the minute, there will pass

through the heart in this time 112 ounces or 7 lbs. of blood. The whole
quantity of blood in the human body is equal to about one-fifth of ita
weight, or 28 lbs. in a person weighing 140 lbs. This quantity would
therefore pass through the heart once in four minutes, or about fifteen
or twenty times an hour. It is very probable that circulation is much
more rapid than this estimate. The number of contractions of the
heart in a minute is about 70 or 75. The frequency of its action gradu-
ally diminishes from the commencement to the end of life. Just after
birth it ranges from 140 to 130, in old age 65 to 50. Age, sex, muscular
exertion, emotions, and temperament exert a controlling influence over
the heart's action. In persons of sanguine temperament the heart beats
more frequently than in those of the phlegmatic, and in the female
sex more frequently than in the male. Its action is also increased after
a meal, and by rising from a recumbent to a sitting or standing posture.
The time of day also affects it the pulse is more frequent in the morn-
;

ing, and becomes gradually slower as the day advances.

The pulse is always a sure index of health or disease. In inflamma-
tion and fevers the pulse is much more frequent than during health.
When the vital powers decline it becomes frequent and feeble. In ner-
vous affections with more oppression than exhaustion of the forces, the
pulse is often remarkably slow.
The membrane lining the interior of the heart is called the endocar-
dium., and the enveloping membrane on the exterior the pericardium.

DIS^EASES OF THE HEART AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

Palpitation,
This is the most common disease of the heart, and may be connected
with various structural changes of the organ, yet it frequently exists
independently of any organic lesion, and is often sympathetically de-
pendent upon dyspepsia, hypochondria, hysterics, mental agitation,
venereal excesses, masturbation, etc. It may also be due to a low and
deficient state of the blood, or ancemia. The impulse is weak, flutter-
ing, or tumultuous, generally increased by trifling causes. The beats
are increased in frequency, sometimes marked by intermission, and oc-
casionally accompanied by a beUows murmur. The complexion is gen
erally pallid and bloodless, the Hps and inside of mouth also pale, the
280 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

pulse quick and jerking-, and the patient complains of breathlessnesa

and fainting. He dislikes animal food, but relishes acids. In females
the deficiency of menstrual flow is superseded by the whites, or some-
times the flow becomes very profuse.
Treatment. — During the paroxysm a compound of yellow jessamine,
Bcull-cap, and ladies'-sJipper should be given, in sufficient doses every
hour, until relieved. The feet should be bathed in warm water and
the patient avoid aU exertion or excitement. If due to ansemia, the
proper remedies as well as nourishing diet should be prescribed. If co-
existent with dyspepsia, hypochondria, etc., the proper treatment for
those affections should be instituted.

Angina Pectoris,
This disease presents rather difficult pathological features. By some
writers it is called neuralgia of the heart. The principal symptoms are,
violent pain about the breast bone, extending towards the arms, anxiety,
difficulty of breathing, and sense of suffocation. The paroxysm may
be brought on by fast walking, over-eating, or violent exercise, but they
may also come on when the patient lies quietly in bed. If connected with
ossification, or other morbid conditions, it is an affection of great danger.
—
Treatment. During the paroxysm the most powerful stimulating
and narcotic anti-spasmodics are required. The feet should be placed
in warm water, a large raustard plaster should be applied over the car-
diac region, and one drop of the tincture of aconite may be given every
minute or two, until the spasm is relieved. If it is associated with any
organic disease of the heart, the proper treatment for such disease
should be instituted, and if due to a neuralgic affection of the organ,
the proper remedies for neuralgia should be given. Patients suffering
from this dangerous disease should lose no time in consulting some well-
ekilled physician.

Pericarditis.
This consists of inflammation of the sac in which the heart is con-
tained. It does not essentially differ from other serous inflammations,
as there may be exudation and liquid effusion, the quantity varying
from a few ounces to a few pints. The disease is usually ushered in
with a slight chill, followed with fever, or it may commence with faint-
ing. Pain, oppression, weight, palpitation. Cough, hurried and difficult
respiration, frequent and irregular pulse, inability to lie on the left side,
headache, delirium, faintness, anxiety, debility, restlessness, and great
nervous irritability usually attend the attack. The face and extremi-
ties are swollen, and the urine scanty and high-colored. The essential
conditions of fever are always present, the pulse sometimes attaining
130 to the minute. If the acute form advances for several weeks it
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 281

becomes chronic, or may by insidious advances be chronic from tb

first. The symptoms are nearly the same as in the acute form.
—
Treatment. The treatment should be commenced by a lobelf
emetic, an active purge, and the application of hot packs to the chest
The tincture of veratrum should be given in sufficient quantities to con
trol the inflammation and lessen the action of the heart. Usually, from
two to five drops every half hour is sufficient. If associated with rheu-
matism, colchicum, cannabis sativa, or macrotys racemosa, should be
given. In malarial districts, quinine becomes necessary. Blistering or
local depletion may be necessary in some cases.

Endocarditis.
Thisis an inflammation of the internal lining of the heart. There is
at first pain about the heart, whose disordered action may be violent,
or else feeble, irregular, and intermitting. There is more or less diffi-
culty of breathing, and the organ gives forth some abnormal sounds,
such as the bellows murmur, the rasping and sawing murmur, arising
from thickening of, or deposit on, some of the valves. One or more of
the above symptoms occurring during the course of acute rheumatism,
may be considered a sign of endocarditis. The patient generally lies on
his back, and his pain may sometimes be so slight as scarcely to be no-
ticed, but in dangerous cases there is extreme anguish, liable to be
followed by orthopnoea, or necessity of being in the erect posture
to be able to breathe, followed by restlessness, delirium, and death.
The murmurs may occur at any stage of the disease, from the very
beginning towards the close.
—
Treatment. The treatment is essentially the same as for pericar-
ditis in the commencement of the attack, with the exception that it
may be necessary to administer stimulants in some cases. Leeches may
be applied to the cardiac region, and between the shoulders. Digitalis
and veratrum should be cautiously administered to control the heart's
action. If associated with rheumatism, colchicum should be given.
Mustard poultices, blisters or hot packs may be applied to the chest to
hasten the absorption of the deposit of lymph.
If myocarditis^ or inflammation of the entire substance of the heart,
complicates either pericarditis or endocarditis, the active treatment ad-
vised in the latter diseases will remove it.

Chronic Valvular Disease op the Heart,

Tliis frequently results from chronic endocarditis. They may either
be contracted or distorted, preventing accurate closure, or ulceration
may occur through the valves. Vegetations and a peculiar deposit may
take place under the tissue of the valves, and occasionally there is a
deposition of cartilaginous ot osseous matter, and in rheumatic or^outp
282 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

subjects, of the urate of soda, or the valves may become atrophied or

wasted away. The effects in slight cases may occasion but little diffi-
culty, but in severe it is apt to produce hypertrophy and dilatation,
dropsy, local intlammations, and ultimately death. These results are
owing to an impediment in the forward movement of the blood, and to
the regurgitation of the same, producing an accumulation behind. This
is plainly illustrated in an affection of the mitral valve. If its orifice is
contracted by deposits, the blood accumulates in the left auricle by the
impediment, and distends it congestion of the pulmonary veins is the
;

consequence the lungs share in the congestion, and pulmonary apo

;

plexy may be the result. This of course occasions an insufficient supply

of blood to the general system, which the heart is willing to relieve,
and, therefore, makes greater efforts, but becomes hypertrophied or en-
larged in so doing. Again, suppose some insufficiency in the mitral
valve, owing to ulceration, for example, the blood will regurgitate into
the left auricle at each pulsation, it produces the same effects. If the
semilunar valves are contracted, a less supply of blood is sent to the gen-
eral system, but congestion of the heart and consequent enlargement
and dilatation of the left ventricle may occur. The
general symptoms of
valvular disease is difficulty by muscular efforts, or
of breathing, increased
emotion, palpitations, the pulse intermittent or jerky. Distinctive mur-
murs accompany these affections ;
in mitral deficiency we hear a prolong-
ed murmur in a low key, like whispering the word '
' who ; " in contrac-
tion of the aortic valves we have a comparatively superficial sound like
whispering the letter " z ;
" in regurgitations we hear squashing sounds.
Treatment. — The mitigation of the urgent symptoms may be accom-
plished by ladies' -slipper, hops, or henbane. In violent action of the
heart cherry laurel water may be given with the henbane. Hot foot-
baths and mustard plasters may also be necessary. In sudden palpita-
tion and difficulty of breathing, the compound spirits of lavender should
be given. CoUinsonia is the proper remedy if hypertrophy of the valves
is suspected. In valvular insufficiency the tonics and a liberal diet
should be prescribed. Conium, belladonna, digitalis, irisin, veratrum,
Btramonium, and cannabis sativa, are also extensively used in various
combination, if they are indicated.

Atrophy op the Heart.

This may result from various causes. When it exists, greater reso-
nance accompanies percussion, and the two sounds of the heart will be
more feeble, but more distinctly heard. The symptoms are paUor, cold-
ness and dropsy of the extremities, cough, irregular respiration, palpita-
tion, oppression in females, irregularity or vicarious menstruation.
; It
may occur with the exhausting diseases, as cancer, consumption, dia-
betes, etc.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 283

Treatment. — The patient should avoid all excesses in mental and

bodily exercise. The diet should consist of rich animal broth, with a
liberal amount of fats and sugar, cod-liver oil, and the tonics should be
administered.

Hypertrophy and Dilatation of the Heart

A.S these are generally coexistent, they should be considered together.
The dimensions of the heart may be increased either by augmentation
of its muscular walls, or enlargement of its cavities. The former is
The most prominent symptom is
hypertrophy, the latter dilatation.
difficulty produced by any exertion; also palpitations,
of breathing,
which are sometimes so violent as to shake the whole body. The
secondary signs are violent headache, vertigo, buzzing in the ears, flashes
of light, pulmonary congestion, pneumonia, apoplexy of the lungs, con-
gestion of the liver, bilious disorders, and general and local dropsy.
The patient's suffering is often extreme, and, unable to lie in bed, he is

forced to assume constantly a sitting posture, ^vith the body bent for-
ward. Death usually occurs suddenly in syncope or fainting. Valvular
disease is the most frequent cause, though they may be caused by rheu-
matic irritation, excessive exertion of the organs from any cause, as
violent exercise, playing on wind instruments, violent passions, intem-
perance, etc.
—
Treatment. The exciting cause should be removed, especially valvu-
The patient's habits of life and occupation should be regu-
lar disease.
lated, and his diet moderated. Mild cathartics should occasionally be
given and passive exercise engaged in. Digitalis is the special medicine ;
cherry laurel water is also used for the same purpose. These should be
carefully administered. The tincture of aconite and colchicum should
be given where it has resulted from rheumatism. - In dilatation the
tonics, cod-liver oil, and animal food should be prescribed. Digitalis is
also specially required. Wild cherry bark is an excellent tonic, and as
nervous symptoms are very apt to be present in females, opium, bella-
donna, valerian, etc. may be given with advantage. Every effort should
,

be made to enrich the blood.

Cyanosis, or Blue Disease.

In this disease the skin bears a leaden or purple tinge over the whole
body. There is a reduction of warmth, and labored breathing. It is
due to the admixture of blue or venous blood with arterial or red blood,
and caused by the right and left sides of the heart remaining open after
birth, or by obstruction of the pulmonary artery, thereby withholding
the blood from the lungs and preventing arterialization. It is a disease
confined to infants, and is almost necessarily fatal.
—
Treatment, The circulation must be sedated by allowing the child
 284 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

complete by the careful administration of veratrum good food,

rest, or
;

fresh air,and protection from extremes of heat and cold are necessary.
Apply friction to the head and body by some soft cloth. If syncope
occurs, the child should be placed in a warm bath, and camphor applied
to its nostrils.
The heart
is liable to be assailed by other diseases. Softening of the
heart may
take place without inflammation it may result in rupture of
;

the heart Various indurations of the heart may occur, as of the

fibrous, and osseous character. Fatty degeneration is a
cartilaginous
rare disease. and polypi are also noticed.
Tubercle^ cancer^
The heart is the most important organ in the body hence its diseases
;

to the physician are full of interest. Nothing gives to a person greater

anxiety than the suspicion or knowledge that he is affected with heart
disease. The dread of sudden death is universal, and so it generally
occurs in cardiac diseases. The most important requisite in the treat-
ment is its early application, as most of the diseases can be cured if
treatment is bestowed in time, and hence it behooves every one who
feels some abnormal action or uneasiness about the heart to engage
treatment, or seek competent medical aid as soon as possible. Those
who desire to consult me are referred to page 390. My experience in
the treatment of heart diseases has been in extent second to none in this
country, and the success has been most gratifying.

DISEASES OF THE BLOOD-VESSELS.

Arteritis.
Inflammation of the arteries is rare in the acute form. The symp-
toms are pain and tenderness along the course of the vessel, attended
with a thrill or throbbing. Lymph is effused within the vessel, often
producing a complete arrest of the circulation, and resulting in gan-
grene. It is highly probable that in spontaneous senile gangrene the
cause is arteritis. Chronic arteritis is more common, but difficult to
discover. Deposits occur in the arteries, exciting ulceration, or ossifica-
tion may occur in old age.
Treatment. —Give a mild purge, a hot bath, and sufficient veratrum
to control the circulation. The inflamed part should be fomented, blis-
tered, or stimulating liniments and counter-irritation may be applied.
The alteratives are always indicated.

Aneurism.
This is a pulsating sac, with blood, which communicates with
filled
an artery. True aneurism consists of a sacformed by one or more of
the arterial coats. False aneurism is owing to a complete division of
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 285

the arteria^ coats, either from a wound or external ulceration the sac
;

formed of cellular tissue. Every artery may be affected with any

aneurism, I at the aorta^ carotids, axillary, brachial, iliacs, femorals,
and popliteals are the arteries most commonly affected. The tumor at
first is small, gradually increasing, soft and quite compressible, Leix^.g
filled only with fluid blood. synchronously with the heart,
It pulsates
and is increased by pressure on the side furthest from the heart. A
peculiar thrill is imparted to the hand, and which can be heard if the
ear is applied. The strength of the part is much impaired as the tumor
enlarges, and the circulation in the extremity weaker. During the
progress of the tumor the adjacent parts are displaced and absorbed,
even bone is rendered carious and absorbed by constant pressure of the
aneurism. The pain and numbness increase, and the general health
fails, and at length the tumor may burst, opening upon the skin or some
'*"
internal cavity, and prove fatal.
—
Treatment. Complete rest, and the frequent application of hot-
packs to the tumor should at first be prescribed. A stimulating lini-
ment may be rubbed over the part. One composed of the compound
tincture of myrrh and the oil of origanum answers the purpose well.
The " Herbal Ointment" is an excellent application. The gentle appli-
cation of electro-galvanism should be resorted to if the above treatment
does not suffice. Pressure by well-secured pads, or by the thumbs and
fingers,continued for a long time, is often tried and successful in some
cases. If the above treatment fails, some competent surgeon should be
consulted, who will in practicable cases ligate the artery. Valsalva had
a curious plan of treatment for aneurism. It consisted of repeated blood-
letting, with food enough merely to support life, A cure worse than
the disease.

Phlebitis and Varicose Veins.

This is veins. The signs are pain and tender-
an inflammation of the
ness in the course of the vessel, which soon becomes cord-like and
knotted, by which it may be distinguished from arteritis. There are
swelling and redness of the adjacent parts, the redness being in streaks.
The limb below the part is swollen, from obstruction of the circulation
and effusion of serum. Pus is a frequent production of phlebitis, in
which case perfect occlusion of the vein above occurs, with the forma-
tion of an abscess, or the pus passes into the heart and produces
excessive prostration. Varicose veins are the sequel generally to
phlebitis.
Treatment. —The treatment consists in fomentations, leeching, and
occasional purging. The alteratives should also be given. The topical
application of tinctures of lobelia and arnica are also useful. Rest is
emjoined. The abscesses and consequent ulceration should be treated
286 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

upon general principles. If the veins become varicosed, astringent

applications,and careful bandaging, should be resorted to.
The best method of curing varicose veins, however, is by elastic
stockings. These give an equable pressure, which can be so regulated
as to afford any compression desired, on every part of the leg where
the varicose veins exist. If the veins are varicosed througnout the
whole length of the limb, the full-length stocking should b6 worn if ;

confined only to the leg, the stocking represented on the nght-hand

side of the cut is alone necessary, and in some cases the knee-caps and
anklets are only required, depending upon the situation of the varicose
$12. jj»5
veins. These elastic
contrivances are not
only radical cures,
but patients suffering
from varicose veins
have no idea what
* • Mj Wr
IS/
eage ^nd comfort
they afford. They
give a very agreeable
support to the limb,
prevent varicose ul-
cers, besides quickly
reducing the enlarged
Knee-Caps and Anklets.
Elastic Stockings, veins to natural size.
Measurement —
Size of ankle, calf and knee.
: They are made of the
best silk, are very durable, and not so expensive as not to be afforded by
the poorest sufferer. All those desiring these admirable contrivances
are requested to correspond with the author —
preliminary correspond-
;

ence as to size, measurement, etc., is in all cases essential to secure

that perfect adaptation which is indispensably necessary in order to
afford relief and cure. Great harm
is done if the elastic appliance is
not eligible in every respect, and therefore patients should hesitate
before purchasing those inferior, half cotton articles, which are pur-
chasable everywhere they do not fulfil the conditions required of
;

them, and are capable of doing great injury, owing to the unequal
compression they afford. Prices as above.

Milk Leg (Phlegmasia Dolens).

This is caused by inflammation of the crural veins, hence called
srural phlebitis. The inflammation is owing to the pressure of the
gravid womb. The popular idea that in this disease the woman's milk
has fallen into her leg, and which has inflamed, is absurd. The disease
begins in from two to seven weeks after delivery, with pain in the lower
bowel, groin, or thigh. In several days the pain diminishes, and the
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 287

limb begins to swell, in tbe calf first most frequently, and from thence
extending upward. The skin becomes entirely white, smooth, and
glossy, does not pit when pressed, is painful to the touch, and is hotter
than the skin of the other Kmb. Fever is always present.
—
Treatment. The patient should lie upon her back, with the swelled
hmb placed upon pillows, or a bolster, raised so that the foot shall be
a little higher than the hip, and she should by no means endeavor to
walk until the leg is nearly well. A narrow blister can be applied along
the course of the vein, and digitalis may be carefully administered.
Take an old flannel petticoat, with the hem cut off, and the gathers let
out, and dip it in vinegar and hot water, equal parts, wring it out, and
cover the whole limb with it. A blanket or oiled silk may be placed
imdemeath to keep it from wetting the bed. Repeat this and keep it
up for six hoiu-s, and when it becomes tedious to the patient, it should
be removed, and the limb bathed vdth warm sweet oil, two parts, and
laudanum, one part, and then covered with flannel. In two or three
hours return to the hot water and vinegar, keep up for five or six hours,
then resunae the warm sweet oH and laudanum, and in this way alter-
nate until the inflammation is subdued, or until the calf of the limb can
be shaken. The bowels should be gently moved, and the diuretics
administered, and in cases where the inflammation lasts, and the fever
is considerable, veratrum should be given. If recovery does not take
place after the active inflammation has subsided, the limb should be
entirely enveloped by a spiral bandage, or, what is much better, the
full-length elastic stocking represented on the foregoing page should be
worn. This gives immediate relief, reduces the leg to natural size, and
permits the patient to exercise without any injurious results following.
Those-4esiring this indispensable article are requested to correspond
with the author.

DISEASES OF THE BLOOD.

Scurvy (Scorbutus).
This disease was known to the ancients. The first distract account
of scurvy is contained in the history of the Crusades of Louis IX.

against the Saracens of Egypt, during which the French army suffered
greatly from it. Lord Anson's voyage, in which more than eighty of
every hundred of the original crews perished from the disease, is fami-
Uar to every reader of history. This disease illustrates the importance
of vegetable food to the human being, as it is a direct result of a diet
free from vegetable substances. It used to be very prevalent in the
English and American navies, but is now obviated by the ration of lime-
jmcc in the former, and fresh or desiccated vegetables in the latter. It
288 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

commences wdth a feeling of languor, or general debility and mental

despondeiicy ;
a sense of fatigue isexperienced on the slightest exer-
tion ;
the face is either pale or sallow, and presents an appearance of
puffiness ; the gumsare swollen, soft, and of a purplish color, and
bleed easily ; the breath becomes offensive, and an eruption appears on
the body. The mucous surfaces frequently bleed, the feet become
swollen and hard and painful, and a disposition is evinced to inflam-
mation of a low grade of the viscera, and also to hemorrhagic effusions.
The tongue and appetite remain unaffected, and death is produced
either by debility or hemorrhage— the intellect remaining sound to the
last.

Treatment. —
Nothing will avail in the absence of fresh vegetable
food, and hence the chief treatment consists in giving vegetable food, or
the vegetable acid, as citric acid or lemon-juice. Cabbage and potatoes
are excellent, aud milk is a good article of diet. If fresh vegetables
cannot be obtained, dried fruits should be substituted. If the disease
has advanced, and there is sponginess of the gums, myricin, rhusin,
and hydrastin may be given in combination with capsicum and cream.
If active hemorrhage occurs, the oils of turpentine, solidago, and mecca
oil may be used to advantage. If chronic blood derangement follows,
as is often the case, the alteratives should be given, of which my
''
Blood Purifier " (see page 473) is the best.

HEMORRHAGES.
Bleeding from the Nose (Epistaxis).

There is no part of the body more disposed to hemorrhage than the

mucous membrane of the nose. The blood effused through this mem-
brane escapes generally through the nostrils, but may enter the mouth
through the posterior nares. It is often symptomatic of diseases of the
liver, spleen, and other organs, and generally attends the last stages of

malignant and low fevers. It may be slight or dangerously profuse.

In plethoric or robust patients it constitutes often a means of relief to
the vascular system.
Treatment. —When it becomes necessary to check the hemorrhage,
the patient should be placed in a cool room, the head elevated or held
upright,and the feet plunged in warm water containing mustard.
The neck should be bared, and cold water aspersed over it and the face.
Lemonade and cooling drinks may also be given. "When it becomes
habitual, or periodic, and especially
be vicarious of menstruation,
if it

it may be anticipated by local depletion on the nape of the neck.

In
the passive states of the disease, the astringents should be injected
into the nose. Tannin, matico, Monsel's solution, etc., are the best.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 289

M it will not stop, the nostrils should be plugged both anteriorly and
posteriorly.

HEMOPTYSIS.
This is a hemorrhage from the respiratory organs. The blood that
is expectorated comes from three different sources. It may come from
the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes, from a vessel ulcerated
bx a tuberculous cavity as in consumption, and from an aneurism of the
aorta, or from the large trunks arising from it, in which case it soon
proves fatal. Some cases depend on suppression of the menses, and
are habitual and not dangerous, but in the majority of cases it is caused
by disease of the heart, or consequent to irritation of tubercles. It
may be simple, the blood being all spit up, or it may be attended by an
infiltration of blood into the minute tubes and air cells, rendering a
portion of the lung solid. The symptoms are some degree of pain or
oppression at the chest, with cough, which brings up mouthfuls of
blood, fluid or clotted. The quantity may vary from a tea -spoonful to
several pints, so that the patient may be suffocated by the abundance
of the blood.
—
Treatment. A free current of air should be allowed to pass over the
patient, his covering should be light, and a mild purge should be given
to him. The feet should be placed in hot water. If dependent upon
derangement of the menses, the sitz-bath (hot) should be ordered, and
matico or other astringents be given. Or it may be arrested by putting
one drachm of the oil of origanum in a pint bottle, and allow the patient
to inhale the vapor. If matico, tannin, or other vegetable astringents
are not at hand, common salt, acetate of lead, sulphuric acid, and alum
may be used in case of emergency. Small doses of digitalis should be
given to control the circulation.

H^MATEMESIS.
This is hemorrhage from the stomach. Whatever irritates the mucous
surface of the stomach, or interrupts the return of blood from that
organ is liable to cause this disease. Blows and injuries received by the
abdomen, violent concussions of the trunk, pressure, intemperance,
worms, powerful emetics, suppression of menstrual discharge, appli-
cation of cold, or of cold and moisture to the lower extremities
during perspiration, or the catamenial flow, prolonged constipation and
pregnancy, are all liable to cause it. The blood is usually vomited
profusely, is sometimes mixed with food, and generally of dark color.
The premonitory symptoms are pain or tension about the stomach,
with faintness or a sense of sinking, or of anxiety at this region, flatu-
lent or acrid eructations, lassitude with irregxilar chiUs and flushes of
heat.
13 T
290 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Treatment. —Apply ice to the region of the stomach, and give a full

dose of the oil of turpentine conjoined with castor oil, to be repeated

if rejected.Administer the astringents, in all cases the vegetable, but
if not at hand, acetate of lead, creasote, tincture of iron, alum whey,
sulphuric acid, etc., can be given. During the discharge total absti-
nence is to be observed, but afterwards, mild mucilaginous drinks and
farinaceous food in small quantity may be given, and the transition to
solid and more nutritious food should be carefully conducted.

HEMATURIA.
The source of the blood voided through the urethra may be either
from the kidney, bladder, or urethra. When it proceeds from the
kidneys, it is attended with a sense of heat and pain in the loins, and

sometimes with coldness of the extremities, and the blood is intimately

mixed with the urine. When the disease is in the ureters, there is a
sense of pain in their course, and fibrous shreds having the shape of the
ureters are voided. When the hemorrhage is from the bladder, it is
usually preceded by heaviness and tension in that region, extending to
the perineum, groins, and small of back the urine is passed with diffi-'
;

culty the blood is little, if at all, combined with the urine.

; If from
the urethra, the blood is red, liquid and pure, and comes away generally
drop by drop.
—
Treatment. This depends upon its seat and cause. If from the
kidneys, the oils of origanuni, copaiba, cubebs and turpentiue should be
administered, and hot packs apphed externally. If the urine is alkaline,
as in typhus fever and scurvy, the acids should be given. If from the
bladder or urethra, matico or other vegetable astringents should be
injected. The avoidance of stimulants and absolute rest should be
Insisted on in every case.

Dropsies.
If in man a large venous trunk is compressed or obliterated, so that
the blood no longer circulates through it, while the collateral vessels
can relieve but imperfectly, dropsical effusion is sure to take place.
The effusion is proportionate to the size and importance of the vein
obliterated. for instance, in the vena cava, or large vein in the
If,

abdomen, an obstacle should prevent the return of the blood, the two
lower extremities and the scrotum will become filled with serum. If
the trunk of the portal vein is more or less obhterated, the serous col-
lection takes place in the abdomen. If the obstruction occurs at the
very centre of circulation, namely the heart, and the return of blood
everywhere embarrassed, the dropsy becomes general hence dropsy is
;

one of the most common symptoms of heart diseases. Dropsy is often

caused by cold, applied in such a manner as to check the secretions of
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 291

the skin ; is often connected with eruptive diseases, as scarlatina ; it

may from granular degeneration of the kidneys, debility, exhaus-

result
tion from loss of blood, etc. or from obstruction to the return of
;

venous blood, owing to tumors, hypertrophy of the liver, glandular

enlargements, etc.

Bright' s Disease of the Kidney.

This is a dropsy owing to a disease of the kidneys. Dr. Bright, of
England, first pointed out, 1827, the frequent connection which exists
between dropsy and what has since been called granular degeneration
of the kidneys, or " Bright's Disease." This state of the kidneys is not
an inflammation, but a slow degeneration of its structure, commencing
by an abnormal deposit of fat in the cells lining the little tubes in the
kidneys. It is a degeneration similar to the tubercular deposit, or the
fatty liver common in consumption, and may properly receive the name
of fatty kidney. It is a slow, insidious disease, beginning generally
much further back than the patient is aware of. Bydegrees the tubes
of the kidneys become blocked up with excessive fatty deposits the ;

result of this that the tubes become dilated, so as to press on the

is,

network of the portal veins which surround them. The veins being
thus compressed, the capillaries which open into them are unable to
discharge their contents, and so become distended with blood, and
either allow serum to exude from their walls, or else burst and admit
the escape of red particles and fibrine. This may be illustrated in a
familiar way. If the mouth of all the little brooklets that flow into a
brook be effectively dammed up, so that the brook received none of
their supply, the brooklets by constant accession would naturally over-
flow their banks and inundate the adjacent land, and the brook go dry.
So as the accumulation of the fat goes on, the portal networks of veins
and the uriniferous tubes waste away or become atrophied, and hence
shrinking of the kidney and deficiency of the kidney ensue. Albumen
isalways present in the urine in this disease. This can be discovered
by boiling the urine in a small tube, the albumen becoming like the
white of an egg boiled. Urea, a natural constituent of the urine, is
deficient.
The symptoms in the first stage are weakness and dyspepsia, and the
blood loses red particles very rapidly, but there is little to call
its

attention to the kidneys. In the second stage the symptoms are a

pallid, pasty complexion, a dry hard skin, drowsiness, weakness, indi-
gestion, and frequent nausea, often retching the first thing in the morn-
ing, and palpitation of the heart. A most characteristic symptom is
that the patient is awakened several times in the night with desire to

make water. In the third stage, if the patient is exposed to cold, the
kidney becomes congested anasarca or general dropsy with perhaps
;
292 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

ascites, makes its appearance ; debility increases, the urinary secretion

becomes more inefficient, urea and other excrementitious matter accu-
mulate iu the blood a drowsiness and coma, signs of effusion of blood,
;

are sure precursors of death. It is caused by intemperance, privation

of air and light, and neglect of proper exercise frequent exposure to
;

cold, and the other causes of scrofula and consumption.

—
Treatment. This is one of those harassing complaints which phy-
sicians in family practice seldom have the patience to investigate and
manage with sufficient care.
The condition of the stomach, bowels and skin should receive especial
attention. Free action of the skin should be maintaiaed, as in this
way the kidneys are relieved and the blood purified. Stimulating
diuretics should not be used. Mecca oil, tonic teas, etc. may be given. ,

There is no better specific agent than helonin, from three to ten grains
a day. Eupurpurin and populiu may also be given with good effect.
Vapor baths are beneficial, and counter-irritation should be made over
the region of the kidneys.
It is my confident belief that this grave disease can be cured in
nearly every instance if not too far advanced. I am induced to such
a belief by the success that attends my treatment. I should be happy
to correspond with any one of my readers who may suspect this affec-
tion, and shall cheerfully analyze any urine that may be sent to me for
that purpose, as in my laboratory there are all conveniences for that pur-
pose. (See page 390). For those under my treatment the analyses are
gratuitously made, but to others a fee of $5 must in all instances be
remitted.
Ascites.
This a collection of water in the belly, though sometimes the fluid
is

is outside of the peritoneum and next to the muscles. There is a sense

of distension and weight, especially on the side on which the patient lies.
When is large, the breathing becomes short and difficult,
the collection
and the swelling uniform over the whole abdomen. In some instances
is

the fluctuation may be heard when the patient moves about. This
sound distinguishes this complaint from pregnancy or peritonitis. There
are generally loss of appetite, dry skin, costiveness, scanty urine, oppres-
sion of the chest, cough, colic pains, and variable pulse. A frequent
cause of this complaint is chronic inflammation of the peritoneum it ;

is also produced by scarlet fever, hob-nailed liver, and other diseases of

that organ —in short, whatever obstructs the portal circulation.

Treatment.— The remedies for this disease are mainly diuretics
and purgatives. an excellent remedy, but should be cau-
Digitalis is
tiously administered. The patient should have as a constant drink an
infusion of two parts of hair-cap moss, and one each of juniper berries
and dwarf-elder bark also an infusion of queen of the meadow. Tli«
;
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 293

purgatives that produce watery stools, such as elaterium, should be

given. The compound infusion of parsley is about the best agent to
promote the absorption of the fluid. The skin should be kept well
open, and the strictest temperance both in eating and drinking must
also be observed. If all medicinal treatment fails, the surgeon should
be called, who perform paracentesis abdominis^ or tapping the
will
abdomen ; but this should be deferred until all other means have failed.

Hydrothorax.
This is a dropsy of the pleura, rarely existing as an independent
affection, but generally associated with a general dropsical condition of
the system. It is particularly liable to be connected with organic heart
disease. 'V\Tien the effusion is slight, only a slight uneasiness is felt in
the lower part of the chest, but as it increases, the patient suffers
uneasiness in assuming the recumbent posture, a cough and difficulty of
breathing being the result. The latter often becomes very severe, the
face swells, the cheeks assume a purple and the lips a livid hue, the
skin is dry, urine scanty, bowels constipated, thirst, and more or less
mental excitement ensues.
—
Treatment. If owing to heart disease, that affection should receive
special attention. The fluid may be evacuated by means of small doses
of elaterium and podophyllum, followed by a free use of chiraaphila,
galium aparine, and aralia hispida. Other diuretics may also be used,
and the general rules of treatment observed as advised in Ascites.

Dropsy op the Heart.

This consists of a collection of fluid within the pericardium. There
is a feeling of uneasiness, or pressure in the cardiac region, a slight

cough, difficult and irregular respiration, faintness, disinclination to lie

down, a feeble pulse, capricious appetite, disturbed sleep and delirium.
If there is stupor, cold extremities, the perspiration clammy, and the
action of the heart very much disordered, it usually proves fatal.
Treatment. — Same as for Hydrothorax. Tapping may become
necessary in both cases.

Dropsy op the Ovaries.

This consists of an accumulation of fluid in one or more cells within
the ovary, or in a serous cyst connected with the uterine appendages.
The ovary loses its original form and structure, and frequently attains
an immense size, containing several gallons of water. The effusion
sadly interferes with respiration, and it causes exhaustion and often
peritonitis. The serum may abdomen,
exist within the cavity of the
or be confined within the cystic tumor. As the tumor enlarges, it
ascends the pelvis and occupies more and more of the abdominal cavity,
 294 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

and may float loosely in the fluid within it, and form adhesions to the
peritoneum, omentum, or neighboring viscera.
Treatment. Galvanism is often very successful. The current
should be passed through the tumor, and be as strong as the patient
can bear it, and should be passed in all directions for half an hour
several times a day. The hydragogue cathartics and diuretics shotJd
also be given, and the alteratives administered. The strength of the
patient should be well supported.
This disease is curable by medicinal treatment alone in its early

stages if properly treated, but may become so far advanced under

improper management, becomes necessary, or, if the
that tapping
removal of the whole tumor.
patient's strength will allow, the
The author would be pleased to correspond with any lady suffering
from this serious disease.

Dropsy of the Scrotum (Hydrocele).

Thisa collection of water in the membrane which surrounds the
is

testicles.It is often caused by rheumatism, gout, scrofula, etc. In

some cases the accumulation is very large. It may be distinguished
from scrotal hernia by pressing the tumor towards the anus if it ;

bounds rapidly forward it is hydrocele.

—
Treatment. The following is excellent. Take queen of the
meadow, one ounce colt's foot, one-fourth pound
; yellow parilla,
;

one-fourth pound. Make one quart of decoction or syrup, and take one
table-spoonful three times a day. A suspensory bandage should be
worn. These can be had from me at reasonable prices. In some cases
the scrotum must be tapped, and the vinous tincture of hemlock bark in-
jected to prevent the return of the effusions.
I have under my treatment at all times many dropsical patients, and
if received under my care at a reasonable early stage, no necessity for
tapping arises, and the patient is cured by medicinal treatment alone.
Any one desirous of consulting me, may refer to page 390 for the neces-
Bary question to be answered.

ANATOMY OF THE UEINAKY ORGANS.

Kidneys.

The kidneys are two hard glands for the secretion of urine, placed in
each lumbar region, just above the hips; they are outside of the perito-
neum, or lining membrane of the abdomen, and surrounded with an
abundance of fat. The right kidney is rather lower than the left, on
account of the superposition of the liver. The length is about four in-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 295

ches, and the breadth two inches. The shape is oval, resembling a
bean the position upright, and the fissure (or liilum) is directed to the
;

spinal column. The upper end of the kidney is rather larger than the
lower. It is covered by a strong ^^'^ows capsule. The color is a reddish
brown. Upon making a longitudinal sec-
tion of the kidney, as represented in cut,
two difiEerent structures are presented. The
internal is of a darker color, and consists of
about fifteen of what are called the cones
of Maljjighi^^ which are arranged in three
rows, the apex of each converging towards
the hilum. This constitutes the medullary
portion of the kidneys. The external
structure is of lighter color usually, is ex-
tremely vascular, and of a granulated ar-
rajigement ; it constitutes the cortical por-
tion. The urine is formed in the tortuous
tubes of the cortical substance,^ between
whose walls are a number of small bodies
called corpuscles of Malpighi. At the apex
of each cone is the 'papilla renalis^ and in the
centre of each papilla is a slight depression, The Kidney.
called, foveola. Each papilla is surroimded
by a small membranous cup, called infundibulum^^ into which the urine
is first received as it oozes from the orifices of the papillae. Four or
five of these infundibula join to form a common trunk, called calyx^^ and
the junction of about three calyces forms a common cavity, called the
pelvis,^ which is conoidal in shape, and from which proceeds the ureter,'
the excretory tube of the kidney, which conveys the urine to the blad-
der. The ureter is «? cvlindrical tube of the size of a quill, with thin,
extensible walls. It enters the inferior fundus of the bladder very
obliquely, and opens by a verv small orifice.
Just above the kidney, and reposing on its upper extremity, placed
one on each side, are two small bodies, varying much in size, called the
supra-renal capsules} They have no secretion, consequently no duct,
but evidently perform important functions in foetal life, when they are
much larger.
Bladder.
The bladder a musculo-membranous sac for the reception of urine.
is

behind the pubic bones, and in

It is situated in the cavity of the pelvis,
front of the rectum in the male, but in the female the uterus and vagina
are between the rectum and bladder. In shape the bladder is oval, the
larger end being downwards in women it is more spheroidal
;
in chil- ;
296 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

dren it is pear-shaped. It is divided into a superior and inieTdoT fundus,

a body, and neck.
Its dimensions vary with health and disease. Ordinarily it will hold
about a pint. At the neck of the bladder is a circular muscle, called
the sphincter, which, in a state of contraction, retains the urine in the
bladder until the necessity to voiding it arises. The urethra is described
under anatomy of the sexual organs.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.

Nephritis.
This is inflammation of the kidneys, and which may occur either in ita

substance, its lining membrane, or in its capsule. The symptoms are

deep-seated pain in the small of the back, extending down the groins in
one or both sides, increased by pressure ; urination either increased or
diminished, urine scanty and high-colored, and mixed with blood or
gravelly matters. If both kidneys are affected the urine may be sup-
pressed, and comatose symptoms present themselves. ChiUs, fever, de-
ranged stomach, and constipation nearly always attend it. The testicle
is retracted, which distinguishes this disease from lumbago, etc. It
runs very rapidly into suppuration, the sign of which is the appearance
of pus in the urine.
Treatment. — The disease should be controlled by the use of hot
packs, vapor baths, lobelia emetics, mild purges, and the internal admin-
and veratrum. The mucilaginous drinks should be
istration of aconite
drunk, and the opiates given if the pain is very severe. In chronic
nephritis, where there is debility of the organ, the best remedies are
turpentine, copaiba, buchu, uva ursi, pareira brava, and pipsissewa.

Diuresis.
This is the diabetes insipidus of some writers. By this term is under-
stood the excessive secretion of pale, limpid urine, without sugar.
The principal symptoms are insatiable thirst and the elimination of a
large quantity of urine. These symptoms are usually preceded by a
variable appetite, constipation,and derangement of the functions of the
skin. The copious flow of urine may only be occasional, following over-
mental or physical excitement. It may be distinguished from diabetes
mellitu^ by the absence of sugar in the urine.
—
Treatment. The skin should receive special attention, and excess
of drinking should be avoided. The constitutional debility should be
overcome with baths, and the general tonics ; apocynin, from one-eighth
to one-fourth of a grain, four or five times a day, is a specific for this
disease.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 297

Diabetes Mellitus.
This characterized by increase of urine, containing sugar.
is The
first indications of this disease are languor, dry, and harsh skin, intense
thirst, paia in the small of back, constipation, with alternate chill and
fever. After a time the general health gives way, and there are muscu-
lar weakness, loss of sexual power, pain ia the loins, coldness of extrem-
ities,a burning sensation in the hands and feet, loss of weight, and a
chloroform odor of breath. The gums become spongy, the teeth decay,
the mind becomes depressed and irritable, and the appetite voracious.
Consumption is often a sequel to this disease. The urine has a sweetish
taste, due to the presence of sugar, which can readily be discovered by
adding yeast to the urine, which gives rise to various fermentation.
—
Treatment. A healthy state of the general system should be main-
tained by fresh air, frequent baths, and a generous diet. No saccharine
or starchy articles of food should be eaten. The bowels and liver should
be gently stimulated by small doses of leptandrin and leontodia. Great
success is obtained by the use of unicorn root. Mecca oil has also been
successfully employed in this disease.
Diabetic patients who may desire the author to treat them, may con-
sult him as directed on page 390.

Gravel (Lithiasis).

This disorder consists in the deposition from the urine, within the
body, of an insoluble sand-like matter. In health the urine carries off
the Insults of the waste and disintegration of the tissues ia a soluble
state, but when these matters are in excess the urine frequently deposits
them after being voided, on cooling. This often occurs after irregulari-
without actually being a morbid condition, but when the
ties of diet,
accumulation is excessive it causes a serious disease. The gravels are
chemically either urates, hthates, phosphates, or oxalates, according to
the diathesis of the patient. The passage of gravel or renal calculi from
the kidneys to the bladder through the ureters, causes the most excruci-
ating pain. When anything in the bladder, as a mucous shred or a large
gravel, acts as a nucleus, the constant accessions to this nucleus form
what is known as stone in the bladder, which may be of various sizes.

In gravel the patient has a dull aching pain in the back, attended with
urgent and frequent desire to urinate, preceded by cutting or scalding
pains in the urethra, neck of bladder, or in the course of the ureters.
In stone we have the same symptoms, but the sudden stoppage of the
stream during micturition is always suggestive of its presence in the
bladder, and the patient has a constant desire to relieve the pain by pull-
ing at the end of his penis.
Treatment. —Diluents should be freelj used, and a strict attentioa
13*
298 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

paid to diet. Animal food should be sparingly eaten, and alcoholic

drinks totally avoided. The chemical nature
of the gravel should be
ascertained, and when done the chemical opposites administered.
this is
No treatment will avail, if not in chemical opposition to the diathesis of
the patient. If medicinal treatment is ineffectual after a stone has been
formed, the siirgeon should be consulted, who will remove it by an oper-
ation called lithotrity or another termed litMntrvpsy.
Unless the stone be too large, my experience is that solvent treatment
will prove effectual in nearly every case. The solvent treatment consists,
of course, of such herbal agents as are chemically opposed to the nature
of the calculus. By such a course of medication my success has been
most gratifying.

Ischuria, or Suppression op Urine.

This frequently inflammatory diseases, especially acute
attends
nephritis. It may from an irritation of the kidney beyond
either arise
the point of secretion, or from a torpor or paralysis of the kidneys. It
is important to distinguish it from retention of urine. It is sometimes
very dangerous, being attended with vomiting, drowsiness, coma and
convulsions. A vicarious secretion from the skin, bowels, etc., is also
often established. It is evidently due to a sort of paralysis of the nerve
centres.
Treatment. — Leeches may be placed over the loins, and digitalis or
The demulcent drinks should be freely used.
squill administered. If
uric acid is in excess, some carbonate may be given. If dependent
upon torpor, the stimulating diuretics, as turpentine, should be used.
Frequent hot sitz-baths are also beneficial.

Incontinence of Urine (Enuresis).

This often associated with some constitutional weakness. The
is

bladder may be exclusively irritated and not be able to hold the urine,
or the little circidar muscle at the neck of the bladder may be debili-
tated or paralyzed, owing to acridity of the urine. In some cases it may
be owing to debility of the kidneys.
Treatment. —A course of tonics, sea-bathing, cold baths, warm
clothing, etc. together with astringents and stimulating diuretics, will
,

usually cure it. Small doses of the extract of belladona will also afford
relief. In case of paralysis of the bladder, nux vomica, electricity, coun-
ter-irritant application to the spine, and local irritants are necessary.

Cystitis.

This is an inflammation of the bladder. The symptoms are pain

above the pubes, tenderness on pressure, the pain extending into the
penis, scrotum, and perineum, producing straining and pain in urination ;
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 299

sometimes pain over the abdomen, which is swollen, or the inflamma-

tion may extend to the peritoneum, causing- peritonitis. It may termi-
nate in suppuration, the pus appearing in the urine, or, if the abscess
occurs in the coats of the bladder, it may open suddenly. It is caused
by direct irritation as by a catheter also by gonorrhoea, diflB.cult labor,
;

turpentine, cantharides, etc. "WTien the inflammation becomes chronic

it is called " Catarrh of the Bladder.''''

—
Treatment. Mucilaginous drinks should be freely used, such as de-
coctions of marsh-mallow, uva ursi, etc. Dover's powder may be given
to relieve the paiu. About three grains of populin and one-fourth of a
grain of gelsemium given three or four times a day, exerts a marked bene-
ficial influence in this disease linseed oil and essential tincture of
;

hydrangea are remedies of great value.

also The chronic form will
require special treatment, in accordance to condition and nature of each

ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The principal divisions of the nervous system are the brain, spinal
marrow, and nerves. The tissue of this system is included in mem-
branes or sheaths, and consists of two differently colored pulpy materials,
one of which is lohite or medullary.^ and the other gray^ cortical^ or
dneritious. The sheath of the nerves is called the neurilemma^ and the
internal material neurine. All ganglia and nervous centres consist of a
mixture of white fibres and gray globules.
An anastomosis is the interchange of fasciculi between two trunks,
each fasciculus remaining imaltered, although in contact with another.
A combiuation of anastomoses into a network is called a plexus.
SpmAL Marrow.
The marrow is the medullary column included within the bones
spinal
or vertebrae of the spinal column. It has three coverings 1st, The:

dura mater which is a white fibrous membrane, and forms the external
^

2d, The arachnoid., a serous membrane, forming the middle covering.

It is extremely thin and transparent 3d, The pia mater., a cellular mem-
;

brane, forming the immediate covering. It is very vascular, consisting

almost entirely of vessels.

The Brain.
The brain consists of four principal parts medulla oblongata, pons
:

varolii,cerebrum, and cerebellum. Like the spinal marrow it also has

three coverings bearing the same names. The dura mater adheres very
firmly to the bones of the cranium, and consists of two laminae, which
are divided into folds called falx cerebri., tentorium., and fdlx cerebelli.
300 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

The medulla oblongata is the upper part of the spinal cord it is coni- ;

cal in shape, and extends from the first bone of the spinal column to the
pons varolii. Its divisions are the cor^jon 'pyramidale^ olivare and resti-
forme.
The pons varolii is cuboidal in shape, and situated just in front of the
medulla.
The cerebrum is the largest mass composing the brain. It is oval in
shape, and weighs from three to four pounds. It is divided into two
hemispheres, each hemisphere consisting of an anterior, middle, and
posterior lobe. The surface presents a number of convolutions, or gyri^
each separated by deep fissures, or sulci. The interior of each hemi-
sphere is medullary in character, and the surface of each convolution is
cineritious for the depth of about one -sixth of an inch.
The ventricles of the brain are five in number they are called the :

rightand left lateral^ the third, fourth., siud fifth ventricles.

The more minute anatomy of the cerebrum is exceeding complex, and
not of special importance in a popular work of this kind.
The cerebellum constitutes aboul one-sixth of the brain, and is con-
tained between the occiput and tentorium. It is oblong and flattened
in shape, and composed of white and gray substances.

Cranial Nerves.
These are nine in number, and all emerge from the foramina, or
opening at the base of the brain. They are designated by their func-
tion as well as numerically, viz. 1st, olfactory :2d, optic 3d, motor; ;

oculi 4th, patheticus

; 5th, trifacial
; 6th, motor extemus
; 7th, facial ;

and auditory 8th, pneumogastric, glosso-pharyngeal, and spinal acces-

;

sory ; 9th, hypoglossal.

According to function the cranial nerves may be divided into three
classes, viz. nerves of special sense, including the 1st, 2d, and the audi-
:

tory branch of the 7th nerves of motion., including the 3d, 4th, 6th,
;

facial branch of the 7th and 9th ; compound nerves^ comprising the 8th
and 5th.
The principal nerve of the arm is the brachial ; of the forearm, the
ulnar and radial ; of the thigh, the great sciatic, which divides, about
one-third above the knee, into two large branches, the peroneal and
'popliteal ; further on the popliteal is called the posterior tibial. In the
pelvis there are the pudic, gluteal, and lesser ischiatic.
The sympathetic nerve is distributed with all the other nerves of the
body, and by means of plexuses supplies all the internal organs.
The nervous system is a complex piece of machinery, and its anatomy
requires much study before any competent familiarity with it can be
gained. The physician, \fho has an inadequate knowledge of the ana-
tomy of the nervous system, and philosophy of nervous phenomena, ot
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 301

Che physiology pertaining thereto, cannot hope to treat diseases assailing

the system with any material success. CompeteDce in this respect is the
reward only of a long devotion, and practical experience.

DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Inflammation op the Brain (Cerebritis).
This consists of inflammation of the cerebral substance, and due to
long exposure to a vertical sun, the inordinate use of ardent spirits,
cold, fright, external injury, the sudden disappearance of an old dis-
charge, and sometimes occurs as a consequent on small-pox, or erysi-
it

pelas of the face and scalp, and fevers. The symptoms are violent in-
flammatory fever, hot and dry skin, flushed cotmtenance, suffused eyes,
quick and hard pulse, the arteries of the neck throb, and delirium. The
senses are morbidly acute, there being intolerance of light and sound.
The person is extremely restless, the muscles of the face are spasmodi-
cally contracted, the upper eye-lids hang down, and as the disease pro-
gresses, blindness and deafness ensue. The countenance is vacant or
idiotic, the eye loses its lustre, the pupils become dilated, and the eyes
often squint. In the still more advanced stage, the discharges pass off
involuntarily, the countenance becomes pale and sxmken, the pulse
weak and irregular, the coma more profound, and death soon closes the
scene. commonly called Brain Fever.
It is
'
'

—
Treatment. This should be most energetic. Bleeding to fainting
has been the practice of many physicians, but I deem it unnecessary, as
revulsion can be made by other means. Leeches may, however, be ap-
plied to the scalp. The hair should be closely shaved from the head,
and ice, alcohol or ether, with water, applied to the head. The decoc-
tion of ladies' -slipper should be given internally. At the outset purga-
tives should be given. Those that act thoroughly, such as gamboge,
colocynth, etc. , are the best. The bladder should be emptied every
day. In the stage of collapse, stimulants may be given.

Apoplexy.
This is a condition in which all the functions of animal life are sud-
denly stopped, except the pulse and the breathing. There is neither
thought nor feeling, nor voluntary motion and the patient suddenly
;

falls down, and lies as if in a deep sleep. The disease assails in three
different ways. form of attack is a sudden falling down into
The first

a state of insensibility and apparently deep sleep, the face being gener-
ally flushed, the breathing stertorous, or snoring, the pulse full and not
frequent, with occasional convulsions. From this mode of attack death
often occurs immediately, but in some cases recovery occurs, with the
302 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST

exception of paralysis of one side, or the loss of speech, or some of the

senses. The second mode of attack begins with sudden pain in the
head, and the patient becomes pale, faint, sick, and vomits. His
pulse is and occasionally some convulsions. He
feeble, has a cold skin,
may down, or be only a little confused, but soon recovers from all
fall
the symptoms, except the headache this will continue, and the patient
;

will sooner or later become heavy, forgetful, unable to connect ideas,

and finally sink into insensibility from which he never rises. This mode
of invasion, though not so frightful as the first, is of much more serious
import.
The third form of attack is where consciousness is retained, but
power on one side of the body is suddenly lost. The patient retains
his mind, and answers questions rationally, either by signs or words.
He may either die soon, or live for years, with imperfect speech, or a
leg dragging after him, or an arm hanging uselessly by his side.
Those persons who have large heads, red faces, short and thick necks,
and a short, stout, square build, are more predisposed to this disease,
than thin, pale and tall persons. Literary men, especially editors, lawyers,
doctors, etc., are subject to this disease, owing to mental overwork.
The symptoms preceding an apoplectic attack are headache, vertigo,
double vision, faltering speech, inability to remember certain words,
sometimes forgetfulness of one's one name, a frequent losing of a train
of ideas, and occasionally an unaccountable dread. It is caused by
whatever hurries the circulation as strong bodily exercise, emotional ex-
citement, exposure to the sun or severe cold, tight cravats, etc.
Treatment. —
If the face is turgescent and red, and the temporal
arteries throb, and the pulse full and hard, the patient should be placed
m a semi-recumbent position, with his head raised, his clothes loosened,
particularly his neck-band and shirt collar, and then quickly as possible,
cold water or ice should be applied to the head, leeches to the nape of
the neck, and mustard plasters to the calves of the leg. Tight ligatures
may also be tied around the thighs, sufficiently tight to arrest the
venous circulation they should be removed gradually as consciousness
;

returns. Administer a stimulating purgative, as a few drops of croton oil.

Injections may also be given. If the patient is old, and the pulse feeble,
bhe ice applications, ligature, etc. may be omitted, and instead apply
,

warm flannels and warm bricks to the body, and administer camphor.
To prevent future attacks, gentle tonics should be given, and the skia
kept healthy by daily bathing and friction. The bowels must not be
permitted to become costive. The diet should be well regulated. The
mind should be kept cheerful and hopeful, and free from all excitement.
Intoxicating drinks should be totally avoided, and sexual congress should
be of rare occurrence. In fact every thing that might provoke an at
taok should be avoided.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 303

Congestion of the Brain.

Thifi consists of an accumulation of blood in the cerebral vessels. The
fcountenance is flushed, the eyes suffused, light becomes intolerable, and
there is singing in the ears, vertigo, momentary loss of speech, and
sometimes delirium. Simple congestion is merely a functional affection,
and in a slight or moderate degree involves no immediate danger. It
may, however, produce apoplexy and sudden death. It is caused by
any mechanical impediment to the return of blood from the head, as tu-
mor of the neck, heart disease, etc. It is a concomitant to nearly every
inflammatory cerebral affection.
—
Treatment. The treatment consists in diverting the blood from
the head by hot mustard foot baths, and an active cathartic. Ice or
cold water may also be applied to the head, and the circulation reduced
by veratrum. The treatment is the same as advised in apoplexy, in all
essential particulars.

Sunstroke.
The injury done to the brain in this case is the same as in apoplexy,

with the exception of the clot. It is essentially congestion of the brain.

Persons who are exposed by necessity of pursuit to the extreme heat of
the sun, should be protected by a wet cloth or cabbage-leaves placed on
the head and under a light hat. The symptoms are first dizziness, fol-
lowed by intense headache. Thirst becomes excessive, the pulse indis-
tinct at the wrist, violent throbbing of the carotid and temporal arteries,
and insensibility ensues by a convulsive shivering of the body.
Treatment. —Place the patient immediately in a cool and shady place,
and instantly apply, copiously, cold water, or, what is better, pounded
ice in a bag, to the head. Make friction over his legs to relieve the
congested state of the brain. Application of turpentine by friction on
the spine is also of service. Inhalation of ammonia or hartshorn is bene-
ficial, and a small quantity of the carbonate of that substance may be

given internally. Continue this treatment until the patient is out of

danger, or until death ensues. In plethoric patients, bleeding from the
arm is required, and in this instance only is bleeding advisable. After
the patient becomes conscious and apparently out of danger, he is to be
removed to his home, and a brisk cathartic administered, to effect re
vulsion. In no case should he be allowed again to expose himself to
sun during the first four or five days after the occurrence of the sun-
stroke. The application of water or ice to the head should be abandon-
ed by gradual increase of temperature, to prevent any reaction

Insanity.
This an unsound manifestation of intellectual power. The indica-
is

tions which should excite alarm are headache, vertigo, mental confusion.
304 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

fretful temper, inaptitude for usual occupations, defective articulations,

dimness of vision, and flig-htiness of manner. The patient is also aware
that he is not right, he shuns his old friends, has frightful dreams, i:<
tortured with wicked thoughts. If it exists with general paralysis it is
frequently incurable. Derangement is manifested in various ways,
viz: —
1st. Ma)iia. — This is characterized by general delirium, in which the
reasoning faculty is disturbed and confused, if not lost, ideas absurd,

wandering, or erroneous conduct violent, excited, and extremely mis-

;

chievous. The maniac's hair is crisped, he neglects his family and busi-
ness, suspects his friends, dislikes the light, and certain colors horrify
him, his ears are sometimes very red, noise excites and disturbs him,
and he has frequent fits of anger and melancholy, without any cause.
His delirium extends to all subjects, and the entire intellect, affections
and will are in a chaotic wreck.
In puerperal mania occurring after delivery, the delirium is frequently
extreme, there being a tendency to suicide or child-murder. Maniacs
in general have a disposition to murder or suicide.
2d. Monomania. This is characterized by mental aberration on one
subject. The upon a false principle, and draws from it
patient seizes
injurious conclusions, which modify and change his whole life and char-
acter. In other cases the intellect is sound, but the affections and dis-
position being perverted, their acts are strange and inconsistent. At-
tempt is made to justify their hallucinations by plausible reasoning.
3d Dementia. This is a condition in which the weakness of intellect
is induced by accident or old age. The ideas are numerous, but vague,
confused and wandering; the memory is impaired, and the manners
childish, siUy and undecided.
4:th. Moral Mania. Moral insanity is a condition in which there is a
perversion of the natural feelings, affections, temper, habits, and moral
dispositions. The conduct is eccentric, and an uncontrolable destruc-
tive tendency, or a propensity to every species of mischief, are frequently
the leading features. A slight insanity is popularly called a kink in '
'

the head;" in Scotland, "a bee in the bonnet."

If insanity is characterized by fear, moroseness and prolonged sadness,
it is called lypemania or melandwlia. If religion is the theme of deli,

rium, termed theomania. If amatory delusions rule, it is called

it is

erotomania. If the suicidal tendency is strong, it is designated autopTw-

mania^ and if characterized by aversion to man and society, it is called
misanthropia. If the tendency is to stealing, it constitutes kleptomania.
Close confinement., and low diet., such conveniences as prisons afford, are
the best cures for thi^ species of mania.
It is a pitiful sight to see the thousand fancies in regard to themselves
of the insane. One imagines himself as an inspired individual, and
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 305

charged with the conversion of the world, while another sincerely be-
lieves that the devil has entered into him, and he curses God, himself
and the universe. Still another believes that he controls the world, and
directs the movements of the planets. One behoves that all the wisdom
is concentrated in him, and offers to teach the wisest. Another imag-
ines himself some grand king, is proud, withdraws from his fellows, and
will allow no one to come in his presence ^vithout proper acts of homage.
Yet another is Napoleon, or some other great general, and he fights his
battles anew, and majestically marshals his imaginary army. Idiocy is
owing to a congenital deficiency of mind, and in consequence the idiot
may often be a deaf-mute, and be governed by insane passions.
The cause of insanity is hereditary predisposition, constant revolution
in themind of some painful thought, injured feelings which cannot be
resented, mortified pride, perplexity in business, disappointed afEections
or ambition, pohtical or religious excitement, loss of friends or property,
and in general, whatever worries the mind or creates a deep distress.
Another prolific cause is masturbation.
Tkeatment. — The real character of the malady should be ascertained,
and, if possible, the pathological condition giving rise to the disorder cor-
rected. Out-door exercise, lively amusements, fresh air and daily bath-
ing, contribute largely to establish a cure. The exciting cause should
be removed. The stomach and bowels should receive due attention.
The tonics should be given to improve the general health of the patient.
Ladies' -slipper, scullcap, cannabis indica, gelsemium, aconite, veratrum,
belladonna, quinine, opium and lupulin, stand in good repute for this dis-
order. The moral treatment should be such as is best adapted to the con-
dition of the patient. It is probably best, when practicable, to place the
patient in some well-conducted insane asylum, where he will have pro-
per attendance and treatment. If this is not feasible, the physician should
make such arrangements as will best secure the patient, if of vicious dis-
position, from harming himself or others, but in no case should unneces-
sary restraint be placed upon the patient.
In many home surroundings and influences are
quiet, harmless cases,
most The guardians and companions of the insane should be
beneficial.
those whose souls are in sympathy with their misfortunes, and who will
endeavor through the influence of love and gentleness to lead the unbal-
anced mind back to health and happiness.
Special tastes for music, drawing, painting, aichitecture, etc., should
be encouraged; and the patient should be diverted from his delusions as
much as possible.

Delirium Treimens.
This is also called nan..^ a potti, and in common parlance it is the " hor-
rors" or "jim-jams." It Is caused by the sudden withdrawal from the
habitual or prolonged use of alcoholic stimulation. Its most prominent
506 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

characteristics are delirious hallucinations, fear, muscular tremors, weak-

ness, watchfulness, and the want of sleep. The symptoms are incessant
talking, fidgeting with the hands, trembling of the limbs, a rapid pulse,
profuse sweating, and a mingling of the real with the imaginary. The
patient's face is pale and sallow, his eye is rolMng, quick and expressive,
and is busy day and night, and can scarcely be confined to his room. He
is unwUling to admit that anything ails him, answers questions ration-

ally, and does whatever he is bidden at the time. Then he begins to

wander again, the expression becomes wild, the eyes vacant or staring,
and becomes the victim of pitiful and ludicrous illusions of senses, phan-
tasms and hallucinations of every kind he sees imaginary objects, such
;

as rats, mice, lice, dogs, cats, snakes, and hears and imagines the most
extraordinary and absurd delusions. In favorable cases, sleep ends the
crisis about the third or fourth day where death occurs, the delirium is
;

active until sudden suspension of breath ensues.

—
Treatment. Sleep is the cure for this disease, and opium and its
preparations are the sovereign remedies. Give one-third or one-half of a
grain of morphia if this does not produce sleep, give thirty drops of
;

laudanum every two hours till sleep is produced, A draught or two of

the patient's accustomed drink may also be given, and large doses of
opium may be dispensed with if cold applications are made to the head,
and the use of a tepid bath, prolonged for a few hours. Lupulin is also
a good remedy.

Headache (Cephalalgia).
This, in its widest acceptation, includes all uneasy sensations of the

head. It may be confined to one spot, or embrace one side, as in hemi-

crania or it may be diffused, and of indefinite extent.
; It may be felt
in the depths of the brain, or only in the scalp and cranium, and con-
tinue for an instant, or last for days and weeks. It is usually paroxysmal,
and the pain may be simple or very violent. It is a constant attendant
to the different forms of inflammation of the brain. It is caused by
various conditions decayed teeth may cause it.
; When confined to one
side,the pain is of a lancinating character when due to a disordered
;

stomach, it occurs in the forehead and temples when it occurs from a

;

congestive state of the brain, it is of a dull, heavy, aching character

when due to spinal irritation, there is a protracted pain in the top or
back part of the head ; and when it is accompanied by nausea and vomit-
ing, it is called ^'sick-headache.^''
—
Treatment. Immediate relief may frequently be obtained by
thoroughly evacuating the stomach, and drinking hot tea or coffee,
followed by adding ten drops of tincture of belladonna to a tumblerful of
water, and taking one tea-spoonful every ten or fifteen minutes. A hot
foot-bath and bathing the head in stimulating liniments also afford relief
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 307

insome cases. If it is due to a full habit, the diet must be regulated.

In some bad cases cold applications to the head, leeches to the temples,
and hot sinapisms to the spine may be required. Rubbing my " Herbal
Ointment " on the forehead, temples, and nape of neck gives instant relief.

Hypochondria.
Amongthe causes of this distressing complaint are disappointment,
misfortunes of a heavy character, care, masturbation, excessive mental
labor, undue anxiety, costiveness, neglect of cleanliness, indigestion,
sedentary occupations, living in close and gloomy apartments, or wet
and marshy localities, excessive indulgence in sexual pleasures, or any-
thing which tends to weaken and disturb the nervous system, or over-
stimulate the brain. The mental symptoms are countless. The chief one
is a constant dread of some unexplainable evil the patient fears that his
;

wife, if he has one, is unfaithful, or hates him, or that his business is

going to ruin, and he will be reduced to beggary, or that his friends
despise him, or that he will be charged with the commission of some
monstrous crime, or that he has all, or a majority of the worst physical
diseases that surgeon or physician was ever summoned to treat. These
are the lightest symptoms, and if not immediately attended to, will be-
come aggravated, and go on increasing in violence and extent until the
sufferer dies naturally from exhaustion and misery, gets hopelessly in-
sane, or perhaps commits suicide. The organs of sense are more or less
deranged, and external sensations are magnified and corrupted even as
those of the mind are. Thus, the eye appears to see aU sorts of forms
which it does not see ; the smell detects odors which do not exist; the
touch demonstrates to the brain objects with which it does not come
in contact ; the taste is perverted and disordered to an extent which
seems, to an uninterested observer, impossible and the ears convey
;

imaginary sounds of the most perplexing and terrific character. The

queer fancies of the hypochondriac are often of such a character as to
obliterate pity for the unhappy individual, and provoke both disgust and
laughter. Cases have been known where the victim imagined that he
was a teapot, or had glass legs which would break upon the lightest
exertion, or was made of jelly, and could not move without dissolving
into an un distinguish able mass of gelatinous matter, or was as large as
an elephant, or as small as a pipe-stem or had horns growing from the
;

head, or a bottle attached to the end of the nose, or was covered with
creeping and venomous insects. Hypochondria is also productive of
fainting spells, cold surface of the body, an eye either glassy and un-
naturally brilliant, or without any lustre, palpitations, pains in the
stomach, pale and livid countenance, and occasional paroxysms of fever.
—
Treatment. A cure may be effected by the employment of such medi-
cines as will restore tone to the stomach and nervous system, and also by
308 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

removing, as far as is possible, all tlie causes which lead to the origin and
perpetuation of the malady. Where it is within the scope of the patient's,
means he should be kept continually on the move (without fatigue), a con-
stant change of scene being one of the most desirable of self-acting reme-
dies. All allusions to his real or fancied miseries should be avoided, or, if
found necessar}^, of the kindest and most consoling description. It is
always the case that the hypochondriac will be the harshest, the most
suspicious, and the most tmgenerous in every way, towards his best
friends. This is an unfailing type of the disease. The friends must bear
these annoyances patiently and self-denyingly. To lose one's temper
with such a sufferer is to commit a great crime out-of-door exercise
;

must be as constant as is consistent with the weather and the patient's

circumstances. Leave the hypochondriac alone as little as possible.
Let him eat and drink but moderately of nourishing but easily-digested
food, and above all things keep him from the use of stimulating drinks
and tobacco. Music has been found highly beneficial in these cases —
anything is good, in fact, which affords lively amusement. A cold or
tepid sponge bath should be taken morning and evening, and the rule of
" early to bed and early to rise," should never be violated. The bowels
—
must always be kept open a good passage every twenty-four hours
being required— and where the patient is extremely weak, a good sub-
stantial tonic, such as " Restorative Assimilant," should be administered
three times a day. When the patient has a fainting spell, and thinks
he is dying, give him motherwort tea, with spirits of camphor in it, if
no other assistance happens to be at hand. This is only general treat-
ment for temporary benefit. To eradicate the disease thoroughly it is
necessary to know all about the individual case, and the chief causes of
its origin and development. Nature's remedies may then be applied
without fear of failure.

Neuralgia.
—
This disease affects one tissue only the nervous, and pain is the only
symptom. The pain is of every degree of intensity. It may affect
every nerve, but more commonly confined to the most important. The
is

tearing pain comes on suddenly and in paroxysms. It may be so agoniz

ing as to cause a temporary loss of reason.
When the fifth pair of nerves is affected it is called tic douleureux
and face ache when confined to the facial nerve and branches. It is
called sciatica when the pain begins at the hip and follows the course of
the sciatic nerve. It may also occur in the female breasts, the womb,
in the stomach and bowels, hands and feet, etc.
Treatment. — This is palliative and radical. The palliative treat-
ment consists in the hyoscyamus, ladios'-
administration of aconite,
slipper, belladonna, opium, morphine, lupulin, cicuta, etc. These can
 THlfi COMPLETE HERBALIST. 309

either be applied locally, or taken iotemally. Morphine and aconitin

should be injected subcutaneously, and immediate relief follows. In
sciatica, blistering along the course of the nerve often cures. Ten grains
each of aconitin and extract of belladonna and one drachm of lard,
form an excellent ointment for external application. The " Herbal Oint-
ment '
' (page 471) arrests the pain almost instantly. The radical treat-
ment consists in removrag the cause. If due to malarial influence,
quinine should be given. If associated with kidney disease, that organ
should receive attention. The alteratives are serviceable in many
cases.

Bilious Colic.
This neuralgia of the mesenteric net-work of nerves, or rather
is

hyperaesthesia of the plexus. By hyperaesthesia is meant excessive

sensibility or passability.It is characterized by sharp twisting pain ex-
tending from the navel to the lower portion of the abdomen. It occurs
in paroxysms, and is of a most excruciating character. The patient is
restless, hands, feet and cheeks are cold, and the pulse is small and
hard. The abdomen is tense and distended obstinate constipation, ;

and usually nausea and vomiting occur. The fits usually last from a
few mom^ents to several hours. The matter vomited up is .generally

bilious matter.
—
Treatment. Administer an active purgative injection immediately,
and give internally wild yam, camphor, etc. every fifteen minutes until
,

the pain is relieved. A strong decoction of wild yam root is a specific

cure for this affection. ScuU-cap and high-cranberry bark are also good.
The latter is called crcunj) hark on account of its excellence in spasmodic
affections. The vomiting may be checked by laudanum. Hot bathB,
fomentations, etc. , are also useful.

Hiccough.
'
This consists in spasmodic contraction of the midriff, and a certain
degree of constriction, which arrests the air in the wind-pipe, thus pro-
ducing sudden, short, convulsive inspirations, attended by slight sound,
and followed immediately by expiration. It is often a symptom of low
forms of fever and inflammatory diseases, or caused by the excessive
use of alcohol or tobacco.
Treatment.— When purely nervous, suddenly attracting the mind
will cure it. Hence the common advice to the hiccoughing patient,
" think of your sweetheart" is sO'Often effectual, because the fond ob-
ject absorbs the whole miad. When dependent upon a disordered state
of the stomach, an emetic will relieve it. In fevers it denotes debility,
indicatiag the need of stimulants.
310 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Whooping Cough (Pertussis).

This is a hyperassthesia of the pneumo-gastric nerve, and not due
to inflammation, as may be supposed. It is a contagibus disease. It
consists of a convulsive cough, attended by hissing and rattling in the
windpipe, and ineffectual efforts to expel the breath. This is repeated
until a quantity of thick, tenacious mucus is expectorated, when the
breathing again becomes free. The paroxysms apparently threaten
suffocation,and the agitation affects the whole body. Blood is some-
times started from the nostrils, but, notwithstanding the violence of the
symptoms, it is rarely ever dangerous.
Treatment. —An emetic may be given at first. Liniments of olive
oil or the " Herbal Ointment" should be applied to the spine. The anti-
spasmodics are or course indicated, such as belladonna, a decoction of
bitter almond, or of cherry seed, etc. Lobelia is a good remedy, as is
also skunk cabbage daily vapor inhalations are also serviceable
;
cochi- ;

neal has a good reputation it should be used with stillingia.

;

Spasm op the Glottis.

This is also called the croioing disease or false croup. It is common to
children, and rarely occurs in adults. It is a spasmodic disease, and
distinguishable from croup by the absence of fever. The child is sud-
denjly taken with an impossibility of taking breath, and struggles
convulsively for a time, its head thrown back, face pale, legs and arms
stiff, and when it begins to breathe it is of a crowing character.

—
Treatment. In the paroxysm set the child in an upright position,
exposed to a full draught of cool and fresh air, and sprinkle cold water
in its face. Loosen all its clothes around the neck, slap it slightly on
the back, and apply friction along the spine. If not successful, place it
in a warm bath, and then sprinkle cold water in its face. If due to
teething, use the proper remedies, and give some gentle physic.

Epilepsy,
This is characterized by the sudden loss of consciousness and sensi-
bility, accompanied with spasms and convulsions. comes on sud-
It
denly, and epileptics, by the sudden attacks, are at times in danger.
all

They may be taken while descending a flight of stairs, while traversing

the bank of a precipice, while crossing a street crowded with vehicles
drawn at full speed, or while in a throng of people whose feet would
trample them to death, especially in case of an alarm of fire, a great public
meeting or pageant, or other sudden danger. But aU those afflicted in
this terrible way which they are the
are actually alive to the dangers of
constant expectants. Epilepsy, in its severer forms, is a terrible disease
to witness. It is productive of great distress and misery, and liable to
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 311

terminate in worse than death, as it is apt, in many cases, to end in fa-

tuity or insanity,and so carrying perpetual anxiety and dismay into all
of those families which it has once visited.
The leading symptoms of Epilepsy are, a temporary suspension of con-
sciousness, with clonic spasms, recurring at intervals ; but so various are
its forms, and so numerous its modifications, that no general description

of the disease can be given. I. will first describe the most ordinary type

of the disease, and then note some of the several variations which occui
from the standard type.
A man enjoyment of perfect health suddenly utters a
in the apparent
loud cry, and the ground, senseless and convulsed. He
falls instantly to

strains and struggles violently. His breathing is embarrassed and sus-

pended his face is turgid and livid he foams at the mouth a choking
;
; ;

sound is heard in his wind-pipe, and he appears to be at the point of

death from apnoea, or suspension of breath. By degrees, however,
these alarming phenomena diminish, and finally cease, leaving the
patient exhausted, heavy, stupid, comatose, or in a death-like condition.
His life, however, is no longer threatened, and soon, to all appearances,
he is perfectly well. The same train of morbid phenomena recur, again
and again, at different, and mostly at irregular intervals, perhaps
through a long course of years, notwithstanding the best medical science
has been exercised to prevent and cure the distressing malady. TUs is
the most ordinary form of Epilepsy.
The suddenness of the attack is remarkable in an instant, whesu it is
:

least expected by himself, or by those around him, in the middlv of a

sentence or of a gesture, the change takes place, and the unfortunate
sufferer is stretched foaming, struggling, and insensible on the earth.
In this country. Epilepsy is commonly called the ''^Falling Skkness^^^
or more vaguely, " Fits.'" The cry, which is frequently, but not always
uttered, a piercing and terrifying scream. Women have often been
is

thrown upon hearing it, and frequently it has caused preg-

into hysterics
nant females to miscarry. Even the lower animals are often startled,
and appalled by a scream so harsh and unnatural, and parrots and other
birds have been known to drop from their perch, apparently frightened
to death by the appalling sound.
In most of the cases of fits, which have come under my notice and
treatment, the first effect of the spasms has been a twisting of the neck,
the chin being raised and brought round by a succession of jerks towards
the shoulder, while one side of the body is usually more stronglv agi-
tated than the other. The features are greatly distorted, the brows
knit, the eyes sometimes quiver and roll about, sometimes are fixed and
staring, and sometimes are turned up beneath the lids, so that the cornea
cannot be seen, but leaving visible the white sclerotica alone a-c the
;

Bame time the mouth is twisted awry, the tongue thrust between the
312 THE COIkTPLETE HERBALIST.

teeth, and, caught by the violent closure of the jaws, is often severely
bitten,reddening by blood the foam which issues from the mouth. The
hands are firmly clenched and the thumbs bent inwards on the palms,
the arms are generally thrown about, striking the chest of the patient
with great force. Sometimes he will bruise himself against surrounding
objects, or inflict hard knocks on the friends and neighbors who have
liastened to his assistance. It frequently happens that the urine and
excrements are expelled during the violence of the spasms, and seminal
emissions sometimes take place. The spasmodic contraction of the
muscles is occasionally so powerful as to dislocate the bones to which
they are attached. The teeth have thus been fractured, and the joints
of the jaw and of the shoulder put out or dislocated.
This is the most severe^ yet the most common form in which an epi-
leptic attack occurs. Fortunately, there is a large class of cases in which
the symptoms are milder. Sometimes there is no convulsion at all, or, at
least, is very slight and transient no turgescence of the face no foam-
; ;

ing of the mouth no cry but a sudden suspension of consciousness, a

; ;

short period of insensibility, a fixed gaze, a totter, perhaps, a look of

confusion, but the patient does not but momentary. Pre-
fall. This is

sently consciousness returns, and the patient resumes the action in

which he had been previously engaged, without always being aware that
it has been interrupted.

Between these two extremes of epilepsy there are many links or

grades. Sometimes the sufferer sinks or slides down quietly without
noise is pale
;
is not convulsed
; but is insensible, much like one in a
;

state of syncope, or fainting.

As it is impossible to give any single description of epilepsy which will
include all its varieties, of course it is still more difficult to offer a strict
definition of the disease. We can only say it is a malady that causes a
sudden loss of sensation and consciousness, with spasmodic contraction
of the voluntary muscles, quickly passing into violent convulsive distor-
tions,attended and followed by stupor or sleep, recurring in paroxysms,
often more or less regular. Yet all these circumstances may in turn be
wanting. There may be no convulsion, no interruption of conscious-
ness, no subsequent coma or stupor, or even a recurrence of the
attack.
The duration of the attacks is variable. They seldom continue longer
than half an hour the average duration may be said to be from five to
;

ten minutes. Attacks that spread over three or four hours generally
consist of a succession of paroxysms, with indistinct intervals of coma-
tose exhaustion. In the long-continued fits, or in the protracted suc-
cession of fits, the patient often dies.
The periods at which the paroxysms return are extremely variable.
Most commonly they visit the sufferer at irregular periods of a few
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 313

months or weeks sometimes are repeated at intervals of a few days

; ;

sometimes every day or every night, and very frequently many times
in the twenty-four hours.
The epileptic attack may come on for the first time at any age. It may
begin in infancy during the first dentition, or teething more commonly ;

about the age of seven or eight years, during the time of the second
dentition more frequently still, from fourteen to sixteen, shortly before
;

the age of puberty. It is apt to occur for a few years subsequently to

this. The first fit may not occur till between thirty and forty or it may ;

occur at sixty, or even at a later period of life.

—
Treatment. There is perhaps no disease where a greater diversity
of medical treatment has been instituted than in Epilepsy. The whole
pharmacopoeia has been exhausted, and each remedy extolled for its
virtues. One medical man says he cures the disease by trephining;
another thinks the oil of turj^entine the best remedy still another recom-
;

mends the vapor of chloroform. This doctor applies ice, the other cau-
terizes the back with a hot iron, and yet another speaks highly of a
compound of camphor, valerian, assafoetida, naphtha, and oil of cajeput.
Unless rational treatment is employed, the disease cannot be cured.
If occurring in infants, it should be ascertained if it is not due to teeth-
ing or worms, and the proper treatment instituted, if so caused. If
connected with derangement of the catamenia, masturbation, or sperma-
torrhoea, the treatment for these complaints is necessary. The anti-
spasmodics are indicated in every case, the best of which is blue vervian,
although valerian, belladonna, scullcap, etc., are also good. The general
condition of the system should receive strict attention.
On page 469 I have given a remedy which wiU prove in eight cases
out of ten a simple and certain cure.

A fair trial will convince every one that it is one of the most potent
remedies ever discovered for the cure of epilepsy, falling sickness, or
fits. When this medicine is taken, the spasms gradually grow lighter
and lighter, and finally disappear altogether, restoring the patient to the
most perfect normal health. Its effect is truly wonderful. The time
to accomplish a cure is usually from two to three months.

Hysterics.
This a nervous condition confined to females, though well marked
is

cases of hysteria are occasionally met with in males. The invasion of

the disease is sudden and irregular, but in many cases decidedly period-
ical. The principal characteristics consist iu alternate fits of weeping and
laughing, with a sensation as a ball was rolling towards the stomach,
if
chest, and neck, producing a sense of strangulation. Consciousness is
lost in violent cases, but it remains clear as a general thing, which dis-
14
314 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

ting-uishes it from <5pilepsy. It is dependent upon irregularity of nervous

distribution in very impressible persons.
Treatment. — During the paroxysms, the feet should be placed in
warm water, and a hot mustard plaster applied to the lower part of the
abdomen. A decoction of equal parts of ladies' -slipper and scullcap
should be given until the spasm subsides. A tea made of ginger and
bayberry, the tincture of castor, and assafoetida, are also good. The
state of the womb should receive attention, and if dependent upon in-
digestion and constipation, tonics and laxatives are the proper remedies.
I have never met with the annoyance or difficulty in the treatment of
this disease that somany practitioners speak of, but regard the disease
as easy of cure.

Catalepsy.
This an affliction of rare occurrence, and appears to be constitu-
is

tional, or dependent upon some derangement of the nervous and mus-

cular system which baffles inquiry. The sufferer is suddenly seized by
it, and, although powerless to move, or speak, and to all appearance

dead, is partially sensible of all that is going on around. In some cases,

however, the senses are suspended. The body and limbs are not gen-
erally rigid, but will remain in the positions in which the bystand-
ers may place them. Many years ago, when the light of science was not
so bright, or shed so extensively as it is now, men and women were buried
alive while cataleptic. The catalepsy, or trance, often lasts for weeks,
the sufferer, in the meantime, partaking of no nourishment whatever.
" Absence of mind " a slight form of catalepsy.
is

Treatment.— During the paroxysms the head should be showered

with cold water, followed by hot foot-baths and stimulating liniments,
with friction to the abdomen and spine. Some aromatic stimulant, as
peppermint sling or compound spirits of lavender, should also be ad-
ministered. !For the toning of the nervous system and preventing
recurrence of the trance, the "Restorative Assimilant" answers aU
purposes admirably.

St. Vitus's Dance (Chokea).

This is characterized by irregular contractions of the voluntary mus-
cles, especially of the face and limbs, there being incomplete subserviency
of these muscles to the will. It is a disease which usually occurs before
puberty, and is generally connected with torpor of the system and of the
digestive organs in particular. The spasms do not continue during sleep,
and often, by a strong they can in a measure be con-
effort of the will,
trolled. Its duration is long, but usually devoid of danger, unless it
merges into organic disease of the nervous centres, or of the heart, or
into epilepsy.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 315

Treatment. —The general system should be strengthened, and the

intestinal canal stimulated. Purgatives once or twice a week, with ap-
propriate regimen, will fulfil these. A mild purgative, like the " Reno-
vating Pill," should be used. The decoction of scullcap and ladies'-
It is cured in a short time by my
"
slipper is very beneficial. Restora- '

tive Assimilant."

Locked-Jaw (Tetanus).
This is a disease of the true spinal system, and is manifested by spasm
and rigidity of the voluntary muscles. When the muscles of the neck
and face are affected, it is termed Trismus^ or locked-jaw when the ;

muscles in front, Emprosthotonos : when the muscles of the back, Opis-

thotonos ; and when bending to either side, Pleurosthotonos.
Tetanus may be either acute or chronic the former is the most fre-
;

quent and most formidable the latter, apt to be partial, milder, and
;

more subject to treatment.

It is called traumatic when it follows a wound or injury, and idiopathic
when of spontaneous origin.
Acute traumatic tetanus is more common in hot climates, and in mili-
tary practice, and may follow a slight bruise or puncture, especially if

some nerve has been injured. The symptoms may appear in a few hours,
or in many days at fiarst, there is a stiffness and soreness about the
;

neck and face, the contraction of the muscles causing a ghastly smile ;

chewing and swallowing are difficult, the forehead is wrinkled, eyeballs

are distorted, nostrils dilated, and the grinning countenance is expres-
sive of horror. Respiration is rapid, the tongue protrudes, and the
saliva dribbles. The mind is clear until just before death, which gener-
ally takes place in a few days.
—
Treatment. The indications are to remove all sources of irritation
and diminish the spasm. The wound is to be cleansed from all foreign
bodies, pus to be discharged by a free incision, if necessary, and warm
anodyne poidtices and fomentations are to be applied. Excision of the
wound, or division of the nerve leading to it, may be done by the sur-
geon. Nutrition and opium are indispensable the latter may be used ;

either externally or internally. A lobelia emetic, if it can be adminis-

tered, should be given, and a brisk purgative should be given. Tobacco,
eitlier by the mouth, or in enema, is an excellent relaxant. Camphor,
assafoetida, etc., may also be used as antispasmodics. Cannabis indica
internally, and ice to the spine, have been used advantageously in some
cases. If, in opinion of the attending physician, it is necessary, chloro-
foi-m or ether may be used as an anaesthetic.

Paralysis (Palsy).
The most characteristic symptom of cerebral hemonhag^ is paralysis.
 316 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Very slight effusion produces tliis effect, and, in general, its intensity is
in direct ratio of the extent of the effusion. It also arises from disease
of the brain or membranes, injuries of the brain and spinal cord,
its
diseases of the cord or its membranes, or any injury of the large nervous
networks, the action of lead, etc. The nerves of motion as well as those
of sensation may be paralyzed, and when it exists on one side of the body
it is called Jiemiplegia^ and when confined to the lower limbs, paraplegia.

When the muscles of the mouth or of an extremity are affected, it is

called partial paralysis, and when both sides, whether in their extent or
in some of their parts, are deprived of motion, it is termed general
paralysis.
At the very moment of the effusion it acquires all at once its highest
degree of intensity, then remains stationary or begins to diminish.
Sometimes the paralyzed part has not previously experienced any
disturbance with respect to either sensation or motion; sometimes,
however, the patient has experienced in these parts pricking sensations,
numbness, permanent or transient, an unusual feeling of cold, a sense
of weight, and a certain degree of debility. The part paralyzed suggests
the locality of the effusion or injury, but these are only of interest to the
pathologist. When the affected muscles degenerate or atrophy, it is
called wasting palsy, and when characterized by slow progress, and
tremulousness increases to such extent that the agitation prevents sleep,
all locomotion, diflBculty of chewing and swallowing, etc., it is called
paralysis agitans.
—
Treatment. If dependent upon cerebral hemorrhage, the treatment
of apoplexy should be instituted, and afterwards the use of derivatives
such as purgatives, alteratives, diuretics, etc., and the use of local stim-
ulants. The patient should be
restricted in his diet, and all causes of
cerebral excitement, whether physical or moral, should be avoided.
The bowels should be well acted upon, and the condition of the bladder
attended to. When the organic disease is removed, and all symptoms
of vascular excitement have subsided, recourse should be had to nux
vomica, or strychnine, tonics, and galvanism. In giving strychnine, the
lowest dose should be given at first, and cautiously increased. Macrotin,
viburnin, xanthoxyhn, and rhusin are also good remedies. The local
treatment consists in stimulating liniments, blisters to the spine, etc.
Those who may desire my counsel and opinion of their cases, as to
nature and curableness, will please write as directed on page 390.

Hydrophobia.
This caused by the bite of a mad dog or other hydrophobic animals.
is

The human subject is not as liable to hydrophobia as the lower animals,

and it is consoling to know that only about one -tenth of those bitten axe
attacked by hydrophobia.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 317

The interval of the bite and appearance of the disease varies from
twelve days to two months. The wound heals like any other bite, but
on approach of the disease the scar begins to have sharp pains, and the
part feels cold, stiff, or numb. The patient feels a strange anxiety, is
depressed in has an occasional chiU, disturbed sleep, and spas-
spirit,

modic twitches. The

appetite is lost, and, as the disease progresses,
thirst appears, and he attempts to drink but, the moment the water
;

approaches his mouth, a spasmodic shudder comes over him, he pushes

it back with horror, and the awful fact of his condition is known to him,

and pitiful expressions escape him. His throat becomes fuU of glain,
viscid mucus, which he continually tries toclear away. He strives to
bite his attendants, suffers great depression of spirits, and finally dies

from exhaustion, or in a horrible spasm.

Treatment. — The wound should be cut out, cups or suction applied
to it, and the patient should be kept quiet.
or thoroughly cauterized,
Copious draughts of vi^hiskey have been advised by some.
The red chickweed or scarlet pimpernel is said to be an absolute re-
medy. Four ounces of this should be boiled in two quarts of water un-
til reduced to one quart, and a wine-glassful taken twice a day. The
wound should also be bathed by the same. The common rose-beetle
(cetonia amata), found so commonly on rose-bushes, is an effectual remedy.
I desire in this connection to draw attention to a most absurd, ridicu-
lous superstition which prevails that is, if a person be bitten by a dog
;

•which is in perfect health, but afterwards goes mad, the person also will
be affected, so they insist upon the dog being destroyed, for fear it
should go mad at any futiire period. Instead of this the dog should be
carefuUy taken care of. Patients would then have the satisfaction of
knowing that there was nothing wrong with it, and their minds would
be at rest.

DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

Humid Tetter (Eczema). —
This consists in the appearance of minute shining vesicles, not larger
than the head of a small pin, on different portions of the body. They
are usually clustered together, and surrounded by a red ring. The
fluid in the vesicles becomes opaque in a few days, and finally forms
light, thin scales, which fall off. In most cases a fresh crop appears a*j
soon as the first crop is matured, in which case yellow crusts form over
the diseased patch, and chronic tetter exists for weeks or months. The
red pczema the worst form of this disease.
is

Treatment. —
Low diet, cooling drinks, gentle purgatives and warm
baths should be prescribed. The acetic tincture of blood-root should be
318 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

externally applied. It speedily cures all cases. Celandine, tar, slippery-

elm poultices, etc. , are also useful.

Tetter, Shlnqles (Herpes).

Tetter is a transient non-contagious eruption, consisting of circum-
scribed red patches, upon each of which are situated clusters of vesicles,
about the size of a pea.After a few days the vesicles break, pour out a
thin fluid, and form brown or yellow crusts, which fall off about the
tenth day, leaving the surface red and irritable. The eruption is attend-
ed with heat, tingling, fever, and restlessness, especially at night.
Ringworm is a curious form of tetter, the mflamed patches being ring-
like in form.
Treatment. —Light diet, and gentle laxatives. If the patient is old
the tonics should be given. The an excellent
elder- flower ointment is

external application. The acetic tincture of lobelia No- is also good.

thing better, however, can be used than the " Herbal Ointment," men-
tioned on page 471.

Itch (Scabies).

This annoying disease caused by minute white insects, the acarus

is

scahei or sareoptis Tiominis^ which insinuate themselves beneath the

skin. It is said that these insects travel in pairs, male and female, hus-
band and wife evidently, and that the female is very much the smaller.
Under the microscope the animal appears as in the cut, which gives a

The Itcli Insect.

front,back and side view of it. The elegance of the animal is beyond
question, and hismode of burrowing under the skin is sagacious. When
placed upon the skin he proceeds to make a hole through it, which he'
does by his head and fore-feet. Into this he insinuates his whole body.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 319

Like the mole, he makes a channel many times his own len^h, at the
end excavating a chamber, where he takes his siesta^ and from whence
he saunters forth in quest of provender. As age approaches, tired of
the home of his youth, he digs onward, scoops o\xt another, in which he
ends his days, beloved and respected by all his neighbors.
Itch is characterized by a vesicular eruption, and makes its appear-
ance between the fingers and in other soft portions of the skin. If the
pimples are scratched a watery fluid is poured out which forms small
scabs, and if the disease is not cured, extensive sores occur. It is more
common among the poor, but James I. of England said that it was only
fitted for kings, so excellent is the enjoyment of scratching. It may be
a royal luxury, but I am quite sure that persons having the itch would
consent for it to be entirely monopolized by kings. A similar disease
is caused by the acarus sacchari, an insect very common in brown
sugar.
Treatment. —Whatever kills the little animal will cure the itch. This
is by sulphur. It should be made into an ointment with
best achieved
lard, and thoroughly rubbed into the skin before the fire, morning and
evening for a few days. This will put an end to the
'
squatter sove- '

reignty of whole colonies.

''
An ointment made from veratrum also does
well. Another method is equally if not more efficacious. Rub the en-
tire surface of the body over with soft soap for half an hour then a —
warm bath for half an hour, washing it thoroughly off, and exciting the
skin to active circulation. Then an ointment, prepared as foUows,
should be rubbed over the entire surface Take eight ounces of lard
:

and into it thoroughly rub two ounces of flour of sulphur, and one ounce
of carbonate of potash, making an even and uniform mixture, and it ia
ready for use. This, after it has remained on the skin for three hours,
may be well washed off, and the disease is entirely annihilated. In per-
sons of tender skin, or where considerable inflammation has been set
up by continued scratching, it may be necessary to anoint with hard
soap instead of soft, for it does not contain as much alkali, and leave
—
out the carbonate of potash in the ointment for reason of its being too
stimulating. In these instances, it will take longer to cure the disease,
but it is just as certain in its results. This mode of treating this dis-
ease is an entirely successful one — and no one need '
' to scratch "' if

these simple directions be attended to.

Watery Blebs (Pemphigus).

This is characterized by loss of appetite, febrile symptoms, at first, fol-

lowed by a bright red eruption of a smarting or burning sensation. In

the centre of this eruption, minute vesicles appear, which gradually en-
large in blisters in the shape of bubbles and contain a watery fluid. They
vary in size from a split pea to that of a hen's eg^, and rise very rapidly.
320 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

and break in a few days, leaving a raw surface, which soon becomea
covered with a crust.
—
Treatment. The surface of the body should be bathed, and the
bowels opened by a gentle purge. The inflamed surface should be cov-
ered by a slippery-elm poultice, and be kept moist with tincture of
lobeUa. When the constitution is feeble, quinine, alnuin, etc., should
be given. The diet should receive especial attention, and out-door ex-
ercise enjoyed.

RUPIA.
This is a small blister, or vesicle, about the size of a chestnut, which
at first contains a darkish fluid, which dries into a crust, falls off, and
leaves an indolent ulcer. always connected with a vitiated consti-
It is
tution, and is dependent frequently upon imperfect diet, although
chronic disease, such as syphilis, phthisis, dyspepsia, and poisonous
mineral medicines, not unfrequently produce it.
—
Treatment. The digestive organs should be corrected, and the
blood nourished and enriched by wholesome diet and tonics. The local
applications should consist of emollient poultices, and kept constantly
moist with the tincture of hydrastia, baptisin, or myrrh. A poultice
of equal parts of bayberry, white pond-lily and slippery- elm is very bene-
ficial. The cause, however, is always to be ascertained before the treat-
ment is interposed.

Crusted Tetter (Impetigo).

The eruption in this disease consists, at first, in slightly elevated pus-
tules or pimples, closely coUected together, with an inflamed edge.
These break, and the surface becomes red, excoriated, shining, and fuU
of pores, through which a thin, unhealthy fluid is poured out, which
gradually hardens into dark, yellowish-green scabs. These scabs some-
times look Like honey dried upon the skin, and hence the name of
"honey disease." It is very common on the ears and lips of children.
It is also called the milk crusty when it covers the whole face.
—
Treatment. Give a purgative, and let the patient take a hot bath.
As a local application equal parts of blood-root and white pond-lily, say
one ounce, and cider vinegar, six ounces, mix, and let stand twenty -four
hours, and apply as a wash with a sponge four or five times a day. The
oxide of zinc ointment is also good, but the best and speediest cure is
the " Herbal Ointment," described on page 471.

Papulous Scale (Ecthyma).

This consists of mattery pimples developed on a highly inflamed
gkin, appearing chiefly on the extremities and rarely met with in chil-
dren in the acute form. It is either acute or chronic. The eruption in
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 321

the acute foim is preceded by a slight fever, and in about thirty-six

hours red spots appear on the skin, accompanied by heat and tingling.
On the second day, the centres of these spots are raised by the pus con-
tained, to which the name of 'phlyzadous pui^tule is given. This stage
is accompanied by much pain. Maturation occurs from the fourth to

the sixth day, and the disease usually terminates in two weeks. The
chronic form is more common, and afflicts young children oftener than
adults.
—
Treatment. For the acute form, low diet, gentle laxatives, and
the application of oxide of zinc ointment. The pustulated surface
should also be covered with slippery-elm poultices, and kept constantly
moist with tincture of lobelia. In the chronic form, in addition to the
above, the tonics should be given, and the blood should be enriched by
proper medication and nutritious diet.

Leprosy.

The eruption makes its appearance as a small red spot,

in this disease
elevated a above the general skin, usually occurring first on the
little

limbs. The scales occurring on these patches occur in layers, one above
the other, and have a bright silveiy lustre. This is the le^wa alphaides.
The Hebrew leprosy was a variety of this form. What was known as
the Leuce was generally not scaly, but consisted of smooth, shioing
patches, on which the hair turned white and silky, and was totally in-
curable. When leprosy is of dark livid color, it is called lepra nigricans^
and when copper-colored, it is due to syphilis, and is termed leipra syphi-
litica. The leprosy of the Arabs is known as Elephantiasis^ and
what is

the Greek leprosy includes the varieties met with at the present day.
Leprosy is endemic in Egypt^ in Java, and certain parts of Norway and
Sweden.
Treatment. —The means best adapted for its removal, are,amild, un-
irritating diet, emollient fomentations, sulphureous baths, fumigations,
etc. but often all treatment is inefEectual.
,
A
warm solution of the ses-
quicarbonate of potash is effectual in some cases. An ointment of glyce-
rine and hydrastin, and the acetic tincture of blood-root, are also service-
able, but as a topical remedy, nothing could be superior to my " Herbal
Ointment."

Dry Tetter (Psoriasis).

This differs from leprosy in the eruption being more irregular. The
spots sometimes come out in thick clusters, and blend in various ways.
The eruption is not circular as in leprosy, but consists of irregular
patches of every extent, and the surface is more tender and irritable
than in leprosy. There axe many varieties of this disease. The
14* V
323 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

" Baker's Itch," "Grocer's Itch," and "Washerwoman's Scall," are only
different varieties of psoriasis.
Treatment, — The acetic tincture of blood-root or oxide of zinc
ointment, may
be applied to the eruption, and the skin should be kept
clean, and the pores open. The inflammations may be lessened by
emollient and soothing applications. Sea bathing is very good. The
general health should be attended to in all cases, and the tonics given iist
necessary cases.

Pityriasis.

This name
is from the Greek 'pityron^ signifying hran. It is charac^
terized by patches of yellowish, or reddish yellow color, covered with
fine branny scales, accompanied by smarting, itching, and burmng. It
may occur at any part of the body, under three or four varieties of
form.
Treatment. — The treatment advised in psoriasis wiU answer in this
disease

Lupus.
This is the "Jacob's Ulcer" of common parlance, anfi from its rapa-
city it is named Lwpus, which is the Latin name for wolf. It is also
called " noh me tangere," touch me not. It occurs in a variety of forms,
generally upon the face. It commences by slight thicKening and eleva-
tion of the skin, usually not larger than a wheat grain. A thiri, hard,
brownish scab appears on its surface. The disease extends, usually
slowly, but sometimes very rapidly, and cases have occurred where tne
whole nose has been destroyed in a month. It is very rapacious, destroy-

ing even the bones in its progress.

—
Treatment. When it first makes its appearance it should be tho-
roughly destroyed with caustics, and healed by zmc ointment. At the
same time, the alteratives should be given. My "Blood Purifier" (see
page 473) is excellent for this purpose. Early institution of treatment
will only prevent destruction of tissue.

Elephantiasis,
This is characterized by the development of tumors upon the skin,
varying in size from the head of a pea to that of an apple, or even
larger. Eventually these tumors ulcerate, and discharge an imhealthy
pus, in some cases affecting the bone, and resulting in mortification and
death. It is endemic in Lisbon, At first there is a discoloration of the
skin of the face, the lobes of the ear lengthen, and the wings of the nose
spread out then the face becomes tuberculous, the features are puffed
;

out, the lips thicken, the whiskers, eyebrows, and eyelashes fall out.
The tubercles ulcerate after some years, there is ozcena, the fingers and
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 323

fcoes mortify, and the body exhales a moat loathsome odor. This is the
leprosy of the ancient Egyptians.
Treatment. — The parts should be thoroughly bathed with a strong
solution of the sesquicarbonate of potash, and stillingia and other
alteratives administered. Where the parts become swollen, painting
with the tincture of iron, followed by astringent poultices, has been
found very beneficial. When confined to the extremities, amputation
may become necessary.

Acne.
This is a small pimple or tubercle which appears on various parts of
the face. The disease leads to no particular evil results, save that it is
unpleasant, slightly painful, and disfiguring. It commonly afflicts the
young and robust of both sexes, and generally indicates strong passions,
and too great an indulgence in animal food, or neglect of ablutions and
out-of-door exercise. It is sometimes, in its more severe forms, the
consequence of solitary practices. The common form of the disease is
an eruption of hard, distinct, inflamed tubercles which remain un-
changed for a long time, or else slowly advance to partial suppura-
tion. They are to be seen on the forehead, cheeks, and chin, and
sometimes on the nose. It is commonly known as the brandy face or
rum blots.

Treatment. —Attention to the general health becomes necessary.

It is not well to drive them in by lotions, as they are then liable to
break out in some internal organ. Attention to diet, plenty of ex-
ercise, a pure imagination, and a clean body, together with open and
regular bowels, will soon effect the disappearance of this troublesome
enemy of good looks.

Warts and Corns.

Warts consist of collections of hypertrophied cutaneous papillEe, or
loops of veins, arteries and nerves. These loops, frequently, without
any apparent cause, take on a disposition to grow, and by extending
themselves upward, they carry the scarf-skin along with them, which
thickens, and the whole forms the wart.
Corns consist m excrescences confined mostly to the toes and soles of
the feet, resulting from wearing tight shoes. They occasionally form
on the elbows and knees, or on the extremities of the fingers. When
occurring between the toes, they are called soft corns.
Buni&ns consist of an enlargement, thickening, and inflammation of
the mucous bursa at the side of the ball of the great toe. Occasionally
the bursa suppurates, and a fistulous opening left after the pus has
evacuated.
Teeatment. — Corns may be cured by shaving them closely and
324 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

applying nitro-muriatic acid or chromic acid ointment. For soft corns

acetic acid is better. Warts should be clipped off with the scissors, and
chromic acid applied, or any other cauterizing agent will answer. The
tincture of thuja is also excellent. Bunions are cured by bathing them
frequently in the oil of erigeron.

Prukitis.
This dependent upon an altered condition of the nerves of the skin,
is

and consists in a painful sensation of itching.There is no perceptible

alteration in the appearance of the skin, and the itching is generally the
result of sympathy, through the nerves, with some diseased condition of
a distant part. It more frequently affects the fundament, the scrotum,
or the vulva of females.
—
Treatment. The following is usually all the treatment that is re-

quired : — Take oleo-resin of lobelia, grs. xx ; aconitin, grs. iij ;

sul-

phate of sanguinaria, grs. x ;

glycerine, § ij. Apply the ointment
Mix.
to the part three or four times a day. Lead-water and opium are
also beneficial.

Macule, or Spots.

This affection, which is characterized by an increased hue of the pig-

ment of the skin, consists of freckles and moles. Ephelis lenticularis,
or common freckles, appears in small yellowish, brownish, or greenish-
yellow, irregular, rounded spots, caused particularly by the influence
of the sun's rays upon the parts. It occurs generally in females,
owing to their fine skia. is observed in females
Ephdis hepatica
during pregnancy. caused by the long use of
Ephelis violacea is

nitrate of silver. Moles are dark colored patches, usually covered

with hair. NcBvi or mother's marks are called aneurisms by anas-
tomosis, or an inter-connection and enlargement of the arterioles of
the skin. Leucopathia^ or Albinism, consists of a diminution of the
coloring matter of the skin. It is found in all races, but is most strik-
ing in the black.
Treatment.— Freckles may be removed by keeping out of the sun,
and frequently washing the face in a solution of lactic acid. Fresh
buttermilk answers the same purpose. The best remedy, however,
is to be foimd in my "Floral Bloom." It quickly removes freckles,

moth patches, etc., and makes the skin clear and transparent. Moles
and mother's marks belong to surgery, and may in many instances be
removed. Albinism is incurable.

ScALLED Head (Tinea Favosa).

This caused by an insect by the name of achorion ScMnldnii. The
is

eruption takes the shape of large flattened pustules, which have an

 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 325

irregular edge, and are surrounded by inflammation. Sometimes they

appear first beMnd the ears, and at other times upon the face, spread-
ing thence to the scalp. The face is usually involved to some extent
wherever the eruption may originally show itself. Scalled head ia
mostly confined among children. In the outset of the disease the pus-
tules on the scalp are generally distinct ;
—
on the face they rise in
irregular clusters. They are attended by much itching, and the efforts
to relieve this torment hasten their breaking. When broken they
discharge a viscid matter and run together, gradually forming sores of a
vicious character. These sores are covered by yellowish-greenish scabs
which present a revolting appearance.
—
Treatment. The hair should be shaved close to the scalp, and the
head thoroughly washed with soap and water, after which the zinc oint-
ment should be applied in the morning and the tar ointment in the even-
ing. Alteratives should also be given. This course, if persisted in, will
remove the disease.

TmEA Sycosis.
This LS commonly known and is confined to the
as "Barber's Itch,"
face, especially to that portion covered by the beard. It is character-
ized by inflammation of the hair follicles, causing an eruption of smaU
pustules forming incrustations eventually. It may be consoling to those
who suffer with it to know that it is caused by a parasite with the humble
name of microsporon mentagra'pliytes.
—
Treatment, Shave the beard, and paint the part with a strong tinc-
ture of iodine for a few days. Follow this with a poultice, composed of
equal parts of lobeha, blood-root, myrrh, and slippery-elm. Depilation,
or pulling out the beard, may be necessary in some cases to effect the
cure.

Baldness (Alopecia).
This may be partial or general, temporary or permanent, and occur at
any period of life. Senile baldness usually takes place gradually, the
hair first becoming thin on the crown, or on the temples and forehead.
It is owing generally to the general loss of the nutritive functions of the
hair, and of the follicular apparatus. Loss of color of the hair (canities)
may depend upon advanced age, disease, or deep mental emotion. It
usually occurs gradually, after the age of forty. Cases are recorded in
which the loss of color was complete in eight days, while in others the
hair was almost completely blanched in a single night.
Treatment. If the— hair follicles are not destroyed, baldness maybe
cured. The tincture of cantharides, lac sulphur, shampooing, etc., are
each to be recommended. Tonics and strict cleanliness also promotes
the growth of the hair. In my "Woodland Balm" (page 474) the bald
326 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

or gray will find a remedy which has no superior for restoring the hair
to a healthy growth and natural color.

Entozoa.
These grow in the body without forming attachments to its structures,
have an independent life of their own, and possess the power of repro-
duction and generation. Several species infest the human body, some
appearing always in the same organ and some in a particular tissue, and
appearing oftenest where that tissue is plentiful. Scarcely any portion
of the body is exempt from such growths. Their origin is a subject for
—
two suppositions that of generative reproduction, and of accidental or
Bpontaneous development of germs that take on modes of life and devel-
opment characterizing them afterwards. The first supposition is more
philosophical, comports more with analogy, and is unquestionably the
true theory. The interest attached to these growths, however, is their
efEect upon the system and cause of disease. Their presence in the sys-
tem causes morbid phenomena, disordered functional action, and loss of
health. The mischief they do in the system depends upon their number,
size, rapidity of growth, and species. When numerous or large they
imbibe so much nutriment as to rob the system of its necessary susten-
ance. Their habitation is generally a seat of irritation or inflammation,
and more particularly when their location is in a cavity, and when they
possess power of motion.
Psychodiara. —Hydatids. —
These are organized beings, consisting of a
globe-like bag of albuminous matter the texture divided in layers, and
;

containing a limpid, colorless fluid richer in gelatin than albumen. They

live by imbibition, have no sensibility or power of motion, and appear
more like a vegetable than an animal in their modes of life and repro-
duction. There are two kinds of hydatids, the acephalocyst^ or cyst
without a head, and the echinococcus, which is not different from the
other in form but in containing miaute animals (vermiculi echinococci)
within it. The former is common to the human body, and generated be-
tween layers of membrane. The usual abode of hydatids is in the lungs,
liver, ovaries, spleen, kidneys, etc. The hydatids occurring in the womb
are often mistaken upon expulsion for products of conception, and their
presence in that organ often produces similar signs as in pregnancy.
Sterelmintlia. —These consist of solid porous texture, perforated by
canals or cavities, which serve the purposes of digestion.These animals
are hermaphrodite, ^.having both sexual organs on one individual.
e.,

The varieties of tapeworm belong to this class. So also the cysticercus^

which occurs in the muscular structure and in the watery portion of the
eye. —
The liver-fluke distoma hepaticum also belongs to this class,
but which rarely occurs in man, but is supposed to cause the well-known
*'rot" in sheep.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 327

Ccdelmintha. — This class

has a higher organic development than the
preceding. embraces several species of worms having hollow cylin-
It
drical bodies, distinct alimentary canals, with a mouth at one extremity
and an anus at the other, a nervous system, and the sexual organs
on different animals. The common intestinal worms belong to this
class;
—
so also the trichina spiralis causing the disease described below
which is an animal which exists within the minute, white, ovate cysts
imbedded in the muscles. The guinea- worm {filaria medinensis), so
common to Africa and Asia, but unknown in this country, is a hair-like
worm developed beneath the skin, especially in the scrotum and lower
extremities It can be withdrawn when a pustule ensues, by care and
patience, wrapping around a stick until the end appears.
it

The is an animal that locates itself exclusively in the

strongiaus glgas
kidney, and sometimes attains an enormous size. Its body is round,
but tapers toward both ends. It sometimes attains a length of three
feet, and a thickness of half an inch. It causes impairment of func-
tions, waste of the renal structure, and sometimes inflammation, with
pain and bloody urine. It is sometimes expelled through the water

Treatment. — The treatment of parasites is indicated by their char-

acter or place of abode. If they exist in the alimentary canal-,
such
remedies as are known to expel them should be employed. Anything ia
a good remedy that is harmless to the system but destructive of life to
them. Various agents are poisonous, such as cherry-laurel water, cam-
phor, oil of cubebs, oil of turpentine, copaiba, etc. but these must be,

employed at proper seasons and in such quantities that they will not
harm the general system.

TmCHINIASIS.
This is a disease caused by the trichina spiralis which infests various
animals, especially swine. If the meat of the hog affected is eaten raw
it is most likely to cause this dangerous disease.
or insuflElciently cooked,
Thorough cooking destroys the parasites. The symptoms are extensive
gastric disturbance, with nausea and a tendency to vomit associated ;

with rheumatic pains, stiffness of the muscles, irregular pulse, intermit-

tent fever, which is violently aggravated in paroxysms, thirst, restless-
ness, nervous excitement, and utter wakefulness. The face generally
swells, great prostration ensues, and the patient generally dies in a para-
lyzed condition.
Treatment. —In the early stage an active lobelia emetic should be
given, and followed by a full dose of castor oil or spirits of turpentine.
An alcoholic vapor bath should be taken, and sufficient veratrum to
control the fever. If sleeplessness prevails, opium should be given.
The above treatment may be repeated if not at first successful.
328 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

THE PROPER CARE OF CHILDREN.

The first requisite of an infant is plenty of pure and fresh air. It
should be kept in open air as much as possible, and when in-doors in
well-ventilated rooms. When carried in the open air, their heads
should not be enveloped in blankets, and when sleeping, their faces
should not be covered with the bed-clothes. The infant needs and
should have all the oxygen a pure air affords, which is so essential to
its proper growth.

The Skin. — The skin of

infants should be kept clean, to render them
less liable tocutaneous diseases. The unctuous covering of a new-bom
child should be removed as soon as possible. This can readily be done
by smearing it with pure lard, and then washing with white Castile
soap and water. Do not use the brown Castile soap, as it contains
oxides of iron, which are irritating substances. Infants should be
washed every day with warm water, to be followed in course of time
with tepid water, then temperate, and finally, at an age of some
months, with cold water.
Clothing. —
The young child should be amply clothed, care being
taken that they are suflBciently loose, to admit free motion in all direc-
tions. Flannels should be placed next to the skin in winter, and cotton
in summer.
—
Food. Proper regimen is of the utmost importance to the health of
the young. Until the first teething, the proper and natural food is the
mother's milk. If the mother is unable to nurse her child, a wet-nurse
should be procured. If the mother's milk is insufficient, cow's milk,
sufficiently diluted with water and sweetened with loaf sugar, should
be taken in addition. This should be taken from a sucking-bottle,
which, when not in use, should be kept in water, to prevent becoming
sour. A nursing woman should pay the greatest attention to her
health also, and, for obvious reasons, a scrofulous or consumptive
mother should never suckle her offspring she should also place a check
;

upon her passions, as violent passion, grief, envy, hatred, fear, jealousy, •

etc. tend to derange the character of the milk, and often superinduce
,

disorder of the infant's stomach, and throw it into convulsions. The

diet of the mother should receive strict attention. Her drink should
be simply water, or weak black tea, and her food plain and wholesome.
Pastry and the richer articles of food should not be eaten. She should
take daily moderate exercise to induce better assimilation of aliments.
"When her milk is scanty, a sufficiency can frequently be induced by
placing a bread and milk poultice, over which a moderate quantity of
mustard is sprinkled, on the breasts.
—
Weaning. The child should be weaned after the appearance of its
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 329

first teeth. Nature then desi^s it to have different food.Spring and

fall are the proper seasons for weaning ;no child should be taken from
the breast in the midst of summer. The weaning should be a gradual
process, and the food to be given should be of the character of milk.
Bread and milk, boiled rice and milk, soda-crackers and milk, soft boiled
eggs, roasted potatoes and milk, preparations of sago, arrowroot,
tapioca, oatmeal gruel, rice pudding, and similar substances are all
indicated. My nutritive fluids, given on page 205, can also be given
with good service. From these, in course of time, more solid articles
of food can be given them. Sugar in moderate quantities is whole-
some. Excessive eating should not be suffered. "Water is the best
drink.
Sleep. —
A child should always sleep in a loose gown, to prevent restless-
ness. Nature should govern its sleep, and which should never be induced
by opiates. It should be allowed to sleep to a natural awakening, and
should not be aroused for any avoidable purpose. Its covering should be
warm but light., thus avoiding pressure upon its tender limbs the infant ;

should lie on its side, alternating at times from right to left, to prevent
distortion of the spine. The body should be placed with the head to the
north, and this rule applies to all, as the action of electric currents is to
the north, thus allowing greater repose to the brain. Strong sunlight
or moonshine should be excluded from their sleeping apartments. What
I have thus far written is not only preservative of good health, but
preventive of many species of illness to which infants are Liable. Chil-
dren are very liable to disease, necessitating great precaution in a
variety of matters, the most important of which are the foregoing.
When it is known that death destroys about one half of humanity before
the age of five years, the physical life of children is of the utmost
importance. While young, the moral, intellectual, and religious facul-
ties should be shaped, as the child often indicates the man.
The baby exhibits indisposition by cries, struggles, etc., and if
these are carefully noted, every mother may know what ails the
baby.
A baby from stomach-ache sheds tears copiously^ and utters
suffering
long and loud As stomach-ache is paroxysmal in character, so will
cries.
its cries remit, and enjoy repose, to be followed by movements up and

down of the legs and the peculiar cry.

To cry in inflammation of the organs of the chest is painful ; it there-
fore does not cry or shed tears, but utters a muttering cry, abruptly
completed, and coughs after long breaths.
In diseases of the brain, the child shrieks piercingly, followed by
moaning and wailing. In extensive congestion, there is quiet dozing
and probably snoring.
Loss of appetite, fretfulness, restlessness, thirst, great heat of skin,
 330 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

are all indications of disease, and require that solicitude and treatment
that every fond mother should know how to bestow.

Teething,
Many children are lost from teething. The process of dentition often
occasions fits. Its symptoms are, swollen and inflamed gums, fever,
pain, and heat in the head, sore mouth, etc. Scarification of the gnms
is often resorted tobut if proper attention be paid to the case in its
;

inception, no such barbarous and injurious method of palliation need

be embraced. Bathing the head with diluted spirits, and the feet with
warm mustard water keeping the bowels free and regular by the
;

simplest of herbal laxatives and placmg a plaster (composed of two-

;

thirds flour mustard, one-third flour, and sufdcient vinegar to produce

the requisite moisture) between the shoulders, will generally obviate all
danger and mitigate the pain and suffering. When the speckled sore
mouth incidental to teething makes its appearance, treat the child as
above, but wash the mouth with a mild solution of borax, and use for
diet (if the child be weaned) gum-arabic water, and barley or rice
water. If the stomach and the bowels are griping, administer
is acid,
mild doses of magnesia. Warm baths are always beneficial to children
who are teething but great care should be taken that the little ones
;

do not catch cold after the baths.

The teeth should appear about the sixth month, though it is often
later. The two incisors of the lower jaw are generally the first, and
then those of the upper jaw follow. Between the twelfth and sixteenth
months the grinders come, and next the eye teeth. The others soon
follow, so that by ihe age of two years, the child has its full set of
milk teeth, twenty in number. There are instances of children being
bom with full «ets of teeth, as is recorded of Richard III. and Louis
XIV.

GENERAL DISEASES.
Gout.
This is due to the presence of lithic or uric acid in the blood. The
attack usually makes its appearance in the night. The patient is first
awakened by an intensely burning and wrenching paiu in the ball of the
great toe, or some other small joint. This pain continues for about
twenty-four hours, and is accompanied by fever. It then remits, and
the patient may get sleep, though for several successive days he
Buffers from the attacks. A similar visitation will likely result after a
considerable interval. Recovery from the first attack may be complete
.—the skin peeling off from the red and swollen joint, and leaving it strong
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 331

and supple as ever but, after Several repetitions of the attacks, tlie joint
;

becomes stiff, owing to the deposit of lithic acid concretions or cJialk

atones. It is a disease entirely local in its character. It vitiates the
hlood, affects the general system, and the attack is generally preceded
by general symptoms, irritability of temper, unpleasant sensations in the
stomach and head, and uncomfortable feelings of body and mind are
premonitory symptoms of this disorder. The pain is most excruciating.
The stomach, heart, lungs, head, eyes, etc., may also be subject to gouty
inflammation. It is caused by luxury and indolence, in the plurality of

Treatment. —
During the paroxysm the anodynes should be given
and applied subcutaneous injection of morphine is best. The constitu-
;

tional treatment should be composed of chimaphilin and apocynin in

combination colchicum is also a very good remedy chloroform liniment
; ;

may also be externally appUed. The patient's habits must be regulated,

and his diet simplified, to prevent recurrence of the disease.
Those who may desire consultation with the author, in regard to this
disease, are referred to page 390. Consultations, either in person or by
letter, from those who may desire treatment, are carefuUy and gratui-
tously attended to.

Rheumatism.
'
This very painful affectionis most frequently brought on by exposure

to wet and cold after violent and fatiguing exercise of the muscles. The
acute form is characterized by high fever, with a fuU bounding pulse,
furred tongue, and a profuse sweat which has a sour smell. The urine
is scanty and high colored the joints swell and are slightly red and very
;

tender. The pain is agonizing when the patient attempts to move. If

the affection changes from one part to another it is called metastatic,
and is very dangerous, as it may suddenly seize the lining membrane of
the heart, and prove fatal.
The chronic form may follow the acute form, but is more often an in-
dependent disease. It differs from the acute form in the absence of
fever. The fingers and limbs may frequently be rendered useless by
rheumatism, by the great distortion ensuing. It is due to the presence
of lactic acid in the blood.
Treatment.— The bowels should be evacuated by a purgative, and
the tinctures of black cohosh and veratrum given until free perspiration
is produced. The tincture of black cohosh, two parts, and tincture of
colchicum, one part, in doses of from twenty to forty drops, is also a very
valuable remedy. For articular rheumatism the alteratives should be
given. My " Blood Purifier " is a sure and eflacient cure, and the pain ia
almost instantly relieved by the application of the " Herbal Ointment"
(see page 469).
332 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Eleciaricity may be resorted to in the clironic form. The treatment

does not materially differ from that advised in the acute.
Fomentations of hops and cicuta, or stramonium leaves, placed upon
the inflamed and swollen joints, will materially relieve the pain.
Rheumatism in the chronic form is often a very difficult disease to
cure but if properly treated, by purely chemical medication, the acid
;

condition of the blood will be negatived, and the patient relieved of hia
painful malady.

Hrp Disease (Morbus Coxarius).

This a disease of the hip- joint, and common to scrofulous children.
is

At first there is slight pain, commonly felt in the knee, lameness, and
stumbling in walking, tenderness in the groin, and pain is produced by
pressing the head of the bone suddenly against the socket. The limb is
longer than the other, which is o\ving to a depression of the pelvis on
the diseased side, the weight of the body being supported on the oppo-
site limb. If the disease is not arrested, destruction of the head of the
bone and socket results, and the thigh-bone is drawna up, constituting a
spontaneous dislocation. Often an abscess forms and opens externally.
The toes may be turned inward or outward.
This disease may be positively ascertained in the following way :

Remove the clothing of the patient and place him on any flat surface, as
a bench, or table if he is placed so that the spine everywhere touches
;

the table, the patient's knee on the affected side will be drawn up, the
weight of the leg resting on the heel. If now his knee will be pressed
down, the spine will be bent inwards, so that it no longer touches the
table. This is an unerring diagnosis.
Treatment. —At the commencement of the disease a large irritating
plaster should be placed over the entire hip, and caused to remain until
a thorough counter-irritation is effected, and a discharge ensues. Per-
fect rest is necessary, and the limb should be confined in a carved splint.
Iodine may also be externally applied, and the general health improved
by tonics, alteratives, and nutritious food. Counter-extension as advised
in cases of fracture is advisable in all cases. A competent surgeon should
direct the treatment.

White Swellino (Hydrarthrus).

This disease occurs most frequently about the middle period of life,
but is, however, very often seen in children. It will never appear before

the age of puberty without a deviation from health, but not always so
when it makes its appearance in after-life. It is a disease of the knee-
joint characterized by swelling and white color, owing to the tension of
the skin. It is of two varieties both, however, destroy the synovial or
;
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 333

articular raembrane of the joint. One begins with a trifling stiffness,

slight swelling,and in effect reduces the membrane to a pulpy, degen-
erate mass. The swelling increases gradually, and when the part ia
touched, it reveals the presence of fluid. Finally the cartilages ulcerate,
and the disease assumes such characters that amputation becomes abso-
lutely necessary. The other form begins with pain in the joint, which
is severe at one point, and attains its height in a week. It is character-
ized by inflammation of the synovial membrane, and in a few days the
joint becomes swollen from a collection of water.
—
Treatment. At the commencement bathe the parts with the follow
ing liniment : —
oil of hemlock, 1 iv. dissolve as much camphor in it as
;

it will take up, and add twelve drops of croton oil, and three drachms of

tincture of iodine. Bathe the limb thoroughly, after which apply hot
cloths wrung from a strong infusion of arnica flowers and lobelia, and
change as often as they grow cool with each change apply the liniment.
;

This will arrest the disease if The patient should

applied at the onset.
be purged, and the compound syrup of chimaphila be administered to
him. If the disease is farther advanced, and openings exist, they should
be enlarged, and ointments and poultices applied, and the constitution
supported by tonics and antiseptics. Splints and entire rest may be
necessary in some cases, and when connected with a scrofulous diathesis,
my Blood Purifier " should be taken internally, and the Herbal Oint-
'
'
'
'

ment " applied externally. These will quickly eradicate the disease.

Hectic Fever.
Hectic fever is remittent, dependent upon local irritation, and rarely,
if ever, idiopathic. It ia attended by great and increasing debility, a
weak, quick pulse, hurried respiration on any exertion, and increased
heat of the skin. The febrile exacerbations are preceded by a shght
chiU, are slight at first, but soon become more evident, especially in the
evening. The skin is and the increased heat is more evident
at first dry,
in the hands and The fever terminates in a free, jDrofuse perspira-
face.
tion. The bowels are at first costive, but soon become relaxed, and an
exhausting diarrhoea comes on the urine is various, generally it is pale,
;

and does not deposit while there is generally a pallor of the surface,
;

the cheeks present what is aptly termed the " hectic blush." As the
disease advances, the whole frame becomes emaciated, the eyes sink in
their orbits, but are brilliant and expressive the ankles and legs some-
;

times swell, and the sleep is feverish and disturbed. Finally the debility
becomes so great that the patient expires while making some slight
exertion.
Hectic fever accompanies nearly all forms of disease connected with
great debility, especially scrofula and consumption. It may also be met^
with in surgical practice in disease or injury of the joints.
334 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Treatment. — This depends much upon the cause, or causes which

give rise to it. mucous membrane is diseased, the
If the digestive
treatment consists in strict attention to diet, and in the administration
of tonics, diaphoretics, and diuretics. The antiseptics should be given.
Strychnine in doses of one-eighth of a grain is decidedly the best agent
for this purpose. Cherry-laurel water should also be given. The fever
is controlled, like other fevers, with veratrum. If associated with con-
sumption, the " Acacian Balsam " (page 469) will cure it. Stimulants are
very serviceable to counteract the debility. Generous diet and clean-
liness are not to be neglected.

Curvature op the Spine.

Curvature of the spine is due to caries or destruction of the bodies
of the vertebrae. There are several varieties of curvature what is known
;

as lateral curvature consists in the distortion of the spinalcolumn either

to the one side or the other. In this case there may be no caries of the
spine. It consists in depression of one shoulder, the body being thrown
out of its axis, by the curvature. This afifection is caused by occupa-
tions which keep the body in a laterally distorted position, and tax one
side of the body more than the other. It is produced in children who
study their lessons at school, with one elbow resting on a high desk,
etc. In PotVs Curvature of the Spine, the angular curvature is produced
by caries of the vertebrae, or ulceration of the substance between the
vertebrae, followed by more or less loss of power over the lower ex-
tremity. In examining the spine, one or more of the spinous processes
is found to project beyond the others. Hump-backs are usually caused
by curvatures of the spine, but they may also be caused by projection of
the sternum, or deviation of the ribs.
—
Treatment. If associated with scrofula, the treatment for that dis-
ease should be instituted. In lateral distortion, calisthenic exercises
should be engaged. In Pott's disease extensive counter-irritation should
be made over the diseased part, and vigorous tonics given.
The treatment, however, best adapted to obviate all curvatures of the
spine, is purely mechanical, and consists of braces, supporters, etc.
Nothing else will achieve any satisfactory results. By mechanical ap-
pliances the spine is rendered straight, and compelled to maintain that
position until a cure is efifected. These mechanical appliances should
be applied early, and be accurately adjusted and well fitted.
I am constantly applying such appliances in my office, and the results
are excellent in nearly all cases. Those who cannot avail themselves of
a personal consultation, may send age of patient, nature of curvature,
height, and measure around the waist, and a suitable appliance will be
sent. Preliminary correspondence free.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 385

Imperfections of the Human Form.

These embrace those only which are of slighter degree, and of idio-
pathic origin. They are usually acquiredmore or less early in life.
Not unfrequently they result from bad management of the infant, hav-
ing its head always too highly bolstered up, and the chest compressed
by tight clothing. The school-room, however, is the arena where the
human form is robbed the most of its symmetry. It is gratifying tO'
know that greater attention is now paid to this evil, but still to a great
extent the seats and desks provided for the pupils are perfect outrages
upon their physical natures. The seats are invariably too high and the
desks too low, obliging the pupil, for five or six hours, to sit with his
head down, his spine curved backwards, and his feet dangling in space.
This unnatural position soon causes a loss of erect carriage, and induces
stooped shoulders, and incapacious chests. It is but rarely that we see
persons having an erect posture in standing or walking, and but few
have that prominent chest, so necessary to the perfection and elegance
of the human form, and to the full breathing capacity for the lungs.
The shoulders should be in the perfect form thrown backwards, and the
body erect, the only curve in the spine being the natural inward one in
the lumbar portion.
—
Treatment. Elegance and, symmetry of form can only be gained
by proper gymnastic and calisthenic exercises. These should be of such
a character as to be best adapted to overcome tlie particular deformity.

Lady's Shoulder Brace Applied. Gentleman's Shoulder Brace Applied,

In all cases suitable braces should be worn. These gently force back
the shoulders, thereby increasing the volume and capacity of the chest,
336 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

and enable the wearer to maintain the erect posture without fatiguing
effort. In all pulmonary diseases, or where there exists an insufficient
capacity of the chest, these braces should be worn. In the male they
take the place of suspenders, and in the female they can be made to
serve the purpose of sustaining the weight of the skirts. Nothing could
be more conducive to health than these appliances they often prevent
;

the onset of consumption in those predisposed hereditarily to that dis-

ease. It is a well-known fact that the man or woman having an erect
form and expanded chest is much less liable to disease, and at all events
possesses greater vigor of health. The reason of this is obvious.
having a defective form
It is particularly advisable that every person
should wear a shoulder brace. The braces represented in the above
cuts are of the author's own invention, and he does not hesitate to claim
for them a decided superiority over all other braces for this purpose.
They are worn with great comfort, gently obliging the wearer to main-
tain the erect posture, and enabling him to thoroughly inflate his lungs,
which in course of time will lead to permanence of the upright statura
with an expanded chest.
AU persons desiring these superior braces can obtain them by address-
ing the author. Price two dollars.

Abscess.

An abscess a collection of pus or matter in the substance of some

is

part of the body. When the matter is poured out from some part, the
process is cdXLedi su'ppuration^ when it collects in a tissue, it is an abscess.
It commences with allthe symptoms of inflammation, fever, pain, red-
ness, and swelling. The centre is firm, with swelling surrounding it.
The formation of pus is indicated by rigors, an abatement of fever, and
a feeling of weight, tension, and throbbing. The centre softens, which
is te.Tm.e6. pointing^ and fluctuatio7i is felt. There is a natural tendency
to discharge the pus, which is more apt to be towards the skin. It is
open into serous than into mucous tissues. The abscesses that
less apt to
form in scrofulous cases are called cold, because the conditions of in-
flammation are absent. They heal, after the discharge of pus, by a pro-
cess called granulation.
Treatment. — The indication to be fulfilled in the treatment of ab-
scess is to prevent the formation of pus, to evacuate it when formed,
and to heal the parts so as to prevent further secretions. To prevent
its formation cold applications and leeches should be applied to the part,
the patient purged, and restricted to a low diet. ^Mien matter is form-
ed warm fomentations and poultices should be appUed, to hasten the
progress of the pus to the surface. If abscesses distinctly j90i;it they
need not be opened, but allowed to burst themselves, but if they occur
in loose cellular tissue, under hard skin, and show a tendency to bui-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 337

row, tiiey should be evacuated bj^ a free incision. After evacuation the
poultices should be continued, or the parts be dressed with stimulating
ointments, of which the "Herbal Ointment," page 469, is the best.

Felon (PARONYcniA).
This is also called whitlow, and is an abscess of the fingers, of which
there are three kinds, the first situated upon the surface of the skin,
the second under the skin, the third within the sheath containing the
tendons of the fingers, and sometimes involving the covering of the bone.
The latter form is the most terrible, and begins with redness, swelling,
and a deep-seated and throbbing pain, which becomes so excruciating as
to banish all sleep, and nearly drive the patient to distraction. Relief
is only secured by discharge of pus.

—
Treatment. Carry the hand in a sling and use poultices. A poul-
tice made of equal parts of slippery-elm, poke-root, flaxseed meal, and
lobelia seeds, mixed with hot lye, and changed twice a day, is an admir-
able application. WTien the pain becomes great, the abscess should be
laid open with a knife, cutting down to the bone. The incision should be
both thorough and deep, in order to eflfect the desired result. This is most
I)ainful, but will give instant relief. After the evacuation, the treatment
is to be followed as in ordinary abscess.

Ulcers.
Ulcers are breaches of continuity of surface, being caused by disease
or unrepaired injury. A simple or healthy ulcer has its surface covered
with a thick, creamy, yellow pus, not too profuse, and inodorous. The
granulations are small, florid, pointed, sensitive, and vascular. A scrofu-
lous ulcer is one occurring in debilitated constitutions, most frequently
upon the neck and joints. They originate in the cellular tissue, beneath
the skin, exist generally in clusters, and are characterized by imperfect
and slow suppuration. An indolent ulcer occurs most frequently in the
lower extremities of old persons, and is the most common of all ulcers.
It is owing most frequently to a sore having been neglected or badly
treated. Its surface is smooth, glassy, concave and pale. The dis-
charge is thin and serous, and the surrounding tissue is swollen, hard,
and of a dusky-red color. It is painless, and the patient is apt
to let it go
unnoticed, unless by accident, exposure, or over exertion, it inflames
it

and becomes painful. An irritable ulcer is one having an excess of or-

ganizing action, with a deficiency of organizable material. It is super-
ficial, having an equal surface of a dark hue, and often covered with

tenacious fibrin. It occurs most frequently near the ankle. It is very

sensitive, and attended with great pain. A 'phagedenic ulcer is one of
irregular form, with ragged, abrupt edges, and uneven brown surface,
looking as if gnawed by an animal. It is attended with burning pain,
15 w
33b' THE COMPLETE HEITBALIST.

and great constitutional disturbance. A 'jaricme ulcer is dependent upon

a varicose condition of the veins, and usually occurs in the leg just
above the ankle. They are indolent, and mostly moist on the surface.
—
Treatment. In the simple ulcer the treatment is simply protective.
Water dressings are the best, as they keep the parts clean and remove
the liquid pus. The Herbal Ointment " is equally good. If the granula-
'
'

tions become too luxuriant, an astringent wash, or slightly cauterizing

them, becomes necessary. In scrofulous ulcers constitutional treatment
must be instituted. The soft infiltrated tissues surrounding the ulcers
should be destroyed by escharotics, and after the slough is removed, the
healthy granulated surface treated as a simple ulcer. In indolent ulcers
the sore should at first be cleansed by poultices. Healthy granulation
should be aroused by lightly touching the ulcer with nitrate of silver,
sulphate of copper, etc., or the same effect may be produced by strips
of adhesive plaster being placed over ttie entire surface of the ulcer. In
irritable ulcer the treatment should first be constitutional, and tonics and
stimulants administered. The part should be relaxed, rested, and ele-
vated. This should be followed by a light poultice, or warm-water
dressing, or if there is great pain, fomentations of the infusion of
opium, conium, or belladonna should be applied. In the treatment of
phagedenic ulcers, fresh air and good diet are all-important. The se-
cretions must be corrected, and a Dover's powder given at night.
The ulcer should be thoroughly destroyed by escharotics, followed by
warm poultices. In varicose ulcer cold water, rest, regular bandaging,
or laced stocking, constitutes the treatment. Strapjiing with strips of
adhesive plaster, by the support afforded, is excellent in aU cases of
ulcers.
My " Herbal Ointment " (page 469) acts most admirably as a local ap-
plication in all cases of ulcer. It causes healthy granulation, relieves
the pain, and speedily causes union of the edges.

Boils (Furunculus).
Boils occur most frequently in the young, and in those of plethoric
habit, in those parts where the skin is thickest. They are usually gre-
garious, and depend upon derangement of the stomach and intestines,
and frequently succeed eruptive diseases. The swelling is of a conical
shape, having a hard, red, and painful base, and a yellow apex. If left
to itself it bursts and discharges pus, and a core or slough of cellular
tissue when completely emptied, the heat and pain subside.
;

—
Treatment. Poultices and warm fomentations should be applied
early, and as soon as pus has formed, the boil should be opened, after
which the granulated wound should be dressed with basilicon ointment.
If my " Herbal Ointment " is procurable, it may be applied from the first,
as it speedily draws the boil to a head, and quickly heals it after discharge.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 339

Carbuncle (Anthrax).
This is a serious disease ; it is a solitary inflammation of the cellulai
tissue and skin, presenting a flat, spongy swelling of a livid hue, and at-
tended with dull heavy pain. It varies in size, and its progress is slow.
Like the boil, it appears more often upon the neok, the shoulders, the
back, buttocks, and thighs. The constitutional symptoms are low
throughout, and the attendant fever is apt to be tj^hoid in character;
prostration and delirium often terminate the case. It most frequently
attacks high livers of an advanced age.
—
Treatment. During the formation, apply either fomentations and
poultices, or cold water dressing. An incision in the form of a crosa
should be made free and early, which may be followed by caustic appli-
cations, in order that the dying parts may thoroughly be removed.
After this is done, the wound is to receive ordinary treatment.

Chilblain's (Pernio).
This is an affection of the skin, produced by sudden alternations of
cold and heat, most commonly affecting the toes, heels, ears, or fingers.
It is attended with itching, swelling, pain, and slight redness at first
it may afterwards become of a livid hue, with vesications and ulcerative
fissures, which are difficult to heal.
Treatment. —Wash the parts thoroughly, and then apply tallow, and
if on the hands, draw on a pair of old gloves, especially at night. The
" Herbal Ointment " is a sure and rapid cure for chilblains.

Burns and Scalds.

There are three principal divisions of these injuries, which may be
produced by hot fluids, vapor, flame, or solids.
1st. Those which produce mere redness and inflammation, termina-
ting in resolution, and perhaps desquamation.
2d. Those causing blisters on the skin, which often dry up and heal ;

but if the true skin has been injured and inflamed, suppuration, and
ulceration wtlII result.

3d.Those causing the death of the part, in which there is not much
pain, and which are followed by sloughs.
Extensive burns, even if superficial, are very dangerous, and those
upon the trunk are more dangerous than those upon the extremities.
The symptoms are paleness and shivering, with a feeble, quick pulse,
often prostration, coma, and death. The greatest danger is during the
first four or five days, from collapse subsequently from an affection of
;

the head, chest, or abdomen, or from prostration.

—
Treatment. Bathing the part in cold water will mitigate the pain,
heat, and inflammation. Afterwards it must be protected from the air
340 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

by raw cotton, or some bland unctuous substance. My Herbal Ointment"

'
'

gives instantaneous relief. Grlycerine and carbolic acid are used by

some, and linseed oil and lime water, or linseed oil, prepared chalk, and
vinegar, by others. The indication is only to exclude the air. The
blisters should be discharged of their contents, care being" taken that the
skin is not removed. The nervous excitement is to be calmed by
opium, and sinking prevented by stimulants, but care is to be taken
that over-stimulation does not result. The separation of sloughs is to
be promoted by rest, poultices, and fomentations. In joints passive mo-
tion is to be made to prevent stiffness.

Goitre (Bronchocele).
This is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, an organ that if it
performs any functions at all, does so only in foetal life. It generally
commences by moderate increase of the gland, or thickening of the
neck, and advances gradually until a portion or the whole gland be-
comes enormously swollen. It causes dyspnoea, and sometimes obstructs
circulation to the brain, when the tumor acquires considerable mag-
nitude. It is more common to females than males, and generally occurs
before puberty. The species of idiocy sometimes associated with goitre
is caUed Cretinism.

Treatment. — Alteratives and discutients. The alteratives, such as

stillingia, rock-rose, etc., are to be preferred, and externally iodine may
may be applied. Those who may desire my counsel in this disease
are referred to page 390.

EuPTURE (Hernia).

This signifies a protrusion of the abdominal viscera. The predispos-

ing cause is a weakness of the abdominal walls, at the natural open-
ings. This weakness may be increased by injury, disease, or pregnancy,
or it may also be due to congenital difficulty. The exciting causes
are muscular exertion, jumping, straining, playing on wind instru-
ments, coughing, lifting weights, tight clothes, parturition, straining at
stool, etc.
Hernia is divided, according to the site of the protusion, into inguinal.,
ventro-inguinal. uinbilical, ventral, perineal.^ vaginal, pudendal, thyroi-
deal, and iscMatic ; in condition, into reducible, irreducible, and stran-
gulated, and if the contents are entirely intestinal it is called enterocele,
but if it contains omentum it is termed epiplocele.
The symptoms of hernia are a painful swelling forming at some
part of the abdomen, which is compressible and soft, and can be made
to disappear by pressure in the proper direction, and it often disappears
spontaneously. An enterocele is smooth, elastic, and globular, retires
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 341

suddenly and with a gurgling noise. An epiplocele is more irregular

in form, has a doughy feel, and retires slowly without noise.
Reducible hernia is one in which the contents of the sac can be reduced
with proper manipulation. Irreducible hernia is owing to adhesions,
or from membranous bands stretching across the sac, etc., when the
contents cannot be replaced; and when the contents of the sac are
incarcerated, with inflammation and an interruption to the passage
of faeces, it is called strangulated. The more common forms are the
inguinal and umbilical. Inguinal hernia is called scrotal when the intes-
tine has descended from the groin into the scrotum.
—
Treatment. The treatment consists in reduction and retention.
This can only be achieved m
the reducible hernia. Reduction is effected
by a manipulation called taccis^ the patient being placed in a recumbent
position, and the muscles of the abdomen relaxed gentle and steady
;

pressure is made by the hand in the direction of the descent. Retention

is effected by continued and suitable pressure by means of the pad of a

well-fitting truss. By constant and careful use of a truss, a radical cure

may be effected. A lobelia emetic, or the patient may be chloroformed,
to relax the muscles, may be resorted to, if replacement cannot be per-
formed without them. In irreducible hernia, the treatment consists in
carefully regulating the bowels, avoiding great exertions, and wearing a
suitable truss to prevent further protrusion. Strangulated hernia, if it
cannot be reduced by taxis, becomes a subject for the surgeon. Radi-
cal cures may also be performed by the surgeon,
I have constantly manufactured for my patients a most excellent
truss, which effects many cures. It is a light appliance, and occasions
no pain or inconvenience to the wearer. It is the most comfortable
truss that can be worn, is
cleanly and durable, and
easily adjusted. It is called
the " Champion Truss"
a distinction to which it is

clearly entitled. It is the

greatest triumph of skill
and genius ever attained
.,. Dr. 0. Phelps Brown's Champion Truss,
m this
.
,,
or any other coun-
try for the retention and radical cure of hernia or rupture. Its quali-
ties may be briefly stated, as follows, viz. :

It is icorti with perfect ease and safety.

It keeps its place under all circumstances.
It never gets out of order.
Its pressure is equalized and gentle.
It makes no pressure on the sjnne.
It is applicable to single or double rupture.
342 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST:

These qualities are all that are required of a truss, either for reten-
tion or cure, and any truss lacking in any of them does not fulful its
purpose, and is capable of doing great injury. Its perfect adjustment
is well represented in the following cuts. The most violent paroxysms

Front View. Back Vi«w.

of coughing, muscular exertion, falls, etc., will not move it from its
properly applied position. This indispensable quality of retention must
be possessed by every truss, otherwise it is useless.
Patients desiring the " Champion Truss," will please send the follow-
hig measurement, viz. around the body where the truss is worn, and
,

state whether right, left, or double Trusses of the highest mechanical

.

perfection are also furnished for every other variety of rupture.

The price of the " Champion Truss,'* with medical advice pertaining
thereto, is $3.50 to $5.00 according to material.

DISEASES OF THE EYE AND EAK.

The eye is one of the most delicate as well as the most complicated
organs of the body, and its diseases are but very imperfectly understood
by the ordinary practitioner. A great deal of mischief has been done by
improper treatment of diseases of the eye, and I may also include the
ear, and many persons who now mourn the loss of sight and hearing,
partially or wholly so, might yet be in enjoyment of those senses if they
but had received the proper treatment. Under this head I shall include
those diseases only which are capable of treatment in domestic practice.

Conjunctivitis.
This an inflammation of the conjunctiva or mucous membrane of
is

the eyelids. The sensation is as if particles of sand had insinuated

themselves beneath the lids, accompanied by heat, pain, and increased
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 343

lachrymal secretion, also intolerance of light. In severe cases, head-

ache, nausea, constipation, loss of appetite, etc., are present. The
causes of this form of inflammation are mostly local, as particles of
sand, dust, insects, etc.
Treatment. — Remove the If due to forei^ particles in the
cause.
eye, they should be removed. Bathe the eye thoroughly in water, rub-
bing- towards the nose. If iron or steel is suspected, a vial cork, rubbed
smooth with flannel, should be touched to all parts of the eye, which
will remove the particles. When the eye is relieved, a mild purgative
may be given, and cold water applications made to the eye. In severer
cases, lotions of nitrate of silver, sulphate of zinc, etc. , become neces-
sary.

Catarrhal Ophthalmia.
This is due to exposure to cold. The white of the eye becomes in-
flamed and very red, and generally there is a thin mucous discharge, which
in severe cases becomes thick and purulent. This condition of the eye
is accompanied by chilliness, aching of the bones, and some degree of

fever.
Treatment. —Apply cold soft water to the eyes with little muslin
packs, and give a purgative. wiU not relieve the inflammation,
If this
cold slippery-elm poultices, or the domestic practice of applying smear '
'

case " to the eyes, may be resorted to. In obstinate or chronic cases a
solution of four grains of sulphate of zinc to the ounce of water may be
applied two or three times a day with a small brush. The eye should
also be bathed with a decoction of golden seal. My Herbal Ointment
'
'

(page 471) is excellent in all ophthalmic diseases.

Purulent Ophthalmia.
The symptoms of this disease peculiar to children are similar to the
Catarrhal Ophthalmia of adults. The eyes are kept constantly closed,
the lids are red and swollen, and glued together by thick purulent mat-
ter becoming dry. The skin is dry and the bowels irregular. It is
generally due to exposure to damp and cold, injuries in washing the
child, acrid matter, or to a scrofulous constitution.
Treatment. — In the treatment of this affection the eyes should be
thoroughly washed in a cold, weak solution of hydrastin, four or five
times a day. Saturate packs with cold water, containing a little tinc-
ture of lobelia, and apply to the eyes and changewhen they grow warm.
The bowels should be kept open with gentle laxatives. Some cases may
need a solution of vegetable caustic, sulphate of zinc, or nitrate of
silver. If caused by a scrofulous condition, use alteratives, of which
the " Compound extract of Rock-rose and Stillingia " is the best (see page
473.)
344 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Scrofulous OrHTHALMiA.
This disease is chiefly confined to children. The child scarcely can 1
bear the light, the lids are spasmodically closed, and the head constantly
turned away from the light. The eye is not very red, but a few of the
large vessels are considerable injected. It is very liable to recur, and
may prove obstinate, and cause ulceration of the cornea.
Treatment. — In this disease it is very important that the general
health should be looked after. The treatment before advised
local
should be resorted to, and the constitutional treatment should be very
active and energetic.

Stye (Hordeolum).
This is a small painful pustule on the margin of the eyelid, having its

origin in ciliary follicles.

—
Treatment. It may usually be cured by applying spirits of harts-
horn by means of a small steel needle, puncturing the tumor slightly.
If this does not remove the inflammation, slippery-elm poultices should
be applied, and tonics and alteratives given.

Amaurosis.
This complaint due to anesthesia of the optic nerve. The patient
is

sees objects indistinctly, even when they are lit up by a bright light
they appear surrounded with a fog or mist, and no effort nor the em-
ployment of artificial means increase the distinctness. The outlines
of objects appear not only indistinct, but also broken, and thus dis-
figured, the faculty of distinguishing colors is frequently lost, and
double vision is not infrequent. This condition, as above described, is
more properly amblyopia^ it is only called amaurosis when the vision is
entirely lost.
Treatment. —Electro-galvanism is one of the most promising reme-

dies. Powdered bay-berry taken as snuff, is occasionally useful.

root,
Blisters behind the ear often afford relief. Nux vomica should also be
given. The disease is often very obstinate, but I have cured some of
the most impromising cases.

Foreign Bodies in the Eyes.

These should be sought for by inverting the and having the
lids,

patient turn the eyes in every direction. Ifbe found to adhere

it

to themucous membrane of the cornea or conjunctiva, it can usually be

removed by a silk handkerchief wrapped around a probe. If lime,
mortar, or lye should get into the eye, it should be removed, and the eye
washed with a weak solution of vinegar and water. The ensuing
inflammation should receive usual treatment. If the foreign bodies
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 345

enter the interior chamber of the eye, the surgeon should only re-
move it.

Foreign Substances in the Ear.

Children frequently put peas, beans, kernels of corn, etc., into the
ear, which, if allowed to remain, will produce active inflammation.
Foreign bodies may also enter the ear by accident. These should
all be quickly removed. should be done by syringing the ear with
It
warm water, or by means Excessive accumulation of wax
of forceps.
is to be removed by syringing with warm water frequently, and not
by ear-scoops.

Ear Ache (Otalgia).

This is a neuralgic affection, and is caused by local inflammation,
cold and exposure, and carious teeth.
Treatment. — If caused by inflammation, a warm poultice of slip-
pery-elm, moistened with laudanum, should be applied, and frequently
changed. If caused by carious teeth they should be removed sweet ;

oil and laudanum dropped in the ear often gives relief, and the common
practice of blowing hot tobacco smoke into the ear is also useful.
Many and ear diseases are surgical in t&eir character, such
of the eye
as strabismus, a few cases of cataract, etc., but a great many of them
are amenable to medical treatment. Even cataract, which heretofore
was considered eminently surgical, may in many cases be entirely cured
by medicinal treatment alone. I have cured a case, in which there was
total blindness for ten years, in the short space of two months. The
patient ever since is in the full enjoyment of sight. My treatment has
also been equally successful in cases of deafness. I regard all cases
subject to relief or cure in which the tympanum or drum of the ear is
not destroyed. If persons suffering from chronic diseases of the eye or
ear will write and state their cases fully to me, I wiU cheerfully give
my opinion by return mail.

MALIGNANT AND VENEREAL DISEASES.

Cancer (Carcinoma).
This is a malignant tumor. In the first stage it is hard, in the second
stage it ulcerates. The seat of cancer is in the female breast, the skin,
the tongue, the stomach, the womb, the lips, etc. It rarely occurs in
subjects under thirty years of age. It is at first a small hard tumor,
movable, but eventually it forms deep and superficial attachments. It
grows in general slowly, is irregular in shape, and painful. The pain is
mostly sharp, lancinating, and is much increased on pressure. In the
15*
346 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

course of time tbe tissue beneath the skin is absorbed, and becomes
attached to it, and it presents a bluish, nodulated appearance. Ulcer-
ation usually takes place by absorption of the skin, and as sloughing
proceeds, the edges become ragged and everted, having a bluish purple
color, and discharges a fetid, sanious pus.
There are five varieties of cancer, though microscopically they are
essentially the same.
Scirrhus is hard, firm, and transparent, and of a grayish color, occur-
ring most frequently in the female breast, skin, etc.
Encephaloid is soft and brainlike in its appearance, and hemorrhagic m
character, frequently met with in the globe of the eye, testes, nares, etc..
Colloid resembles glue or honey in the comb, and usually occurs in the
internal viscera.
Melanosis^ or melanotic cancer, is of a black color, either soft or hard,
and occurs mostly upon serous membranes.
B'pithelial cancer is usually found upon the lips.
These various forms may exist separately, or one variety may be asso-
ciated with or take the place of another.
—
Treatment. As long as this disease was regarded as purely local in
character, the only treatment resorted to was extirpation either by cau-
terizing agents or by the knife ; but since the pathology of the disease is
better understood, and its constitutional character ascertained, the treat-
ment employed has been considerably modified. I have long ago held
that cancer was a constitutional affection, so instructed my patients, and
based my treatment upon that opinion.
It is well to remove the tumor by the knife or cautery, but the liabil-
ity to recurrence is always great unless constitutional treatment is em-
ployed. The cauterizing agents are blood-root and chloride of zinc
made into a paste, and then applied to the cancer, the skin having first
been removed by a blister. This is reapplied until the whole mass is
dead, when in course of time it comes away as a slough. The expressed
juices of poke, laurel, blood-root, and yellow-dock answer the same pur-
pose.
The constitutional treatment consists in toning up the general system,
abstaining from fatty diet, bathing, and the employment of alterative
treatment. Parties who may have reason to fear that ttiey are threatened
with this dread disease are invited to write me stating the full particulars
of their case, and they will receive by return mail my candid professional
opinion of the same. Many cases of Cancer are amenable to treatment if
taken in time, but unfortunately those afflicted in this way, often wait un-
til the Disease has taken firm hold, and such delays are nearly always fatal-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 347

Syphilis.

ISyphilis is occasioned by a specific poison which is conveyed by con-

tagion or actual contact. It first shows itself upon the genital organs in
the form of a small yellowish pimple, or pimples, the presence of which
is at first made manifest by itching and slight soreness. The pimple?
(called chancres) break, and gradually change into a red, hard-edged
shallow ulcer. This ulcer is circular or oval in form, and is surrounded
by a ragged border. The skin and tissue in the immediate vicinity be-
come inflamed, and, unless proper remedies be immediately applied, the
virus is absorbed into the system, and the consequences are of the most
deplorable character. There are many kinds of chancre, .viz —
inflam-
:

matory, indurated or hard, sloughing or perishing, phagedenic or eat-

ing, and gangrenous or likely to mortify. Next in order, if stringent
curative measures be not adopted, is the buho^ which is a swelling of the
glands of the groin, caused by the absorption of the poison. The bubo
will usually make its appearance in about a fortnight after the sore is
discovered. It advances to suppuration, and also becomes a sore, when
it receives the name of " glandular chancre." Sometimes growths re-
sembling certain vegetables appear, in the male, upon the organ and on
the membrane lining of the foreskin. In the female, they will be found
in and at the entrance of the vagina, and sometimes oii the neck of the
womb. These are primary symptoms, and, if quickly but radically extir-
pated or cured, will not result in any very serious constitutional derange-
ment but if neglected, the virus is absorbed into the blood, and the
;

infection reaches the entire system. "When the disease becomes consti-
tutional, the results are most deplorable. The syphilitic ulcer then
appears at various parts of the body, more usually upon the arm and
forearm, forehead, shin and chest. These ulcers are quite characteristic,
so that the experienced surgeon at once knows their specific nature upon
sight. The affections of the skinand mucous membrane are called
secondary^ those appearing upon the bones, etc. are tertiary.
, In these
advanced stages of the disease the gravity is such as should urge each
affected person to employ competent surgical or medical aid, and not
longer to postpone such active treatment as is required. Neglect of so
important a duty on the part of the patient will result seriously to him,
as the progress of the disease is unerringly from bad to worse in every
case.
Treatment. —
In primary syphilis, the chancre should be destroyed
effectually by nitrate of silver, nitric acid, or caustic potash, and heal
the parts by mild dressing. If this is effectually done, with proper con-
stitutional treatment, no secondary symptoms will supervene.
Sis THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

In secondary and tertiary syphilis the treatment is very important,

and must be correct in order to eliminate the disorganizing taint.
The treatment is necessarily alterative and tonic. The following may
each be specifically employed, either singly or judiciously combined :
—
Phytolaccin, corj^dalin, chimaphilin, tincture of kalmia, menispermin,
ceanothus americanus, sarsaparilla, stillingia, and by some iodide of

potassium, but never mercury. Mercury in any form is not a specific,

and in effects most pernicious. WTien buboes appear, they should be
discussed by a mixture of tincture of iodine, § ij. tincture of arnica,
;

3 ij.;
tincture of scrophularia, 3 ij- This should be applied by wetting
pads of linen with it and securing them by adhesive strips. If sup-
puration has taken place, the treatment of abscess is to be employed.
During treatment, the patient should abstain from all fat meats,
spirituous liquors, and excesses of every kind.
If any person is conscious that he or she is affected with a syphilitic
taint they should never marry, for the offspring will surely be miserable
objects of pity, and conjugal bliss very uncertain. The taint must be
thoroughly eradicated, so that not a vestige remains, before a marriage,
physically pure, can occur.
If rightly treated, syphilis is not a formidable disease to cure, yet
how many suffer hopelessly on, after having for years been subjected to
mercurial treatment. Piuely chemical herbal treatment will only re-
move the serious disorder from the system, as attested by the thousands
of cases under my treatment, in which every trace of the disease has
been obliterated from the economy.

GONOllRHCEA.

This vulgarUy known as dap, so named from the French dappe,

is

a bow-string. It received this name on account of the chordee occurring

in the disease. This is caused by the violence of the inflammation,
which abnormally expands the cavernous body of the organ and is pain-
fully drawn downwards, so that the urethra occupies the relative posi-
tion of the string to a bow-gun.
This a disease of the mucous membrane which lines the private
is

parts of the male and female, and is communicated as is syphilis, by

contagion, or actual contact. It commences with itching and uneasi-
ness about the private parts, and a peculiar feeling of soreness in the
urethra, or urinary canal. A scalding sensation is also felt when the
patient makes water.In a day or two a whitish matter makes its ap-
pearance at the orifice of the urethra, and this will soon increase greatly
in quantity, and assume a greenish-yellow color. The parts will be
much inflamed, and the urethra will become thickened and very sore.
The consistency and quantity of the pus-like discharge vary in different
persons. It usually makes its appearance in from three to five days
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 349

after exposm-e. It may propagate itself upon other mucous membranes

after inoculation.
—
Treatment. A purgative should be taken at first, and at the same
time the parts should be thoroughly packed with cold or hot water
Tlie following are the remedies mostly employed as internal remedies
^Oil of copaiba and cubebs, matico, gelsemin, oil of erigeron, oil of
turpentine, etc. These oils should be taken in medium closes, and in em
ulsion with acacia, etc. The internal injections are vegetable astrin
gents, sugar of lead, sulphate of zinc, etc. The injections should not be
strong, and be carefully made, otherwise orchitis may follow. Applying
cold water relieves the chordee.
The treatment is not difficult, and, if properly directed, will soon re-
lieve the patient.

Gleet.
This is one of the results of abused or neglected gonorrhoea. It is a
continued discharge of a thin and clear character, after the inflamma-
tory and painful early symptoms have disappeared. It is caused by de-

debility of the parts, or by unhealthy action of the glands in the

urinaiy passage. It is sometimes, especially in persons of a scrofulous
habit, a fixture for years, and constitutes a drain .upon the system, the
effects of which can only be obviated by the most scrupulous care and
attention. The old style of treatment involved the use of cauterizing
injections,and the bougie, together with blisters applied to the peri-
nseum. It had the effect of imperfectly remedying, or else of aggravat-
ing the complaint, and rendering it next to impossible of cure.
Treatment. — Same as for acute gonorrhoea, but it should be more
energetic.
Those who may wish to intrust their cases to my treatment, may
rest assured that they will be quicldy cured, and everything held con-
fidential. The fear of exposure does frequently much mischief, and the
dread of losing caste in society, or a feeling of shame, often tempts the
sufferer to withhold his case from the family physician for treatment, or
he may endure his mental and physical torture in silence as long as he
can, and then finally intrust his case to the ignorance of a companion,
who may know some recipe, or he may emplo}' the treatment of some
incompetent, uneducated physician, found everywhere, especially in
large cities, who also maltreats the case, so that finally the disease, which
at first was readily curable, has become a very serious affection.

The vrrong of such a course is obvious, and I advise the reader, who
has or may become unfortunate in this respect, to confide his or her
case to some honorable and competent physician, as soon as the disease
manifests itself.
350 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

DEBILITY OR LOSS OF VITALITY.

This a coudition of the organism characterized by loss of vitality, or
is

deterioration and diminution in the quality and tone of the vital forces.
It is one of the chief predisposing causes of disease, and is of itself a
condition characterized by all the elements of ill health. The prmcipal
causes of debility are improper nourishment, impure air, excessive
bodily and mental exercise, want of exercise, long exposure to intense
heat or cold, intemperance, depressing states of the mind, and of course
a prostrative disease. When not a heritage of the organism, it is gen-
erallyproduced by some flagrant violation of physiological law, deplet-
ing the vital forces by the disorganization of organic functions which
ensues, or by the loss of vital elements through the eliminating organs,
chiefly the kidneys.
That the reader may have a correct understanding of what is meant
by vitality, it may be well to give its physiological sense. Though derived
from the Latin vita^ life, it has a somewhat different signification from
that which is expressed by the word life. It signifies the constituent
principle or essence of life rather than the entity itself. Hence vitality
is not properly life, but the element conducive to its perfection and pro-

longation. It is that principle that gives to the physical organization its

and tone, to the mental organs, acuteness, vivacity and
vigor, elasticity,
sprightliness, and to the whole organism a high standard of health.
If the habits are not in violation of hygiene or physiology, and the
expenditure of the vital forces not exceeding the production, the normal
condition of the organism would be one of health and vigor, and almost
complete immunity from disease. If the expenditure exceeds the pro-
duction it engenders the condition termed debility. Improper and sin-
ful habits of life, especially in the young, are alarmingly destructive of
vitality inconsequence of engendering diseases characterized by losses
of vital secretions.The intemperate very frequently incur the penalty
of over-indulgence in intoxicating beverages by inducing structural
diseases of the internal organs, especially Bright's disease of the kidney,
wherein the blood becomes devitalized by loss of its albumen through
the urine. In the male economy at an age often quite immature
there is induced an affection characterized by involuntary expenditure
of a secretion, directly by an improper and sinful life. The element
thus constantly expended, and which occurs invariably without any
exercise of the voluntary powers, is beyond all question the most
highly organized and more intrinsically vital than any other secre-
tion of the organism. This affection, peculiarly masculine, is one of
the most prolific causes of debility, and is conducive to greater physical
misfortune than any other pathological condition induced by violation
of physiological laws. The chemical nature of the secretion is highly
phosphatic, and as phosphorus is a very important constituent of nerve
 THE COMPLETE HERBALISM. 351

tissue, its constant involuntary escape from the organism, whether in

the urine or otherwise, preys fearfully upon the nerve tissue for phos-
phatic supply, and eventually, and often quite rapidly, produces atony
of the nerve-centres, and a general intonicity of the nervous system, or
what is more commonly known as nervous debility. Of the various sys-
tems composing the organism the nervous can least afford to lose its
vitality, or to become enfeebled. It is the principal or controlling sys-
tem of the organism, the others being more or less subordinate. If by
any depleting causes its just complement of the vital forces becomes
reduced, its individual integrity is not alone compromised or destroyed,
but muscular action, circulation, digestion, assimilation, and the mental
operations also become enfeebled, hence the vital standard of the nervous
system is of extreme importance to the general welfare of the whole
organism.
Precisely the same pathological condition results from another cause,
a sedentary habit of life. It is due to such exciting causes that clergy-
men and other persons of sedentary habits suffer so frequently from
nervous or general debility. When the muscular system is permitted
to degenerate from want of proper exercise it gives to the organism
a condition of laxity or intonicity which in the male induces the pre-
viously mentioned loss of a highly vitalized secretion, and in the female
an uncompensated loss of nervo-electric force. Debility is the result
in both cases, though the devitalization is more rapid in the male, pro-
portionally to the physical vigor inherent to the different sexes, than in
the female. This explained by the fact that in the male economy
is

a greater loss of the phosphates occurs. In all persons of studious

habits, and where bodily exercise is insuflBcient, the urine is loaded
with phosphates, which is indicative of the breaking down of nerve
tissue. Consequently in the male there is not only the usual phosphoric
loss due to nervous waste, but the super-addition of the involuntary
loss of a secretion which, as has been stated, is highly phosphatic in
its chemical nature, makes the depletion of the phosphorus essential to

a vital condition of the organism, doubly great.

In a debilitated condition of the nervous system, or, as it is usually
denominated, nervous debility, frotn whatever cause the loss of vitality
may ensue, there is in general quite a train of symptoms, as may be sup-
posed when this more important part of the economy has become devi-
talized. This form of debility may usually be recognized by a marked
facial expression, a characteristic mannerism, and by a peculiar mental
state. The skin of the face is pale and sallow, and usually affected with
acne there is a dark circle around the orbits, the pupils are dilated and
;

sluggish, the eyes become lustreless, and the face has a haggard, trou-
bled furtive expression. These physiognomic characteristics are due to
atony or want of tone in the cerebral nerve-centres, and from the same
352 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

cause the devitalized patient is listless, shy, retiring and easily con-
fused, society loses its charms, and solitude is preferred, but has, how-
ever, no compensating or satisfying influence over the patient. There
isa want of steadiness and decision in his locomotion, his inferior ex-
tremities are deficient in power, and all the movements are suggestive
of a mind ill at ease. The mental operations are confused, speech be-
comes awkward and often without directness memory is defective, and ;

the patient is usually absent-minded and given to reverie. Pains in the

lumbar region, and a sense of weight and aching in the loins are experi-
enced. The appetite is capricious, and digestion feeble. The mind is
deficient in power of attention, the imagination is constantly pervaded
with vague erotic dreams, the moral sense is blunted and the perceptions
are dull and confused. Pains in the course of the principal nerves and
extreme nervous sensibility are experienced. The patient also can fix
his mind on any subject with difficulty his attention wanders, and he
;

is given to day-dreams and erotic visions.

The urine, of course, contains phosphates, the source of which,

whether nervous or secretional, is easily determined by analyzation or
microscopical examination. Urates are also found in the urine. Those
who suspect such vital loss, may with sufficient certainty for all practi-
cal purposes ascertain the fact by a simple experiment. The morning
urine should be placed in a clean half-pint bottle, and let itstand from
forty-eight to seventy-two hours. If there is then found a remarkably
peculiar or cloudy sediment or deposit at the bottom, the fact is quite
evident that some of the losses alluded to occur, and proper aid should
be sought at once.
Such, briefly, are the evidences of a devitalized nervous system. The
condition, as is palpable to every one, fraught with danger to the
is

general welfare, and even to life, if the process of depletion of the vital

forces continues too long, or if, by special virulence of the exciting

cause, the devitalization is rapid in occurrence. Any loss of vital power
should be regarded with solicitude and deep concern by every one who
places a proper estimation upon vigor of the organism and its special
functions. Careful and judicious treatment must not be neglected,
as by such a course only can revitalization be speedily and adequately
effected. As soon as loss of vital force becomes apparent, so soon
should the services of a competent and experienced physician be en-
gaged. In any stage of devitalization, rehabilitation of the organism
with vitality can again be accomplished, the only requirement being
employment of competent medical aid, and the exhibition of vitalizing
remedies, Revitalization can, however, only be effected by herbal re-
medies, as their organic nature alone affords the elements required for
reendowment of the system with vital force. Minerals are lifeless, and
can therefore impart no vital element.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 353

Those desiring to consult the author with reference to debility or

from any cause whatever, may refer to page 385, where
loss of vitality
his mode of treatment is described, and to page 390, where the neces-
sary questions are asked.

Satyriasis.
This is a disease characterized by a constant and insatiable desire for
coition, and so called because the satyrs of mythology were greatly ad-
dicted to excesses. The disease is accompanied by a strange power of
frequent congress without exhaustion. It is a nervous disease, depend-
ent upon a disordered state of the cerebellum.
—
Treatment. It can be cured by a low diet, frequent shower baths,
physical out-door labor, ice bags to the cerebellum, a hard bed, and
hop pillows.

Stricture of the Urethra.

This is a diminution or contracted condition of the tube, and may be
either spasmodic or permanent. Spasmodic stricture depends on spasm
of the muscles of the perinasum, or upon contraction of the muscular
portion of the urethra. Exposure to cold and indulgence in drink
favor an attack, which usually occurs after dinner. It generally occurs
in persons with permanent obstruction. The urine is suddenly retained
the desire to urinate causes incessant straining, the bladder becomes dis-
tended, the countenance anxious, the pulse quick, the skin hot, and at
last the urine dribbles, or the bladder may burst, and extravasation oc-
curs into the peritonaeum or perinasum. There is another variety of this
affection, termed inflammatory stricture., caused by abuse of injections,
exposure, or intemperance during acute gonorrhoea.
Permanent stricture is a contraction from permanent inflammation,
plastic deposit having taken place in the tissue beneath the mucous
membrane. The occasion of this inflammation may be gonorrhoea, vene-
ry, kicks or blows, riding on horseback, acrid urine, drinking, etc. It
is situated most frequently in the membranous portion of the urethra,

usually a few inches from the meatus. The extent and degree of con-
traction vary. Sometimes the stricture is ver>' tight, but limited, as if
a thread had been tied around the urethra more frequently it is of
;

greater extent, contauiing from a quarter of an inch to several inches.

Several strictures may exist at once. Permanent stricture comes on
gradually, occurring mostly in middle-aged men. Urination is frequent,
tedious, and painful the stream is thin, twisted, or forked
; and a few
;

drops pass after urination, which had collected behind the stricture.
There is paia in the perinseum, thighs, and loins erection is often painful
;

chill and fever constantly occurring as in ague the testicles, rectum, and
;

bowels sympathize, and the general health is greatly impaired. It is a

Z6i THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

disease that causes extreme annoyance, pain, and disorder, and should
receive early and competent treatment-
Treatment.— The indication in spasmodic stricture is to overcome
the spasm, and relieve the bladder. This is usually effected by wann
hip baths, Dover's powder, laudanum enemata, and cold water upon the
genitals. A favorable mental impression is made by pouring water
from a can, in a small stream, from some height, into a vessel containing
water, in imitation of urination. A few sniffs of ether will usually
relax the spasm, but if these means fail, the urine should be drawn of by
a catheter.
In permanent stricture dilatation by means of flexible bougies is the
asual method of cure. Great caution is necessary in the use of these.
Some use caustic applications, and in some cases puncturation is resort-
ed to. In some cases opening the urethra may be necessary, as the stric-
ture is so extensive and complete that no other means are available.
These surgical means may at times be necessary, but I have cured very
many cases by purely medicinal treatment, and it is very seldom that I
employ bougies, but compel absorption of the deposit by alterative
treatment. In some cases, however, I frequently combine dilatation
with medication. Those desiring consultation are referred to page 390.

Prostatitis.
This isinflammation of the prostate gland. It usually accompanies
gonorrhoea, but may exist independently. The discharge is similar to
that of urethral inflammation, and when the resTilt of chronic inflam-
mation the discharge is called prostatorrhoea. The gland is frequently
enlarged. Chronic inflammation is commonly brought on by gleet, stric-
ture, horse exercise, etc., and is most frequently met with in advanced
life, and disappears upon the removal of the cause. The gland is also
—
enlarged in old persons a hypertrophy independent of inflammation.
The bladder sympathizes, and becomes irritable the urine is foetid, mu-
;

cous, and its stains are often retained. It causes most intense suffering.
Treatment. — Leeches, rest, counter-irritation, alteratives, laxatives,
and enemata constitute the usual treatment. In hypertrophy of the
organ, the usual treatment should be instituted. The medicinal treat-
ment, as in stricture, is important, and should only be intrusted to those
who fully understand the anatomy of the organ, and the pathology of
the disease.

Orchitis.
This isthe h&rnia humoralis of older writers. Swelled testicle is a com-
mon accompaniment of mumps. It is often the result of an injury, but
oftener of gonorrhoea and its trea1,ment ; exercise, wet and cold often in-
duce it. The gland enlarges greatly, fever attends, causing intense pain.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 355

It is usuallyconfined to one of the glands, and mostly the epididymis

The cord often swollen and painful.
is

Treatment.— Low diet and the recumbent position are essential

Th'j weight of the tumor should be supported by a suspensory bandage.
After the acute symptoms have subsided, friction with astringent lotions,
and compression by adhesive straps, will be useful. The hardness and
swelling are likely to remain unless discussed by the alteratives.

Varicocele.

This is a varicose condition of the veins of the spermatic cord. The

causes are such as to produce obstruction to the return of blood:
constipation, corpulence, tight belts around the abdomen, and warm
climate. It is usually coexistent with genital weakness. The left
side ismore frequently affected than the right, because the left sperma-
tic vein is more likely to be compressed by the fgeces in the sigmoid or
S-shaped flexure of the rectum, and because it is longer and not so di-
rect in its course. The swelling is pear-shaped and feels like a bunch
of earth-worms.
—
Treatment. The cause, if ascertained, should be removed, and the
scrotum constantly bathed in cold water, and supported with a suspen-
sory bandage.
The veins are sometimes obliterated by a surgical operation. It can
usually be overcome by proper medical treatment, however, and the
operation should only be the last resort.
I use for my patients a self-adjusting suspensory bandage, which can
be so arranged that any extent of compression can be made, and which
in construction is simple and very durable. It is the only perfect sus-
pensory bandage or scrotal supporter made, and the only one from
which any great benefit can be expected. It is eminently serviceable in
this disease as well as in orchitis, and no one suffering from these dis-
eases should do without them. Sent by mail, postage prepaid, on
receipt of $2.00.

Di^ases of the Female Organs of Gekeration.

The genitalia of the female is the controlling centre of her whole
economy. If the womb and its appendages are in a healthy state, the
female figure preserves its artistic rotundity, her mind its sprightliness,
and her humanity its benevolence and sympathy. When diseased, she
becomes fretful, peevish, and inconsolable. The province of the phy-
sician, therefore, becomes one of great importance, and it is his duty that
he should not only thoroughly understand the pathology of uterine dis-
eases, but in his humanity he should combine a fine feeling of compas-
sion, with correct ideas of the treatment required. He should prove
356 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

worthy of the trust confided to him, in sympathy, considerateness, and

skill.

No greater trust can fall upon him he is not only accountable for
;

the physical welfare of the patient, but bears a further responsibility.

If his treatment is not judicious and rational, his patient becomes a
victim to a gloomy depression of spirits, and to an irrepressible feeling
of languor and misery, that sternly bid away all brightness of life. He
will but poorly do his duty if he follows but the beaten track of a
routine practice, and, after successive trials, consigns his suffering
patient, by pronouncing her incurable, to a condition but little better
than the grave. Uterine diseases are not incurable, but when properly
treated they yield kindly to medication, as the disposition of all womb
affections is to get well, needing but proper medical assistance to stimu-
late and ennourage the forces of recuperation to overcome the assaults
of disease. (See page 390)

Vulvitis.
This is characterized by redness and slight tumefaction of skin,
covered with mucus, while in neglected cases the parts are found much
excoriated. It generally arises from want of cleanliness, or from the
acrid character of the vaginal and uterine secretions. It may, how-
ever, be produced by excessive marital indulgence or syphilitic taint.
The symptoms consist of great pain and tenderness, a mucous dis-
charge, a smarting in passing urine, and a constant pain about the
loins and thighs.
Treatment. —
This should be treated by hot packs, elm poultices,
and a wash of a weak solution of sulphate of zinc, or tincture of
myrrh. Quinine, macrotin and leptandrin should be given internally.
The parts should be thoroughly cleansed every day.

Glitoritis.

Inflammation of the clitoris, both acute and chronic, may exist from
want be produced by indiscretions.
of cleanliness, or It is accom-
panied with burning, itching, and smarting sensations. Enlargement is
the usual result of either acute or chronic inflammation, in which case
there is extension of the labia, producing irritation, and labial leu-
corrhoea.
Treatment. —When the parts are inflamed, sitz-baths, hot packs,
and laxatives In case of hypertrophy, it may be
will usually relieve
it.

painted once or twice a week with a weak tincture of iodine, and the
compound syrup of stillingia given internally. When there is extensive
enlargement, amputation should be resorted to.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 357

Imperforate Hymen.
Thisnot likely to be discovered until the commencement of men-
is
struation. It may then be suspected, if the female has all the symp-
toms which accompany the menses, without the discharge of the fluid,
and if these symptoms should occur at regular periods, accompanied
with a sense of weight and fulness of the vagina, especially if an
enlargement is perceptible in the lower abdomen, with pain and ten
derness.
The symptoms ameliorate in a few days, but return at each menstrual
period. by inspection a hemispherical tumor, of a livid or bluish
If
color, soft and fluctuating, is discovered, the fact is most certain, that
it is caused by an imperforate hymen. In most cases the membrane is
thin, but it is sometimes from one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch
thick.
Treatment. — Press the finger against it gently, and attempt to
lacerate it by the finger-nail. If it will not yield, perforation should
be made by a proper instrument in the hands of a surgeon.

Vaginitis.

This consists of either acute or chronic inflammation of the vagina.

It may be confined entirely to the mucous membrane, or it may extend
to the cellular tissue beneath. It is attended with pain, swelling,
and redness of the vaginal canal the mucous membrane is of a vivid
;

red color, and the folds are more developed and prominent than is
natural. At the first stage there is an arrest of the secretions, but
after a few days serous exudation occurs, which becomes purulent, and
of a yellowish or greenish color. The disease may arise from cold,
which is the most frequent cause ; from injuries to the vagina by
violence, imprudence in the marital association, exertion after delivery,
high living, etc.
Treatment. —A gentle purgative should be taken, and the vagina
frequently injected with warm water, the patient kept quiet, and the
inflammation controlled by veratrum. Astringent injections are also
useful. The chronic form should be treated as vaginal leucorrhoea.

Menstruation.
Though this is not a disease but a healthy function, but as, from
various causes, derangement of the function occurs, it is proper that it

should be perfectly understood. Menstruation is the term applied to

the phenomenon that attends the rupture of what is called the Graafian
follicles of the ovary, and the discharge of an ova, or egg. It is a bloody
discharge from the female genitals —
not differing from ordinary blood,
 358 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

excepting- thatit does not coagnlate, and in its peculiar odor. The
blood comes from the capillaries of the womb and vagina,
MenopJiania^ or the first appearance of the menses, is usually prece-
ded by a discharge of a fluid whitish matter from the vag-ina, by
nervous excitement, and by vague pains and heaviness in the loins and
thighs; numbness of the limbs, and swelling and hardness of the
breasts. The first appearance is an evidence of capacitj- for conception.
It generally appears about the age of fourteen, but varies from nine to
twenty-four years. In warm climates women begin to menstruate
earlier, and cease sooner than in temperate regions in the cold climates
;

the reverse of this holds as a general rule. The manifestations of ap-

proaching puberty are seen in the development of breasts, the expansion
of the hips, the rounded contour of the body and limbs, appearance of
the purely feminine figure, development of the voice, and the child be-
comes reserved, and exchanges her plays for the pursuits of woman-
hood.
More or less indisposition and irritability also precede each successive
recurrence of the menstrual flux, such as headache, lassitude, un-
easiness, pain in back, loins, The periods succeed each other
etc.
usually about every twenty-eight days, although it may occur every
twenty-two, twenty, eighteen, fifteen, or thirty-two, thirty-five, and forty
days. The most important element is the regularity of the return. In
temperate climates each menstrual period ordinarily continues from three
to six days, and the quantity lost from four to eight ounces. The menses
continue to flow from the period of puberty till the age of forty-five
or fifty. At the time of its natural cessation, the flow becomes irregu-
lar, and this irregularity is accompanied occasionally with symptoms of

dropsy, glandular swellings, etc., constituting the critical pei'iod, turn,

or change of life ; yet it does not appear that mortality is increased by
it, as vital statistics show that more men die between forty and fifty
than women.
It should be the duty of every mother or female in charge of a child,
in whom age or actual manifestations suggest the approach of puberty,
to acquaint her with the nature of her visitation, and the importance of
her conduct in regard to it. She should be taught that it is perfectly
natural to all females at a certain period, and that its arrival necessi-
tates caution on her part with regard to exposure to wet or cold. The
author has made the acquaintance of the history of many cases of
consumption, and other diseases, which were directly induced by folly
f\nd ignorance at the first menstrual flow. The child is often kept in
extreme ignorance of the liability of womanhood occurring to her at a
'Certain age, and hence when she observes a flow of blood escaping from
•3 part, the delicacy attached to the locality makes her reticent with re-

gard to inquiry or exposure she naturally becomes alarmed, and most

;
 thU complete herbalist. 359

likely attempts to stanch the flow, with bathing or applying cold water
to the part, thus doing incalculable mischief.
This purely feminine physiological function should be well studied
and understood by all females. At least they should know that the
phenomenon is a natural one, liable to disorder, and that the best
interests of their general health demands care and prudence on their
part to maintain regularity, etc. , of the flow. Disregard of such a duty
will surely entail much misery.

Amenorrhcea.
This may occur in three forms. 1st. WTiere evacuation has never oc-
curred, or retention of the menses. 2d. Where there has been no secre-
tion. 3d. Suppression. There are cases where the secretion has been
perfect, but the discharge prevented by occlusion of the vagina, or im-
perforate hymen, etc.; again, secretionmay never have occurred, owing
to a congenital deficiency of the ovaries and there are cases where
;

the uterus and ovaries are sound, yet no flow from the vagina.
The most common variety, however, is suppression after they had
once been regularly established. It may cease by degrees, as in con-
sumptive and scrofulous patients, or occurs as the result of cold, which
induces inflammation of the uterus or ovaries. It may also be induced
by excessive venery, wet feet, ice water, insufl&cient clothing, bathing,
fear, grief, anxiety, emetics, drastic purgatives, falls, copulation during
flow, etc. The symptoms are weight, pain in the head, loins, and uterine
regions, hot skin, apoplexy and epilepsy in some cases, vicarious hemor-
rhages, palpitation of the heart, constipation, chills, loss of appetite, etc.
Treatment.— Give a hot foot-bath, if the suppression be recent, and
apply hot mustard poiiltices to the breasts. Internally give tansy, thyme
or wintergreen tea, keep the patient warm, and allow but gentle exer-
cise. A compound decoction of seneca, cotton root, and Indian hemp
is also very beneficial. In obstinate cases, a hot sitz-bath should be given

during the operation of the medicine, so as to centre the blood in the

pelvis. If this does not succeed, the system should be invigorated by
quinine, blue cohosh, life root, wine, etc., and then the above treatment
repeated. The chronic form of the disease should be treated by sup-
porting and invigorating remedies, such as bayberry, black cohosh, sitz-
baths, galvanism, tonics, etc,

Dysmenorrhcea.
Painful menstruation occurs generally in singlewomen, and is produced
by inflammation or ulceration of the mouth of the womb, neundgia of
the womb during menstruation, indiscretions, constipation, and a ner-
vous irritable temperament. The symptoms are restlessness, heat,
ftufihed face, weight and heaviness in the head, pain in the back, and
3G0 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

pelvic re^ons, eometimes so severe as to cause fainting. After a time

the pain becomes bearing down, accompanied by a shreddy discharge,
or blood-clots. In young and plethoric subjects, but little effect is pro-
duced on the general health, but in nervous persons the health fails,
and, not unfrequently, consumption ensues. Women subject to dysmen-
orrhoea are liable to cancer after the turn of life
—
Treatment. When the disease is produced by inflammation or ulce-
ration of the mouth of the womb, hot sitz-baths, with hot vaginal injec-
tions frequently repeated, in connection with ten or fifteen drops of the
tincture of crawley every two or three hours, will usually relieve it.

Mild purges should also be taken. When due to neuralgia, black co-
hosh should be given, and the treatment of neuralgia instituted. Sene-
cin, gossypiin, and gelsemin, are also valuable. When produced by an
irritable constitution, ladies'-slipper, scuUcap, etc., should be given.
Out-door exercises and a nutritious diet should be prescribed.

Menorrhagia.
This is characterized by profuse, prolonged, or too frequent menstru-
ation, separately or conjoined. It is accompanied by headache, hot
skin, full pulse, weight in the back, hips, loins, pelvis, etc. It is caused
by hot rooms, abortions, leucorrhoea, falls, marital excesses, long walks,
constipation, etc. The health gives way, the patient becomes bloodless,
and exhaustion ensues upon the least exercise.
—
Treatment. This should be treated by wild cherry, gelsemin, uni-
corn root, beth root, and injections of a decoction of golden-seal, ma-
tico, and cinchona. If the hemorrhage is active, a strong decoction of
tannin or cranesbill may be injected, and ten or fifteen grains of cayenne
pepper administered. The oil of erigeron is also useful. Tonics should
be given in relaxed condition of the system.

Vicarious Menstruation,
This a discharge from some other part than the uterus, usually oc-
is

curring in the unmarried. In the married, they are usually barren. The
blood may escape from any part of the skin or mucous membrane, in
the form of bleeding from the nose, lungs, etc.
Treatment, —Ten or fifteen drops of the oil of solidago should be
given four or five times a day, in connection with sitz-baths, tonics, etc.

Life root is especially valuable.

Chlorosis,
This a disease characterized by chronic anaemia, or bloodlessness,
is

affecting females about the age of puberty. In some instances it is un-

doubtedly dependent upon a nervous affection, but in most instances it
is connected with disordered menstruation and other causes. The red
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 361

corpuscles of the blood are pale and small, and diminished in numbers.
The countenance assumes a wax-like hue, which is so remarkably cha-
the disease is called by nurses
racteristic, that gi^een sickness. "
'
' The
appetite is with craving for particular kinds of food, the urine
irregular,
is thick and full of sediment, and there is usually vertigo, headache,

backache, hysterical affections, dysmenorrhoea, and leucorrhcea. The

tongue is flaccid and indented at the edges, the pulse is weak and quick,
and there is a feeling of general languor, with great indisposition to
bodily or mental exercise.
Treatment. —When arising from feeble and imperfect digestion,
give prickly ash, alder, golden-seal, and nux vomica, cautiously. The ani-
mal oils are also very serviceable. The great object in the treatment of
and not to force menstruation
this disease is to restore the general health,
by agents having that power. The patient wants strength and blood,
and when that is achieved, menstruation will be natural. Baths, fric-
tion, out-door exercise, and a nutritious diet should not be neglected.

Cessation of the Menses.

We have already stated that this usually occurs between the ages of
forty and fifty, but in some cases it occurs much earlier, in others much
later. The courses becomeirregular, often staying away two or three
months. Nausea and vomiting, swelling of the abdomen, tenderness of
the breasts, etc. are the prominent symptoms.
, Pregnancy may some-
times be suspected, and there are frequently uterine pains, a dragging
sensation in the back and loins, accompanied by violent headache, a
loaded tongue, and symptoms of indigestion. A sudden return of the
menses mitigates the symptoms, which usually last longer than is natu-
ral, and also more profuse.
—
Treatment. If the symptoms are slight, regulate the bowels and
diet, bathe the surface, and occasionally wear a pack, saturated with
equal parts of whiskey and water, upon the lower bowel. If more severe,
take unicorn root in decoction. Ladies'-slipper, wafer-ash, and black
cohosh, are also very good. The tonics should also be given in debili-
tated subjects.In fact the constitutional symptoms should be met with
such remedies as are indicated, as soon as they manifest themselves.

Leucorrhcea.
This is commonly known as the whites. It consists of a discharge
from the vagina, or inner cavity of the womb, of a catarrhal character,
varying in color from a light to a yellowish-green, or reddish-brown. It
is usually due to inflammation of the mouth and neck of the womb

{cervicitis).! but it is also caused by congestion and inflammation of the

interior membrane of the organ {endo-cermcitis).! in which case it is more

serious, and more diflB.cult to cure. There are few females who are not
16
362 THE ''complete herbalist.

occasionally subject to moderate leucorrhoja. It may be known by the

discharge, but also by the attendant pain and a sense of heaviness in the
loins, abdomen, and tnighs, disordered digestive functions, palpitation of
the heart, etc. It causes great impairment of the general health when
long continued.
Treatment. —Wear flannels next to the skin, and pay attention to
the general health. Keep the pores open by the proper medicines.
In
acute cases inject cold water, and in chronic, warm water. This will
modify the inflammation. After this, injections of a strong decoction
of golden-seal, white-oak bark, or cinchona, should be frequently used,
and witch-hazel taken Dog-wood, bayberry, black and blue
internally.
cohosh, and gelsemin, are also used for the same purpose The astrin-
gent injections are also serviceable. Rest and quiet are important in
the treatment of the disease. Patients should, however, intrust the
treatment to an intelligent physician, who should ascertain the cause,
when, if the proper treatment is given, the disease will soon be cured.

Ulceration of the Womb.

This is chiefly confined to the neck of the organ, occurring most
frequently in those who have borne children. It is caused by ex-
cesses in married life, imprudence during menstruation, as standing,
walking, and very often premature efforts after abortion
lifting, etc. ,

or labor. There is always more or less discharge associated with ulcera-

tion, which in quality is mucous, purulent, or starchy, and in color,
—
milky, greenish, yellowish, or brownish, often tenacious masses of mu-
cus, like starch, come away. It affects the general health similarly to
leucorrhoea.
—
Treatment. Rest should be observed, and marital excesses aban-
doned. The treatment for leucorrhoea should be instituted. Vaginal
injections of red-raspberry leaves and golden-seal prove very beneficial
in this disease. The constitutional treatment in this disease is more
important than any local applications, and should take precedence.

Falling of the Womb (Prolapsus Uteri).

This is denoted by pain in the back and loins, heat in the vagina,
painful copulation, painful and irregular menstruation, constipation
and diarrhoea in alternation, irritable bladder, etc. The mouth of the
womb can be more readily felt than is natural, feeling spongy and hot,
and very tender on pressure. It may be ulcerated, and bleed upon
the slightest touch. The patient has all the symptoms of dyspepsia,
hysteria, neuralgia, palpitation, cough, and difficulty of breathing. It is
directly caused by weakness of the broad and lateral ligaments, and
remotely by various causes. It is a disease severe in its effects, causing
much suffering and impairment of health.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 363

—
Treatment. The patient should observe perfect quietude. The
Inflammation and ulceration of the womb treated as previously described.
The womb should be gently replaced to its normal position, the bowels
kept open by mild laxatives, and the vagina injected with a warm de>
coction of hemlock and white oak bark. Pessaries do more harm than
good, but abdominal supporters to sustain the weight of the bowels
should be worn in all cases. (See page 370)

Uterine Dropsy (Hydrometra).

womb, caused by inflamma-
This.is an accumulation of fluid in the
tion and constitutional debility.During the first months the symptoms
resemble those of pregnancy but by introducing the finger, so as to
;

touch the neck of the womb, and pressing the tumor, fluctuation of
fluids is felt. The menses are usually suppressed, and general debility
will appear, if the disease continues. The patient may die from ex-
haustion, or the walls of the womb may be ruptured from the pressure
of the fluid, causing fatal peritonitis.
—
Treatment. A tonic and hygienic treatment should be prescribed,
and if you can introduce a catheter into the womb and evacuate the fluid,
it should be done, but it is better to intrust this to an able physician.

Anteversion and Retroversion.

If the womb forward upon the bladder, and towards the pubes,
falls
it constitutes anteversion. In this case the top or fundus of the womb
is turned forward to the bladder, and the mouth towards the rectum.

When the womb falls over backwards, between the rectum and the vagina,
it is said to be retroverted. In this case the fundus is turned towards
the rectum, and the neck towards the bladder. If the womb is antevert-
ed and turned upon itself, it is aniejlexed^ and when retroverted and
turned upon itself it is called retroflexion. These displacements may occur
suddenly or gradually, causing great distress. The usual symptoms are
costiveness and straining at stool, frequent urination, painful menstrua-
tion, pain in the lumbar region, and down the limbs, neuralgia, hyster-
ics,and nervous debility. It is a serious affection, and should receive
early attention and proper treatment.
—
Treatment. The organ is first to be replaced to its normal position,
and then the treatment for falling of the womb instituted. Such im-
portant diseases should, however, be confided to the care and direction
of a competent physician. Great relief is at all times gained by
wearing abdominal supporters.

Hydatids.
These consist of a formation of small cysts or bladders of water in
the uterus, developed from the inner membrane, and vary in size from
364 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

half a pear to a partridge's egg. They are usually oval, with a thin
wall, opaque, and contain a thin fluid. They are most frequently in
clusters, and numerous. The symptoms simulate those of early preg-
nancy, such as nausea, vomiting, enlargement of the womb, fulness of
the breasts, suppression of the menses, etc. In a few months, the patient
feels a weight and uneasiness* about the abdomen, followed by uterine
pains, hemorrhage, and expulsion of the hydatids.
—
Treatment. If the flooding is excessive, control it by injecting
vinegar or astringents and administer ten or fifteen drops of the oil of
erigeron every fifteen minutes. If the pain is not sufficient to expel the
masses, give a warm infusion of blue cohosh or cotton root. Ergot may also
be given. After the expulsion the patient should receive tonic treatment.

PREGNANCY AND ITS ACCIDENTS.

Pregnancy.
"

The first sign of pregnancy

a cessation of the menstrual flow. Thia
is

will generally be noticed between two and three weeks after conception,
and about the same time the woman will discover her breasts to be enlarg-
ing, and notice that the rings around the nipple are darker, and cover more
space than usual. She will also, to a greater or lesser degree, experience
nausea in the morning, and often be afflicted by vomiting, while she
'
will experience dull pains in the small " of the back, a decided disin-
'

clination for exertion, and considerable nervousness. As the womb in-

creases in size and weight (which becomes apparent between the second
and third months after conception), it sinks lower into the cavity of the
pelvis (or part of the trunk which bounds the abdomen below), and pro-
duces much suffering, especially when the pelvis is small or narrow.
After the fourth month, the womb, finding insufficient accommodation
in the pelvis, mounts higher, and seeks room in the more capacious and
yielding belly. Then the distress in the back, and the sickness and
vomiting are somewhat modified, or in some comparatively disappear
altogether. When the condition of pregnancy is first discovered, the
woman, no matter how robust, should avoid all over-exertion or excite-
ment, and should bear in mind constantly St. Paul's motto of "modera-
tion in all things." A state of indolence is productive of disastrous, or,
at least, painful consequences. Judicious exercise, and a determination
to be cheerful and contented, will do much towards suppressing the
usual annoyances of pregnancy, while moping and idling wOl increase
them, and will almost invariably bring about a hard labor. Thus the
poor working woman, providing she does not labor too hard, or expose
herself imprudently to the vicissitudes of the weather, rarely suffers so
much in child-bed as the woman who lives only to be petted and admb--
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 365

ed, and who seldom breathes the air of heaven in its delicious purity.
Among the many incidental afflictions of pregnacy, are costiveness and
piles. These are produced by the pressure of the enlarging womb upon
the lower bowel. This, becoming filled with hardened matter, in turn
presses upon the womb, and endeavors to crowd it out of the way. The
combined and continual pressure of the womb and bowel upon the
water-pipe, causes great difficulty in making water, and their umnter-
rupted weight upon the ascending veins produces congestion in the
lower bowel, and hence the appearance of painful and disagreeable
piles. The stomach and bowels should be kept in the best possible
order. To prevent or ameliorate piles, use seidhtz powders every day,
and inject into the bowels half a pint of pure cold water every morning.
With regard to nausea, if it continues after the first three months, eat
nothing but plain, yet nourishing food, and use chamomile flower tea as a
beverage.
The habit of swathing or bandaging during any period of pregnancy is
decidedly injurious, unless the woman be of a very fragile form and de-
bilitated constitution. The child quickens about the end of the fourth
month, when its motions will often produce hysterics and fainting fits,
and the mother (for such she then is) becomes peevish, irritable, thin,
and weak. Great care must be taken to combat this peevishness and
irritabihty by fixing the mind upon pleasant thoughts, and mixing with
lively company, if it be available. It will be as well, too, for the woman
to lie do'vvTi a little while, two or three times a day, and not to remain
in an erect position too long without taking a little rest. During the
last three months, the woman will generally suffer much uneasiness '
all '

over," and will experience trouble in the attempt to get a perfect night's
rest. They should not touch opiates under these circumstances. "WTien
varicose swellings of the veins of the legs are produced, a good plan is to
wear a laced stocking over the affected parts, and this should be adjust-
ed so as not to press too tightly upon the limb. It should be arranged
so that the pressure will be equal throughout its length. Sometimes deli-
cate women have convulsive fits in the last stage of pregnancy. These
are dangerous, and no time should be lost in calling in an experienced
midwife to take charge of the case. However, a two-grain opium pill
administered internally, an injection of warm suds, and mustard plasters
applied to the feet, and between the shoulders, wiU not fail of giving
speedy relief. Also bathe the feet in warm water. The habitual use of
the warm bath will often prevent these convulsions.
Palpitation of the heart, cramps of the legs and thighs, tooth-ache,
puffy swellings, suppression of urine (use parsley tea for this), lethargy
and headache are always accompaniments of pregnancy. For crampa
and swellings, bathe the parts with warm water and red pepper, or mus-
tard. If the swellings are very troublesome, apply fomentations of bit-
366 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

ter herbs. In order to prevent sore nipples (which, if neglected, merge

into caked and broken
breasts), bathe them daily several times with
alum-water, or a decoction of white oak bark. This bathing should be
commenced about six weeks before confinement. Fox-glove (digitalis)
isrecommended by many for palpitation of the heart but I discounte- ;

nance its use. A little compound spirits of lavender, in water, and mod-
erate doses of Turkey rhubarb will alleviate the attacks.
All pregnant women should wear flannel drawers and keep the feet
warm.
All expectant mothers may greatly render a coming labor more easy
and painless, if, at about the eighth month, they thoroughly rub my
''Herbal Ointment" (see page 472) externally on the abdomen once a
day, and continue until labor, and at about the middle of the ninth
month they should lubricate the vagina and womb with the ointment.
This has the effect of making the mouth more dilatable, the soft
parts more yielding, and consequently a safe and comparatively easy
labor.
The time of labor to every expectant mother causes constant solicitude,
and scarcely any woman approaches the period fearless of the result, but
very anxious as to the suffering or safety of life. In the present con-
dition of civilized woman, we well know that the phenomenon of child-
birth is attended with pains of an agonizing character, but that the suf-
fering is mostly owing to habits of life, dress, etc. , now characterizing
woman, is would be an anomaly in nature if a pro-
equally certain. It
cess, so natural to females as child-birth, was originally ordained to be
agonizingly painful, and it is quite evident that the pain now character-
izing nearly all cases of labor is an infliction imposed by nature in con-
sequence of violation of some of her laws. We are glad to see intelli-
gent women approaching this subject, and have seen no brighter gleam
of sunshine than Mrs. Stanton's recent address at San Francisco, which
no false delicacy should prevent being reproduced in every paper in the
land. She said, " We must educate our daughters that motherhood is
grand, and that God never cursed it. And the curse, if it be a curse,
may be rolled off, as man has rolled away the curse of labor, as the curse
has been rolled from the descendants of Ham." While saying that her
mission among woman was to preach a new gospel, she tells the women
that, if they suffer, it is not because they are cursed by God, but be-
cause they violate his laws. What an incubus it would take from wo-
man could she be educated to know that the pains of maternity are no
curse upon her kind. We know that among Indians the squaws do not
suffer in child-birth.They will step aside from the ranks, even on the
march, and return in a short time bearing with them the new-bom
child. What an absurdity, then, to suppose that only enlightened Chris-
tian women are cursed. But Mrs. Stanton says that one word of fact is
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 367

"I
worth a volume of philosophy, and ^ves her experience as follows :

am the mother of seven children. My girlhood was spent mostly in the

open air. I early imbibed the idea that a girl was just as good as a
boy, and I carried it out. I would walk five mOes before breakfast, or
ride ten on horseback. After I was married I wore my clothing sensi-
bly. The weight hung alone on my shoulders. I never compressed my
body out of its natural shape. My first four children were bom, and I
suffered but very little. I then made up my mind that it was totally
unnecessary for me to suffer at all so I dressed lightly, walked every
;

day, lived as much as possible in the open air, ate no condiments or

spices,kept quiet, listened to music, looked at pictures, read poetry.
The was bom without a particle of pain. I bathed it and dressed
child
it and it weighed ten and one -half pounds. That same day I dined
with the family. Everybody said 1 would die, but I never had a relapse
or a moment's inconvenience from it. I know this is not being delicate

and refined, but if you would be vigorous and healthy in spite of the
diseases of your ancestors and your own disregard of nature's laws, try."
While we heartily endorse all that Mrs. Stanton has said in this matter,
we could not advise every mother to " dine with the family " on the day
of her labor. It would be an exceedingly dangerous proceeding but if ;

every woman would be willing to practise the same initiatory training,

which is so healthful, because in accordance with physiological laws,
probably no doubt but that she would also be able to wash her
'

there is '

own baby " and " dine with the family," on even as substantial a dish as
pork and beans.

Puerperal Fever.
Child-bed fever is a very fatal disease, and frequently follows parturi-
tion. Scrofulous women are peciiliarly liable to it. The disease mani-
fests itself in every degree of intensity. The usual symptoms are
weight and soreness in the lower part of the abdomen, accompanied by
lassitude and debility, capricious appetite, imperfect after-discharge,
spongy condition of the gums, constipation, and scanty and high-color-
ed urine. These symptoms continue for two or three days after delivery,
when the patient will be seized with chills and rigors. These are soon
followed by a hot and pungent skin, pain in the head, nausea, and
sometimes vomiting. The pulse becomes hard and quick, respiration
rapid, the secretions are arrested, and the pain centres in the lower part
of the abdomen and becomes very severe. The bowels are bloated, and
very tender, and the lochia or after-discharge is entirely suppressed. In
many cases delirium is present, also agitation and a sense of impending
death. The worst form is when it presents the appearance of malignant
scarlet fever.
Treatment. —The bowels should be freely opened with a purgative,
3tJ8 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

after which opium should be administered in tolerably large doses.

Warm slippery-elm emulsions should be frequently injected into the
vagina, with a view to bring on the lochial discharge. The fever is to
be controlled by aconite or veratrum. Tonic stimulants and carmina-
tives should be used, according as the disease shows excitement or de-
pression. In the low form, quinine and camphor are indicated. In the
gangrenous form, put charcoal and yeast poultices to the abdomen, and
give a decoction of wild indigo in wine and yeast four or five times a day.

Inversion op the Uterus.

This may be partiul or complete. When partial, it may be known by
the absence of the fundus or top of the womb behind the pubic bones,
and the presence of a large solid tumor in the vagina, accompanied by
profuse hemorrhage, intense pain in the pelvis, violent straining, vomit-
ing, fainting, cold clammy sweat, and feeble pulse. Complete inversion
isrecognized by the presence of a reddish livid tumor filling the vagina,
and protruding beyond it. It may occur spontaneously in atony of the
womb, or from irregular contractions, or it may be caused by violence
in extracting the after-birth, shortness of the cord, delivery in the up-
right position, tumors, etc.
Treatment. —
Watch the tumor carefiilly, and at the moment when
there isno contraction, the fundus should be pressed with one finger,
and indented like the bottom of a bottle, and make continued pressure
until reposition is sure. Then control the hemorrhage, if any is present,
with ice to the pelvis, or vinegar injections, and give stimulants if the
patient is exhausted.

abortion or miscarriage.
Abortion or miscarriage the expulsion of the foetus from the
signifies
uterus, before it is sufficiently developed.The causes may be either
natural or violent. Among the most prevalent causes, are mercury,
constitutional syphilis, either in the father or mother, small pox, sudden
and violent excitement of the blood-vessels by surprise, fright, anger,
etc. It may also be caused by disease of the embryo, disease of the
afterbirth, or direct violence to the abdomen. If it occurs in the early
stage, the patient feels languid, uneasy and despondent, and is troubled
with alternate chills and flashes of heat there is nausea, palpitation,
;

pain in the back, and tenderness over the abdomen. The breasts
become flabby, and there is more or less hemorrhage. In the more
advanced stages, the pains are more severe, and frequently the hemor-
rhage is so violent that the life of the patient is endangered, unless the

proper remedial agents are employed. If miscarriage occurs once, it is

liable to recurrence, and hence pregnant women should be very careful.
—
Treatment. Those predisposed to abortion, should carefully avoid
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 3G9

purgatives and diuretics, should indulge in no violent exercise, and take

a cold sitz-bath every morning on rising, followed by brisk friction with
a crash towel. Unicom root and bayberry should also be taken inter-
nally. The pain should be subdued by hyoscyamus, and the hemor-
rhage checked by the oil of erigeron, or cayenne pepper and matico
may be taken. If abortion, however, defies treatment, a strong de-
coction of cotton root, or ergot, should be taken to promote rapid
expulsion of the foetus. After it is expelled, if hemorrhage occurs,
the on of erigeron should be given, and much care observed, until the
placenta is removed. During convalescence the patient's strength
should be maintained to prevent weakness of the womb.

Inflammation and Abscess op the Breasts.

During and after pregnancy the breasts are very liable to become
inflamed and sore. The patient shivers, has pain in the head, loss
of appetite, is constipated, and her urine is high-colored, and pulse
quick. The breasts become red, painful, and swollen, and if the in-
flammation is allowed to continue, an abscess is formed, which, sooner or
later, opens and discharges. Cold during nursing, accumulation of milk,
injuries, diseases of the womb, scrofula, etc. , are the principal causes.
Treatment. — Subdue the inflammation by applying the following — :

Take arnica flowers, § j. ; lobelia leaves, 3 ss. ;

hops, 3 ij. Make a
strong decoction, and apply cloths wrung from it hot as the patient can
bear, and repeat every fifteen or A small dose of
twenty minutes.
aconite be given internally to control the fever. A mild purgative
may
should also be taken, and if the patient is debilitated, the general tonics
should be exhibited. If the abscess, however, will occur, it should be
opened, and then poulticed with slippery-elm. For caked breasts^ apply
hot packs, and change them frequently, and between each application
bathe the breasts with a liniment composed of equal parts of Lime-
water, sweet-oil, spirits of camphor, and oil of horsemint.

Sore Nipples.
This is one of the most common and
troublesome difficulties connected
with the breasts, after child-birth. It is very frequently caused by want
of cleanliness on the part of the mother or child.
—
Treatment. Wash with castile soap and warm water after each
nursing of the child, and then sprinkle the nipple with very fine pow-
dered hemlock bark. Or make and use the following ointment Take :
—
balsam of fir, 3 j. white wax, 3 ij. melt together, then add ten grains
; ;

each of tannin and powdered bayberry. Apply this as often as neces-

sary, previously washing the breasts. Cover the nipple with folds of
linen during the intervals of nursing. My Herbal Ointment (page 471),
is a speedy cure for this painful affection.
IS* Y
370 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Relaxation of the Abdominal Muscles.

One most frequent sequels of pregnancy is a permanent relaxa-
of the
tion of the abdominal muscles, more or less in degree. The abdomen
becomes pendulous, occasioning great inconvenience, suffering, and
often inducing malposition of the womb, and other affections.
The only way to remedy this relaxed condition is by artificial support,
which is to be kept up until the muscles have again attained their full
powers of contraction. Ladies are therefore in the habit of wearing
bandages, though these, but inadequately supply the necessary support,
owing to the difficulty of proper application, so as to secure the equali'
zation of pressure, and the stability of position, necessary. Mechanical
appliances should only be used for the purpose of support. These are
called abdominal siqiporters. Decidedly the best supporter is the one
represented in the cut, an appliance so arranged
as to supply the firmest support by means of
elastic springs. It gives no uneasiness to the
wearer ; on the contrary it affords the most com-
fortable support, enabling the sufferer, who be-
fore could scarcely walk, to do so with the
utmost facility, occasioning no pain or inconve-
nience. Supporters are absolutely necessary in
all cases, as no medicinal treatment will overcome

the relaxation, on account of the constant super-

imposed pressure of the bowels. These sup-
porters should also be worn in all cases of uterine
misplacements, as they afford the greatest relief,
and serve as an almost indispensable adjunct to
the required medicinal treatment.
Another supporter, represented by the ad-
Dr. O. Phelps Brown's Ab-
dominal Supporter. $5. joining cut, is also a meritorious one, having
many excellent qualities. It is especially well
adapted to corpulent females. Equality
of support under all circumstances
is gained by an elastic band in the
pad at front. These supporters are
the result of thorough study as to the
requirements of such appliances, and the
author is convinced that they are the
best articles for the purpose designed.
Their many qualities will at once be ap-
parent both to the professional man or Abdominal Supporter. $5.

to the patient. The measure required is the size around the lower part
of the waist.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 371

THE CONDUCT OF A CASE OF LABOR.

This should never be attempted except by a physician or competent
inidwife, but, aL it may sometimes take place in railroad cars, in
voyages, etc., tht duty may fall to the lot of almost any woman or
man, and hence it ic important that they should know how to proceed.
These hints may aL=50 be useful to perhaps many in the backwoods,
where the population is scarce, and where the nearest doctor lives a '
'

day's journey" awe;.

How DO YOU JXNOW THAT THE PATIENT IS IN LABOR?

This the mother frequently knows herself, but she may sometimes
Idg deceived by whcit are spurious pains. If she is in labor, she will
have what is called "come and go'''' pains, which at first are moderate and
wide apart, but which finally become more intense and succeed each
other at shorter intervals. She will describe those as bearing down
pains, and frequently they are so severe as to cause cries and gestures,
the former being of a mourning or complaining character, the other
twisting and writhing. She will also have a mucous discharge from the
vagina, which is called a sJiow. " She wUl probably wish to void her
'
'

•urine often, and to reheve her bowels, which should be encouraged.

During this stage the mouth of the womb is dilating. Now it wiU be
well for you to pass your finger well up into the vagina, and you will
most probably find that the mouth of the womb is dilated, and in extent it
depends upon the time at which you may make the examination. When
the pains become " thick and fast," you may again make an examina-
tion, and you will probcbly find a fluctuating tumor, which is the bag
of loaters. If this does not burst itself, you may rupture it with your
finger, but do not allow yourself to be frightened at the forcible rush of
the waters. If you have withdrawn your hand, you may again insert it,
and you will most likely find the head about descending into the vagina.
If it is the head or breech it will be a natural labor (which I hope it
may always be, for I dc not believe I could teach you how to proceed in
v/hat is caUed a preternatural labor). If the head is there, all right.
You may give the soon-to-be-mother your hand, or you may tie a sheet
to the bed-post and let her pull at that, or if her hiisband is present, or
if you are he himself, let her press him around the neck whenever an
expulsive pain occurs. Thic will greatly aid her, and you do not know
how thankful a woman is in such a case, when she observes apparent
assistance on your part. After a few good pains, the head of the child
will be born, and then the worst is over, for usually one pain more will
cause the birth of ths v/hcL child.
What will You do Next ?
Ai Boon as it is bom, you will probably hear the child gasp and cry,
372 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

which is caused by pain ensuing upon sudden expansion of its lungs. If

itdoes not do this, take the child, and shake it gently, give it a few slaps
on the buttocks, and empty its mouth of any secretions that may be
—
found there. By doing this, the child may soon cry when it is all
right. If, however, it should not be so easily resuscitated, sprinkle a

little its face, and if it looks blue in the face, cut the cord,
water on
and bleed a little then put your mouth to that of the baby, and
let it ;

while holding its nose shut, blow your own breath into it and fill its
lungs, and then press gently on its chest, in imitation of expiration. Do
this as long as there is any hope, and your efforts may often be crowned
with success. We will suppose, however, that the baby is a struggling,
crying, healthy darling. Then, as soon as you do no longer feel the cord
pulsate, you can separate it from the mother. To do this take a few
strands of thread and tie it round the cord, not so tight as to cut
through, about two inches away from the navel. Then take a pair of
scissors and cut the cord through about half an inch away from the li-
gature, not on the side, however, towards the navel you can put two
;

ligatures on the cord, if you like, and cut between them. Then take
the baby away, but be careful how you do it, or else an accident may be-
fall you, and hand it to the proper person to be washed and dressed.
The baby is very slippery, so take it up in this way put its neck
:

between the thumb and forefinger of your left hand, and put the
palm of the right under its buttocks you then have it secure, but
;

do not be too anxious about its safety, or you might choke it.

What Next ?
You must now pay attention to the exhausted but joyous mother,
rejoiced that she has passed such an agony of pain as you can form no
conception such that you have never felt and never can feel, unless
of,

you have been or A\aLl be a mother, and yet she will now greet you with
a sweet, smiling countenance. Her anxiety, however, is not over until
she is relieved of the after-birth. By the time that you have got
through with your duty to the baby, you will probably find the after-
birth expelled into the vagina, by the after-^xiins. If such is the case,
take the cord and pull gently downwards and a little upwards, but by
no means pull so hard as to tear the cord, or invert the womb If it
will not come, wait, and in a short time try again, and you will most
probably fijid it to come away readily. If you should find her flooding^
take a rag, saturate it with vinegar, or take a lemon, divest it of its
rind, and then pass it into the womb and squeeze it. This causes con-
traction of the organ, and stops the hemorrhage. You may also apply
ice to the spine for this purpose, and if you have ergot in the house,
give a pretty large doso of that. After delivery of the after-birth,
take a towel, and pass it around the pelvis of the mother, and bind it
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 373

pretty tightly ; cover her up warmly, and allow her to sleep, and so
recover strength, as you may suppose that she is very much exhausted
by this time.

Your Work is not Done Yet.

The baby has to be washed. This is a tedious job, unless you know
Iiow to proceed. All babies are covered with more or less unctuou«
matter, and this should be removed, or else it is liable to get a skin

disease. After you have got your rag (a soft woollen one is the best)
and some pretty warm water, smear the child over with pure lard or
sweet oil, and then use castile soap and water, and you will soon have it
clean. Be careful, however, not to get soap into its eyes, or else you
will have to treat it in a few days after for sore eyes. Now you have
got it clean, but you must not put on its clothes, until you have dressed
the navel, and put on its belly-band. To dress the navel, take a well-
worn cotton rag, cut it into patches of about four inches in diameter
take three or four of these and cut a hole through the middle of them.
Cut also a little bandage, half an inch wide, and wrap it round the navel
string, then slip it through the patches, and lay the string pointing to-
wards the left shoulder. Now, put on the woollen belly-band, moder-
ately tight, and secure it with needle and thread, not with pins. You
may think this caution unnecessary, but if you had seen as many torn
limbs and deep scratches in infants as I have, you would not think so.
After this you can put on its whole toilet, and lay it in its proper warm
nest — its mother's arms.
But you may think the baby is hungry, and that it needs some physic ;

so you give it some gruel, and follow this up either vnth. castor oil and
sugar, molasses, or butter and sugar made into a paste, and force them
down the little victim's throat. I say victim, because you could not
easily do more harm, and yet this abomination is done every day. If
the mother has milk, put it at the breast as soon as you can if not, let ;

it wait until she has, —

it won't starve. It needs no purgative, for the
colostrum or lirst of the milk is by nature designed as a laxative, and if
it gets that, it will soon or discharge of meconium^
have the black stools,

as doctors call it. By no means soothing syrups nor spirits,

give it

nor put a cap on it, or wash it with spirits. If you take my advice in
this matter, the baby will be the better for it, and there will not be a
necessity, which is so often the case, of the early exchange of its little

dresses for a tiny shroud.

In about twelve hours after delivery the mother may be cleansed, and
her bed changed, and light food given to her. She should remain in bed
for at least ten days, after which, if she feels strong, she may sit up,
but should avoid exertion. If she has insufficient milk, foUow advica
given on page 328.
374 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Lochia.
For some time after child -bearing, a discharge takes place from the
womb which is called lochia. It is at first red but if all goes well, in a
;

few days the red appearance subsides and gives place to an effusion of
a greenish color and a peculiar odor. When the womb is reduced, to its
original size, the lochia ceases. If it is checked before it should be
—
and in some women it ought to continue a month or if the flow pro-
ceeds with irregularity, great distress and danger are the consequences.
The immoderate flow of the lochia is not so disastrous as the suppression.
The latter may be produced by cold, by chilled drink, by mental excite-
ment, or, in fact, by any undue exertion of either mind or body. The
results of the suppression of the lochia are great fever, restlessness,
heat, pain in the head, back, andloins, delirium, inflammation of the
womb, colic pains, costiveness, nervous excitability, muscular contrac-
tions, and, in fact, general distress. The first and only thing to be done
is to restore the flow. For this purpose, if the patient can bear it, the
warm bath must be used fomentations should be applied to the
;

abdomen large emollient injections should be given in the rectum, and

;

sudorific medicines (not of a mineral character), assisted by copious

diluent drinks, should be administered. The acetate of ammonia will
be found very useful. A profuse and general perspiration is the pre-
cursor of rapid recovery and safety. While the lochia is apparent the
patient must not endeavor to get up, or to undergo any noticeable
degree of exertion, or be exposed either to atmospherical changes, or
imprudence in diet.

THE TREATMENT IN ACCIDENTS.

The treatment of fractures, dislocations, etc., should always be in-
trusted to the surgeon, but the emergency of such cases may be so
great in certain instances that a few minutes' delay might prove fatal to
the patient. Hence I will attempt to instruct the reader how to proceed
and what to do before the doctor comes. In all cases where surgical help
can be procured, it should be done as quickly as possible, but dangerous
accidents may occur where surgical aid is impossible to procure, and,
therefore, the treatment devolves upon others.

Wounds.
In case of wood-choppers, hunters, etc. away in the backwoods, or in
,

any other case where this precaution is necessary, they should provide
themselves always with bandages, Monsel's solution, and a roll of ad-
hesive X)laster, and then they are prepared for nearly all cases of acci-
dents that may befall them.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 375

The worst feature about a wound is the bleediug, unless, as in case of

gnn-shot wound, a vital part is injured. We will suppose, however, that
unfortunately one received a wound, either from some sharp instru-
ment, or a gun-shot wound, or some part of his body was lacerated,
contused or punctured from some cause, and that the wound was bleed-
ing freely. Before the wound is dressed the character of the bleeding
is to be noticed. If the blood is dark-colored and flows regularly in a
stream, it is venous blood, and you will be able to control it easily but ;

if it is bright-scarlet, and spurts out in jets, some artery has been

—
wounded always a dangerous accident. If the wound is a gun-shot one
and received in the trunk, all you can do on the moment is to herme-
tically seal the wound. Take the adhesive plaster, and cut a piece from
it large enough to cover the wound well, and then apply over the wound

so as to seal it effectually against escape of blood or entrance of air or ;

take a rag and shape it in a pledget, and tie it on the wound firmly with
a bandage or handkerchief. If internal hemorrhage occurs, you cannot
do anything, and the patient will probably die.
If the wound is in the arms or legs, then you can always do something.
If the bleeding is venous, you will be able to arrest it by applying cold
water. Elevate the limb, and use compression. If this does not arrest
it,apply some of the Monsel's Solution, which is a solution of the per-
sulphate of iron, which quickly stanches the blood by coagulation.
After the hemorrhage has ceased, apply a bandage. If the blood comes
out in you may know that an artery is wounded, and that no time
jets,
is to be No styptics will arrest hemorrhage from any important
lost.

artery, but in such cases instantly apply the Spanish windlass, which is
made by tying a handkerchief around the limb, and twisting it with a
stick, until the hemorrhage ceases. This compression is to be main-
tained, until the patient can have the attention of a surgeon. Be carefvd,
however, to apply the windlass above the wound towards the heart.
If you have to deal with any ordinary wound, cut, etc., draw the
edges together with strips of adhesive plaster, and put on cold water

Fractures.
These accidents often happen where no surgical aid can be con-
veniently procured. Any one can easily detect a broken bone by the
person not being able to raise the limb, by its bending where it ought
not, by pain, and by crepitation^ or crackling sound if the parts are
moved. When the bone is merely separated into two parts it is called a
simjoile fracture when an open wound communicates with the fracture
;

it is called compound ; when the bone is broken into numerous fragments,

it is termed comminuted^ and complicated when attended with dislocation,

laceration of large vessels, etc.

376 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Head.
The bones head and face are liable to be broken by blows, falls,
of the
etc. , and need immediate medical attendance. All you can do before the
arrival of the surgeon, is to raise the head, apply cold water, avoid all
noise and excitement, and arrest the bleeding by the means heretofore
advised.

Collar bone.
This bone is usually broken by violence upon the shoulder, arm, and
hand. It is generally broken near the middle of the bone, the part is

painful and swollen, and every attempt at motion proauces pain ;

the
shoulder sunken and drawn towards the breast-bone. The patient
is

usually found supporting the arm with his hand, to relieve the pressure
is

upon the sensitive network of nerves in the armpit.

—
Treatment. Push the shoulder backwards, and press on the seat of
fracture, until you get it in its place. Then make a wedge-shaped pad,
and put it in the armpit and secure it there by a bandage, which sur-
rounds the chest. Then bring the elbow to the side, and place the fore-
ama in a sling then take bandages, and secure the whole arm so tight-
;

ly in that position that it cannot be moved. The surgeon may then be

called, or, if the above advice is properly and effectually obeyed, the
cure will be a good one.

Broken Kibs.
This is known by pain when the patient breathes, or on pressure
where the injury has taken place. Crepitation is also felt when the
hand is placed over the part during respiration or coughing, and if the
pleura is injured, the chest swells, or emphysema appears.
Treatment. — If the broken ends project, apply a compress over it

if there is a depression, a compress is to be placed at each extremity.

If there is a bruise, apply hot fomentations ; then take a bandage six or
eight inches wide, and draw it tightly around the chest over the injured
part. This gives great relief, as it prevents expansion of the chest in
respiration,and holds the broken ends in opposition. Keeping this band-
age firmly applied is all that need be done in the way of treatment.

Fracture op the Humerus.

This is the bone between the elbow and shoulder. It may be detect-
ed by the ordinary methods.
—
Treatment. Place the bones in apposition, making sure that it is
right, by comparing it with the sound arm. Then take four splints, and
put one in front, one behind, and one on each side of the arm. Secure
these with a bandage. This dressing will do, until better attention can
be given to it by a competent doctor. Place the arm in a sling.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 377

Fractlre of the Bones of the Forearm.

There are two bones here, the radius andulna. They may both be
fractured, or only one of them. The fracture is easilj^ detected. __
Treatment. — The difficulty here is to observe the space between the
bones, which is The fracture is readily
called the interosseous space.
reduced by drawing the arm forwards, and when this is done, press the
muscles into the interosseous space. Now, take two splints, well pad-
ded on the inside, reaching from the elbow beyond the fingers, put one
on the inside and the other on the outside of the forearm, and secure
them with a bandage. The arm should be carried in a sling.

Fracture of the Bones in the Hand, Foot, or Ankle,

These solidbones are almost always wounded by such accidents that
tend to crush them, as machinery, threshing machines, heavy weights
falling on them, etc.
—
Treatment. Dress the open wound as any other, then cover the whoI«
hand in several folds of rag, or handkerchief, dipped in cold water.

Fracture at the Hip-Joint.

This is a very serious accident, and liable to occur in aged people.
One that receives this injury cannot stand or rise from the ground. If
the patient is placed upright the injured limb will be found much
shorter than the other, and the foot turned outwards. What is caller"
osseous union rarely if ever occurs in this fracture.
Treatment. — In old persons support the limb by pillows and re
strain all motion. This is all you can do. In other cases, make two
splints, one reaching from the arm-pit to about six inches longer than
the foot, the other from between the legs, extending to the same
length. Pad these well, especially at the upper ends. Apply them
to the inner and outer side of the leg and secure them with a bandage.
Now make a foot-board with two mortised holes in it, through which
the splints can pass. Bore holes in the lower ends of the splints every
half inch. Put on the foot-board, and attach the foot to it firmly,
then pull the foot-board down so as to stretch the leg well, for this
secures what is which is necessary in these oases. The
called extension^
splints resting against the arm -pit and perintBum affords what is called
counter-extensioii. See in all cases that you have the leg straight.

Fracture of the Tiiigh-Bone.

Fracture of the shaft of this bone is easily recognized by shortening,
crepitation, etc., and you should treat it just the same as advised in the
fracture of this bone at the hip -joint. If this fracture should occur
away from home, in the fields or elsewhere, get some stiff straw,
or bits of very thin board, or if you have a "stove-pipe" hat take
378 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,

that, knock out the crown, take off the rim, and split it up at the
sides. Bind these around the limb rather tightly with suspenders,
handkerchiefs, or tear your shirt up for bandages. Then you can safely re-
move the patient to a place where he may receive the proper treatment.

Fracture op the Cap of the Knee or Patella.

This may be broken by muscular contractions or direct violence.
Falling on the knee very frequently produces it. There is no crepita-
tion felt in this fracture. The pain
not very severe, but the limb is
is

partially bent, and the patient has no power to extend it.

—
Treatment. Keep down the swelling with lotions, etc. and then, ,

by means of strips of adhesive plaster, draw the fragments together and

retain them firmly in that position. Prevent motion by putting a long
splint on the back of the leg.

Fracture op the Leg.

There are two bones below the knee, the tibia and. fibula, and a frac-
ture, occurring in one or both of them from a fall or direct violence, is
a frequent accident, the tibia being most frequently broken. The signs
are evident. Crepitation, pain, want of motion, etc., declare it.

Treatment. — When both bones are broken, or when the fibula

alone, or when the upper part of the fibula is fractured, the best and
most simple apparatus is the fracture-box and pillow. Make a box
considerably wider than the leg, with only one end board, and that
considerably higher than the sides of the box —
the box has no lid. Put
a pillow, or bags of chaff or bran in this put the broken leg
little ;

into this see that it fits well

; then secure the foot to the foot-board,
;

so as to prevent lateral inclination.

The great object in the treatment of fractures is to keep the broken
ends well together, or in apposition, and keep them therp>. Nature
will do the healing part. In bandaging limbs, be careful that you get
them smoothly on the parts, and make allowances for the swelling
which occurs. If a bandage is formed too tight, it should be removed,
or else mortification of the limb wiU ensue.

DISLOCATIONS.
The signs of limbs being out of joint are deformity, swelling, and a
hollow where none should be, shortening or elongation, pain and immo-
bility of the limb.

Broken Neck, or Back.

This is always accompanied by a fracture. It may be produced
neai'ly
by convulsions, falls, hanging, etc. The chances of life are small, on
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 379

account of injury done to the spinal marrow, or the action of the dia-
phragm may be suspended by compression of the phrenic nerve.
—
Treatment. Lay the person (if in the neck) on his back, plant
your knees on the patient's shoulders, grasp the head firmly, pull gently,
and at the same time put the head into its proper place but this must be
;

properly and gently done, or else you may do great harm. If in the
back, do nothing.

Dislocation of the Jaw.

This often caused by yawning, by convulsions, or by blows on the
is

chin, when the mouth is wide open. The mouth gapes and cannot be
shut, the saliva trickles, there is great pain, and the patient cannot talk.
Treatment. — Seat the patient on a lov/ stool, stand in front of him,
and then press your thumbs upon the last molar or grinding teeth very
firmly. Be careful, however, to have your thumbs well protected with
wrappings, or else you may be severely bitten. By doing this you get
the articular ends of the jaw-bone from their unnatural position, and re-
duction is caused by the normal action of the muscles. When you hear
the snap^ you may be sure that the bone is in its proper position. After
reduction, the chin should be confined by a bandage for a week or ten
days.

Dislocation at the Shoulder.

This may be displaced in three directions, viz. inwards, downwards
:

and backwards. By comparing the injured with the sound shoulder,

you may be able to tell that it is a dislocation. Where the head of the
bone ought to be, you will find a depression, and you will most likely
find a tumor, near the breast, in the arm -pit, or towards the back,
according to the manner of dislocation.
Treatment.— Lay the person on his back, and sit down beside him
on the injured side, and put a round pad in the arm-pit. Then take off
your boot, put your foot against the pad, grasp the patient's arm, or tie
a towel to it, put it around your neck, and pull in that way. Then
while you pull at the arm and push with your foot, tell the patient to
turn round, or you may carry the arm across his chest. While this is
done, a snap will be heard, and the bone is in its proper place.

Dislocations at the Elbow.

When both radius and ulna are dislocated, the forearm is bent nearly
at a right angle, and is immovable. When the ulna alone is dislocated,
there is a tumor projecting posteriorly, the elbow is bent at right angles,
and the forearm is turned upwards. The radius is dislocated at the
elbow either forwards or backwards. When backwards the head of the
bone forms a prominence behind, the arm is bent and the hand prone.
 380 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

When forwards there is a distinct prominence in front, the arm is

slightly bent,and the hand supine.
—
Treatment. When both bones are dislocated, or in case the ulna is
alone out of joint, make forcible extension of the forearm over your
knee, placed at the elbow, to make counter-extension. Then bend the
forearm while making extension, and reduction will take place. In
forward dislocation of the radius make forcible extension, and while
doing so, turn the hand from without inwards, called pronation. In
backward dislocation make forcible extension, and turn the hand from
within outward, or supination. In either case you should press the
head of the bone into proper position with your thumb. Then advise
'•est, cold applications, and a sling.

Dislocations at the Wrist.

The luxation of both bones of the forearm from the bones of the hand
is rare. When it occurs forward there is a great projection in front, and
the hand is bent backwards when backwards, the projection is behind,
;

and the hand is flexed. If the radius alone is dislocated the hand will
be somewhat twisted. If the ulna is dislocated, it may be easily recog-
nized by a projection on the back of the wrist.
—
Treatment. The reduction of both bones is effected by making
extension and pressure. If either of the bones are dislocated, the re-
duction is performed in the same manner. Pain, swelling, and stiffness
of the joint may follow, which should be obviated by cold applications,
rest, lotions, etc. , and a light splint may be applied to prevent its re-
currence.

Dislocation of the Bones op the Hand,

Displacement of the bones of the carpus or body of the hand rarely
occurs. The bones of the fingers are occasionally dislocated, but more
frequently the thumb is dislocated backwards.
Treatment. — Make extension in a curv^ed line, by means of a nar-
row bandage or tape, firmly applied by a close -hitch upon the finger.

Dislocation op the Ribs.

Dislocation of the ribs from the spinal column may sometimes occur
by severe falls, or blows upon the back, and from the breast bone, by
violent bending of the body backwards. Great pain and difficulty of
breathing follow in either case.
—
Treatment. Tell the patient to take a deep inspiration, and slightly
bend the body backwardij, and while he does this, make some pressure
on the projecting point. After reduction treat the same as for broken
ribs.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 381

Dislocation at the Hip.

In this case the leg is shortened and the foot is turned imcards. It
may be dislocated in five different ways —
upwards and backwards is,
;

however, the most common dislocation. In all cases you may know thut
displacement has occurred, by comparison with the articulated limb.
Treatment. — The accident is so serious that no attempt should be
made at reduction, except by a surgeon, but if it happens when no such
aid can be procured, you may proceed as in dislocation of the shoulder.
If you cannot make sufficient extension in that way, you may attach pul-
leys to a towel fastened above the knee, and make counter- extension by
means of a folded sheet in the perinajum. After full extension is accom-
plished, push the head into the socket, or so manipulate the leg that its
movements will force reduction. After reduction, the patient should be
kept at rest, and walking should not be attempted for several weeks.

Dislocation of the Knee-cap.

This may It is characterized by
be dislocated in various directions.
the leg being stretched, and a prominence formed by the patella in an
abnormal situation.
Treatment. — Eaise the patient's leg and rest it upon your shoulder.
While in this position, force the bone into its place with the hand.

Dislocation at the Ankle.

This may be forwards, backwards, inwards and outwards, and are the
results of severe force. The bones' ends are usually fractured at the same
time. It is a very serious accident, and when it occurs to patients whose
constitutions are bad amputation may often be necessary.
—
Treatment. Reduction is effected by bending at the knee, and
while in that position, drawing the foot forwards.
In all cases of dislocations and fracture communicating with joints, the
danger is anchylosis or stiffness of the joints. This is to be obviated by
what is called passive motion^ which is to be instituted in all cases, a
few weeks after the accident. It is accomplished by taking hold of the
limb and moving it in natural directions, as far as consistent, and repeat-
ed after suitable intervals. The patient is to be enjoined, also, when
practicable, to exercise limb at the wounded articulation. There
liis

are many other fractures and dislocations that I have not spoken of, for
the reason that they are all so serious that the treatment should only
be attempted by those having the proper anatomical knowledge and sur-
gical skill.
382 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

PREVENTION OF EPIDEMIC DISEASES.

The alarming fatality consequent upon an epidemic reign of disease
demands the closest scrutiny upon the part of communities, larg-e or
small, to gnard against its approach or prevalence. Medical skill is un-
able to cope with the fearful onslaught of epidemics, and in many cases
epidemic diseases are of so violent a character that the most vigorous
constitutions succumb to the assault, and the profoundest medical skill
and most rational medical treatment are unavailing. It is questionable
if medical science will ever be able to materially decrease the rate of

mortality that usually ensues upon epidemic reign the subtle ethereal
;

poison causing epidemics being of too violent a character to allow

ascendency to be gained by material medicinal agents. Since it ia
questionable that mastery can be gained by medicmal or therapeutic
agents, the proper remedy is suggested, not by investigating the best
agents of cure, but in measures of prevention, as the author is quite cer-
tain that by proper knowledge and concerted action the spread of an
epidemic can be limited, and its onset prevented. Epidemic diseases
belong to the class which has been conveniently but inaccurately desig-
nated '
zymotic. " They are generated, according to the most modem
'

physiological doctrine, by a specific poison, introduced into the body from

without, which is capable of causing morbid changes in the blood, and
of destroying life. The poisons of various epidemic diseases are distinct
inter se ; the contagion of typhus, for instance, being altogether different
from that of smaU-pox, and the contagion of cholera from that ot
diphtheria, and yet it is plain that they are all somehow related, and
capable of gradual transmutation from one type into another. Soms
—
ancient types have died out the black-death, the sweating sickness, and
the plague but new types, undescribed by the old physicians, have
;

arisen. We are able to note remarkable "waves of disease;" at ons

time the great mortality is from typhus, at another from small-pox, at
another from scarlatina. In England they have recently had a succes-
sion of epidemic. The outbreak of cholera in 18G6 was followed by
typhoid fever, and as the latter began to abate in violence, scarlatina
appeared in the most malignant form, and attacked the metropolis. This
disease had begun a year and a half ago to decline in London, but at;
the same time it began to spread through other parts of the kingdom,
where it has since raged destructively. A little later than the scarlatina,
relapsing fever, which has been rare in these countries since 1849, broko
out with great severity, also attacking London first, and, when it had
spent its force there, extending itself into the provincial towns. Lastly,

they have been visited with an epidemic of small-pox more severe than
any outbreak of that disease which has been recorded in England during
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 383

the present generation. And no sooner has the small-pox begun to

abate its violence than they are threatened with a return of cholera.
This periodicity of disease is yet to be explained but it is established
;

that, given the same conditions for the reception and propagation of
contagion, about the same proportion of lives will be carried away,
whether the prevailing epidemic be scarlet fever or typhus, or relapsing
fever or small-pox.
The blood-poisoning of the zymotic diseases, which is thus various and
changing in type, is traceable, however, to the same class of causes.
In some epidemics the germs of contagion are far more volatile than in
others, but, in all, we know by experience that, if we can isolate the
patient and submit his immediate surroundings to disinfectant agents,
we check the spread of the disorder.
Pure air and pure water are irreconcilably hostile to contagious dis-
ease. The duty, therefore, of sanitary administration is the en-
first

forcement of effective ventilation, the supply of a fixed quantity of

fresh air to every person ia every house. This is an innovation which
will of course be resisted both by ignorance and self-interest, but no in-
committed in preventing ignorant or self-
fraction of real liberty will be
interested persons from doing mischief to the community by sowing the
seeds of disease broadcast. The next step in the work of prevention ia
to insistupon a free and well-distributed system of sewers to carry away
at once from every habitation the impurities which poison the air, and
which, even when they do not directly propagate contagion, insidiously
weaken the constitution of those subjected to their influence and prepare
them for the reception of the germs of disease. Most country villages and
many small towns are almost wholly destitute of systematic drainage,
and cesspools, which are the commonest substitutions, are merely traps
for infection. The enforcement of drainage and the abolition of cess-
pools are reforms which experience has shown will never be carried out
by the local authorities, and is especially an improvement which
ought to be and can be carried by pressure from a strong central ex-
ecutive office. A third precaution is systematic disinfection, not only
of everything connected with and surrounding a person suffering from
contagious disease, but of all places where dirt unavoidably accumu-
lates, and whence at any time effluvium can be perceived to proceed.
These precautions, however, though valuable in themselves, and also
as tending to effect the further object to which we are now able to
refer, are quite unavailing unless supplemented by securities for a pure
supply of water. Cholera, as we have seen, is held to be propagated
almost exclusively through polluted water, and there is scarcely a form
of epidemic that is not to some extent disseminated in the same way.
^'Xe have stated that it is doubtful if sanitary reform can ever be

properly enforced by local authority, and hence advocate that its re-
384 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

qnirement should be insisted upon by national statutes. The health

of any country is as much a principle of political economy as its free-
dom, and just as worthy, if not more so, of vigilance and it is to be
;

hoped that the day is not far distant when legislators in every land
will see the absolute necessity to enact such laws rendering thorough
disinfection and drainage obligatory upon all its citizens. Physicians
have long advocated so desirable a reform, and neglected no opportunity
to teach the people the virtue of and benefits to be derived from disin-
fection but the absence of any epidemic gives a false sense of security,
;

and the advices are unheeded until the deathly blast of the epidemic is
upon them, when their folly is exposed and the wisdom of precaution
estubashed.
Of the disinfectants, the following are the best —
Chloride of lime,
:

Labarraque's solution, carbolic acid, and bromo-chloralum. Chlorine gas

is probably the best, but not so practicable for universal use. Most of
them are comparatively cheap, and no household should be without a
Bufficient quantity.
All cesspools, sinks, etc., should be thoroughly disinfected whenever
L'lej become and exhale noxious vapors, and no pools of stag-
oflPensive
nant water or other filthy places should be permitted to remain un-
irained for any space of time. If such a desirable reform could become
of universal operation, the reign of epidemics would be over and be-
come things of the past.

APPENDICITIS.
When pages the symptoms of acute in-
I described in the foregoing
flammation, I concluded to mention such symptoms that would indicate
an inflammatory condition of the lining membrane of the intestinal tract.
Situated in the abdominal cavity and in the intestinal ,canal there is a
small organ called the Vermiform Appendix, this from being worm-
shaped.
When foreign bodies, such as orange or cherry pits, grape seeds, pins,
buttons or anything of like nature are taken into the stomach through
the asophaegus, this worm-like appendix vermiform may secrete the sub-
stance, so that it is stopped in its path to the rectal canal. After a week
or ceil days, if, as stated, the article or substance of a hard or gritty
material is not carried off, it becomes an irritant, and sets up a form of
severe acute inflammation, resembling in almost every instance an in-
flammatory condition of the bowels.
While I would caution all of my readers to be very careful in not
swallowing anything mentioned that would have a tendency to cause
Appendicitis, still, on many occasions, when taken accidently, and witii-
out thinking, such an occurrence takes place, it is necessary to eat bread in
quantity, wheat or rye bread, and if pain or cramps should come on rub
in mv Herbal Ointment externally. If Appendicitis is firmly established
operative interference is necessary to save patient, as the danger of
gangrene collapse and blood poisoning may supervene.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,

TREATMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES.

THE AUTHOR'S SPECIALTY.
Important to the Suffering Sick, Male or Female.
Chronic Diseases are those that have passed the active or inflam-
matory stage. Strictly speaking, a diseasenot curable until it has
is

passed this stage and become to a certain extent " chronic." The word
means "time," and any disease that has had time to pass the active
stage, "chronic." The tendency of chronic aff"ections is to recover, and
nine out of ten will recover by proper attention to hygienic laws and the
right medicine. It would be imprudent, in case of a severe attack of
illness, to trust recovery to nature, without availing ourselves of medical
advice; without in fact ascertaining the proper remedy, which is surely to
be found somewhere in the herbal kingdom. In all cases of chronic dis-
ease, a careful diagnosis is absolutely required, as each case is usually
accompanied by a variety of sympathetic disorders hence, it requires ;

the educated and experienced physician to note the variations, detect

the complications and identify the locality and extent of the real dis-
order. Patient and intelligent investigation is absolutely requisite in all
cases, as without such a diagnosis the treatment would not be successful.
My specialty is the treatment of chronic disease. I very rarely
give advice, unless specially and urgently solicited, with reference to
acute affections, and never essay treatment unless the aff"ections be of
specific or scrofulous origin, as private diseases, acute phthisis, etc.

Aside from these exceptional cases, my professional attention and ser-

vice's are entirely absorbed in the treatment of chronic diseases, and

there I can justly claim to treat with unvarying success. This assertion
is certainly pardonable when the fact of my success is attested by
thousands of former patients in all parts of the world. Early in my pro'
feisional career it became apparent to me that only as a specialist can
ar.y physician hope for either competence or success. Aware of the folly
of the attempt to become equally skillful in the treatment of both acute
a.ad chronic affections, I made chronic diseases exclusively my study,
and devoted for many years all the energies at command in the endeavor
to acquaint myself with all the varied and multiform manifestations. No
Z
386 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

physician, unless he be a prodigy of science, can with equal success

treat both acute and chronic affections. If he animated with the
is

principles of professional integrity, striving to gain absolute competence,

he has no time to investigate the characteristics of chronic diseases,
should he even have the inclination. The "family physician" deals
mostly with acute affections hence it is necessary to his professional
;

success and reputation to devote his sole attention to the study of acute
disorders. It is well known that the highest perfection of mechanism
demands the division of labor into special branches, and so it is with the
practice of medicine — division into specialties secures greater intelli-
gence, competence, and success of treatment.
It is not necessary that I sh'ould particularize each disease for
which my advice may be solicited, or for the treatment of which my ser-
vices may be engaged. I may be consulted with reference to every exist-
ing chronic disorder, claiming the requisite ability to give definite and
conclusive advice, and provide treatment invariably successful in result, if

in my estimation the affection is capable of cure.

Clironic aflTections are so nninerous that the author will allude to
the more important only, and such as are fearfully prevalent and de-
structive.
In the female economy we meet with exceptional diseases not
observable in the opposite sex. She, too, by many obscure causes, may
sadly destroy her health and capacities of womanhood, and in which con-
dition the same vigilance should be exercised, and the same efficient and
reliable medical counsellor should be appealed to. The physical degen-
eracy is the same, and special treatment no less important than in the
analogous condition of the male. Besides this sad affection she suffers
untold agony with what are termed Uterine Diseases. Vital statisticians
assert that there scarcely exists a female in civilized life who does not
suffer with uterine disorder at some time of her life, and that as a rule
every female is at all times more or less a sufferer from the womb dis-

ease. Why is woman Is it altogether owing

thus fearfully a sufferer
?

to injurious modes of and other agencies ? Is it not

dress, habits of life,
possible that this prevalence of uterine diseases is partially owing to in-
efficient and irrational treatment ? If treatment were competent, this
load of suffering would certainly be lighter. These diseases have surely
no such pathological character as to render treatment unavailing, and
that all that physicians can do is to pronounce them incurable.
Proper internal medication in combination with proper hygienic
observance, will effect a cure in nearly, if not all, uterine disorders. The
long continued suffering, so generally the history of all uterine diseases,
is due more to harsh and inappropriate treatment than to any peculiar

severity or stubbornness in the morbid elements of the affections them-

 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 3S7

selves. Under proper and skillful treatment, Leucorrhoea, Ulct ration,

Prolapsus, or Falling of the. Womb, the various misplacements of the
organ, menstrual disorders, etc., yield kindly, and a cure is speedily
effected in all cases.
Diseases the reproductive system in the male sex
aiTectiiig"
are actually the gravest of all, and attended with more sad results than

any in the Avhole catalogue of human afflictions. Their very apparent

mildness gives to them a twofold capacity for undermining the constitu-
tion and destroying the integrity of the general health, by imperceptible
losses througt the water or fluids of the body. Patients, before writing,
will please save a little of this water in a bottle for twenty-four hours.
Write me if any sediment, of the color and quantity, as it will
there is

save much This disguised or negative feature is always

loss of time.
associated with those diseases depending upon disorders of the generative
organs, many of which are contracted by dissipated or vicious habits in-
dulged in to a greater or less extent, and patients, though long aware of
their indisposition, are not fully conscious of the nature or seriousness of
their disease until health is completely broken, the constitution wrecked,
and the vitality and vigor of the nervous system utterly destroyed. Long
before this one may know that all is not right, but owing to a false deli-
cacy, neglect tc employ competent treatment.
Sterility or Barrenness. I can be consulted on this subject freely
by all the childless, and shall give my candid opinion promptly by mail,
as to whether they can be successfully treated or not. In nine cases out
ten all impediments can be safely removed in a reasonable length of
time. Some of the most frequent causes of barrenness are, dysmenor-
rhoea (painful menstruation), especially the congestive form of it menor- ;

rhagia (profuse menstruation), especially when it is associated with

menorrhoea, or too frequently recurring periods; induration of the cervix,
or neck of the womb, and the most frequent of all, relaxation of the
vaginal walls to such an extent that the spermatozoa is never retained at
all, but escapes from the vagina immediately after coition.
Chronic Impotency is one of the most deplorable conditions
with which mankind can possibly be be afflicted.
Now my success in the treatment of conditions of this class, warrants
me in saying that it is just as surely amenable to judicious, well directed
treatment, in accordance with its true pathological character, as any
other curable abnormal condition of the sexual organization. The great
reason why has so seldom been successfully treated by the
this disease
great mass of the profession is, that its pathology has not been properly
studied or investigated, and consequently not understood.
The sacral plexus of nerves (with one branch from the lumbar), are the
nerves which supply the sexual organization with its vitality.
388 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

The sensory nerves convey from the base of the brain, or cerebellum,
impressions to these nerve centers, and it is through them that nature
asserts its power.
To explain a little more minutely : Whenever a passionate, lascivious
thought, or sight, or impression in any form occurs, the sensory nerves
convey the impression to the sacral ganglia, and if this nerve center is

active and vigorous, natural results will surely follow ; but if it has be-
come atonied, or if it has lost its vitality, of course it cannot act under
the impression conveyed to it by the sensory nerves, and this is what
constitutes Impotency.
Now, of course, specific medicines, or medicines which have a direct
affinity for, or act as a direct stimulus to these nerves, are the only
remedies that can be depended upon to restore this lost vitality. Such
remedies I claim to make use of in conditions of this class, and my suc-
cess has proved them to be reliable whenever my directions and instruc-
tions have been followed, and my treatment pursued for a reasonable length
of time. The specific action of some remedies is too well known to be
disputed quinine, iron, antiseptics, and many others belong to this class.
:

Now the great majority of diseases we are obliged to treat on general

principles, as specifics for all diseases have not yet been discovered but ;

general treatment would be of no use whatever in conditions of this

class positive, specific treatment is the only available course, and this
;

is what I claim my treatment to be.

It is true, that congenital conditions, or malformations, or organic

diseases of the sexual system, may render some cases incurable by any
method of treatment, but these cases are extremely rare.
Syphilis, that is another disease
terrible scourge of our large cities,
in which the even the absolute necessity of specific
superiority, nay,
medication has been clearly established. This formidable disease has
assumed alarming proportions in our country, and at this time it cannot
be said be confined to our cities only for plainly, the rural districts
to ;

are not exempt from the foul taint. It is its constitutional, secondary
and tertiary forms that more particularly demand my attention, and which
I am constantly treating with such uniform success, Were this disease
confined to primary stage, it would not be the hydra-headed monster
its'

that it now is, but unfortunately its ravages are unlimited every tissue ;

of the body becomes involved in rapid succession. The throat becomes

ulcerated, rendering the breath intolerably offensive ; next the glandular
system —the glands of the neck
then the cartilaginous tissues, especially
;

of the nose, which soon sinks upon a level with the face, as though it had
been battered with a mallet, and finally the bones themselves become
spongy, and exostoses supervenes. It would require a large volume to
fully describe the ravages of this disease. The number of generations
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 389

through which it is capable of propagating itself by hereditary descent

is unknown —
probably unlimited. My specific treatment for the consti-
tutional, secondary and tertiary forms of this disease, may be relied upon
with positive certainty to eliminate every particle of this specific conta-
gion from the system, no matter of how long standing.
Chronic Urinary Diseases. This class of diseases has become
alarmingly prevalent in our country, especially among the laboring or
active business men of middle age, and those far advanced in years.
Diabetes in both its forms, albuminuria, or Bright's disease, ardor
urinae, or irritable bladder ;
abnormal deposits in the urine ;
and in the
aged, inability to retain the urine ; with frequent desire to void it, which
when voided flows in a dribbling manner; partial paralysis of the bladder,
characterized by inability to evacuate it without considerable effort,

accompanied with frequent and sudden cessations of the flow ;

calculous
or gravelly obstructions, etc.
I have made these conditions a special study for years, and I can safely
affirm that there are but few cases of this class of diseases that specific
medication by nature's remedies will fail to relieve and I know from
;

experience that there no is class of diseases in which the superiority of

specific vegetable medicine is more clearly manifested than in chronic
urinary difficulties of every form and type. I have hundreds of testi-

monials in my possession, conclusively establishing this fact.

Catarrh. This formidable disease is located, primarily, in the
pituitary membrane which and extends to the
lines the nasal fossa,

different cavities communicating with the nose. It is composed of two

layers one fibrous, which is attached to the bones the other, free and
: ;

secretory —the seat of smell. This membrane lin^s all the sinuses of the
maxillary, frontal and ethmoidal bones, and its mucous surface is the
primary seat of the catarrhal inflammation, but the fibrous portion is
soon involved, and then the discharge becomes pustular and fetid, while
all the bones to which this fibrous portion of the membrane is attached

become affected, and caries, or slow destruction of the osseous tissues

supervenes ;
becomes intolerable, and sooner or later all the
the breath
air passages to and within the lungs become involved, so you can readily
see how extensive a disease catarrh is, and how preposterous the idea that a
little of somebody's snuff will remove the specific inflammation from all these

tortuous winding air-passages, which are so extensive as to make the

patient who is badly afflicted with this disease, feel as though his whole
face was fairly rotten with it. Both local and general treatment of a
specific character must positively be resorted to, to remove the septic in-
flammation, and restore all the tissues to a normal condition.
Specific local treatment, by means of my Nasal Douche Apparatus^
and the exhibition of general remedies, which through the circulation and
390 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

absorbent vessels act as specifics to inflamed mucous membranes, is

positively the only reliable treatment for this distressing malady.

My supreme confldence in the Jiealiiii? virtues of herbal medi-
cines was gained only by observing their superiority, and not born of
prejudice or antipathy ; for in the first few years devoted to the study of
medicine, was taught as others are, to regard the employment of
I
mineral agents as right and advisable. Experience only gave me better
knowledge and fuller understanding, and at the present time, should the
privilege of employing the medicinal properties of plants be taken away
from me, leaving me but the inert and harmful minerals, my professional
knowledge would avail me nothing, and I would stand in the presence
of disease with fettered hands, helpless as a child, and absolutely without
power to mitigate or relieve a single pain or symptom.
I think I can truthfully say that no physician at the present time
is treating so many chronic cases as myself. I have for twenty years
advertised very largely in all the leading newspapers of the country. I
print upwards of three million Shakespearian Almanacs annually for
gratuitous distribution. There has been 450,000 "Complete Herbalists"
sold within the last twelve years. As I have said before, my specialty
has been chronic diseases.
Thousands are led to consult nie and my associate physicians for
relief, which, owing to our large experience in a certain class of complaints,

we can guarantee to cure in almost every case. I advertise my family

medicines through the druggists, and sell them largely — the sales amount-
ing to nearly half a million yearly. I am obliged to have assocciate
physicians to assist me, owing to my business being so large.
All invalids write us unhesitatingly just as they feel in special cases
thus giving us a perfect description of their cases, which enables us to be
more successful than we otherwise could be.
Afflicted persons desirous of gaining my advice should give a plain
statement of their when contracted, the present symptoms,
afflictions ;

etc. —
in fact, everything should be made known to me precisely as would
occur by personal interview. The following questions are intended to
assist invalids in properly presenting their cases. Answers to all the
questions are not necessary.

(QUESTIONS FOR REFERENCE.

Daigned for those %vho zvish to Consult ?ne with a view to Treat?nent.

A. What isyour age ? If known, what is your temperament ? Did

you arrive, at the age of puberty without having had any serious illness,
or sufficiently so to injure your constitution ?

B. Are you afflicted with any chronic form of eruptive diseases ? If

so, what are its characteristics ? Is it scaly or papular (pimples), or pus-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 391

tular) secreting pus ? If papular, is it attended with any secretion in

the pimples ? If so, is the secretion watery ? If pustular, do scabs
form ? Do the scabs drop off and new ones form immediately, or do the

pustules heal ? What Is the color of these ?

C. any hereditary disease in your family, recent or remote ?

Is there

D. Are you very nervous ? if so, can you assign any cause for it ?
Have you overtaxed yourself with study, or with mental or physical ex-
ertion of any kind ? Have you any mental trouble ? Is your memory or
capacity for mental pursuits impaired? Is your sleep disturbed by
frightful dreams, or dreams of any kind ? If your business through the
day Has been perplexing, is your sleep disturbed and unrefreshing in
consequence of it ?

E. congenital diseases or condition of any kind ? that

Have you any
is, any diseased or abnormal condition with which you have been
afflicted from birth ?

F^ Have you always been temperate in your habits ? Do you in-

dulge or have you indulged in the use of spirituous liquors of any kind
to excess, or of opium in any form, or tobacco ?

G-, Are you subject to severe attacks of headache, or do you fre-

quently have a dull, heavy, oppressed feeling in the head ? If you have

either, at what part of the head is the pain most severe, or what part of
the head is most liable to attacks of pain ? Are you troubled with
dizziness of the head, ringing noises in the ears, or specks before the
eyes ?
•
H. Have you a disagreeable taste in the mouth, especially in the
morning Are the gums healthy, or are they becoming absorbed, leav-
?

ing the teeth long and naked ? If the latter, do you know whether it is
the result of the use of mercury, or of vitiated secretions ? Is the tongue
coated ? Are its tip and edges very red ?

I Do you have any disease of the throat ? Are the tonsils very

liable to become inflamed and enlarged, causing difficult deglutition ?

and are you especially liable during cold weather to contract what is

called a sore throat ?

J. Are you afflicted with a chronic cough? if so, for what length of
time have you been troubled with it ? At what time of the day do you
cough most ? Is coughing attended with pain in any part of the chest ?
if so, what part ? Does it cause pain in any part of the chest to inhale
a full breath ? Have you constant pain in any part of the chest ? Is it

increased by coughing, and is it always confined to one locality ? Do

you expectorate much ? What is the character of the expectoration ? Is
it thick and adherent, or is it of a mucous character ? Does it sink in
wHter ? Do you have turns of pei-spiring freely at night ? Do your feet
332 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

and ankles swell ? and is the swelling edematous ? — that is, does it pit
on the removal of pressure of the thumb ?
K. Do you have any pains or fluttering sensations about the heart ?

if so, are they constant, or do they come and go at intervals? Do you

have palpitation, attended with difficulty of breathing ? if so, is it con-
stant or at intervals ? If at intervals, of what length of time generally ?

L. your appetite and digestion good ?

Is Are you troubled with
collections of wind in the stomach ? Does food distress you ? if so,
what kind of food distresses you most ? Does a meat diet give you more
pain than a farinaceous one ? Do very hot or very cold drinks give you
pain in the stomach ? Are you constipated ? and are you troubled with
piles.

M. Have you any pain or weakness in the lower part of your back ?

Is the voiding of urine attended with pain or smarting ? Are you

obliged to void it more frequently than is natural ? and is it normal in

quantity ? Does the urine deposit a sediment ? if so, what is the char-
acter of it ?

N. Do you
have any rheumatic or neuralgic pains in any part of
your body ? Are any of the tendons of the extremities contracted ? Are
you troubled with cramps in the lower extremities when in bed ?
O. have you injured yourself by excesses of any kind,
If a male,
recent or remote. Have you now, or have you had varicocele ?
It is not necessary for me to insert here questions which the patient
will readily see are inadmissable for a work of this kind, but which are,
nevertheless, of great importance and he can forestall me in this mat-
;

ter by giving me all the information in relation to his condition that will
occur to him as being necessary to aid me in forming a correct opinion
the only sure guide to correct and successful treatment.

P. If a female, are you afflicted with uterine derangement in any

form —prolapsus, leucorrhoea, ulceration, etc.? Have you passed the
climacteric period ? if not, is menstruation regular, and normal in
quantity and quality ? Is it ever attended with severe pain ?

Any intelligent female will readily see the absolute necessity that ex-
ists for an unreserved history of her case, and a plain statement of the
causes which have led her to consult me with a view to obtaining relief.
No modesty should deter any from making known their exact
false
condition, so that I may be enabled to fully understand the pathology of
the case, and to prescribe just what is required to effect the most speedy
and decisive results. It is not iiecessary by any means that answers
to all these questions he g'iven. The most prominent features of the
case are all that I require. It is frequently the case that ladies, in de-
describing their condition, give great prominence to unimportant or
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 3&3

—
merely sympathetic symptoms slight neuralgic pains in various parts,
headache, nervousness, restlessness, and transient or migratory pains
and entirely negrect to say anything about the one great cause of all
these unpleasant and sometimes most distressing symptoms —
uterine de-
rangement, or an abnormal condition in some form of the sexual organ-
ization. No important organ of the body is more intimately connected
with the whole sympathetic nervous system, or exercises a greater in-
fluence over the other important organs, stomach, liver, lungs and head,
and particularly the nerve centers, than the uterus and when I am
;

told that a lady is suffering from uterine derangement in any form, I

know that she is also suffering from many unpleasant, if not distressing
sympathetic symptoms. I do not wish to be considered egotistical at all,

but after a long and extensive experience, I call positively affirm, that if
there is any particular class of diseases in the treatment of which my
greatest successes have been achieved, it is in the treatment of diseases
incident to females, which have become so pre-valent in our country, and
which I contend are, as a general thing, treated irrationally, and without
any claim to success. While, perhaps, one has been benefitted by the
harsh heroic treatment so extensively practiced by every medical Tyro
at the present time, hundreds have been seriously and permanently in-
jured. My unusual success in the treatment of diseases of this class
ought to be sufficient evidence of their curability by a more rational and
entirely harmless method of treatment.
Remittances should be luatle in Post-Office Money Orders, pay-
able at Jersey City, N,wherever there is a Money-Order Office,
J.,
which is now almost universal, there being only a few exceptions.
Where these exceptions do exist, register the letter containing
money. Either of these modes is perfectly safe, the Postmaster
always giving you a receipt for the money. No Medicines sent C. O.
D., unless half the money is sent in advance. The express business has
reached such perfection wuthin the last few years, that I can almost
guarantee a daily delivery to every hamlet in the United States.
All letters will be treated as strictly private and confidential.
New York may call on me whenever convenient.
Invalids on a visit to
Office hours, from lo A, M, to 4 P. M.
Address Dr. 0. Phelps Brown, No. 47 Grand Street, Jersey
City, N. J.
17*
394 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

PAET III,

THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE SEXES.

Admitting the delicacy of the subject, it is, however, eminently with-
in the province of the medical writer to teach the scientific bearings of
the marital prerogative of the sexes, inasmuch as health, as well as civil-
ization, is greatly dependent upon the purity of that relation. While 1
condemn such literature which is elementarily and purposely suggestive,
I have but little sympathy with that prudish modesty which is outraged
by everything appertaining to the special characteristics of sex. The
author shall, in the consideration of the subject, not attempt to offend
healthy conservatism, yet, at the same time, the subject is too import-
ant to discuss with undue reserve or by unintelligent circumlocution.
it

The essays are not written to gratify immoral curiosity, but to edify
those who wish to learn and be governed by the correct principles of the
philosophy appertaining to the marital union of the sexes. And as this
work is specially intended to educate the popular, and not the profes-
sional mind, it is proper and quite consonant with every moral considera-
tion, that it should contain such general knowledge as ail should know
for proper guidance in matters pertaining to the organs of reproduction.
It is quite important for all to know the anatomy of the genitalia of
both sexes. I shall, therefore, prepare this special part of this work with
the anatomy of the organs of both sexes.

Anatomy of the Male Organs.

These consist of the organ itself, seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
testes and scrotum.
The male organ conveys the urine from the bladder, and the seminal
sections from the seminal vesicles. Its anterior extremity is called the
glans^ and its posterior extremity is the root ; the interveniag part, the
body, which consists of two structures, the covpus cavernosum, or caver-
nous body, and the corpus spongiosum^ or spongy body. The skin is thin
and delicate, studded with numerous sebaceous follicles. Surrounding
the glans is a loose doubling of skin called the "prepuce^ which is connect-
ed feo the mouth of the urethra by a process called the frmnum. The
thick rim or edge around the base of the glans is the crown, or corona
glandis^ behind which the organ is narrow, and this portion is known as
the neck or collum. The caseous secretion found here is known as smeg-
ma^ which is the product of the glands of Tyson^ numerous about the
neck and crown.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 395

The cavernous body forms thelargest part of the organ and in shape
is a double cylinder. At the root these cylinders are separate and
pointed, and called the crura of the penis. Each of these is firmly at-
tached to the branches of the pubes and ischium,— bones of the pelvis.
The cavernous body has a thick, elastic, fibrous coating externally in- ;

ternally it consists of a spongy structure made up of cells, or little

caverns, which readily communicate with the and vems. Those

arteries

arteries that terminate in blind tufts are called helidne.The cylinders

are partially separated from each other by a partition whose fibres re-
semble the teeth of a comb, whence the name septum pectiniforme.
The coipus spongiosum has the same fibrous covering as the cavernous
body, and is also composed of cells, but which are larger than those of
the cavernous body. Its relative i>osition to the coi-pus cavemosum is
about the same as a ramrod to a 'double-barrelled gun. Posteriorly it
enlarges into what is called the bulb, lying between the crura of the
organ. Anteriorly forms the glans.
it

The urethra, or urinary canal from the bladder, perforates the spongy
body. Its mouth at the glans is called meatus urinarius.
vesicles consist of two convoluted tubes placed at the
The seminal
and inferior portion of the bladder. They are oblong in shape,
posterior
about two inches in length. They act as a receptacle for the semen.
When secreted by the testicles, the semen is conveyed by a tube, called
the ms deferens, into these vesicles, where it is mixed with a little
mucus, and retained until discharged.
The prostate gland is a dense hard structure, about the size of ahorse-
chestnut, surrounding the neck of the bladder, at the commencement
of the urethra. It is perforated by the urethra, and also by the ductus
ejaculatorius, which is formed by the junction of the vas deferens and
the seminal duct. The semen is further liquefied by the secretion of
the p'rostate, in its passage through the gland. It also discharges a thick
and white secretion into the urethra. In front of the prostate are two
glands {Cowpefs), about the size of a pea, which also discharge a mu-
cous secretion into the urethra.
The scrotum is the bag-like covering for the testicles. Its skin is
loose and thin, and of a dark color. The transverse wrinkles which
cold produces are due to a dense, reddish, contractile structure, in-
timately connected with the skin, and called the dartos. The scrotum
has a muscular covering, next to the dartos; its internal covering is
called the tunica vaginalis.
The testes or testicles are the glands for the secretion of semen. They
are two in number, oval in shape, and flattened laterally. They are
Buspended by the spermatic cord. Each testicle is formed by lobules,
consisting of a fine tube, very finely convoluted, which, if finely dis-
sected and unravelled, is many feet in length. The epididymis is a
 396 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

vennif onn appendage encircling the posterior edge of the testicle as a

crest upon a helmet.
The spermatic cord consists of an artery and vein, and nerves, together
with the vas deferens.
The erectile tissue of the organ consists essentially of intricate net-
works of veins, which communicate freely with each other, presenting
a cellular appearance.
These features constitute what is termed the regional anatomy of the
organs —the minute anaiomy being much more complex. The physio-
logical functions of the male organs of generation are various, and in-
asmuch as l!hey are associated very intimately with one of the most
important of human passions, which if not properly controlled by the
dictates of the moral sense, are exceedingly liable to derangement.
Anything tending to cause a departure from a healthy or normal stand-
ard of action of these physiological functions, will assuredly induce a
faulty condition of the organs themselves, besides impairing the integ-
rity of the general health. Those interested in this subject may turn
to page 350, and read the article on " Debility or Loss of Vitality." No
one should be neglectful in this respect, but strenously endeavor by
correct habits of life to maintain the physiological functions in full
purity, vigor and integrity of action.
The Semen.
This is a secretion formed by the testes, which anatomically we have
seen are composed of lobules formed of convoluted seminiferous tubes.
*
The number of lobules is about 450 in each testis, and that of tubulea
about 840. It is apparent, then, that each testis presents a vast extent
of surface for the secretion of the spermatic fluid. The testes originate
in the lower part of what is called the Woolfian bodies in the embryo,
while the kidneys spring from the upper part. They do not descend
into the scrotum until about the ninth month, and sometimes one or
both remain in the abdomen, without, however, interfering with theii
function.
The semen is a thick, tenacious, grayishfluid, having a peculiar odor
called spermatic, probably dependent on the secretions mixed with it.
The semen as ejected is not the same as secreted by the testes, as it
receives, in its passage out, the addition of the liquefying secretions of
the prostate and Cowper's glands. It is alkaline in reaction, and con-
tains albumen and a peculiar principle called spermatin. It also con-
tains spermatazoids^ very small bodies with a tail-like process to them.
They were formerly regarded as animalcules, but now known to possesa
no independent organic life. As viewed under the microscope they are
seen floating lively around the spermatic liquor this is, most probably,
;

due to ciliary vibrations. The semen also contains other minute, gran-
ular bodies, called seminal granules. These, in conjunction with the
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 397

spermatozoids, constitute the formative agents furnished by the male

in generation. They are supposed to correspond with the pollen tubes
of plants. The vermicular motion of the spermatozoids evidently aids
the passage of the semen, after its injection into the womb, to the
ovaries of the female, and if they there meet the female elements of
generation an ovule becomes impregnated, and pregnacy is the result.
The semen is a very vital element, and is only secreted in proportion to
the vigor of the male. It contains chlorides and phosphates, hence its
waste preys upon the nervous tissue for its supply of phosphorus. The
secretion takes place about the fourteenth or fifteenth year, and con-
tinues till about sixty or sixty-five, and during the whole of this time is
much under the influence of the nei-vous system. Its presence in the
seminal vesicles is required for the proper accomplishment of the virile
act, and it is a well known physiological fact that full procreative
quality is only gained after it has been for some time lodged in the
vesicles. The involuntary expenditure of this vital fluid is therefore
not only detrimental to the general health, but also seriously destruc
tive of procreative capacity.

Anatomy of the Female Orgai^s.

The organs of generation in the female are generally divided into the
external and internal. The external consist of the moiis veneris, labia
externa^ dito7'is, nym'phce, vestibule^ meatus urinarius, hymen in virgins,
and carunculm myrtiformes in matrons. The internal are the vagina,
uterus, and the uterine appendages, the latter consisting of the broad
and round ligaments, ovaries, and Fallojiian tubes.
The mons veneris is placed at the lower part of the abdomen, and
consists of dense fibro-ceUular and fatty tissues, and is covered in the
adult with hair. The anatomical provision of this particular covering
in combination with the fatty texture is to prevent chafing and pressure
upon sensitive nerves at certain periods.
The labia externa, or outer lips, are two folds of skin and mucous
membrane, which commence in front of the pubic bones, and extend
back to the perinaeum, where they again meet. The superior junction
is'called the anterior commissure, the posterior is called the posterior
commissure, or fourchette. By vulva some mean the whole external or-
gans, by otihers the longitudinal opening between the projecting part of
the external organs. The use of the external labia is to protect the or-
gans situated between them.
The nymplm from nearly the same
or labia interna, or inner lips, arise
point, at the anterior commissure, and run downwards and backwards,
about an inch, to the middle of the vaginal orifice, where they disappear
in the general lining of the labia externa.
The clitoris is seated just below the point of the junction of the labia
39?^ THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

interna. In strncture it is the same as the male organ, with the excep-
tion that it has no spongy body or urethra. It is erectile and extremely
sensitive. Its mucous covering is continuous with the vaginal lining.
Under exciting influences it distends and enlarges. In exceptional
instances and from certain causes, it becomes abnormally enlarged and
elongated, and those females in whom this enlargement is observed, are
the reputed hermaphrodites, especially when other congenital deficiencies
are associated. This must be regarded, however, as an anotomical
vagary, as in animated nature there is nothing truly epicene.
The triangular space between the sides of the labia interna and above
the clitoris is known as the vestibule^ at the lower portion of which is
found the meatus urinarius^ or orifice of the urethra. The urethra is
about an inch and a half long and very dilatable.
The hymen is a fold of mucous membrane, generally of semilunar
shape, with its concavity upwards, which is found just within the orifice
of the vagina. It is generally ruptured at the first carnal intercourse.
Its presence generally denotes the virginhowever, not an infalli-
; it is,

ble argumentum integritatis (one of its names), or evidence of virginal

integrity. Connubial infelicity has often arisen on account of its absence
in the chosen one of a man who earnestly believed its presence absolute-
ly necessary to establish virginity. Many circumstances of an innocent
character may occasion a rupture or destruction of this membrane, such
as coughing, convulsive laughter, menstruation, etc. It is often, indeed,
found absent in children soon after birth, whilst it may remain entire
even after copulation. Cases of conception have been recorded, and yet
the membrane was found intact. Hence its presence does not absolute-
ly prove virginity, nor does its absence prove incontinence, although its
presence would be what is known in law as p7'imd facie evidence of con-
tinence.
Its remains after rupture form what is known as the carunculce myrti-
formes^ by reason of the resemblance to the leaves of the myrtle. The
space between the hymen and fourchette is called the fossa navicularis.
The external organs in the aggregate are often called the pudendum.

The Internal Organs.

The vagina is that canal extending from its origin in the vulva ob-
liquely through the cavity of the pelvis to the uterus. Its usual length
is about four or five inches, and about three in circumference, though
in a few females it may exceed that length, while in others it may be
but a few inches long. It is shorter and more capacious in those who
have borne children. It is well supplied with blood-vessels, and its mu-
cous membrane is of a pink color, so arranged in various folds as to
allow great extension. Its orifice is surrounded by a collection of mus-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 399

cular fibres, called the sphincter vaginm. It is not much under the con-
trol of the will, however, as is shown by the inability to retain injections.
The uterus, or womb, is placed at the upper part of the vagina, and
hangs in the centre of the pelvis, behind the bladder and before the
rectum. In shape it resembles the pear, rounder posteriorly than an-
teriorly, and is about two and a half to three inches long, two inches
wide, and very nearly an inch thick. Its upper part is called the fun-
dus, the inferior cylindrical portion the cervix or neck, and the inter-
vening portion the body. by the broad and lateral
It is held in place
lig-aments. Its cavity is triangular, the base being directed upwards,
and the superior angles corresponding to the points of entrance of the
Fallopian tubes in size it is about equal to a split almond, and the in-
;

terior walls are nearly always in contact. Its inferior angle communi-
cates with the vagina through the canal of the neck, which is barrel-
shaped, and from half to three-quarters of an inch long. The contrac-
tion at the upper extremity of the canal is called the internal mouth or
OS uteri, whilst that of the lower extremity is called the os uteri or os
tincce, the latter name from its supposed resemblance to the mouth of a

tench. In shape the os varies, in some being transverse, in others circu-

lar or ragged, the latter especially in women who have borne children.
The uterine cavity lodges the foetus from the commencement of concep-
tion until its birth.
The Fallopian tubes are cylindrical canals about four inches long,
arisingfrom the superior angle of the uterus. Externally they are
equally thick throughout, except at their terminal extremity, where
they expand into a trumpet-shaped enlargement, called fimbria or
morsus diaboU, by which the ovaries are grasped. They are the ducts
for the passage of the ovules from the ovaries of the uterus. The
ovaries are the analogues of the male testes. They are situated on each
side of the uterus three or four inches away from it.
; They are oval
in shape, and in. removing the outer coats, the proper ovarian tissue
appears, called the stroma. The stroma is studded with numerous
littlebodies called Graafian vesicles. These vary in size, the largest
being found near the surface of the ovary, and are found early in life,
but are more developed about the period of puberty. These vesicles
have two coats, the tunic of the ovisac, and. the ovisac. Within the
cavity formed by these membranes is an albuminous fluid, in which is
found floating the ovum or egg, which is exceedingly small, but which
if impregnated becomes the foetus. The human egg in all its details
resembles the egg of the chick. It contains a yolk, in the centre of
which is a little vesicle called the germinal vesicle, and on the walls of
the germinal vesicle is seen its nucleus, named the macula germinativa,
or germinal spot. As each Graafian vesicle rises to the surface of the
pvary it bursts, and allows the contained ovum to escape, which is seized
400 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

by the fimbrige of the Fallopian tube, and transmitted to the womb.

The scar left on the ovary after the discharge of the ovum is called the
corpus luteum or yellow body. This function in the female is named
ovulation.
There is no correspondence between the number of yellow bodies
found in the ovaries of a woman and the number of children she maj-
have borne, as the ova are constantly discharged, irrespective of fecun-
dation, and hence the corpus luteum is no evidence of previously exist,
ing pregnancy

Social Status of the Organs.

We have now described the most important anatomical features of the
genital organs with the same composure and desire to instruct, as when
we described the anatomy of the other organs, and I am sure that all oi
my correct-minded readers have read the same with equal equanimity
and desire to learn. It is altogether owing to a false and foolish mod-
esty that everything descriptive of the anatomical differences of th^
sexes is declared to be indelicate or obscene. It is only obscene whei*.
used to awaken and excite the imagination to dwell on amatory objects,
and not when used for the purposes of legitimate instructions as in thes>
pages. Extreme reticence with regard to matters referring to the geni-
tal part of the economy is not always indicative of a pure modesty or con-
tinence, nor is it healthy conservatism, but often the promoter of disease
and imbecility. Those who are diseased at this part of their anatomy,
usually became so because they were ignorant of either the anatomy
or physiology of the organs. This fact leads me to have no sympathy
with any prudish illiberality, but forcibly impresses me with the great
necessity existing for instruction and enlightenment relative to this part
of the economy. I will therefore break loose from the trammels of pru-
dery, and attempt, in a measure, to properly inform my readers, in a
discreet manner, of all the bearings of philosophy relative to the econo-
my of the genitalia. Knowledge of this kind, in obeisance to a prescrip-
tive spirit, is now isolated within a narrow precinct of intelligence,
while the demands of the highest welfare of humanity are urgent for
universal dissemination. Medical men have long been aware of the ne-
cessity of popularizing intelligence relative to this subject, but lacked the
wisdom to ignore the illiberal countenance that banished it within their
own limits of intelligence. If any medical knowledge is worthy of popu-
lar acceptance and guidance, it is that pertaining to the genital part of
the economy on no other subject are unprofessional people so ignorant,
;

and no other species of ignorance is conducive to greater misfortunes.

Discussion of this subject in the decorous language of science in a
popular work, will not lead to lewdness nor encourage lechery on the ;

contrary, my convictions are that such information as will be impartecj

 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 401

will tend to give a healthy tone to modesty and encourage continence.

This is my purpose, all others I ignore and condemn.
Excessive modesty is often the offspring of ignorance. The physician
who is fully acquainted with the anatomy and physiology of the genera-
tive organs, finds nothing suggestive in such knowledge it is to him
;

as common -place as the anatomy and physiology of other parts of the

economy. And should unprofessional people be possessed of proper
knowledge of the anatomical features and physiological functions of the
organs, any decent and necessary allusion to them would not be regard-
ed as indelicate or offensive. Such intelligence is not subversive of the
moral nature, nor provocative of impure thought the conventional
;

illiberality deemed proper by certain people, is far more hurtful than

judicious instruction. Knowledge with refererence to the human
economy capable of great injury if permitted to be buried, and this is
is

as true of the organs in the pelvis as of those in the thoracic region.

We should all know, and not be ashamed to admit, when admission
is proper and right, that Nature completed her work in case of our
own persons injudicious reservation in this respect, does a great
;

deal of harm, as it often obliges the unfortunate to suffer in secret

with serious affections, the locality of which makes them ashamed or

unwilling to confide in those whose counsels may be of benefit. Few
parents have the wisdom to take their children in their confidence and
"teach them the evils consequent on solitary indulgence, and but few
mothers acquaint their daughters with the phenomenon of womanhood
before its appearance. The son is umvilling to seek the counsel of
his father, and the daughter does not avail herself of her mother's wis-
dom and experience. It is the experience of every medical man whose
practice extends largely among females, that questions concerning the
integrity of the organs in the pelvic cavity are unwillingly answered.
What young female is willing to intrust to her medical attendant the

knowledge of her disordered menstruation ? She refuses to answer his

questions, and probably hides her chlorotic f ace under the bed clothes.
The doctor only gains the truth after he is taken to another room w^here
the mother or nurse acquaints him with the fact. This round-about
way of imparting the required information, places the patient in an em-
barrassing attitude towards her physician, and it would be far better for
her own welfare and individual independence did she herself state the
fact, and freely and composedly answer the interrogations of her medi-
cal attendant. Who can admire the sickly modesty of Dr. Abemethy'a
patient, who envelopedher wrist in a linen handkerchief before she
would permit him The Doctor,
to ascertain the condition of her pulse.
however, gave the proper rebuke, for he immediately put his hand in his
coat-tail, and remarked that '• a linen patient requires a woolen physi-
cian. " Those of the author's sex are also very often uncomfortable is
402 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

the physician's presence, if questioned with regard to diseases of the

generative organs. This is radically wrong, for such timidity and un-
willingness induces the patient to defer medical treatment until absolute-
ly driven to it by the extreme gravity the affection assumes. Modesty
is an admirable virtue, as far as social intercouse is concerned, but under
circumstances requiring medical aid or counsel, the re -establishment of
the organs to healthy physiological action should not be embarrassed by
a diseased modesty, or timid and foolish reservation. As this work is
intended to bear a relation to the reader the same as the physician does
to his patient,it is hoped that the knowledge contained in these essays,

will receivecommendation instead of condemnation, that they will be

considerately read by all who have need of such intelligence and that
;

errors of habit may be abandoned and the proper observance of the

laws of health respecting the generative organs be followed instead.
In conclusion, I hope there are not many of my readers who are offend-
ed with Nature for niaking us distinct as to sex, and who endeavor to
remedy her mistakes by hushing up the fact altogether.

Preservation op the Health of the Organs.

Complete health of the organs is necessary to the full vigor of the
general economy, and it should be the aim and desire of all to maintain
the vigor of the genitalia. The male delights in the shapely figure of
the person of the female, the full development of her bust, and the vi-
vacity of her spirits, all indicative of a healthy genitalia and the fe-
;

male takes pride in the male who presents the evidences of a vigorous
manhood. This is a natural selection, and no one is indifferent to it.
The greatest requirement is cleanliness. Ablutions of these parts
should be more frequent than of the body in general. We have seen
that in the male the secretion of smegma constantly accumulates at the
corona. Besides, the scrotum is so situated that perspiration is at all
times attendant. Its surface is also studded with numerous sebaceous
follicles, whose secretions become quickly very offensive. If these
secretions are not removed, they will impede the full development of
the organ as well as abridge coitive power. They should therefore be
daily cleansed. Cold water is preferable, as it is more stimulating, and
possesses greater tonic properties than tepid or warm water.
In the female the excessive secretions render cleanliness very im-
portant. The vaginal secretions should not be allowed to accum-
late at the vulva, as they soon become offensive, and if re-absorbed
impair the general health. On the pubic prominence are many se-
baceous follicles, whose secretions should be frequently removed by
ablutions. Besides, the urine which passes through the external parts
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 403

adds constantly to the uncleanly state. It is therefore very important

that the parts should be frequently washed, omitting, however, cold-
water ablutions during- the menstrual period.
Nothing is capable of doing greater harm than excesses of any kind,
and those organs should not be indulged by any unnatural means. It is
promotive of disease, destructive of manhood and healthy womanhood,
and, if early engaged in, arrests the full development of the organs of
either sex, and so reduces the strength of these organs that it renders
them incapacitated for the purposes which were ordained to them by
nature, besides worecking the nervous system very materially. It is
well known that those who have thus been imprudent, having so long
been accustomed to self -gratification, do not find subsequent and legiti-
mate excitement so intense as those who have been continent. They
have so long been accustomed to the gratification induced by their own
electricity that the magnetism of another body becomes more or less
inert in the production of a complete orgasm. The habit is morally
and physically pernicious, and its prevalence should be abated by influ-
ence of a superior education in these matters.
Undue excitement of the important passion is detrimental in the ex-
treme. Obscene literature and pictures do more harm than merely de-
—
praving the moral tastes they so stimulate the amative passions that
the seminal vesicles, by the consequent nervous excitement, will allow
the semen to ooze away, inducing hidden seminal waste or losses of
semen with the urine, creating an intonicity of those organs and deprive
them of natural vigor. The same effect is produced by association of
the sexes, where the mutual conduct is provocative of amative excite-
ment, though modified by forbidden indulgence. Those who have
the welfare of the organs in view, are therefore counselled not to per-
mit abnormal excitement of the passions to occur. Females should,
likewise, avoid reading obscene literature, from the fact that the con-
stant expenditure of nervous force ensuing upon the engorged condition
of her organs is very hurtful. It is a well-known physiological fact,
that undue excitement of any passion, such as anger, mirth, etc. is al- ,

ways followed by a certain weakness of the general organism, and the

same holds true of the amative passion also.
The occasional desire for congress is purely a natural one, and the
most chaste or pure-minded person, sufficiently fortunate to possess
healthy organs, cannot rise superior to the desire. It is simply a mani-
festation of a function of the economy in perfect obedience to a physio-
logical law. It is readily explained. We have seen that semen is the
secretory product of a gland (the testes), afterward deposited in a
vesicle ; the urine is also secreted by a gland, and deposited likewise in
a vesicle (the bladder). When the bladder becomes filled the afferent
nerves distributed to it convey intelligence of the fact to the brain, and
404 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

a desire for urination arises, which continues as long as the bladder

remains charged with urine. This is a natural phenomenon of organic
function. In like manner the full seminal vesicles impart the sensation
to the nerves distributed to them, which is also conveyed to the brain.
What is the result ? Naturally, a desire for cohabitation in order to
evacuate the charged vesicles. This fact is an unalterable condition of
the economy, and it follows that a desire for the evacuation of the vesi-
cles is as much a natural manifestation of functional action as that of
relief of the bladder. In the female the hj-pergesthetic condition of the
nerves distributed,to the clitoris awakens the same desire, which remains
as long as the nervous forces, are not equalized by the expenditure of a
part. It is, therefore, purely a nervous phenomenon in the female.
The amative passion is not a cultivated one it is natural to the human
;

being, and ineradicable by the greatest exercise of continent thought

and behavior, and its gratification is unquestionably hygienic. It is, of
course, as subject to rational indulgence as in diet or drink.
We have seen that desires are natural in a healthy condition of either
sex, and that a rational indulgence is hygienic, but I earnestly caution
every reader to guard against debauching the passion by unlicensed
congress. The indulgence can only be countenanced in marriage. It
is, therefore, the plam duty of every male and female to marry, and as

early in life as contingencies will permit. That marriage is hygenic is

proven by the fact that married people live longer than the unmarried, a
fact that demonstrates the marital privilege as a healthy relation be-
tween the sexes. Nature did not design total continence, and such a
condition is aversive to the physical and mental well-being of the sexes.
Nature, however, provides in this as she does in everything else. The
amative passions do not present themselves or become inconveniently
strong in either sex until a full marriageable age is attained.

Marriage,
This is, in law, the conjugal union of man with woman, and is the
only state in which cohabitation is considered proper and irreprehensi-
ble. The marriage relation exists in all Christian communities, and is
considered the most solemn of contracts, and, excepting in Protestant
countries, it is regarded as a sacrament. In some countries its celebra-
tion fallsunder the cognizance of ecclesiastical courts only, but in the
United States it is regatded as merely a civil contract, magistrates hav-
ing, equally with, clergymen, the right to solemnize it, though it is usu-
ally the practice to have it performed by a clergyman, and attended
with religious ceremonies, Marriage, as a legalized custom, is of very
ancient origin. It is doubtful whether even the primitive man was not
governed in the intercourse of the sexes by some recognition of the
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 405

union being confined to one chosen one. No greater promiscuity can cer-
tainly be supi:)osed than occurs in the lower animals, where pairing is
the law. The nobler animals, as the lion, elephant, etc., never have
but one mate and even in case of death do not re-mate. As man ad-
;

vanced, civil codes were inaugurated, and certain protection given to

the choice of the parties. The earliest civil code regulating marriage of
which we have any account was that of Menes, who, Herodotus tells us,
was the first of the Pharaohs or native Egyptian kings, and who lived
about 3,500 years before Christ. The nature of his code is not known.
The Biblical account extends further back, but it does not appear
that any laws existed regulating marriage, but each one was allowed to
choose his wife and concubines, and it is supposed that common consent
respected the selection. Next Moses gave laws for the government of
marriage among the Israelites. The early Greeks followed the code of
Cecrops, and the Romans were also governed in their marital relations
by stringent laws. In fact the necessity of some law regulating the in-
tercourse between the sexes must have become very apparent to aU.
flations orcommunities at a very early period. It certainly antedates
any legal regulations with regard to the possession of property. It is
very probable that every community did by common consent afford to
each male one or more females, and the presumption is that such choice
or assignment, as the case may have been, was respected by common
agreement as inviolable. It is doubtful if ever promiscuity was the
law or privilege with any community of men, even in their primitive
state. The possession of reason is antagonistic to such a belief and
;

man was most probably elevated above the beast by the faculty of rea-
son in this respect as in others. Promiscuous indulgence is always evi-
dence of debauchery, and a departure from that natural course which is
prompted by an innate sense of propriety characterizing mankind. The
law is very indefinite with regard to what constitutes a legal marriage.
It is an nnsettled question, both in England and in this country,
whether a marriage solemnized by customary formalities alone is legal,
or if one characterized by the mere consent of the parties is illegal.
The latter has been held as legal in some instances in both countries.
Kent, in his Commentaries^ lays down the law that contracts made so
that either party recognizes it from the moment of contract, and even
not followed by cohabitation, amounts to a valid marriage and also
;

that a contract to be recognized at some future period, and followed by

consummation, is equally valid. It is unfortunate that the law is so un-
decided in this respect. The decisions arrived at, for or against, were
not dependent upon any recognized law, but seem to be influenced by
the character of the cases, either for favor or discountenance. As long
as the law recognizes cohabitation legal only in marriage, it seems to
me that if consummated under consent of the parties to bear marital
 406 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

relations with each other, or promise of marriage, the act should be un-
hesitatingly pronounced as the equivalent of a valid marriage in all
instances. If cohabitation is only a marital prerogative the law-
should not stultify itself by recognizing it as possible to occur in
any other relation. If either of the parties are married
the law-
defines it as adultery,very properly, defines the punishment.
and,
It is necessary to the progress of the age that some such principle
should be recognized in common law, so as not to subject the
decision of the question to the individual opinion of any judge. It
would at once obviate the confusion of sentiment now held in regard to
it, and besides from mere caprice of the
arrest the decision in test cases
tribunal. any in common law,
It is certainly as correct a principle as
and would, in its operations as a statute law, be free from injustice,
and capable of doing much good

Polygamy.
This a state in which a man has at the same time one or more
is

wives, or a woman more than one husband. The latter custom is more
properly called polyandry, and prevails in Thibet and a few other places.
Polygamy has existed from time immemorial, especially among the
nations of the East. In sacred history we find that it prevailed before
the flood. Lamech had two wives, and the patriarchs were nearly all
polygamists. The custom was tolerated by the laws of Moses, and, in
fact, no positive injunction against it is found in the whole of the Old
Testament. It is questionable whether more, than one was recognized
as the bond-jicle wife, the other simply being wives by right of concu-
binage. But if polygamy was in its strictest sense the legal custom, it
soon grew unpopular, for no trace of it is met in the records of the New
Testament, where all the passages referring to marriage imply mono-
gamy as alone lawful. The custom has been almost universal in the
East, being sanctioned by all the religions existing there. The religion
of Mohammed allows four wives, but the permission is rarely exercised
except by the rich. The custom is accounted for on the ground of the
premature old age of the female in those regions, and also on the ground
of excess of the number of females, though the latter, by the authority
of recent travellers, is probably not the truth. The marriage code of
Fu-'m, who primarily established civilization among the Chinese, gave
most probably superiority to but one wife, but raised the concubine to
the aignity of a wife to a certain extent.
Among the Greeks, at least of later times, monogamy was the custom,
though in the time of Homer polygamy prevailed to some extent. It was
not icnown in the republic of Rome, but during the existence of the empire
the prevalence of divorce gave rise to a state almost analogous to it. It
prevailed among the barbarous nations of antiquity, excepting the Ger-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 407

mans, who. according to Tacitus, "were content with a single wife." In

some countries more than one wife was allowable if the husband could
extend the dowry a wife without a dowry was considered only a concu-
;

bine. This was the case in Judea, when it became a dependency of

Eome,
In Christian countries polygamy was never tolerated, tha tenets of
the church forbidding though Charlemagne had two wives, and
it,

Sigibert and Chilperic also had a plurality. John of Leyden, an Ana-

baptist leader, was the husband of seventeen wives, and he held that it
was his moral right to marry as many as he chose.
In England the punishment of polygamy was originally in the hands
of the ecclesiastics. It was considered a capital crime by a statute of
Edward I. but it did not come entirely under the control of the tem-
,

poral power until a statute of James I. made it a felony, punishable with

death, George III. made it punishable by imprisonment or transporta-
tion for seven years. By the laws of ancient and modem Sweden the
penalty is death. The Prussian Code of 1794 subjected the criminal to
confinement in a house of correction for not less than two years. In
the United States the second marriage is a nullity, and the punishment
varies in the different States, though usually imprisonment for a certain
period, or fine, or both, is the penalty. The term bigamy is most in
use, however, as the plurality seldom extends beyond two. Polygamy
has had some defenders even in modem times, most of whom have
grounded their defence on the absence of an express prohibition in the
Scriptures. Bernard Ochinus, general of the Catholic Order of Capu-
chins, though afterwards a Protestant, wrote in the sixteenth century a
work in which he advocated it. It was also boldly defended by the
Rev. M. Madan, in a treatise called Thelyphthoro^ but limited the privi-
lege to men.
It is the offspring of licentiousness, and its advocates merely wish to
give legal color to licentious habits. Every student of history will find
that as soon as a nation became morally depraved, polygamy was prac-
tised, and that monogamy was the rule in all countries truly civilized.
Monogamy is an element of civilization, and, as a true child, fostera
and maintains its parent.
Polygamy has of late years been most shamefully revived, and out-
rageously practised in face of law, by the Mormons. They claim it as
a religious duty, and defend the system by claiming that unmarried
women can in the future life reach only the position of angels who
occupy in the Mormon theocratic system a very subordinate rank,
being simply ministering servants to those more worthy, thus pro-
claiming that it is a virtual necessity of the male to practise the
vilest immorality in order to advance the female to the highest place
in Heaven.
408 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Mormonism is a religion founded by Joseph Smith, who was bom in

Sharon, Vt., December 23, 1805, and killed at Carthage, 111., June 27^
1844. The Smith family removed from Vermont to Palmyra, N. Y., in
1815, and, according to testimony, the reputation of the family was bad,
and that Joseph was the worst of the lot. They were untruthful, in-
temperate, and commonly suspected of vile practices, which were proba-
bly true in some cases, and false in others. These statements are not
contradicted even by the Mormons. Joseph claims that in 1823 (Sept.
21), he had a vision, in which the angel Moroni appeared to him and
made known that in a hill near Manchester, N. Y. he would find a rec-
,

ord written on golden plates, giving an account of the ancient inhabit-

ants of America, and the dealings of God with them, and with the
record, two transparent stones in silver bows like spectacles, which were
anciently called Urim and Thummim, on looking through which the
golden plates would become intelligible. These he claimed were placed
in his hand September 22, 1827, by the angel of the Lord. The language
was called the reformed Egyptian, not then known on earth, and
the contents of the plates formed the ''Book of Mormon." The book
of Mormon has been proven to have been written by Solomon Spaulding.
It will thus be seen that Mormonism was the development of a stupend-
ous fraud, and it is exceedingly singular, that a sect of such numbers
as Mormonism is now, or has been, could have been formed, when
everything connected with it is fraudulent and perniciously immoral.
Polygamy was not introduced among the Mormons until 1843, when
Smith ordered it as a doctrine of the church by virtue of a revelation.
The Mormons also aim to prove its right by claiming that St. Paul's in-
junction that a bishop "should be the husband of one wife," implies
that other men should have as many as they choose, and that if a
bishop should be the husband of one wife at least, the passage does not
express a prohibition of his having more if he wishes.
It is a most singular fact that a sect like the Mormons could have
been established in a country peopled with such law-abiding people as of
the United States, and maintain a system of marriage antagonistic to
the law and religion of the land. Neither could they have done so,
if they had not possessed two great virtues, temperance and industry.

It is to be hoped that the legal process now instituted for its abolition
will effectually remove the blot from the national escutcheon.
The " Oneida Communists" are essentially polygamic, although they
have no marriage system. They do not marry, and ignore all marriage
codes. Cohabitation is under no restrictions between the sexes. Mar-
riage is also not observed among the Shakers.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 409

Monogamy.
This the conjugal union of a male with one female only. We have
is

seen that monogamy was co-equal with the dawn of civilization, and that
most probably the majority of the males had but one wife, even among
polygamic nations. Universal polygamy is practically impossible, the
scarcity of females and the poverty of the males forbidding it. Tho
excess of females is not so great in any country as to allow to each malo
more than one wife, except the male portion is depleted by long and
disastrous wars. Monogamy has done more for the elevation of the fe-
male than any other custom of civilization. The rich could only afford
to practise polygamy, and should the poor imitate the example, it would
necessarily subject the wives to a state of serfdom. In the economy of
nature it is designed that the male should be the protector of the female,
and that by his exertions the provision of food and raiment should be
secured. In polygamous nations the female has not attained that social
state that she has reached in countries where the male is entitled to but
one female as his wife. Woman's highest sphere is not in the Harem or
the Zenani, but in that dignified state in which she is the sole connubial
companion of but one man. It is debasing to her nature, and subver-
sive of her dignity in the rank of humanity, to make her the equal only
with others in the marital union with one male. She becomes only the
true, noble, and affectionate being when she is conscious of a superiority
to others in the connubial companionship with her accepted one. The
female of birds chirps but for her single mate, and she is pugnaciously
monogamic as well as virtuous, allowing neither male nor female at or
near her homxC. The spirit of independence she gains by being the
mate of but one male gains for her the victory over the intruders.
The physical and mental welfare of the female is also dependent upon
monogamic marriage. I have demontrated that temperate indulgence
isconducive to the sanitary condition of the sexes, and that absolute
abstinenceis opposed to the designs of nature. It is also evident that
the male is not endowed with greater power, vigor or capacity than
the female therefore, confinement or limitation of the congress to the
;

companionship of one male with one female, as in monogamic marriage,

gives the healthy balance to the marital union. The polygamic hus-
band must either suffer from the consequences of excessive indulgence,
or his wives from poverty of uxorial gratification;
probably both would
be the case. Polyandry is equally as proper as polygamy, yet it never
in the history of man obtained a permanent foothold. The female is
equally capable, if not more so, to capacitate more husbands than one
as the male more than one wife, and the physical deterioration would
not be greater. The system is more logical than polygamy, because
her dependence would be distributed between two or more husbands, in
18
410 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

which case she would be better insured against poverty, and her support
would be guaranteed by greater probability.
We have now described the history and aspect of the two customs,
and will conclude this subject by remarking that a man is morally and
physically entitled to but one wife, and that a plurality is a great wrong
to the female, and in total opposition to the ordinance of Nature.
Wherever polygamy is the custom the female is held in slavish subjec-
tion. It only prospers in proportion to the ignorance of the sex. Intel-
ligentand civilized woman will always rebel against such uxorial
debasement and servitude.

Marriage Customs.
It would probably be interesting to many to describe the marriage
ceremonies observed by different nations, but to enter into a descriptive
detail would occupy too much space. It is sufficient to say that while
some wives are wooed and won, others are bought and sold while in ;

some countries the husband brings the wife to his home, in others, as in
Formosa, the daughter brings her husband to her father's house, and is
considered one of the family, while the sons, upon marriage, leave the
family forever. In ceremonies are either minis-
civilized countries the
terial or magisterial, and are more or while in
less religious in character,
others less civilized the gaining of a wife depends upon a foot-race, in
which the female has the start of one-third the distance of the course,
as is the custom in Lapland. In Caffraria the lover must first fight
himself into the affections of his lady-love, and if he defeats all his
rivals she becomes his wife without further ceremony. Among the
Congo tribes a wife is taken upon trial for a year, and if not suited to
the standard of taste of the husband he returns her to her parents. In
Persia the wife's status depends upon her fruitfulness if she be barren
:

she can be put aside. In the same country they have also permanent
—
marriages, and marriages for a certain period only the latter never
allowed to exceed ninety years.
In fact the marriage ceremonies differ nearly in all countries. Tc us
some may appear very absurd, and yet our customs may be just as
amazing to them. It matters but little how a conjugal union is effected
as long as sanctioned by law or custom, and obligates the parties, by
common opinion, to observe the duties pertaining to married life.
The Basis op a Happy Marriage.
The state of conjugal union should be the happiest in the whole of
the existence of either man or woman, and is such in a congenial mar-
riage. Yet in the history of very many marriages contentment or hap-
piness is palpably absent, and an almost insufferable misery is the heri-
tage" of both parties. It is therefore important that previous to the
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 411

marital union the parties should take everything in consideration that

foreshadows happiness after marriage, as well as everything" calculated
to despoil conjugal felicity.
The first Without being ce-
requisite of congenial marriage is love.
mented by element the conjugal union is sure to be uncongenial.
this
It is the strongest bond, the firmest cord, uniting two hearts inseparably
together. Love for the opposite sex has always been a controlling
influence with mankind. It is the most elevating of all the emotions,
and the purest and tenderest of all sentiments. It exerts a wonderful
power, and by its influence the grandest human actions have been
achieved. Of what infinite worth it is to either sex to be compensated
with a worthy and satisfying love, and how ennobling to the impulses
and actions it is to bestow the sentiment upon one worthy to receive and
willing to return.
Love is only given to that which we admire and esteem. The man who
admires the shapely hand, the comely figure, the pretty foot, the hand-
some features, the well-formed waist, etc., will naturally love the
woman possessing such attractions. The woman will love the man who
favorably approaches her standard of conception as to manly excellence
and beauty. Others admire moral purity, vivacity of disposition,
Buperior talents, genius, etc., and hence naturally will love the pos-
sessors. In fact this proposition is founded upon a law of mind love;

cannot be generated by forces that antagonize our ideals of esteem and

admiration. The love that engenders matrimonial happiness must be
reciprocal. Reciprocity of love will naturally induce matrimonial
alliance. It should not be inspired by a passional nature only, nor
should it be platonic entirely, but the two intimately blended together
will render the love one of adaptation, and secure conjugal placidity.
The love that is created in us by the Venus-like form of the female, or
Apollo-like character of the male, is not that love that alone insures
happiness, the moral and mental nature must also be congenial. Can-
didates for marriage should carefully consult themselves, and without
ulterior motives ascertain if the love they have for the one to be chosen
or accepted is adequate to compensate the yearning of this sentiment.
If the one selected has all the characteristics that inspire love, that will
be the proper one to marry. Love is the main-spring that regulates the
harmony of conjugal life, and without it there is a void in the ma-
chinery, productive only of jars, convulsive movement, and a grating
and inharmonious action. The soul yearns for love and to love, and
unless the desire is compensated, human life is a blank, and becomes a
purposeless existence. Love ever stimulates the good and suppresses
tlie bad,kept in a proper channel, and guided by pure afiEections.
if

Another requisite of a happy marriage is health. No person has a moral

right to engage in wedlock who cannot bring to his partner the offering
412 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

of g-ood health. It maj be apparently a cruelty to the consumptive to

deny to him the gratification of his affections or passions, but it would
be a g-reater cruelty to encourage him or her in a step the consequences
of which would engender anything but happiness. Is it a pleasing thing
to contemplate that you throw upon the bosom of your spouse but the
body of an invalid, and one that will be the constant object of care and
solicitation on the part of either husband or wife ? Is it consoling to
your justness that you can but offer a limited period of your life to the
one of your choice, and that the inevitable consequences of your affec-
tion will at an early period leave but one at the hearthstone ? Is it
encouraging to know that the offspring of your union will in all proba-
bility be equally tainted as yourself, and that on those upon whom you
conjointly place your hopes and pride are destined to perhaps an early
grave ? It is intrinsically wrong for those in whom the taint of con-
sumption, scrofula, syphilis, insanity, etc., to marry, unless they feel
convinced that by proper medical treatment they have been or can be
thoroughly cured. Intermarriage of the cachectic would be far more
judicious than the union of the healthy to the diseased. Vigor and
debility are constitutional opposites, and cannot exist together in the
physical economy, and the marital union of the physically healthy to
the physically unhealthy does also produces nothing but discord in the
economy of marital existence.
A very important consideration is the knowledge of what marriage
really implies. and circumstances
Id obliges the encountering of duties
which press considerations and plans of life upon the most careless
minds. The change in the habit and manner of life, the divided re-
sponsibility, the inexorable demands of marital duties to be complied
with, and various other matters incident to wedded association should
be fully pre-considered, and the relation assumed only after thorough
deliberation and satisfactory self-examination; It is the duty of the
eligible of either sex to marry, but a marital alliance should be consu-
mated intelligently, not thoughtlessly or ignorantly. " Look, before
you leap," is an adage that has profound significance in its application
to candidates for connubial association. If an error is made in selec-
tion, scarcely any other error that be committed by man or woman
may
is so difficult of rectification, and none will result in greater misery,

mental anguish, and destruction of all the joys of life. If, on the con-
trary, the selection or acceptance is wisely and discreetly made on both
sides, the conjugal pair will be blest with all the earthly joys capable of
attainment.
It is invariably those who thoughtlessly entered into marital cojxxr

panionship that make mistakes. They shrink before the realities inci-
dent to married life on their first presentation, simply because they
never dreamed, much less thought, that such exigencies are inevitabje
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 413

to the marital sphere. They are ignorant -of the duties incumbent
upon either husband or wife, hence they leave them unperformed ;

opportunities for advancement are not improved neglect becomes the ;

basis of action with only one possible result —marital infelicity. If we

trace the cause, we find that in the majority of cases, infelicity is owing
to neglect in the performance of marital duty ; and this disregard is

ascribable to utter ignorance previous to marriage of the duties inherent

to the marital sphere ; consequently, as soon as they confront the wedded
pair they are not met with a fixed determination to discharge them satis-
factorily as emergencies will admit,but are shirked and postponed, and
finally, when
the necessity for action becomes absolute, they are inade-
quately performed a fanilt which is sure to engender dissatisfaction,
;

petulance, or reproach on the part of either husband or wife.

Marriage implies the utter abandonment of the interests and advance-
ment of self to the exclusion of the other marital companion. If cir-
cumspect, by noting marital conduct in others, a fair conception of mar-
riage and its consequences will soon be known. Then, the individual
must ask himself, or herself : Am I capable and willing to do my duty ?
Could 1 rise superior to all the trials, vexations, and perplexities that
present themselves to those in marriage ? Would 1 never weary of doing

the best under circumstances ? If you can satisfactorily answer these

all

and others, you can enter fitly and nobly into the marital sphere.
Another consideration is evenness of t&mfper. In the wooing daya
every one is a lamb, and only becomes the howling wolf after marriage.
Circumstances that ruffle the temper in the presence of the intended
are but like the harmless squib, but would become like the explosive
torpedo in his or her absence, or in after-marriage. Quarrelling caused
by matrimonial differences is the most frequent cause of infelicity, and
most of them are caused by an innate irate temper of either the husband
or wife. Differences that would be amicably adjusted by the exercise
of a little reason and temperance in argument or judgment, are to the
irascible the subject for the most vehement and angry logic, and the
solution is inevitably discord. It is diflBcult, I acknowledge, to ascer-
tain previously the mental disposition of persons, when they have
occasion to conceal the defect in order to enhance their own interest.
It is quite possible that Socrates, when he wooed the lovely Xanthippe,
deemed her perfection, darling," his "pet," his " angel,"
'
called her his '

if philosophers ever make use of such endearing expressions. Her con-

duct evidently deceived him as to her real nature, for the poor old
philosopher was egregiously deceived and inexpressibly tortured in his
married life by the historically renowned virago and termagant. " Love
is blind," but its eyes should not be blindly closed against any such

imperfection as naturally tends to destroy wedded bliss. Careful

observation in a variety of circumstances will often disclose the real
 414 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

disposition,and the mask is sometimes unwittingly let fall, so that you

may gain a cursory glance of the features, which if uncomely, should be
enough.
The tastes should not be dissimilar. Some of them may be unim-
portant, but others are a fruitful source of disagreement. The social
wife will never be contented with the unsocial husband, and the gay
husband, though his gayety may not be commendable, will alw^aya
accuse his wife if she lacks a social disposition to a great extent.
The religious wife will never excuse a tendency to irreligion in her hus-
band, and though he may be far from being immoral, she is unhappy if
he does not participate in her devotions. The one devoted to children
will never be happy with one having a natural repugnance for them.
In this way we might multiply facts illustrative of the importance of an
investigation into the similarity of taste, previous to marriage. Great
love, however, overcomes almost every obstacle.
The parties should he nearly of one age^ the husband should be the
older. The union of the old husband to the young wife, or the reverse,
is seldom a happy one. There is seldom that such a marriage occurs in
which the incentive is not the wealth of either of the parties. The
young graft on the old tree does not thrive well, the vitality required
by the one is not afforded by the other. The magnetism of the old is
not suited to the young, and there never can be a concord in their union.
It is a law of nature that animals of like age should only mate together.
The old male bird does not mate with the young female bird, but mat-
ing always occurs between those of the same year's brood. It is only in
their domestication that they lose this law of instinct, and it is only
through a vice of civilization that marriages between the old and young
are contracted, in opposition to the original design of marital union.
Such marriages are but seldom the result of a mutual love ; one of the
party is sure to be actuated by motives other than the one of conjugal
happiness, and the union is usually enforced by the opportune chance of

enhancement in respect to wealth or station in society. The progeny of

such a union very seldom endowed with either physical or mental
is

vigor, which is easily accounted for. The physiologist knows that the
mental emotions of the mother, during the period of pregnancy, is very
apt to affect development of the child in utero., either favorably or un-
favorably. How, then, can a young mother be actually comfortable,
how can her emotions be elevated, how can she have that solicitude
which is prompted by love, if she bears but little more than respect for
her elderly or old husband ? She has not that intense solicitude or hope
that her child shall be all that is excellent she has not that incentive
;

of love that prompts her to a revery of desire that her child shall be all
that she deems noble and beautiful her conjugal relation is not calcu-
;

lated to inspire her highest and purest emotions, and the pride of her
 THE COMPLETE ITERBALIST. 415

husband is not great enough for her to yearn for the day when she can
present, with all the joys of maternity, an heir to her lord. It is, there-
fore, a union not calculated to promote domestic contentment, and there
must be in the heart of either a husband or wife an aching void, and a
longing for other than a senile embrace.
There are other considerations to be viewed before a union is effected.
No one should neglect the moral character, the habits of frugality and
industry, etc., etc. A marriage should only be consummated when both
of the parties are morally certain that they are necessary to each other's
existence ; that life would be a dreary waste without the oasis of the
loved one ; that the intended one possesses all you admire and esteem ;

and that the journey of life in his or her companionship will be one of
serenity and happiness —
the union will then, by the endeavors of both,
;

be attended by all the joy, contentment, and happiness that it is in the

power of mortals to obtain here below.
I cannot more appropriately close this subject than by quoting an ab-
stract from a well-kno\vn author, who presents his case in full color, but
it exposes the undercurrent that leads to the marriage-tie only too truth-
fully. He asks: " WTio dared first to say that marriages are made in.
heaven ? We know that there are not only blunders but roguery in the
marriage-ofl&ce. Do not mistakes occur every day, and are not the
wrong people coupled ? Had heaven anything to do with the bargain
by which young Miss Blushrose was sold to old Mr. Hoarfrost ? Did
heaven order young Miss Fripper to throw over poor Tom Spooner, and
marry the wealthy 'Mi. Bung ? You may as well say that horses are
sold in heaven, which, as you know, are groomed, are doctored, are
chanted on the market, and warranted by dexterous horse-venders as
possessing every quality of blood, pace, temper, and age. Against these
Mr. Greenhorn has his remedy sometimes but against a mother who
;

sells a warranted daughter what remedy is there ? You have been

jockeyed by false representations into bidding for the Cecilia, and the
animal is yours for life. She shys, kicks, stumbles, has an infernal tem-
per, is a crib-biter, and she is warranted to you by her mother as the
most perfect, good-tempered creature, whom the most timid could man'
age ! You have bought her. She is yours. Heaven bless you Take !

her home, and be miserable for the rest of your days. You have no
redress. You have done the deed. Marriages were made in heaven,
you know and in yours you were as much sold as Moses Primrose was
;

when he bought the gross of green spectacles."

Marriages are usually contracted to gratify various desires, as love,
fortune, or position. The results are most truthfully stated by an emi-
nent divine in the following passages :

" "VVho marries for love, takes a wife who marries for fortune, takes
;

a mistress who marries for position^ takes a lady.

;
You are loved by
416 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

your wife, reg-arded by your mistress, tolerated by your lady. You

have a wife for yourself, a mistress for your house and friends, a lady
for the world and society. Your wife will agree with you, your mistress
will rule you, your lady will manage you. Your wife will take care of
your household, your mistress of your house, your lady of your appear-
ances. If you are sick, your wife will nurse you, your mistress will visit
you, your lady will inquire after your health. You take a walk with
.your wife, a ride with your mistress, and go to a party with your lady.
Your v/ife will share your grief, your mistress your money, and your
lady your debts. If you die, your wife will weep, your mistress lament,
and your lady wear mourning. Which will you have ? "
To man there is but one choice that he can rationally make, a mar-
riage of love. My female readers, I hope, will also decide rather to wed
a husband than the master or the elegant gentleman.
A little foresight, a little prudence, and a little caution, will prevent
in most cases the entrance into a marriage which, by the very nature of
the alliance, is certain to be an unhappy and improper one.

Married Life.
Two sparrows, votaries of Love, They both were prisoned in a cage
The Mars and Venus of the grove. Where— much I grieve the tale to tell—
Had been for years such constant mates, A sorry scandal now befell
You would have sworn the very Fates They scold, recriminate and fight,
Were imijotent to break the bond, Like arrant foes, from morn till night
That joined a pair so true and fond ;
Until, at length, the wretched birds
Together still they sought their food In cruel acts and bitter words
Together played in field and wood The very fui-ies emulate
Together built the cosy nest And all their love is turned to hate I

That served for shelter and for rest

l'envoi.
Together fought the feathered foes
With whom they came to words and blows ; Full many
a couple come to strife
In fine, they lived as lovers ought, And hatred in connubial life,
Without a single selfish thought, Whose days of courtship promised fair
Save such as might concern the twain, As those of this unhappy pair ;

Their mutual joy or mutual pain. But, like the sparrows in my tale,
At last, one day, they chanced to get When trouble comes their tempers fail
Their feet entangled in a net. They blame each other for the fate
(A vagrant boy had spread the snare Which both should strive to mitigate,
To catch and keep the pretty pair !) With patience helping to endure
And soon, despite their noisy rage, The ills that kindness fails to cure

What an interesting lesson is contained in the above a lesson that —

should be well conned and thoroughly learned by every married couple
for practical use and guidance.
The physician, in his advices as to the conduct that should be observed
by the husband and wife, is more properly confined to physiological
aspects, but as the behavior in every respect is so intimately blended, it
is not amLss, in a medical work, to state what the conduct should be in
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 417

general. UnliappiiieGS in wedded life is the result frequently of a cou-

ple being- joined who
should not on any account have been thrown into
marital companionship. It is found that they are uncongenial rn every
respect, and hence the natural and inevitable result is dissension and a
mutual regret of marriage. The pharmaceutist knows that if a chemi-
cal element incompatible in a mixture that no amount of shaking,
is

trituration, or commotion that he may produce will make the contrary

element act affinitively on the contrary, the more violent his endeavors
;

the more the incompatibility is manifested. It is precisely so in the

union of the man and woman who are by nature and purposes of life
incompatible. Discord is evident at the which in time in-
first contact,
creases to ebullitions and explosions of temper, and the more they
attempt to reconcile their differences the greater they become the ;

affections are destroyed, and each one becomes conscious that they have
made the greatest mistake of their lives. Each blames their misfortune
to the other when both are to blame, not so much on account of their
combativeness, as that is but a law of their nature, but because neither
of them had the wisdom to abstain from entering into the marital rela-
tion. It is, of course, commendable that both should be desirous of
making- the best of their union, and that each should display prudence
in their conduct, but in the face of all their endeavors the g-alling fact
of incompatibility is ever present, and no amount of the best efforts will
make the union a happy one. If children are born to them they will
in all probability be of a vicious nature, lacking in all the noble quali-
ties, and who,bom with the innate disposition, and reared and schooled
in the midst of family discord, will almost inevitably "go to the bad,"
thus adding materially to the general misery of the parents, both of
whom are ready and honest in their belief and averment that the dis-
position of the children is the heritage from the other. It is unfortunate
that such marriages are consummated, for the diversity in all the actions
and purposes of life naturally manifested by both is too great to be
reconciled by the most earnest exercise of either prudence or forbear-
ance. Such a union has always been, and will always be, an unhappy
one, and the best endeavors will scarcely make it tolerable. It may be
poetical to say that such a man and woman are one, but they are deci-
dedly two on aU subjects and conditions of married life.
It is not to be supposed, however, that every infelicitous episode in
married life is to be ascribed to incompatibility. The turbulence in
many cases is owing to decided misconduct on the part of either husband
or wife. Many unions would be very happy if but a generous effort
would be made to render it so but if either one is actuated by a spirit
;

in opposition to mutual confidence, mutual welfare, and mutual enjoy-

ment, it will either create a slavish submission on the part of one, or
the assertion of mutual equality. In both cases the result is detri-
18* 2b
418 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

mental to conjugal bliss. A tame submission begets disrospect, and the

assertion of the right generates the "family jar." in the social and
commercial intercourse of man and wife, mutual c(>:fidence, mutual
endeavor, and mutual benefit should be the objective point. Conceal-
ment of purpose is as wrong as deception in action, and neither should
be for a moment entertained. The wife should be the possessor of the
husband's secrets, and the husband the custodian of the wife's confi-
dences. To be actuated by secrecy either in intent or action is nothing
more than duplicity, and an attitude in entire opposition to the spirit
of wedded life but, while the author in every instance advocates an
;

open and candid intercourse between the husband and wife, he can
only hurl anathemas upon the one who betrays the confidence. To be
worthy of confidence, and to be entrusted with secrets, demands the
fidelity that vnll not betray the one or divulge the other. Deception on
the part of either husband or wife will, in spite of all attempts at con-
cealment, often be detected, causing justly indignation and loss of re-
spect. It is an evidence that the one to whom everything should be
confided is deemed unworthy of trust, and it puts at an end that har-
mony and confidence that should exist.
Married couples should most carefully husband their affections for
each othei. It is a most deplorable fact, that the love between many
too soon loses its fervor. This loss is not due to familiarity, nor is it a
natural result of daily association but decidedly the effect of a repre-
;

hensible disregard of a mutual endeavor to maintain it. We love only that

which is lovely and the person who makes himself lovely will be loved.
;

It is more frequently the case that the wife loses her husband's affections
than the reverse. This is not so much the result of the inferior affection-
9,te nature of man as it is of neglect and imprudence on the part of woman.

Women, if they would rule men's hearts, must deserve and unwittingly
exact the approval and admiration of their minds. Her variability of tem-
per is most unfortunate. It goes up like a rocket and comes down like an
aerolite a miracle of smiles or weeping Mobe, a driving tempest or a flash-
;

ing sunbeam. A never-varying, bland, lullaby-sort of temperament is

most deplorable sparkle, buoyancy, and even an irrepressible dash of fun,
;

now and then, are most healthful and appetizing but mere feminine diplo-
;

macy should forbid the not unfrequent dovetailing of winsome caresses

and childish poutings on the part of the wife, and so should the whimsical
interplay of foolish indulgence and churlish neglect on the part of the hus-
band be abandoned. Principle, not caprice, should be the energizing and
controlling motive. The most charming views of wedded life are to be
—
taken from the higher mounts of vision those of settled design and
steady purpose. There must, of course, be mutual concessions and mu-
tual agreements to disagree. There is a way to \vin by commanding,
and a way to command by winning. By the wise interblending of self-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 419

centred strength, and a prodigal wifely affection, she may achieve mar-
vels of wifely management. The husband may unconsciously lead Wii ;

never essay to drive. At the same time, we are frank enough to con-
fess that there are too many women who need the flaming sword of an
archangel to awe and repress them. There is no such thing as conquer-
ing them by love as well prate of love to a blackbird. But if kindness
;

fails, severity will fail all the more surely. Flies still continue to take
more kindly to molasses than to vinegar. If they but knew how a
cheerful temper, joined mth innocence, will make their beauty more
attractive, knowledge more delightful, and wit more good-natured,
they surely would endeavor to cultivate and cherish it. It is an un-
questioned fact that too many wives neglect the most important ele-
ments of wifely conduct.
To her is entrusted the care and management of the home — if it ia
agreeable, it is her work, if it is attractive, it is to her credit alone that
itshould be ascribed.' If the home is not a cheery place, it is because
she does not render it so. It is not requisite that elegance and luxury
—that only wealth can procure —
should characterize it cleanliness, ;

order, and, above her bright, sunny smiles, and cheerful company,
all,

adorn it more than the richest household furniture. The atmosphere of

the home must not be darkened by the clouds of discontent, perplexity or
anger, but lit up by the effulgence of social conviviality, good-nature,
and buoyancy of spirit. The husband coming from his daily task must,
in return for the bright smiles of the wife and children that welcome
him home, throw aside all cares of business, and devote himself to their
enjoyment. It will put a new life in him as well as in his wife and
children. If exhausted and fatigued, or if his mental energies have
been overtaxed, he must not thrust the fact too forcibly upon his
family, but on the contrary bring freshness and buoyancy of spirit into
the family circle. He must not recuperate his energies at the expense
of the vitality of his wife and little ones. The wife should also as early
as possible dispense with household duties, and, until the retiring hour,
be ever ready to engage in that social communion, which is so healthful,
and so conducive to happiness of married life. But how frequently is
it the case that the weary husband, who would gladly engage in that

relaxation afforded by domestic conference in play, reading, etc., is

only beguiled by the din of pots and kettles, the clatter of dishes, the
music of a wash-tub, etc., in the kitchen, which often is incessant, until
the poor husband, desirous of social comforts, but weary of waiting for
them, goes to bed with nothing to luU him to sleep but the confused
noises that come from the kitchen, made by his busy and industrious,
but indiscreet spouse. We would not deprecate industry on the part of
the wife. We well know that many a wife, whose household duties and
personal attention to the children absorb most of her time, can find but
420 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

opportunity to engage in recreation or social enjoyment, but wliile

little

we admire thrift, coupled with industrious habits, we cannot but deplore

the state which robs from her the best energies, instead of applying
some, at least, upon the effort to render the atmosphere of the home,
not one of incessant labor only, but also one that is brightened and
rendered cheerful by the relaxation afforded by an occasional leisure
hour, in which the man, wife, and children are brought in contact, and
stimulated and refreshed by social concourse. As well might the hus-
band file and chop his wood at the same time,
his saws, grind his axes,
as the wife to be continuously drawTi from his presence by the labor of
the home. It is, we know, not a pleasing contrast, to compare a thrifty
and industrious wife with one who is indolent and careless, but we only
argue for a limit, as we know that matrimonial happiness, health, and
noble qualities of children are dependent in a great measure upon en-
livened social intercourse in the family. We would have no wife merit
the exclamation of " IIoio shiftless ! " from an Aunt Priscilla, but they
must not be so busy either, that her husband has in her no social com-
panion. Such wives cannot much blame their husbands if they seek
social pastime in the club, in the inn, or even in his neighbor's house,
where Mrs. Sparkle makes everything so pleasant. It is the duty of the
husband, whenever possible, to give his leisure hours to the com-
panionship of his wife and children, but it is also a duty that the wife
80 arranges everything that they can not only be passed tolerably but
agreeably. It should be the effort of both husband and wife to make
the home the dearest place on earth to them, and when that is accom-
plished, connubial happiness is It is often that the
certainly achieved.
best-meant efforts are simply because they are driven in the
fruitless,
wrong direction, and the disappointment occurring in consequence of
misapplied energy is full hard to bear but if the married man or
;

woman would study the wants and desires of their consorts a little more,
and make earnest effort to supply them, the apple of discord would not
be eaten in so many instances.
I cannot two strongly impress the importance of fidelity. Could I have
but one word of advice to give to the conjugal pair, I would say Be :
^''

true to each other?'' Disloyalty in the marriage bond is the cause of in-
finite trouble, misery, and ruin. It is the rock upon whose ugly and
jagged contour lie the wrecks of numberless matrimonial vessels. Fi-
delity is the rudder that guides the bark safely through the course, let
adversity and all else assail her, as long as not without her rudder, she
will out-ride the storms, and glide triumphantly and peacefully along in
smooth water. Disloyalty pitches her at once into the breakers, where
she will pitch and toss, heave and thump, and should she even escape,
it is only at the expense of important appanages, and most frequently

the best directed efforts will not save her from utter ruin.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 421

It is not only the duty of physicians, but of every one who has the
welfare of society at heart, to put their voices against the doctrine of
"free love," which has of late been promulgated and defended by cer-
tain persons who wish to make it a matter of creed or principle of so-
ciety. It is to the shame its adherents
of the sex that the majority of
are women, in whom supposed to have its staunchest defenders
virtue is

and supporters. It is not ostensibly advanced in advocacy of unre-

straint in cohabitation, but if thoroughly analyzed, its objective prin-
ciple amounts to the same. It is a scortatory love at best, and its
tendency is to give still greater laxity to the morals of society. It is
veiled under the sophistical dogma that every woman, if she desires to
become a mother, should be privileged to select her own male to be the
father, and that every man should be licensed to choose the woman he
desires to be the mother This,, they advocate, would
of his progeny.
insure higher development of the race, and that mankind would soon be
superior in intellectual, moral, and physical qualifications. The fact is
undeniable that a superior offspring would be the result, if the most
eligible individuals would copulatively unite, but it could never be ac-
complished by licensed libertinism. It can only be gained by ju-
dicious marriage, and in no other way. If the doctrine of unrestraint
they promulgate is best adapted to promote higher development of
offspring, it would naturally be exemplified in the issue of those who
''loved not wisely^ but too well^^^ or in those of the lowest grades of so-
ciety or savage races, where chastity is unknown as a virtue. All the
principles of free love characterize such an intercourse but it has yet ;

to be ascertained whether such progeny are in any respect superior on ;

the contrary, it is quite probable that they are in many respects inferior.
This may be, however, accounted for by the mental emotions of the
mother, which are naturally caused by grief, fear, shame, etc. If, even,
such unfavorable mental emotions could be removed by sanction from
society for such issue, the case would not be modified to a more favor-
able extent than is now possible by legitimization of offspring by mar-
riage. They also prate of affinities " and spiritual attraction but let
'
' ;

the candid and virtuous mind investigate the full import of these co-
hesions, he will find that the spirit of attraction is the cohesive power
of gratification of the animal passions. The hideous form of lechery is
veiled with but the thinnest gauze and disguise it as they will, they
;

cannot hide the fact that it is lewdness, and not virtue, which they at-
tempt to honor. The doctrine, if philosophically reviewed, presents no
advantages over marriage, but is one pregnant with defects and im-
moralities, and if carried into effect would unmistakably prove itself
to be the death-blow to morality and civilization. The barrier to pro-
miscuity is to be made even more impregnable, and the sacred precinct
of the prerogative legitimatized by marriage is not to be over-stepped
422 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

by the husband or suffered to be invaded by the wife. Lechery has

never been, nor can never become a standard principle of moral philoso-
phy, and "free love " is but its synonym.
Is it a consoling- picture to those with whom moral rectitude is a car-
dinal principle to see disloyalty to the marriage-tie openly and shame-
lessly displayed ? Is it ennobling to man's moral nature to cut loose the
shackles put upon him by a well-organized society with regard to his
conduct in amorous matters ? Can it be justified by the most liberal
views of right and wrong ? Unalterably, no the man who comes to
;

the abode of his wife, with his lips tainted by contact with others, and
yet excited by an unlawful orgasm, commits the greatest offence agaiast
his wife, against nature, and against high heaven. The wife who re-
ceives the embraces of an unsuspecting husband, while at the same
time she is guilty of illicit dealings with others, is worse than the lowest
prostitute, and is entitled to no sympathy or condonement. It is only
by the most scrupulous adherence to the loyalty that should be observed
by man and wife, that marital happiness is to be gained or maintained
Infringement is the element of its decay and destruction.
Jealousy is one of the most common visitors at the hearth of a family
and is a great destroyer of its peace. Entertained to a moderate de-
gree it is quite natural, but when it becomes a morbid feeling, it is
worthy of severe denunciation. The exhibition of slight jealousy is an
unerring manifestation of love, and should be accepted as such by either
man or wife. We are jealous of what we love, and unconcerned only
about that which we do not appreciate, therefore a certain degree of
jealousy entertained by the husband or wife in respect to each other
should be elevating to their pride, respectively, and not condemned as a
sickly sentimentality. It is only when it becomes a ruling passion that
it exerts mischief and discord. When it is so morbid that it becomes a
matter of dislike and reproach for the husband to bestow but the ordi-
nary civilities of social intercourse to the opposite sex, or for the wife
to receive them, it amounts to but little more than insanity. If the
wife is so jealous as to impugn all the motives of the husband, that he
dare not even look askance at any other woman, that to speak with
other women subject him to one of those infinitely pleasant curtain-lec-
tures, and his personal liberty denied to him with regard to social in-
tercourse, it is then that it becomes disruptive to marital felicity ; for
the husband, if erring though he be, will surely chafe under the injus-
tice which she will be sure to commit. On the other hand, the jealous
husband is just as extravagant in his folly, and instead of guarding his
wife's love, takes the bestmeans of repelling it. Confidence, not suspi-
cion, should be the controlling motive, and its mutual entertainment
should not be disregarded until the most indubitable proofs are presented
to guarantee a disbelief of the partner's honor. Then, if you have
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 423

bombshells, set them off but even then, I think, it would comport
;

more with reasm and dignity, if the error could be calmly adjudicated,
and if that is impossible, a quiet and dignified separation is unquestion-
ably the best course. Reproach, recrimination, and parade of the cause
of disruption before the public are by no means a philosophic action, or
part of an honorable conduct. It is so with all matrimonial differences,
they should cot be made public property, for they will surely become
disgusting s'?andal before the scandal-loving people, to be found in every
community, are done with them. It will receive such additions, and
will be so manipulated and distorted, that, which at its fountain-head
was but a peccadillo, will at its terminus be magnified into the greatest
crime. What was at first but a sHght immorality, is sure to become at
the end the grossest violation of decency. If Mr. John Smith in a play-
ful moment is foimd to kiss IVIrs. Sarah Jones, the critics of society
will wink and blink, they will hem and haw, look wise, toss their heads
superciliously, and before they have ceased their comments, there will
be no doubt in their minds but that Mr. Smith and Mrs. Jones were
found in flagrante delicto. Finally, when the scandal has assumed its
worst aspect, some order-loving Christian (!) will with considerable em-
bellLshment acquaint Mrs. Smith of her husband's crime., and Mr. Jones
of his wife's sins., and then comes the sequel. The fact would scarcely
produce a ruffle, at best but a gentle breeze, but the monster created by
scandal produces the commotion of a tornado. Then these vampires
who feed upon the peace and reputation of society are satisfied, but
they at all times go round like " roaring lions seeking whom they may
devour." It is to these scandal-mongers that matrimonial infelicity is
often due, from the fact that a husband or a wife may be guided by
their opinion rather than to rely implicitly upon each other's honor. If
respect is shown to scandal connubial peace is at a discount. The only
way to circumvent it, is to isolate adjustment of differences to the fami-
ly circle, and not allow it to be the property of the unconcerned. The
advice of disinterested and honorable people may at times be very ser-
viceable, and not to be disregarded, but to array any or every matri-
monial variance before the public for their comments is reprehensibly
imprudent and foolish.
It is, however, not to be understood that selfishness should extend to
social intercourse with the neighbors, for next to an affectionate family
an agreeable neighborhood and good society become objects of desire,
because calculated to create happiness. As far as friendship is not
abused it should be freely given to the neighbors, and it should be the
endeavor of every one to make the relations of a neighborhood of a
most friendly and accommodating character. How consoling it is to the
bride, who leaves the bosom of her own family and accompanies her
husband to a locality where all are strangers, to find in her new home
434 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

neighbors who manifest a friendly spirit, and are willing- to extend cor-
dial greetings to the stranger. She is at once set at ease. The duty that
families owe to society is only second in importance to the duty that
husband and wife owe to each other, and domestic happiness is not
complete unless its social surroundings are congenial and agreeable.
An ascetic married life is abusive of the order of nature.
The conjugal pair should in reality be hel^jmates. They should (to
nse a homely phrase) pull in one direction, and, if the direction is proper
and right, puU together. The combination of similar forces has a two-
fold effect, but forces opposed to each other weakens one and annuls
the other, or brings them both to a quietus. This simple law of physics
is peculiarly applicable to the behavior of the married pair. A har-
monious progress requires a combination of purpose and exertion. If
the husband is devoted to literature or science, the wife should mani-
fest interest in the same, but if her taste is not for either, she should
by no means show displeasure at her husband's devotion to them. It is
her duty, in case of improvidence on his part in consequence of his
studies, to ask him to improve his negligence, but never in a tone of
anger or reproach. The husband should, in like manner, never frown
upon any of his wife's delights. If she is devoted to flowers, to music,
to painting, etc. it should be he that should stimulate by approval. In
,

case the husband is desirous to accumulate a fortune, and exerts him-

self to that effect, the wife should not dispirit him, or render his efforts
abortive by extravagance. If he is not successful, or fails in business,
she should be his comforter and stimulate him to further exertion and ;

in case the manner of living will in consequence be rendered less lux-

urious, she should exhibit such a contentment and willingness as to rob
the misfortune of half its bitterness. The noble wife is one who does
net sink under the crucial test of her husband's misfortunes, but rises
to a higher mount of greatness and action by her cheerful resignation
to the loss, and encouragement to her husband's drooping spirits. The
husband should ever be ready with his approving smiles to cheer his
wife's labors, even if to him it appears but a trivial affair. Woman
only thrives under the approbation of man, and if that is withheld,
especially from the one whom she values most, she soon becomes pur-
poseless and fretful. How many a good wife's heart has been wounded
by her husband's indifference with regard to matters which she in her
simplicity of heart hoped would delight her companion ? It may be
but a trifle, but so exceedingly tender is the plant of connubial love,
and so susceptible of being lacerated, that "trifles light as air" often
impede its growth and embitter its fruit. It is the ^''little foxes that
spoil the vines." A single tart remark or unkind tone of voice wilK
penetrate the inner recesses of the heart of the wife who loves, an(3
render her most wretched. Oneness should be particularly exhibited iq
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 425

purpose and desi^, the respective action should be one of accord,

and the faculties of each other should be mutually gratified. It ia
only by such a concert that love is perpetuated and wedlock made an
p^lysium.
If the husband or wife have vices, the conduct to be pursued is pe-
culiarly deUcate. If it is judicious, the vice may be corrected if other-
;

wise, the habit may become intensified. husband is intemperate,

If the
the wife should address his highest sentiments, and not attempt to bring
dbout repentance and reform by angry reproach, unkind remarks, or
andignified aspersions. No one has a keener sense of his depravity than
the drunkard, and he is by no means dead to the finer sensibilities,
hence any inhumane treatment, or reproof insulting to inherent dignity,
isnot calculated to achieve reformation. He is to be approached as a
man, his nobility is to be addressed, and his better feelings excited.
He is to be shown that he is none the less loved for his noble qualities,
that aside from his folly he is still the being who possesses his wife's
affections, and that only his vice and not he himself is abhorred. It is
only by such a procedure that vices, or a disposition to vice, can be
cured. It is the mild and gentle force that works reform, revolutions
scarcely ever do.
We
have now in many aspects considered the prudent course for the
conjugal pair to pursue in search of wedded bliss. We have confined
ourselves merely to their social relation, there yet remains for us to dis-
cuss a not less important subject, namely, that of connubial com-
merce. From what we have already written the inference is plain, that
we advocate a dignified conduct, benignity of temper, subjection of
anger, co-operation of purpose, etc., etc., and though there may be,
nay, are, many other rocks upon which the matrimonial bark will im-
pinge, the reflective mind will be guided in his behavior ia every possi-
ble contingency by what we have more lengthily dwelt upon. The
indices to marital happiness are reason, prudence, justice, and equality,
and they who shape their course by them must attain the object. It
shall now be our purpose to consider a subject that is not less impor-
tant, and much less understood. In its discussion we will confine our-
selves to particulars which married people mostly inquire after, and in
which they need the most enlightenment.
The discussion of this delicate relation between the married pair is ne-
cessary, inasmuch as the unprofessional have access to scarcely any work
of standard value and excellence from which they may gather the
knowledge so iadispensable, unless they are fortunate enough to have
the privilege of reading the works of an extensive medical library.
Even if this opportunity is afforded, the truth is not clearly presented to

them, as such works are intended usually for the professional reader.
I, therefore, am confident that I discharge an important duty, especially
426 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

as I write particularly for the instruction of the popular mind, in pre-

senting to my many readersthe philosophy of that relation legitimatized
by marriage. In consideration of the subject, I shall employ plain but
decorous language, and attempt to present the facts so that they may
be intelligible to all, and yet not wound any of the finer sensibilities of
my readers. I have previously stated my aim to be merely to afford
instruction to the masses relative to such medical subjects as have never
been capably popularized, but have been, and are yet a theme on which
incompetent charlatans have so ignorantly dwelt upon, and dissemina-
ted so much offensive literature. The medical profession is to blame
for this. If they had not neglected to teach the popular mind the physi-
ology of cohabitation, empirics would have found no market for their
offensive and pernicious works, excepting, perhaps, among the morally
depraved.
The married, which I positively know from the many opportunities
afforded me m my professional career, are extremely ignorant of the
philosophy and physiology appertaining to the special connubial relation,
and absolutely know nothing of the hygienic limit or period. I know also
that every married man and woman is extremely anxious to possess
l)roper knowledge. As the access to works of scientific authority is ex-
tremely limited, they are led to accept the teachings of ignorant empir-
ics,and thus unwittingly do much that is wrong and hurtful. The
diffidence characterizing the marital pair to interrogate the family physi-
cian as to the proper course to pursue, also tends to keep them in ignor-
ance. It is only when the abuse of the marital privilege becomes pain-
fully apparent that the physician feels warranted to interpose his cau-
tions, and counsel reform and moderation. This, however, occurs only
in exceptional instances, the great majority are uninformed and unad-
vised, controlled only by self-interpretation of the right or wrong of
their conduct, or by such information as is commonly possessed by the
heads of families, which is often traditional, and usually faulty in its
conclusions.
To supply, then, in a medical work for general circulation, the proper
instruction as regards the important marital relation alluded to, needs
no further justification, but every person actuated by a catholic spirit
wiU, 1 am deem the discussion eminently appropriate. The under-
sure,
lying purpose of wedded association is of greater importance than half
who assume the relation are aware of. Marriage implies much more
—
than a mere association of the sexes it is rather an institution devised
by society to regulate cohabitation and the propogation of species in the
best manner. This is the only legitimate purpose of marriage, as aside
from this relation between the sexes, every other one could be secured
and maintained without matrimonial ties or obligations. Any system
of rules or regulations subserving the purpose of controlliag this particu-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 427

lar marital relation so as to accord with the best known laws of physi-
ology and hygiene, and best adapted for the requirements of propoga-
tion of the species, so that offspring will not be recklessly brought into the
world, but calculated to secure to it the highest possible endowment of
all the nobler human qualities, is decidedly the best marriage code. As
an institution, marriage should be governed more by physiological laws
than by statute regulations, and the time may yet come when wilful dis-
regard of physiological laws applicable to the matrimonial association
of the sexes will be regarded as reprehensible or criminal as the viola-
tion of the statute laws governing the institution. It is then quite im-
portant that those in marriage as well as those who contemplate matri-
monial alliance, should possess adequate knowledge of the incumbent
duties, contemplate the dignity and importance of wedlock, endeavor to
promote the grand interests and welfare which the marital pair have at
stake, avoid animalization and debasement of the connubial repast, en-
deavor to fitly endow their offspring, and so conduct themselves through-
out the whole course of wedded association, that they may be rewarded
with all the manifold blessings that should be gained by the grandest
and human interests, purposes, and hearts.
closest association of
It should never be forgotten by the married that our passions can be
over-indulged precisely the same as our appetites. Hygiene requires
that our appetites for food or drink should only be appeased to such an
extent as will not create a loathing for that which was eaten or drunk,
upon quitting the repast. If indulgence is carried to such an extent it
amounts to intemperance and will be followed by the usual consequen-
ces of violation of hygienic law. It is precisely so with the marital re-
past : if the relation is assumed too frequently the temperate limit will
be over-reached and hurtful consequences ensue. Excess is not only
deleterious because destructive of the natural tone of the excitement,
generative of nervous disorder, and other hurtful consequences it is ex- ;

tremely apt to engender indifference after a certain period on the part

of either or both of the conjugal pair. By indifference I mean to ex-
press that feeling of insatiety after indulgence, that want of mutual ac-
cord, or sense of unsatisfactory awakening of the emotions, which is
sure to follow excesses. The desires are present but cannot be satisfac-
torily appeased, precisely as an appetite for a certain article or kind of
food remains unsatiated if not within reach to be partaken of. This
condition, directly a sequal to immoderation, is one of the greatest incen-
tives to adultery. I am well satisfied that this unpardonable violation of
matrimonial trust and fidelity is, in the majority of instances, due to
neglect of observing temperance in the early years of marriage. The
results of coitive mtemperance should thus be strongly impressed upon
the minds of every one married or contemplating marriage, as by mod-
eration they win surely attain a higher altitude of connubial enjoyment,
428 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

besides avoiding the violation of the highest and purest of all human
trusts which if committed, is irreparably destructive of the integrity of
matrimonial alliance.
The married pair should carefully guard against all excesses. Excess
of connubial commerce is a severe tax to the nervous system, and very
detrimental to health. The class of diseases met with by the physician,
of which the remote cause is immoderation, is scarcely second to none
in frequency. Besides, the orgasm is less profound if the banquet is
too freely partaken of. The physician is frequently asked the question
how often intercourse may be indulged in without injury. To this no
answer can be given with numerical preciseness but both sexes pos-
;

sess an unerring monitor,, whose voice they should promptly heed.

Whenever a sense of exhaustion is felt, after copulation, the violation
of a physiological law is made manifest. No coitive act should be com-
pleted when it requires fatiguing efforts to accomplish it. It is sure to
be followed by exhaustion, and the orgasm is neither elevating or satis-
factory,and apt to generate an inharniony quite antagonistic to the de
signs of nature.
Frequency of indulgence does not only deteriorate the moral tone of
the coitive act, but it often provides the germinal agencies of serious
diseases. The remote cause of insanity and consumption is not infre-
quently intemperance in marital union. The children who are the pro-
ducts of the earlier periods of married life, at which time coitive in-

temperance is most frequently indulged, are more mentally imbecile,

and more pallid in hue and attenuated in form than those bom at a later
period. This is in consequence, that, sooner or later, the parents are
forced to abstain from excess by the ensuing ruination of health, allow-
ing nature to gather up the shattered powers and assert anew the con-
trol of the organism. In the early years of marriage excesses should
therefore, by no means transpire.
During the period of the catamenial presence, strict continence must
be observed by the conjugal pair, I should not give this caution were
I not aware that in many instances the marital prerogative is thus griev-
ously abused. Propriety and privilege in this respect are particularly at
variance, and duty demands observance of propriety.
During the period of pregnancy the husband's conduct should be char-
acterized by kindness, forbearance, and encouragement. While the
germ of an immortal being is in her loins, that husband is no more than
a brute, who would in any way neglect her wishes, or refuse to join
with her in the solicitude for its welfare. The expectant mother must
also control every appetite or mental passion that might injure the
precious trust committed to her. The best and noblest thoughts should
occupy her mind, and the purest sentiments prevail in her heart, while
the babe is hid beneath it, so that her shortcomings and caprices may
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 429

not be communicated to the product of her conception. She should be,

and her husband should assist her to be, patient under any weariness or
sorrow belonging to her condition. She should strengthen her heart
against the hour of her labor with the thoughts of joy she shall feel,
when her child shall see the light, and the process of maternity ful-
filled. It is she who bore and in agony gave birth to the link that
unites the parents all the more closely together, and that strengthens
the hymeneal compact. To her the husband owes devotion, allegiance,
and comforting encouragement. He must make her feel that the joys
of maternity are not to be centered entirely in the little helpless babe
nestling in her arms, but also her heart is to be rejoiced in witnessing
the paternal pride of the product of connubial union —the jewel of their
conjoint love. The component parts of the family are then complete, the
husband, the wife, and the child, nothing is wanting but the coupling of
energy and intent, to procure the highest share of human bliss to be ob-
tained on this side of the grave.
The author is prompted, but space will not allow, to give at length
his viewsupon the management of children. On this point husband
and wife frequently disagree, and the result of the disagreement is
manifested in the child. It is more usually the case that the father
is sterner and firmer than the mother, in whose heart the tender ele-

ments of humanity prevail. It is, however, not necessary to be stem in

the management of children, but an unflinching firmness is at all times
essential, and absolutely necessary in both parents to gain a healthy
control over their children. Firmness must, however, be exhibited in
the same direction, and that direction the right one.
There is a tendency, we think, at the present day to put children too
forward, not so much for the sake of showing off their extraordinary
merits to an admiring world, as from the better motive of early accus-
toming them to the conversation of grown people and the usages of
society, and of inspiring them with confidence, ease, and self-possession.
No doubt these results are very valuable, but the mistake which many
people make is in forgetting that children are something like dogs,
which require to be very well trained before they can safely be recom-
mended to the familiarity of strangers. And it is to be remembered
that the moment children cease to respect any of the grown-up people
with whom they associate, not only is the whole benefit of the inter-
course lost at once, but real injury is on the moral tone of the
inflicted
child. For this reason children should
be brought as little as possible
into the society of men and women who cannot command their respect
while those who can, the influence should be hedged round by all the
numerous impalpable barriers which judicious parents know perfectly
well how to interpose between children and the most popular and care-
less of their adult play-fellows. The confidence which well-bred chil-
430 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

dren at once repose in an eligible strang-er, without being rade or trouble-

some, is charming to everybody, who has any natural taste for their
society. It is not pleasant, on the other hand, to see children who are
shy, timid,and sheepishly speechless in the presence of strangers, but a
confidence and unobtrusive ease of manners can be inspired without
thrusting them constantly into the society of elders.
Closely allied with the mistaken license allowed to children in matters
like the above, is the disposition to and thereby to encourage,
laugh at,
all traits which children may ex-
of singularity, oddness or affectation,
hibit, as marks of genius which ought not to be repressed. Of all the
dangerous errors into which parents can fall, this, in our opinion, is the
worst. For nothing so soon hardens into second nature as juvenile
eccentricity and few things are more injurious to success in life than
;

marked oddities of manner and gesture when they reach the point of
grotesqueness. The fond parents dote upon the eccentric child as an
original, but the author in this respect agrees perfectly with Mr. Peter
Magnus ;
he does not see the necessity of originals. And what is more,
so many " originals " are only sham ones after all. That is to say, their
singularityis merely a bad habit which they can't shake off, and is only

very partially innate. When parents see their child doing anything
unlike other children, anything queer, surprising, or uncouth, however
comic or however clever it may seem, they should never laugh at or
applaud it. Children naturally self-willed, and with real natural pecu-
liarities, can soon be broken of such tricks, if treated with absolute

indifference. But soon let the idea find its way into their brains that
such sallies, naughty though they be, are regarded as marks of genius,
and the mischief is done. It is not necessary that parents should engage
harsh reproof or exhibit anger to correct such pertness or disposition to
oddity, but if approbation is withheld, and probably displeasure shown,
the mischief will soon be corrected. Children, like their elders, delight
in approbation, and if they can only secure it by doing what is right
and proper, the inclination to do that which is wrong or displeasing, is
robbed of its greatest incentive.
To come back to the point from which we started —the management,
namely, of young children —there one thing to be laid down let
is :

there be no divided rule in a house. Do not let children see that

the father means one thing and the mother another in their bringing
up. They see the difference in a moment, and when they do, farewell
to all wholesome parental influence. The starting-point of ruined man-
hood or womanhood, in many cases, is just this diversity of parental
control. That mother urges her child towards destruction who
offers condolence to it, after reproof or correction by the father, no
matter how harsh or cruel it may have been. Such matters must be
corrected by conference, at which the children are not present. She is
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 431

tiot bo show any displeasure at the exercise of authority by the father in

the presence of the child ;
if she does, the child's self-will is gratified by
a mother's alliance, and a certain importance is given to the improper
conduct of the child, which, in accordance with the human liability to
err, is hard to resist. The parents in this respect must be the allies, not
the children with the father and mother.
Husbands and mothers may talk too freely before their children, for-
getful of their rising intelligence. And, indeed, nothing is more com-
mon than to get a wink from the head of the house, implying that you
are to be on your guard before Johnny or Tommy, Kitty or Lucy, who
are listening open-mouthed to your witty narrative, while they them-
selves in the next moment will offend against their own precautions in
the most barefaced manner by plunging headlong into your domestic
controversy, in which, to speak metaphorically, knives are freely used
on both sides. Again, parents should be extremely careful in comment-
ing upon the conduct of their neighbors in the society of their children,
or that self -same Tom will at the first opportunity acquaint neign-
bor Jones that, in the opinion of his father, " he is a confounded old
fool " or the same little Kitty will tell Mrs. Robinson that her mother
;

says she is a "lazy, good-for-nothing woman. " Trouncing Tommy or

Kitty for such imprudence is hardly fair, when the fault lies at the door
of the parents. At best, it gives children but a poor example, and in-
stills wdthin them a disrespect of the neighbors, which, probably, they

do not deserve, and which may in later years possibly stand in the
way of individual advancement. Parents, in rearing their children,
have a greater trust than is commonly supposed, and they owe a double
duty— one to the child, and the other to society in general. If the
child is inclined to vice, the fault lies in many cases with the parent^?,
and the right to thrust upon society either a son or daughter who will
constitute but a useless or vicious member thereof, is not properly one
of the privileges of humanity. No man has the right to set at large a
lot of ferocious animals, who, in the exercise of their ferocity, may do
harm to his fellow-men; neither has that parent a moral right to send
adrift in the world sons and daughters, who, in the exercise of the
vicious culture they have received, prove annoying and harmful to their
fellow-beings. There is no deeper stratum of thought in moral econ-
omy than this, and none that receives less attention.
It is to mothers that society and mankind are indebted for its morality
and uprightness. By her efforts the only real work of reformation can
be achieved. The training of children is mainly intrusted to her
hands if her duty is properly performed, the moral tone of society
;

is to be placed to her credit if carelessly and imprudently attended to,

;

she is the one that is mainly accountable for its vices. It may seem a
pruelty to add to the travails of maternity and to her household duties
4&2 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

the further responsibility of rearing the moral structure of society ; but

who is toassume it, if she be not the proper person ? The child is, to a
certain age, mainly in her presence alone, and this association cannot be
shirked or changed for it is true to a natural law that the mother is to
;

be the closest companion of her children. It is during this period of

companionship that the foundation of the moral superstructure is to be
laid, and the mother must be the artisan. She may be aide;' iiy her
husband and others but the chief duty to form and direct is iicr own,
;

and the structure she rears, whether good or bad, is her work.
Her duty to her offspring commences at the moment of conception.
While the product is yet hidden within the confines of her womb she
must have its future welfare at heart, and lend her thoughts only upon
that which is good and noble. She should in her mind select the career
of the child, and that such a one that is characterized by all the noble
qualities, and freedom from vices. Who can gainsay the fact, that when
the babe is assuming its physical character, while yet in the mysterious
depth of the gravid womb, that the mother is not enabled by the purity
of her thoughts and exalted character of her emotions to give it also
the endowTnent of its moral character ? Who will deny that the trans-
mission of hereditary qualities give the original bias, which subsequent
to birth is hard to overcome ? The law of transmitting talent and virtue
from mother to child is based on physiological principles, as demonstra-
ble as material matter. I would then say to every expectant mother :

Let your thoughts be good, your emotions pure, your imaginations

morally exalted be brave, be strong, be good, and centre all and only
;

the purest feelings upon that helpless atom of humanity reposing in

your womb, so that at the hour of your labor you are fortified against
its agony by the consciousness that the babe you usher into the world ia

endowed with qualities, which, by subsequent development and culture,

will enable it, when of proper years, to take its place among the good
and noble of this earth.
Subsequent to birth the mother must continue her efforts. She must
impose barriers against everything that has an unwholesome influence
on the moral tone of her child. She must not intrust the training of her
precious darlings to nurses or governesses. A mother who reposes the
development of character of her children to salaried persons is prosti-
tuting the high estate of maternity,- and sins against Nature and her
God. It is she who must take the hand of the chUd while yet in its
innocence, and lead it in the path of virtue and truth her hand must
;

remove all the lures and seductive temptations that beset its path, and
she alone must assume the cultivation of its moral nature.
Men may build prisons, asylums, reformatories, create midnight mis-
sions, etc. but reformation by these means is uncertain, expensive, and
,

at best very ineffectual. It is the hardened criminal they deal with—

 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.' 433

one in whom vice has become the second nature, No real reformation
is accomplished bj^ any such means, none will ever ensue and as long ;

as mothers are not alive to the importance of properly training- the pliant
child, vice will increase and baffle every other mode of reformation.
One wiser than myself has said-^ Train up a child in a way he should
'
'

go, and when he is old he will not depart from it." The truth of this
is self-evident, and is supported by another, whose figurative language

is equally truthful

"As the twig is bent the tree 's inclined."

It is, therefore, the mother who must nourish the truth in her arms, so
that when it leaves them it will v.'alk strongly forth alone, blessing and
blest of all men.

Advice to the Childless.

The most impressive wordsin the whole range of language are Father
and Mother. Their full significance is only realized and understood
when the prattling babe stretches out its tiny arms and first lispingly
pronounces the tender words. The heart must, indeed, be dead to all
em.otion. which at that moment does not pulsate with pride and exalted
love. The first words taught to it, and the first words learned, are those
tender names, and the proudest moment of the whole of parentage is
when the lesson is learned by, and let fall from, the lips of the smiling
babe. The soul is elevated above material things, the tenderest
chords of love are vibrated, the joys of the world but this one are for-
gotten,and the whole heart embraces but the innocent babe that sprung
from their loins. The entity of the family is incomplete without chil-
dren, and the action of its machinery is unharmonious without those
little wheels. The integrity is faulty in the absence of offspring ;
it is

like the pillar of which the capital and pedestal but the shaft is exist,
wanting to give it dignity. The childless family is not a pleasant one
to contemplate the husband and wife grow old, but there is no young
;

life to inspirit them, or to give cheer to their existence. Childless lon-

—
gevity is at best but a dismal life there is always an aching void —
palpable evidence of a lacking integer. Barrenness is a condition from
which every woman instinctively recoils. The desire for children may
or may not be entertained, yet to know that she is incapable of mother-
hood is to know that she is lacking in the most important element of
womanhood. It is a physical condition abhorrent to every female, be-
cause she feels that she is beneath the dignity that distinctively charac-
terizes her sex. Motherhood is the ideal state of womanhood, and the
yearning for maternity is one born of nature. The woman in whose
bosom such a desire makes no response is unworthy of her sex, and she
deserves none of the elevated joys and honor which woman is sent here
19 -c
434 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

to achieve, and she will reap none. It is the highest honor her sex can
reach, as productiveness entitles her to the proud position of one of the
prime factors in the propagation of species.
None but physicians know how great the desire for children is in
those whose married life has been passed for some time without issue.
To them the secret yearnings of their hearts is intrusted, and to their
confidence is reposed the animated impulse that is ceaselessly throbbing
in the bosom of those whose hearth-stone is desolate, and around which
gathers not a child. The outside world may not know of the painful
vacancy that is ever confronting them, nor the despair that has posses-
sion of their hearts but the physician, to whose skill they so earnestly
;

appeal to accomplish the realizatian of their hope, is ever, and probably

the only confidante. He alone knows the elevation of spirits, the fulness
of pride, and the intensity of satisfaction that is manifested if he has
removed the barrier to productiveness, and that the process of mater-
nity is in progress. But let him say that the barriers to conception are
insuperable, it causes a painful despondency, and that exquisite anguish

resulting from unappeased yearnings of the soul. It is, however, a

providential ordination that few women are hopelessly barren, and but
few men unprocreative. Circumstances may for a certain time make
them practically unproductive, but such a physical condition can in
almost every case be removed by consistent treatment, and by observing
such measures and precautions tending to promote fruitfulness. The
causes of childlessness with certain married parties are various. It may
be due to defonnities of the womb, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries of the
female or testes, spermatic cord, and of the male organ. The patho-
;

logical conditions are many, which occur in both sexes, that produce
barrenness, while in some cases the anatomy of the parts render con-
ception and child-bearing utterly impossible. It may be caused by
stricture of the womb and Fallopian tubes, misplacement of the tubes,
adhesions of the uterine walls, etc. etc. or through malformation, as
, ,

occlusion of the vagina, etc. It may also be due to degeneracy of the

testes of the male, epispadias, hypospadias, etc. Conception may also
temporarily be prevented by uterine and ovarian diseases, or to a dis-
eased condition of the sperm atozoids of the male semen. Unproduc-
tiveness is frequently due to a devitalized condition of those animalcu-
loids, in which state they have no fecundating properties. Sterility,
dependent upon some vicious conformation of the genital organs of
either sex, apparent or concealed, is called absolute. Infecundity, due
to the ionditions already enumerated, are absolute causes of sterility,
and can only be removed by medical treatment, which in most cases, if
of a rational and appropriate character, can effectually be accomplished.
When a female does not conceive with one individual, but has or may
with another, the condition is called relative sterility. Relative infecun-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 435

dity is frequently met with, and in many cases presents such features
that the atociac condition cannot be overcome without calling to aid
artificial means. It is often observed that a woman in her second mar-
riage is sterile who marriage was prolific in offspring again,
in her first ;

the widower in his marriage gave evidence of fecundating power,

first

but in his second alliance no impregnation ensues. Absolute and relative

sterility may exist at the same time, thus a female may be married to
a man who is physically incapable of impregnating her, yet at the same
time the conformation of her genital organs may be such as to render
her absolutely sterile. It is therefore necessary in all cases of sterility
to fully investigate the causes, both absolute and relative. Sterility in
some females is often dependent upon a condition of the womb charac-
terized by membranous menstruation. Conception is prevented in
such cases by devitalization of the semen by the vitiated secretion and
discharges from the uterine surface. In aU cases of absolute sterility,
medical treatment offers the only hope of obliteration of the causes.
The diseases of the female genitalia which are causative of infecundity
must be treated as required by their pathological character and it is ;

necessary that such treatment should be admirably adapted to the con-

ditions of the case, and most carefully instituted. Such cases should
only be intrusted to physicians who by skill and experience have the
requisite ability, and who are conversant with the precautions that
studiously are to be observed. Improper treatment is exceedingly apt to
render sterility an irremediable condition, which under rational treat-
ment would have resulted in the removal of all the barriers to impreg-
nation. If the cause lies in the male, whose formative material is
devitalized by a diseased condition of the fabricating organs, seminifer-
ous ducts, or seminal vesicles, medical treatment likewise is the only
means of making the pa.tient procreative. The male often renders him-
self powerless to procreate by imprudence or various excesses, in
which case the semen is not fully organized and deficient in procreative
elements. All these varied conditions of husband and wife contributing
to childlessness are mainly remediable, so that under the care of an
intelligent physician parentage to them is not always a forlorn hope.
The prospect for issue is favorable in most cases under rational treat-
ment, hence the gloom of the childless need not be perpetual if they bat
employ the counsel and aid of the competent physician. Neglect of so
important a duty is very common, the conjugal pair stolidly agreeing
that their childless state is owing to Divine ordinance, little dreaming
that their unproductive union is in opposition to the requirements of
the Deity, and that the fault of non-conception is due to incapacity and
not to dispensation.
Relative sterility is not amenable to medical treatment. The most
common cause of infecundity of this character is the want of adaptation
436 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

or fitness of the genital organs of the conjugal pair to each other. Thia
want of adaptation is a very frequent cause of sterilty, and should receive
proper attention by the medical man to whom is intrusted the rectifica-
tion of an unproductive union. Of itself, inadaptation may not be the
cause of the atociac condition, but when associated with an atonic con-
dition of the uterus, procreation rarely, if ever, ensues. It will not be
necessary for me to detail the various forms of inadaptation, as the con-
sideration of such causes of sterility more immediately concerns the
medical attendant, but it is quite appropriate to make allusion to such
causes, as the childless very properly desire information relative to all

possible conditions hindering fructification. not to be

Self-treatment is

thought of but a proper knowledge of all the physiological or anatomical

;

causes of sterility should be possessed by all in conjugal association, espe-

cially by those who have not as yet attained the full measure of matri-
monial enjoyment, by reason of an exceptional provision of fate by which
their union left without the graces and endearments of childhood.
is

One most common causes of barrenness is unquestionably what

of the
has been already alluded to, atony of the womb or appendages in fact ;

some pathological condition of the reproductive organs of the female is, in

the large majority of cases, the sole cause. Uterine atony, or intonicity of
the womb, may be of every degree of intensity — ranging from a slight
feebleness to complete exhaustion — the latter condition being known as
paralysis of the womb.This atonic state is owing not to any structural
or organic disease of the womb itself, but is merely a secondary patho-
logical condition, the actual seat of the disorder being in the sacral
plexus, or that nervous net- work situated near the sacrum, from which
the genital organs receive their nervous supply. A paralyzed condition
of the womb is aptly illustrated by a paralyzed arm or leg the loss of ;

natural power, motion, or functions resulting from a diseased condition

of some cerebral or spinal nerve-centre, and not from any morbid condi-
tion of the part affected. In all cases, therefore, where the cause of
sterility has been ascertained to be uterine paralysis, the proper treatment
is to restore the tonic powers of the sacral plexus. This is best accom-
plished by the intelligent application of the electric or galvanic current,
or by the employment of the appropriate cerebro- spinal tonics and other
medicinal agents. The treatment is, however, to be intrusted to careful,
able, and experienced physicians.
The physiological function of the womb, favoring the transmission of
the male formative material from the os uteri to the ovarium, is a certain
suction power or intro-staltic motion. accomplished by short and
This is

wave-like contractions upward of the uterine muscles. In a paralyzed

condition of the womb, which is usually of a chronic character, there ia
a complete absence of this uterine motion, and consequently the respec-
tive formative materials necessary for procreation never come in contact.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 437

Membranous menstruation has already been stated as one of the

causes of This painful affection is characterized by either
sterility.
partial or complete denudation of the uterine cavity of its mucous cov-
ering at each menstrual period, leaving the uterine walls in an abraded
condition, entirely unfitted for the purposes of gestation. Conception
may, however, take place in these cases, but at the arrival of the first

period for the occurrence of the menstrual exacerbation, the placenta

and membranes are dislodged with the mucous membrane.
The childless wife will note that a pathological or abnormal condition
of her pehac organs is relatively the most frequent cause of sterility, all
of the affections being characterized by more or less gravity and requir-
ing the most appropriate and energetic treatment in order to restore the
organs to health, and at the same time establish functional integrity and
maternal capacity. As most of these uterine affections result from a
\vilful disregard of the laws of health, slavish obedience to the behests
of fashion,and bad habits in general, the author hopes that all females,
married or unmarried, who properly appreciate the grandeur of woman-
hood and motherhood will not wilfully violate physiological law, but
strenously endeavor to preserve uterine health and integrity of the
maternal capacity.
Congenital phymosis is a condition of the male organ depriving him
of procreative power in nearly every instance. The intervention of the
prepuce in this case arrests the ejaculatory force of the seminal expen-
diture, preventing impulsion into the womb. This deformity is easily
obliterated by a surgical operation, which is very frequently performed
in my office. It causes but little pain, no inconvenience, and heals
rapidly. Circumcision among the Jews is a custom having for its
object the removal of this frequent obstacle to multiplication, as exist-
ing in the male. Infecundity, especially in the earlier years of marriage,
is often a consequence of exhaustion, induced by improper excesses.
Intemperate indulgence often renders both husband and wife sterile.
The semen must, in order to have procreative perfection, necessarily
remain in the seminal vesicles for a certain time, where its procreative
qualities are fully developed. After its escape from the vesicles, it fur-
ther receives the intermixture of prostatic fluid, liquefying it to the
proper consistence for easy propulsion into the uterine ca\'ity. Marital
excess is therefore preventive of full procreative quality of the semen.
Excessive indulgence on the part of the wafe causes a feebleness of
peiistaltic motion of the uterine muscles, or, as it may be otherwise
termed, the suction power of the womb. I'eebleness of the upward
propelling forces of the womb and Fallopian tubes is caused by the
excesses alluded to, and hence, if even the semen is introduced
within the uterine embrace, the absence of retentive power allows its
escape through the mouth of the womb. Sterility from such cause can
438 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

only be overcome by the observance of moderation by the conjugal pair,

and in most cases restorative medical treatment becomes also a neces-
sity.

The most susceptible period for the occurrence of conception is im-

mediately after the complete cessation of the menstrual flow. This
susceptibility continues for eight or ten days, but is necessarily greatest
at an early, period after the menstrual discharge. The menstrual flow-
in its discharge carries away all obstructions that exist in the mouth of
the womb, thus facilitating intro-propulsion of the semen, and the
womb at that period has also its greatest tonic power. It is, however,
not to be supposed that conception will not take place at the period just
preceding the menstrual flow on the contrary, it may occur at any
;

period between the cessation and onset of the catamenial discharge.

It will thus be seen that many causes, both absolute and relative, tend
to sterility. In but few cases, however, is sterility a fixed fact, or an
irremediable condition. The greatest triumphs achieved by the medi-
cal profession were in the study of the causes of sterility, and the best
means for their removal. No physician, alive to the importance and
exalted character of his calling, should neglect the study of the subject
on the contrary, he should be conversant with all the pathological fea-
tures sterility presents, and. be able to intelligently ascertain the causes.
An important trust is confided to his professional care ; the intensest
longing capable of the human heart depends upon his either to be
skill,

appeased or unrequited. Professional acumen is in no respect more

essential than in this, and the medical counsellor, unworthy of the trust
by reason of imperfect knowledge of the subject, does a grievous wrong
by attempting treatment, or venturing decisive advice. The childless
pair should at all times seek the most intelligent counsel and most com-
petent treatment, and not allow themselves to become victims of de-
spondency before they have made such a definite attempt.
The author has devoted much time and study upon this subject, feel-
ing that no greater field of usefulness is presented to the physician for
the exercise of his skill and professional attainments. The success at-
tained in this sphere of professional activity has only been gained at the
expense of laborious study and by the advantages conferred by exten-
sive practice. Competence can only be gained by study and experience
in every subject of intelligence —
proficiency being only the reward of
intellectual labor and opportunity'f or exercise of the secured knowledge.
The author will gladly give advice to those to whom this chapter re-
fers, being justified by previous success and long professional experience
to give proper and definite ad ice and appropriate treatment.
\ Those
desiring to avail themselves of such an opportunity are referred to page
390 for guidance as to the proper information to submit for my consider-
ation.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. -drSS

Impotence op the Male.

By this is generally considered the inability toengage in the virile
act. a loss of the virile powers. Impotency may
It essentially signifies
be either 'pnrtial or complete^ and, like sterility, absolute, and relative.
The term impotence is frequently used synonomously with sterility
but, as sterility has been considered in another place, we shall discuss
the subject in this placer only in the sense implying loss of capacity.
The loss of virile power is owing to a variety of causes. The process
of loss in idiopathic cases is usually slow, though in some cases inviri-
lity ensues quite rapidly. When due to traumatic causes virile power
is lost synchronously with the occurrence of the injury. Impotence
usually follows injuries received by the spine and base of the brain, but
in these cases the loss is not of itself a pathological disorder, but essen-
tially symptomatic of the injury.
The most common cause of impotence is nervous debility, apparent
or concealed and unsuspected. It is the usual sequel to that disease, if
it isallowed an unchecked career, manifesting itself at first by a slight
incapacity, but which gradually progresses until finally the virile power
is completely lost. That impotence isthe inevitable result to nervous
debility is quite natural, the ceaseless waste of such a vital element of
the male economy as semen can have no other finality. The general
disturbance of the nervous system caused by involuntary spermatic
losses is manifested first in the virile organs, as the erectile property of
the organ, purely a nervous phenomenon, and consequently any func-
tion so directly under the control of nervous power as the erectile
quality, is the one first to succumb to nervous disorganization. Impo-
tence in such cases is, therefore, due to feebleness or insufficiency of
the nervous stimuli necessary to provoke a copulative aspect of the
male organ. This condition of caused by immoderate
invirility is also
indulgence, the pathological disorder produced being in all respects the

same as that following seminal incontinence, though as a general thing

masculine power is lost less rapidly.
Spinal and cerebral diseases are usually associated with a low condi-
tion of the virile power. This manifestation is quite in accordance with
the physiological laws governing the virile functions, as it will be re-
membered that the nervous supply that the organs of generation receive
is the pudental nerve, which arises from the sacral plexus. This nerve
and branches afford the requisite stimuli necessary to promote conges-
tion of the organ, which phenomenon constitutes an erection. The
brain gives the necessary sensory stimulus, without which the nervea
are not excited to action. Phrenologists place amativeness in the lower
lobe of the cerebellum, but it is quite probable that its locality, though
most evidently in the base of the brain, is not in that situation, as
440 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

analogy will not comport with such a view. Observation teaches that
the chanticleer the most amorous of animals, yet anatomists find no
is

lower lobe of the cerebellum in the brain of the fowl. External violence,
however, upon the sacral and occipital regions usually cause virile im-
becility, and hence we know that a healthy condition of the base of the
brain and sacral plexus is necessary to the existence of virility. Dis-
eases, excessive study, intemperate use of tobacco, violent and prolonged
grief, etc., are therefore causes of impotency, from the fact that the
cerebral disorganization which follows produces inertia of the nervous
stimuli. Apoplexy is also a cause of temporary impotence, in conse-
quence of the paralysis of the sacral plexus ensuing. It is therefore
vitally important that in the consideration of any case of impotence every
predisposing cause should receive attentioD, so that restorative efforts
are based upon correct principles. No pathological condition requires
such nicety of treatment as impotence, and none that will so readily be
remedied if the medication is thoroughly adapted to the case. Although
impotence is the usual concomitant to long-continued seminal losses,
my experience teaches me that a fair proportion of impotent cases are
the results of habits and practices which are perfectly legitimate, and
to which no shadow of blame or disgrace can be properly attached. It
is much mental application, also con-
a well-established fact that too
stant confinement within doors in a vitiated atmosphere, or habitual or
sudden exposure to heats and colds, or the destroying influences of
extreme grief and care, will produce all the evil effects upon the mental
and physical organization that are caused by and attributed to solitary
habits. Nervous debility, which is quite a common and comprehensive
name for all failures of the intellectual or j)hysical organs or faculties
to perform their functions properly, is originated and nurtured, in both

sexes, by a variety of causes as countless as the leaves of the forest.

Consequently, people should not be backward about making their de-
ficiencies of mind or body known to physicians in such a clear and
confidential way as to secure to them the full restoration of their
normal health and vigor. Any course of life which is inordinately
irksome or, involves heavy tasks, is liable to cause the loss of virile
power, or esspecially in middle age, impotency, which is the aggravated
form of the same difficulty. Thus we find that clergymen, merchants,
book-keepers, literary workers, men who are overtaxed by care and
labor, lawyers, judges, boys confined too closely at school, young men
who seldom take out-of-door exercise, clerks, heads of public depart-
ments, and all others who are constantly wearing and tearing both mind
and body without seeking the neutralizing aid of re^t^ amusement, and
change of scene, are subjected to some of the numerous ills developed
in disabilities and incapabilities which impose untold suffering. These
ills are the inheritance of everybody physically and mentally over-
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 441

worked, no matter in what capacity they may labor. It is to be la-

mented that many of these innocent individuals, from the fear of being
charged with gnilt, suffer long years in silence when the truly judicious
course is engage medical aid as soon as the fact l)ecomes known.
to
The old-class physicians have used the most powerful minerals within
their -reach, and, with the earnest and honest desire to do good, have
accomplished much that has been of temporary benefit. But the
reaction from the use of these minerals has been, in all instances, of a
non-curative character, the patient purchasing for temporary enjoyment
many after-years of incapacity and local weakness.
There is nothing so discomforting to man as the loss of virile power.
ITe may not be a sensual being, yet manhood is a pride to him, the
possession of which is always a gratifying knowledge. Impotence im-
plies more than mere virile imbecility, it signifies also a loss of vigor
and elasticity of the whole organism, and a gloomy state and impair-
ment of the mental faculties. It has elsewhere been observed that the
well-being of the whole economy is greatly dependent upon healthy
genitalia and mental composure, vitality and acuteness of intellect,
;

graceful and easy manners, etc. are no less independent of the virile
,

faculties. Impotency is, therefore, always a deplorable condition, and

he who permits himself to be long without the legacy of virility, com-
mits a great injury upon his own personal welfare, and places but a
poor value upon the choice powers of manhood. Man without virile
-power is an anomaly; he has lost his status of sex, and is practically a
eunuch as long as the unmanly condition is tolerated. There is a
higher motive in possession of virile power than the ability to gratify
amorous passion. If that alone gave chief value to virility, its loss would
be but inconsiderate, but as we have seen that vigorous manhood is
consonant to vitality of the mental and physical economies, it gains a
value not to be despised, but greatly cherished, even by the most
continent and virtuous men. Healthy functions of the genital organs
are as requisite to the integrity of the whole organism as healthy
functional action of the thoracic and abdominal organs, and any derange-
ment of the pelvic organs is capable of precisely as much, if not more,
disorganization of the general health as a disordered digestive or circu-
latory apparatus. I will close the consideration of this subject by
inviting all those who
are deficient in masculine tone or capacity to call
on me in person or consult me by letter. (See page 383.)

The PiiiLosopnY of Generation.

The greatness, importance, and responsibility of the marital relation
are but improperly appreciated and understood by the majority of males
and females who enter into that relation. There is a momentous duty
to be performed, far more important than those generally supposed to be
19*
442 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

mcumbent upon husband and wife. We have in other places considered

the more general duties devolving upon husband and wife to be dis-
charged we will in this place dwell upon a subject which of all others
;

pertaining to the conjugal association of the sexes is the most important,

and which as a duty is more universally neglected and improperly
performed because the principles and laws governing generation are but
imperfectly understood or not at all. The precise question relative
to generation which we purpose to discuss is the transmission to chil-
dren of the best possible mental, physical and moral attainments.
Wehave in another part of this work stated that the legitimate ob-
ject of marriage is to legalize the sexual covenant, and to confine it

within a healthful and moral atmosphere. This is not only the legitimate,
but technically it is the only aspect of which the law takes cognizance.
Such a congress is, therefore, legal between a male and female who have
been bound together in wedlock. This is all right and proper but not
;

by mere legalized association can the welfare of the race be best ad-
vanced or secured. The distinguishment of animal creation into
—
two sexes was only designed by Nature for one purpose the multipli-
cation of species but it never was the purpose of Nature that the sexes
;

should indiscriminately associate, or that the intent and design of multi-

plicationwould be fitly subserved in all cases by merely allowing any male
to covenant with any female, irrespective of selection. In the lower ani-
mals this is avoided by instinct, but in man the restraint is given by the
higher impulses of reason. Yet, notwithstanding this high quality in man,
the purpose of Nature is often defeated or controverted by wilful dis-
regard of the promptings of an innate intelligence or disobedience to
what is known as physiological law.
The first requisite is circumspect marriage. Without the marital
union of eligible parties human progress would be slow, or unpromising.
A circumspect marriage tends, however, to bring into conjugal union
the metre highly endowed male with the more highly endowed female
or, in other words, the best man would marry only the best woman.. The
man having highly developed physical, mental, and moral, faculties would
only be content in marrying a woman with similarly developed faculties,
and in such a union we have the basis for highly endowed offspring.
In another essay are given the precautions candidates should observe
prior toconsummating marriage, and if the instructions therein given
should be heeded, unfit marriages would be of rarer occurrence.
But in marriage, proper or improper, a duty has to be performed,
neglect of which is sinning against the welfare of the whole race.
The aim of all married people should be the bringing into the world of
healthy children, not physically only, but mentally and morally also.
The greatest achievement and proudest monumeut of parentage is in
giving to the world such offspring as wUl act well their part in the great
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 443

drama of life. How is it to be done ? Can parents so regnlate the ges-

tatory process as to give their children at birth the heritage of physical
excellence, large mental capacity, and superior moral disposition ? As-
suredly they can ; it requires but willingness and effort in the right di-
rection. The mother who imparts to the being hid away in her loins
her personal features, her disposition, etc., can impart much more by
proper effort. The father, from whom the male formative material is
received, can do much for the welfare of that being evolved from that
material. For all that it is, the child is indel)ted to either one of the
parents ; from them is received the human qualities it possesses or ex-
hibits. Subsequent care, training, and education may do much, but the
original bias is received within the confines of the womb.
Not much need be mental superiority
said as to the transmission of
to children. and educated, the children
If the parents are intelligent
will also have large mental capacity. Subsequent mental training will
serve to give offspring that mental culture which in the present pro-
gressive period of the human race each individual being should possess.
Intelligence, not ignorance, now holds sway and no one can harmoni- ;

ously glide along with the current of human progress without a cultiva-
ted mind. If mothers, therefore, have tastes for the intellectual pur-
them not abandon them while another life is developing.
suits, let
The transmission of moral qualities is more readily accomplished. To
what extent they can be transmitted is not readily definable, but it is a
well-settled fact in psychology that the moral habit readily descends
from parent to child. This fact is exemplified in the history of nearly
every family, for in nearly every case the moral tone of the children
represents that of the parents, at least as far as disposition is concerned.
Vicious association may destroy the moral tone, even if the disposition
is unfavorable ; but when the disposition is favorable to moral excellence
the inclination to vice is strongly curbed, and moral degeneration
is not

so easily effected, even surrounded by all the allurements

if the child is

of vice. On the mother, then, a high duty rests she is chargeable with —
the moral tone of society, not by neglecting the supervision of the moral
faculties of her born children so much as by indifference when a
human soul is undergoing intra-uterine- development. Motherhood
comes to many most unwelcomely the trials and cares incident to it are
;

not favorably regarded but there are few women in whom the mater-
;

nal instinct is so deficient that they would, with sheer malice, endeavor
to give birth to a babe so weighted with the destiny of a bad organiza-
tion, as to make them through life utterly insensible to all the moral re-
lations of life. Yet such a legacy is completely within the power of a
mother If she is not elevated by purity of thought and of ac-
to give.
tion, ifnot ennobled by intensity of maternal feeling, and if not actu-
ated by constant solicitude for the welfare of her unborn babe, the or-
444 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. .

ganization of the child will be unquestionably Adcious. She should re-

member that the child in uterine life has no blood but that of its
mother; all that courses through its veins and arteries also courses
through the blood-vessels of the mother. How important it is then for
mothers to guard against everything calculated to disturb the harmony
and regularity of the vascular current
The child in utero is technically but an appendage or parasite, over
w hich the maternal mind and body exerts a marked influence conse- ;

quently, if mothers in the pregnant state pay heed to the moral relations
of life, curb for the time any evil disposition they may have, take pleasure
—
only in that which is pure and upright in short, lead a blameless moral
—
life they will most surely be blest with offspring in whom the disposi-
tion will be kind and the moral tone exalted. Let me then say to expect-
ant mothers enlighten and elevate the moral sentiments, exercise desir-
:

able talents, cultivate beautiful qualities for if you do, they will certain-
;

ly bloom in great brilliancy in your children and children's children. So,

too, if there exists among the subtleties of your character any dark
spot, exert all your moral strength in order to eradicate it. Surround
the growing soul with good influences cultivate all noble impulses, all
;

holy aspirations breathe into the opening flower, by the magic power
;

of a mother's love, such knowledge and moral legacy as will prepare it

for the world in all its antagonisms ; and you will see in the final fruit
the rewaid for all your care, self-denial, and self-abnegation. Husbands
must learn to recognize this supreme power of their wives over the
ante-natal life (both mental and physical), and they must observe such
a line of conduct as not to frustrate any endeavor to exercise it rightly,
but should give them the best possible conditions to improve it.
How can parents have healthy children ? This is a question of such
significant importance to married people that it should engage their
most earnest thought and liveliest interest, for parents can by judicious
care and careful practice endow their offspring with most excellent phy-
sical vigor. To effect this it is only necessary that they should them-
selves be healthy, or to render inert by proper medication the tendency
of transmission of any infirmity or disease with which they may them-
selves be afflicted. The most potential cause of degenerate health in
offspring is the ruinous effect of nervous debility. Any male who previ-
ous to marriage practised self-abuse, and who married while suffer-
ing from the effects of such a pernicious habit, cannot furnish for
the purposes of generation such perfection of formative material as
will insure full health in the being that evolves therefrom. The seminal
liquid is diseased, and carries with it the germs of low vitality and
poverty of physical endurance or capacity. For this reason the author
discountenances marriage in those who by youthful errors induced
the involuntary expenditure of semen, because that affection destroys
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 445

the instinct of propagation, and renders the sufferer incapable or unfit

to afford such formative material as will result in healthy products oi
conception. I therefore adjure all these suffering from this infiimitj
not to marry until by proper and skilful treatment a healthy integrity
of the organs is fully re-established. If those who are married suffer
from the unmanly losses of semen, they should by all means make early
endeavors to have their manhood restored in all its fulness. Those who
are partially impotent should not neglect to secure the required treat-
—
ment such as will restore virile vigor and healthy procreating power.
Medical treatment is of the greatest importance, and, assuredly, it is
only those who have full manly vigor and integrity that can hope for
healthy offspring. It is scarcely an allowable exercise of privilege for
any male to marry if suffering from the effects of indiscretions, as it is
well known to every physiologist that procreative capacity is lessened
thereby, and offspring usually of feeble mind and body and low moral
tone. Let all such sufferers then fully appreciate the responsibility of
the married state, and only enter its portals -with healthy genital organs
and proper virile capacity. This advice should be heeded by all who
properly estimate marital eligibility. Their first duty is to engage the
services of a competent physician, who will by proper treatment restore
the proper integrity of the organs, impart the required vigor, and secure
the necessary conditions for healthy propagation.
EUgibility for motherhood requires full integrity of womanhood. No
healthy babe can be born if its passed in a diseased uter-
ante natal life is

ine cavity. Women suffering from inflammation or ulceration of the

mucous membrane lining the uterine cavity cannot possibly give bu'th
to a healthy chUd. It is then a high duty for allwives to make all pos-
sible effort to become sexually healthy, and if they have the prudence
to engage the proper herbal treatment they will certainly regain the re-
quired feminine vigor and motherhood will be a blessing instead of a
curse.
Proper treatment wUl even avert the transmission of scrofula, epi-
lepsy, consumption, and other diseases capable of hereditation. This
must be given whOe the chdd is developing within the uterine cavity.
The disease in the parent may not be cured, but rational treatment,
under the guidance of a skillful physician, can so modify the gestatory
process as to effectually prevent the child from being born with a simi-
lar diathesis.
This subject one of the most important within the whole range of
is

medicine, and should engage the interest of all it concerns not only in-
;

dividual welfare, but the health and the mental and moral well-being
of the whole human race.
The author gladly gives advice to those who may need counsel or
treatment. Parents who submit their cases for my consideration will
446 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

be fully advised what course should be pursued. All communications

held inviolably secret. (See page o85 for guidance as to consultation.)

Divorce.
This implies the separation of the married pair, by leg-al dissolution
of the matrimonial bonds. Divorces are most commonly given by the
courts for causes occurring after marriage but jurists, in treating upon
;

this subject, also include those causes by which a marriage may be ren-
dered null upon antecedent grounds; as where a marriage was accom-
plished by forcible or fraudulent means, or where, in consequence of
near consanguinity, the act of cohabitation between the pair is by law
considered incestuous. Where a physical incapacity for marriage pre-
vails in one of the parties, divorces are usually granted by nearly aU
courts, provided such an incapacity existed previous to marriage.
It is not our purpose, however, to discuss the subject in its legal
aspect, however interesting it might be, but to consider it rather in its
popular sense. It is not within the province of the medical writer to
consider the subject relative to its legal bearings, though he may with
propriety give the subject the attention it claims with reference to abuse
of the marital privilege. There are practically many divorces between
husbands and wives, of which the law takes no cognizance, and for
causes for which no court would grant a dispensation. The author is
fully aware that the divorce laws are not any too stringent, and probably
too facile in many con^nmonwealths ;but, while he is by no means in
favor of easy divorce laws, he is ready to admit that the strong hand of
the law sometimes is not waved to the side of justice, but inflicts in-
tolerable anguish by enforcing a matrimonial existence which in its
very nature is adverse to the very spirit and essence of matrimony.
It is practically divorcing the marriage tie when mutual love no longer
characterizes the union. The only bond that unites and that makes the
union an inseparable one is love, and not the mere formal ceremony of
espousal. The law, however, does not and cannot jrecognize anything
but the vinculum matrimonii as binding, but the philosopher delves
deeper, and while he does not dispute the necessity of legal ceremonies,
he nevertheless knows that marriage is in its very essence not such a
union as defined by law, but a linking of affections, a union of souls and
hearts. Marriage is practically annulled when love is no longer the
cord of union ; without mutual affection the association becomes in-
tolerable, the higher purposes of the tie are defeated, and the sacred
precinct is invaded by elements foreign to the psychical character of the
marital atmosphere. Law can, however, not remedy this the candi-
;

dates for marriage must, as before advised, exercise such precautions,

that they may not deceive themselves, and only form a matrimonial
alHance that augurs a congenial wedded life. Divorces cannot be
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 44-7

granted for uncongeniality, provided no actual infringement of the mar-

riage bond has been committed, and cannot extend a dispensatioD
because mamed life is loveless. Abuse of its privileges would follow,
and divorce laws should therefore of necessity be stringent, so that
marriages be not recklessly contracted, and obUging intended union to
be the result of guarded and careful deliberation, as it is easier to prevent
mistakes than to rectify them. Negligence of consulting the better
knowledge brings its own reward, and, however intolerable the punish-
ment, a separation cannot ensue by virtue of law. Humanity would
grant the dissolution of the tie, but the purity and purpose of law must
be protected. Strmgency must shield it from disgrace, or the possible
chance of its becoming the agent whereby injury may be done, or flagi-ant
violations of matrimonial duty may be prompted by its laxity. Every
candidate should lose sight of every consideration except that of happi-
ness in married life, and see that no one can exclaim
" She (or he) whom the law calls yours.
Is by her (or his) love made mine."

In nearly all and very

courts, adultery is sufficient cause for divorce,
properly so. It is the most heinous violation of the duty and trust at-
tached to a conjugal union. Everything besides pales in comparison
with adultery in the enormity of its malfeasance in the marital sphere.
It is such a flagrant abuse of duty and fidelity that the conjugal pair
owe to each other, that it has even been recognized by divine law as
sufficient cause for divorce, and as long as civilization has a foothold,
and morality considered a virtue, so long will adultery be regarded
subversive to the integrity of the conjugal union. It is a crime ad-
mitting of no extenuation, and incapable of condonement by the
morally upright or the virtuous pure. It is the brand that inflames the
worst passions in the one who has thus been injured and disgraced by
his or her conjugal associate, surely engendering hate and detestation if
the proper value is placed upon marital loyalty. The bubble that has
just burst is as easily reconstructed as to again establish confidence,
peace and happiness in that family, of which either the husband or
wife has sinned. The wound is incurable, and prolongation of the
wedded association only aggravates. Therefore, the only remedy is a
legal separation from the one who has proved so unworthy of marital
trust. It is not enough that the husband and wife should be guiltless
of adultery, but their conduct must be such as to arouse no suspicion
of neighbors or others. The conduct must be so guarded that loyalty
is not doubted, but manifested even under circumstances where the
liabOity to err is great, so that fidelity is established, and suspicion dis-
armed.
That wife, who, by her conduct in society, or in her social intercourse
448 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

with other men, brings upon her mistrust, and who provokes public
Bcandal by her vagaries and lax conduct, actually debauches her hus-
band's good name, and does him as much injury as she would were she
guilty of adultery. She may never have committed the act, and prob-
ably never would, but her deportment issuch as to lead observers
to the opinion that she would prove if circumstances favored,
disloyal
thereby committing a grievous wrong, and staining the honor and good
name of her husband to an unwarrantable extent. The man that
brings to his bride the legacy of honor and respectability is greatly in-
jured if she by her immoral conduct begets the suspicion as to loyalty
of his friends and neighbors, and she is unworthy of his love and pro-
tection if she so far forgets her duty as bring a stain upon his character
by her own imprudence. She is guilty of adulterous proclivities, which
should be considered sufRcient cause for divorce, even if adultery
cannot be proven. On the other hand, the husband, who by improper
behavior in company, is so unguarded as to be suspected for his loyalty
and attachment to his wife, is unworthy of her, and cannot justify his
conduct by even the most liberal interpretation of the marriage contract.
It would, unquestionably, be well if the law would recognize conduct
that suggests an adulterous proclivity as sufficient for divorce, even it
adultery ^x?/- se could not be proven, as it would mo.st probaoly have a,
salutary effect in counteracting the tendency to the degeneracy oi
modern free-loveism.
The cry of many wives of the present day, who think that their duty
to society is paramount to the duty they owe to their husbands is
Would you exclude us from society ? Am I to be imprisoned in the honib
you afford me and not be allowed to receive my friends, or to mingi&
again with society ? No, not at all the seclusivism of the harem is not
;

calculated to promote the best interests of conjugal life ; but it is to be

insisted upon that when wives are in society their conduct should be so
dignified, so hedged in with propriety, that their reputation remains
unsullied, that the most suspicious need not suspect, and that the liber-
tine is given no opportunity to make his offensive proposals, nor his
heart gratified by a passive submission to his lascivious conversation,
looks, and hints. Csesar claimed not too much in his requirements of a
—
wife she should in all respects be above suspicion. The wife's greatest
pride should be the observ^ance of such a line of conduct as meets her hus-
band's approval. All her actions should be characterized by purity and
and no cause should be given for unpleasant comment. Such
fidelity,
noble wives are denominated the oppressed, the slaves of men, etc., etc.,
—
by the Women's Rights women but they are not, they and they only
;

are the idols of men, at least of those whose affections are pure and
worth having. The angelic quality of women, so often the theme oi
poets and lovers, is surely only manifested by the virtuous and in the
 THE COTffPLETE HERBALIST. 449

faithful. The very existence of civilization is dependent upon virtuous

women and faithful wives men may become depraved, but as long aa
;

women remain pure, civilization, morality, and religion will be fostered

and propagated. If women live the truth and act the truth, humanity
wiU ever be blessed with the benefits of civilization.
To is no less becoming
the sterner sex the mantle of virtue and fidel- ;

ity is as much adornment and requirement to them as of the

of an
gentler sex. The libertine is a despicable creature and the adulterer ;

is so lost to honor and nobility of character, that his presence in the so-

ciety of the pure and good should be considered an outrage upon de-
cency and propriety. Chastity is a superior virtue, and loyalty in wedlock
a noble attribute and whichever one of the conjugal pair proves reck-
;

less to these connubial trusts is unworthy of marital companionship and

defiles a sacred institution.

BRIDAL TOURS.
Some essays have been written on the barbarisms of civilization
'
'
;

many more might be. Many of the habits prevailing in what ought to
be our most refined society are at variance with almost elementary ideas
of decency. Others are equally marked in their injurious physical ten-
dencies. It is not surprising that clergymen, even when not of the
strictest sect, and philosophers of no particular sect at all, have de-
claimed against fashionable dresses and dances at late hours. But there
are other customs against which no church has fulminated its anathe-
mas, the dangers and absurdities of which no fidgety reformer has per-
ceived or noticed. One of these conspicuously is the Bridal Tour.
" Let us illustrate by a typical case. During one of the earliest and
coldest cold snaps there comes off a wedding, which, from the officiaJ
'
'

standing of the parties, naturally attracts some attention. We are soon

told that the '
happy couple ' are off on their wedding trip to —well,
not exactly Alaska or Greenland, but a territory nearly as frigid, and
that part of the journey is to be made in stages or sleighs. The intense
excitement in appropriateness of the proceeding, the wonderful pains
taken by these people to make themselves uncomfortable on what is
supposed to be the most festive occasion in their lives, would move one
to Homeric laughter, did not events disastrous to the health of the con-
jugal pair usually follow so closely on the heels of bridal tours." If the
parties are not as high in the social scale and less wealthy, the mischief
done is as great, if not greater, for m
their tour they may lack substan-
tialcomforts which the wealthy alone can afford. To all married cou-
ples a bridal tour seems to be considered as absolutely essential to give
the marital union an importance, without which it would, in their
opinion, be an unromantic and but partial marriage.
450 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Looking at the custom from an aesthetic and sentimental point of

view, nothing can be more repulsive. An American marriage is theo-
retically a love match, and it is generally so in practice. Now two per-
sons in love w^ant to see as much as possible of each other, and as little
as possible of other people. It is to that we find exceptions; there are
individuals whose diseased vanity desires to give publicity to every act
of their life. a misfortune that these vulgarians are not rarer in
It is
every class. An and modesty should be the general
instinct of seclusion
rule, but this absurd custom forces a new-married couple to put on an
unnatural restraint on their legitimate affection, or to make themselves
ridiculous before the public. Love, both emotional and passionate, is
usually most exuberant to those recently joined in wedlock, and philoso-
phy would suggest the exercise to be confined more to seclusion than
the sporadic opportunities afforded in a wedding tour.
Now, in the common-sense, practical, man-of-the-world point of
view, the fashionable practice is equally objectionable. It is notorious
that nothing, except marriage the temper more than joint
itself, tries

travel. Therefore, at the very outset of their life-partnership, the

quality on which the happiness of that union principally depends ia

put to the rudest strain. The happy couple expose themselves to the
insolence of hackmen and hotel-clerks, the discomforts of rail and hotel,
irregular hours and uncertain meals. The Irishman, in the song, mar-
ried a wife to make him '
' unaisy. " A wedding tour on one of our great
thoroughfares of travel is admirably contrived to accomplish this result

for both parties.

All this, however, it may be suggested, is matter of taste. We cannot
expect to shape the caprices of fashion or custom by the dictates of
deliberate philosophy. But vs^hat follows is not a questionable point of
taste or comfort it is a matter of downright fact, as certain as if it
;

could be mathematically demonstrated.

The consummation of marriage is, with the exception of child-birth,
the most critical period, physically, of the woman's life. After the
moral and physical excitement which attends it, her system demands
rest, repose, quiet, regular and good living, a supporting and restora-
tive way of life. If these can be secured for some weeks, so much the
better, but at any rate they are necessary for some days. Her emo-
tional nature attains the highest state of excitement, in consequence of
assisting in a repast which is approached only by intense agitation, no
matter how much she may feel it to be a legitimate incident to marriage.
This makes it doubly exhaustive, and not only her health for the rest of
her mortal existence, but the health and strength of her offspring may
be, and often are, materially affected by the want of proper care at this
time. Instead of which, the bridal tour piles on additional excitement
and fatigue, makes regularity of life impossible in short, the act in- —
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 451

volves the reverse of all that the rules of health and physiology require.
There is an underlying sense of modesty which may urge the bride on
to a journey immediately after marriage. The new condition of life
exacts changes which she rather would fulfil among strangers than in
her own It may confuse the modest and retir-
or husband's domicile.
ing woman assume the conjugal associations in presence of hei
to
parents, brothers, and sisters but as this is one of the modesties not
;

really commendable, however natural it may be, it does not afford suf-
ficient inducement for encountering all the vicissitudes of a wedding
tour. .

For man and calm, though not so necessary,

too, at this time, repose
are highly desirable. happens, in the case of both sexes,
It constantly
that a slight indisposition, which passed unnoticed in the hurry of pre-
paration, is aggravated to a serious and even fatal extent by the excite-
ment, exposure, and neglect consequent on the wedding tour. No man,
for instance, would think of postponing his marriage on account of a
slight cold. If he stayed quietly at home afterward, and took care of
himself, would pass away like other slight colds but he goes off on a
it ;

bridal tour in the depth of winter, and the malady develops into a
chronic pulmonary complaint. Nor would a young woman put off her
marriage because she felt a little extra lassitude and want of appetite,
with an occasional headache, which, however, may be premonitory
symptoms of typhoid fever. If you take typhoid fever in time, there is
nothing specially dangerous about it ; care, patience, and slight treat-
ment are only necessary, and it runs its course. But, if neglected at
first, it is almost inevitably fatal. Many cases of brides and bride-
grooms, in my profesional experience, came under my observation, dying
of typhoid fever just after a wedding trip, which had caused the early
symptoms to be misunderstood and neglected. And I have known
—
things worse than death to happen insanity, temporary or permanent,
brought on by the extra fatigue and excitement of the wedding journey.
One old New York custom, and probably to some extent prevailing in
other places, was infinitely more rational. The new-married couple
took up their quarters at the house of the bride's father, and remained
there in seclusion for a week. The only fault about this arrangement
was the shortness of time, but for a week, at any rate, they had abso-
lute repose and quiet, and enjoyed all the comforts of a home without
the trouble of housekeeping. For one week, at least, the inter-com-
munion of the conjugal pair was unhampered, and secured against the
criticism and gaze of the pubUc,
The present fashion of bridal tours is an unmeaning and unreasonable
imitation of the European, especially the English practice. The original
English theory of a wedding trip is. driving in a comfortable carriage, at
a rate of speed just sufficient to exhilarate without fatiguing, over good
452 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

roads, in weather which may be pleasant or unpleasant, but is never dan-

gerously cold or dangerously hot, to some secluded country -place or seaside
village, and resting there a month. The new mode of continental tours
is some respects just as absurd as ours, though the advantage of climate
in
lessens the fatigue and physical risk to some extent. The notorious
mutability of our climate is in itself reason enough why a bride should
not be exposed to the accidents of travel.
It will thus be seen that the medical aspect of a bridal tour is suffi-
ciently important, and the risk incurred sufficiently great, to cause the
wedded pair, if they wish to be actuated with impulses of reason and
prudence, rather than by the dictates of custom, to pause before they
undergo the trials of a wedding journey. It would certainly be more
conducive to their health and happiness if they were guided by a better
reason in this respect, and leave wedding trips to be indulged in by those
who would rather run the risk of injuring their health and general well-
being than offend a fashionable practice. It is a fashionable vulgarity,
and not prompted by the behests of good-breeding and social dignity.

POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES.

Nothing that appertains to domestic treatment is of greater value than

a knowledge of poisons, and the treatment necessary in cases of acci-
dental or premeditated poisoning. So many substances of a poisonous
nature are used in manufactures among farmers, mechanics, and also in
private houses, it will be useful to have a guide to refer to in case of
accident, for in almost every case of poisoning the antidote must be in-
stantly given or else success cannot be expected. In all cases, unless
the physician is within immediate call, no time is allowed to engage hia
services hence the great importance of every one supplying himself with
;

the requisite knowledge to treat any or all cases of poisoning.

Precaution with regard to poisons is very necessary. In every family,
manufactory, etc. where poisons are required and used, the antidotes
,

should also be kept for use whenever occasion calls for them: Again,
when poisons are used for any purpose, it is not enough to know that
they are poisonous^ but it should also be known of what they are com-
posed. For instance, corrosive sublimate may be used, and by accident
a poisonous dose may be taken of it but, unless known that it is a pre-
;

paration of mercury, the treatment must necessarily be of a vague and

uncertain character.
As a general rule, in all cases of poisoning, especially if seen immedi-
ately after the poison has been swallowed, the indication to make the
is

person vomit. To bring this about give a teaspoonful of mustard in a

tumbler of water, or two or three teaspoonfuls of powdered alura in the
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 453

same way. Vomiting can in all cases be promoted by tickling the throat
with a feather.

Arsenic.
—
Articles. Scheele's green, arsenious acid, orpiment, king's yellow,
realgar, fly powder, ague drops, arsenical paste and arsenical soap, rat
poison.
—
Symptoms. Pain and burning in the stomach, dryness of throat,
cramps, purging, vomiting, hoarseness and diflBculty of speech, eyes red
and sparkling, suppression of urine, matter vomited greenish or yel-
lowish.
Treatment. — G-ive large quantities of milk and raw eggs, lime-
water, or flour and water. Then castor-oil ; or, if tincture of iron is

within reach, take from half to a full teaspoonful of it, and mix with it
a Uttle bicarbonate of soda or saleratus, and administer it to the per-
son,and follow it with an emetic. This acts as a real antidote— the
chemical combination resulting being insoluble in the fluids of the
stomach.

Acids.

Articles. — Oxalic (salts of sorrel), sulphuric (oil of vitriol), nitric

but not prussic acid.
(aquafortis), muriatic (spirit of salt),
—
Symptoms. These acids are all corrosive, and hence produce horri-
ble burning and sour pain from the mouth downwards. The skin and
mucous membrane of the lips, mouth, and throat is eaten away. The
patient experiences great thirst, and purges blood, and has excruciat-
ing pain in the stomach.
—
Treatment. Put an ounce of calcined magnesia into a pint of water,
and give a wineglassful every two or three minutes. If you cannot get
magnesia, use whiting, chalk, soda, or lime-water, or even knock a
piece of mortar from the wall, pound it fine, and give it with milk or
water. While one person is attending to this, let another cut common
soap into small pieces and give a tea-spoonful with water, or a table-
spoonful of soft soap. Also give plenty of warm water to drink.
Citric and acetic acids are also poisonous in large doses. The treat-
ment is the same as for the above.

Antimony.
Articles.— Tartar emetic, butter ot antimony, oxide of antimony.
Symptoms. — Severe vomiting this does not occur
(if should be it in-
duced), cramps, faintness, purging, colicky pains, sense of tightness in
the chest, recurrence of vomiting repeatedly.
—
Treatment. Give plenty of strong tea. If no common tea is at
hand, use an infusion of oak, elm, sloe, currant, or blackberry bark or
454 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

leaves, the requirements being a vegetable astringent. If the butter of

antimony has been taken, resort to the treatment advised for acids. lu
all cases the strength should be supported with stimulants.

Bismuth.

Articles. — Nitrate, pearl powder, face powders.

Symptoms. — General inflammation of the whole alimentary canal,
suppression of urine, hiccough, vomiting, cramps.
—
Treatment. Plenty of milk, flaxseed tea, infusion of slippery elm,
marsh mallow.

Copper.

—
Articles. Blue copperas, blue verditer, mineral green, verdigris,
food cooked in copper vessels, pickles made green by copper.
—
Symptoms. Coppery taste in the mouth, tongue dry and parched,
very painful bloody stools, convulsions.
colic,
Treatment. — Large quantities of milk and white of eggs, afterwards
strong tea. Vinegar sJumld not be given.

Gold.
Articles.— Chloride of gold, fulminating gold.
—
Symptoms. Similar to other irritant poisons. Pink patches about
the lips and mouth.
Treatment. — Give sulphate of iron, which decomposes the sub-
stances.

Iodine.

Articles. —Iodides of potassium, mercury, iron, or sodium.

Symptoms. — Burning pain in throat, lacerating pain in stomach,
heartburn, vomiting, colicky pains, very likely salivation.
Treatment. — Large quantities of starch and water, flour and water,
grated potatoes, or anything that you know contains starch. If the
iodides are taken in overdose, produce vomiting as soon as possible.

Iron.

Articles. — Sulphate of iron (copperas), green chloride of

vitriol,

iron.
Symptoms. — Colic pains, constant vomiting and purging, violent pain
in throat, coldness of skin, feeble pulse.
Treatment — Give an emetic, afterwards magnesia or carbonate of
soda and water. Also mucilaginous drinks.
 the complete herbalist. 456

Lead.
Articles.—Acetate or sugar of lead, white lead, red lead, litharge.
Symptoms. —Metallic taste in mouth, pain in stomach and bowels,
painful vomiting, often blood, hiccough. If taken for some time, ob-
stinate colic, paralysis, partial or complete ; obstinate constipation,
diminution of urine.
Treatment. — Put two ounces of epsom salts into a pint of water and
give a wineglassful every ten minutes until it operates freely. If the
solid forms have been taken, give dilute sulphuric acid, but very care-
fuUy.

Mercury.
—
Articles. Calomel, corrosive sublimate, red precipitate, vermilion,
white precipitate, turbith mineral.
—
Symptoms. Harsh metallic astringent taste, burning pain in the
stomach, vomiting and purging frequently of bloody matter, tightness
and burning in the throat, tendency to doze, stupor.
—
Treatment. Albumen in some form must be instantly given either ;

the white of eggs beaten up with water, milk or wheat flour beaten up.
Iron filings can also be given. After these give linseed tea.

Phosphorus.
Articles.— Lucifer matches.
Symptoms. — Pain in stomach and bowels, vomiting, diarrhoea, ten-
derness and tension of the abdomen, great excitement of the whole
system.
Treatment. —Prompt emetic, copious draughts of warm water
containing magnesia, chalk, whiting, or even flour. No oils or fat
should be given.

Silver.
Articles.— Nitrate, or lunar caustic.
Symptoms. — Similar to other irritant poisons, especially arsenic.
Treatment. — Give a large teaspoonful of common salt in a glass of
water, and repeat this in ten minutes. Then a dose of castor-oil, and
linseed tea, or barley water for a drink.

Tm.
Articles. — Chloride, called muriate by dyers, oxide, or putty pow-
der.
SymJPTOMS. —Vomiting, pain in stomach, purging, convulsive twitcb-
4:56 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Treatment. —Milk must be given copiously. The mUk may contain

magnesia, chalk, or whiting, if handy. Also raw eggs beaten up with
water and milk.
Zinc.
Articles.— Sulphate, or white vitriol. Acetate, chloride (Burnett's
disinfectinp^ fluid, also used to destroy cancers).
Symptoms. —Violent vomiting, astringent taste, burning pain in
Btoniach, pale countenance, cold extremities, duU eyes.
Treatment. — Plenty of
milk with white of eggs in it. If it is the
sulphate give carbonate of soda. If excessive vomiting occurs, it can
be relieved by copious draughts of warm water.

Volatile Oils.
Articles. — Creasote, Dippel's animal oU, oil of tar, oil of tobacco,
oil of turpentine, fusel oil.

Symptoms. — Burning pain, vomiting, pungent taste, purging. The

oils of tobacco and turpentine affect the nervous system, and will be
recognized by their peculiar odor in the matter vomited.
Treatment, — Creasote immediately coagulated by albumen, as
is

milk, white of eggs. oil may be counteracted by dilute

Dippel's animal
Bulphuric acid, and castor or linseed oil. For the others give milk,
and promote vomiting, and probably some stimulant.

Alkalies.
Ammonia. — Spirits of hartshorn, muriate, or sal ammoniac.
PoTASSA. — Caustic potash, liquor potassa, carbonate, or pearl ash,
salts of tartar, nitrate, or saltpetre, or liver of sulphur.
Symptoms. — Violent, caustic, acrid taste, great heat in throat, de-
struction of the mucous membrane of mouth and throat, cold sweats,
weakness, hiccough, colic pains, bloody stools.
—
Treatment. Vinegar, lemon juice, citric or tartaric acids. If the
free alkalies are taken give castor or linseed oils, which wUl form soap
in combination with them. For saltpetre give a mixture of acacia,
marsh-mallow, flax-seed tea, and for liver of siilphur give common salt.

Prussic Acid.
Articles. —Oil of bitter almonds, laurel water, peach-kernels, cyan'
by photographers.
ide of potassium, used
Symptoms. —If the quantity be large, death instantly ensues. In
Bmaller quantities, nausea, giddiness, debility, weight and pain in the
head.
—
Treatment. Give spirits of hartshorn very much diluted, and
apply a bottle of smelling-salts to the nose, dash cold water on the
head» give stimulants, and make the patient stir about.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 457

VEGETABLE POISONS.
Opium.
—Laudanum, paregoric, black drop, soothing- syrups,
Articles.
cordials, syrup of poppies, morphine, Dover's powder, etc.
Symptoms. — Giddiness, stupor, gradually increasing to a deep sleep,
pupil of the eyes very small, blue, skin cold, heavy, slow breathing.
lips
Treatment. — Make the patient vomit as quickly as possible. If a
full-grown person give fifteen grains of sulphate of zinc in a little water,
to a young person half the quantity, to an infant a teaspoonful of syrup
of ipecac. If these drugs cannot be had, use mustard and warm water,
salt and water, and tickle the throat with a feather. After vomiting,
give plenty of strong coffee, and place a mustard poultice round the calf
of each leg, and if the patient is cold and sinking, give stimulants, and
rouse him to walking or running by your assistance. Beat the soles of
his feet, dash cold water on the fac^, and do anything to prevent him
from sleeping until the effects are passed off, for if he goes to sleep, it
is the sleep of death.

Strychnine.
Articles. —
Rat poison, nux vomica, St. Ignatius' bean.
—
Symptoms. Lockjaw, twitching of the muscles, convulsions, the
body is bent backwards, so as to rest on the feet and head only.
—
Treatment. Empty the stomach by an emetic, then give linseed
tea or barley water, and to an adult give thirty drops of laudanum, to
relieve the spasms. A tea-spoonful of ether can also be given.

Other Poisonous Plants, or Seeds,

Such mushrooms, belladonna, henbane, or anything a child may
as false
have eaten, or taken in mistake by any person. Vegetable poisons act
either as an irritant, acro-narcotic, or narcotic. If it an irritant, the
symptoms are an acrid, pungent taste, with more or less bitterness,
excessive heat, great dryness of the mouth and throat, with sense of
tightness there, violent vomiting, purging, with great pain in the
stomach and bowels, breathing often quick and difficult, appearance of
intoxication, eye frequently dilated, insensibility resembling death.
The symptoms of narcotic poisons are described under opium.
—
Treatment. If an irritant and vomiting does occur and continues,
render it easier by large draughts of warm water, but if symptoms of
insensibility have come on without vomiting, empty the stomach with
—
any emetic that may be at hand, sulphate of zinc, mustard and after ;

the operation of the emetic give a sharp purgative. After as much as

is possible of the poison is got rid of, very strong coffee, or vinegar di-
20
458 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

luted with water, may be given with advantage. Camphor mixture

with a little ethermay be taken frequently, and if the insensibility is
considerable, warmth, frictiorus, and blisters may be employed. For
the narcotics proceed as in opium.

Animal Poisons,
Poisonous Fish. — Old wife, crawfish, land crab, gray snapper, hyne,
dolphin, conger eel, mussel, barracuda, smooth bottle fish, grooper,
rock fish, Spanish mackerel, king fish, bonetta, porgee, tumiy, blower,
etc.

—
Symptoms. In an hour or two, or much sooner after the fish has
been eaten, a weight at the stomach comes, with slight vertigo and
headache, sense of heat about the head and eyes, considerable thirst,
and often an eruption of the skin resembling nettle rash.
—
Treatment. Give a brisk emetic. After full vomiting an active
purgative should be given. Vinegar and water may be drunk after the
above remedies have operated, and the body may be sponged with the
same. Water made very sweet with sugar, to which a little ether may
be added, may also be drunk freely. If spasms occur, give laudanum.
—
Poisonous Serpents, Copperhead, moccasin, viper, black viper,
rattlesnake, water viper.
—
Symptoms. A sharp pain in the wounded part, which soon extends
over the limb or body great swelling, at first hard and pale, then red-
;

dish, livid, and gangrenous in appearance, faintings, vomitings, convul-

sions, pulse small, breathing difficult, cold sweats, failing sight, and
derangement of the intellectual faculties.
—
Treatment. Tie a string tightly above the wound, wash it well,
apply a cupping glass, or let the person bitten suck the wound weU if
he can. If lunar caustic or butter of antimony are at hand, rub them
well in, to the very bottom of the wound, or take a very small poker,
or a steel used for sharpening knives make the point of this red hot
;

to a white heat, if you can —

and press this for a moment into the
wound. This is not such a dreadful operation as it seems to be, for one
moment's application is sufficient, and, if the steel is really hot enough,
gives scarcely any pain at the time. Small doses of hartshorn may also
be given, and if gangrene is threatened, give wine freely. In case of
rattlesnake bite, give whiskey freely. Bibron's antidote and the Tan-
jore Pills may also be used, —
the latter carefully, as they contain
arsenic.
Poisonous Insects,— Spanish fly, potato fly.
Symptoms. —Nauseous odor of the breath, acrid taste, burning heat
in the throat, stomach, and abdomen, bloody vomiting, excruciating
pain in the stomach, heat in the bladder, strangury or retention of
urine, frightful convulsions.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 469

Treatment. —Excite vomiting by giving sweet-oil, sugar and water,

milk or linseed tea, very freely. Rub camphor dissolved in oil over the
belly and thighs.
Venomous Insects. —Tarantula, scorpion, hornet, wasp, bee, gnat,
gad-fly.
Symptoms. — In general, the sting of these insects occasions only a
slight degree of pain and swelling, but occasionally the symptoms are
more violent, and sickness and fever are produced by the intensity of
the pain.
—
Treatment. Hartshorn and oil may be rubbed on the affected part,
and a piece of rag moistened with the same, or with salt and water,
may be kept upon it till the pain is over. A few drops of hartshorn may
also be frequently given internally, in a little water. The sting may in
general be removed by making strong pressure with the barrel of a
watch-key around it.
Rabid Animals. — See Hydrophobia, in its proper place amctDg
 RECIPES.
In the following pages will be found a variety of recipes, applicable to many diseases and
afflictions for which Kymptomatic treatment is all that is required. They will be found to
be very valuable for domestic treatment. They are not aU strictly herbal, but essentially
eclectic, so as to be easily prepared and the ingredients readily procured. Nothing capable
of harm is, however, admitted,— the few mineral substances that are prescribed being only
inserted for therapeutic effects, in consequence of their vegetable analogues being hard
to procure or difficult to prepare. Availability was studied more than scientific arrange-
ment, though the merit of each is retained. For handy recipes, therefore, tlie following
are sufficiently diversified for a wide range of application.
In complicated cases, or in diseases requiring systematic treatment, recipes sre not to be
depended upon. Such cases, of course, requii-e treatment in accordance with the demands
of the pathological conditions observed in the disease, and which should in all cases be
directed by a competent physician. The remedies, for which the recipes are given in this
connection, are designed merely for diseases or affections not ordinarily grave in character,
or which do not require more than simple medication. Those desiring to make use of
them should have them prepared by a druggist, if they do not have the neces^iry pharma-
ceutical appliances to insure correct weight, quantity, mixture, division, etc. The purity
and worth of the article are also to be ascertained before being administered.

GOLDEN TINCTURE.
No. 1. Balsam of tolu, two oimcea gum guaiacum, two ounces gum hemlock, two
; ;

ounces gum myrrh, two ounces each coarsely powdered oil of hemlock, three ounces
; ; ;

oil of wintergreen, two ounces ; alcohol, one gallon. Let it stand fourteen days. Shake
frequently in the meantime.
—
Dose. From one to two teaspoonfuls, according to severity and obstinacy of the case, in
half a glass of sweetened water. This mixture has proved highly useful as an internal
remedy for rheumatism, colic, pains, chills, soreness, lameness, sour stomach, languor,
depressed spirits, palpitations, water brash, flatulency, and a variety of painful affections.

PULMONARY REMEDY.
No. Take of the roots of spikenard, elecampane, comfrey and blood-root of the
2. :

leaves and flowers of hoarhound, and of the bark of wild cherrj', each one pound. These
may all be ground and tinctured, by adding alcohol, water, and sugar sufficient to make
three gallons of syrup, or any i)ortion of the abo-ve compound may be tinctured in sufficient
alcohol to cover them, when the herbs may be boiled until their strength is obtained, and
the tincture and watery infusion may be mixed, and a sufficient amount of refined sugar
added to make a thick syrup. For coughs and colds, to be taken in teaspoonful doses as
required.

LIVER CORDIAL.
No. 3. Thorough-wort, two ounces ginger, half ounce ; cloves, half ounce ; extract
;

dandelion, four ounces water, one and a half pints. Boil to one-third, and add sugar one
;

and one-half pounds, and brandy, one pint.

—
Dose. A wineglassful once or twice a day. An excellent cordial cathartic to act upon the
liver. The herbs must be gathered at the proper season or they will be worthless.

ANTI-BILIOUS PILL.
» No. Aloes, pulverized, five ounces fine, dry castile soap, half a drachm ; gamboge,
4. ;

pulverized, one ounce colocynth, one ounce ; extract of gentian, one ounce ; mandrake,
;

one ounce cayenne pepper, two ounces ; oil of peppermint, half a drachm. Mix well
;

together, and form into three-grain pLUs.

i>osc.— Three to five pillG,
 THE COMPLETE HERBAMST. 461

AN EXPECTORANT.
No. 6. For asthma and cough, to promote expectoration, and remove tightness of the
chest, the following is a valuable compound preparation. Fluid extracts of skunk cabbage,
one ounce ; lobelia,one ounce blood-root, one ounce
; pleurisy-root, one ounce ginger,
; ;

one ounce ; water, one pint alcohol, three pints.

;

Dose. —Two to four teaspoonfuls. (See Fluid Extracts, pagfe 475.)

FOR PRODUCING SLEEP-

No. 6. The
following is a useful preparation for producing sleep, in wakeful or excited
conditions, viz. fluid extract of ladies' slipper, one ounce
: fluid extract of pleurisy-root, ;

one ounce fluid extract of skunk cabbage, one ounce fluid extract scull-cap, one ounce.
; ;

Mix.
i>ose.—Half a drachm to a drachm thiee times a day.

FOR SICK AND NERVOUS HEADACHE.

No. 7. For sick and nervous headache, dependent on an acid stomach, the following la
useful : fluid extract of ladies' slipper, half an ounce fluid e:stract of catnip, half an
;

ounce ; fluid extract of scull-cap, half an ounce water, one pint. ;

Dose.— One to three teaspoonfuls. Mix.

TONIC TINCTURE.
No. Old cider, four gallons white oak bark, ten ounces horse-radish root, one
8. ; ;

pound seneca snake-root, six ounces golden seal root, four ounces cayenne pepper, two
; ;
;

ounces bruise all fine, add the cider, let stand for ten days, frequently shaking up the
;

mixture in the meantime.

—
Dose. For an adult, half to two-thirds of a wine-glassful, three times a day.

SARSAPARILLA SYRUP.
No. Grood sarsaparilla, two pounds ; guaiacum, three ounces ; rose leaves, two ounces
9.
senna, two ounces ; liquorice root, two ounces ; oil of sassafras, five drops ; oil of aniseed,
five drops; oil of wintergreen, three drops; dUuted alcohol, ten pints; sugar, eight
pounds.
Dose.—A. tablespoonful two or three times a day.

RHEUMATIC TINCTURE.
No. 10. Peppermint water, one and one-half ounces wine of colchicum : root, half atf
ounce ; sulphate of morphia, one grain magnesia, one scruple. ;

Dose. — One teaspoonful three or four times a day.

FOR BRONCHITIS.
No. 11. Tannin, three grains extract of belladonna, three-fourths of a grain ; extract
;

of conium, two and a half gi-ains infusion of senna, three ounces fennel water, one and
; ;

a half ounces syrup of marsh-mallow, one and a half ounces. Mix.

;

—
Dose. A tablespoonful to be taken every two hours in chronic bronchitis.

COMPOUND SPIRITS OP LAVENDER.

No. Dried lavender flowers, two drachms; nutmeg, 2 drachms mace, two drachms
12. ;

cloves, cinnamon, two ounces. Pulverize all these, and add a quart of spirits*
two ounces ;

Let it then stand for a week, and then strain off the liquid.
—
Dose. One or two teaspoonfuls may be taken often in a little water, with loaf sugar.
Useful in nervous affections.

NERVE TONIC.
No. Extract of scull-cap, two drachms extract of chamomile, two drachms extract
13. ; ;

of boneset, one drachm pulverized cayenne, one scruple ; quinine, one drachm oil of
;
;

valerian, half a drachm. Beat well together, and make ninety pills.
—
Dose. For an adult, one piU every two or three hours.

STOMACHIC BITTERS.
No. 14. Gentian root, two ounces dried orange peel, one ounce cardamon seed, half
; ;

an ounce (all bruised) diluted alcohol or common whiskey, one quart. Let it stand for
;

two weeks.
C7se.— Dyspepsia, loss of appetite, general weakness, etc.
Dose.— One or two tablespoonfuls in water, three times a day.
462 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

FEVER AJ^D AGUE.

No. 15. Take of boneset, two onnces baie vervain, two ounces scull-cap, one otmce
;
;
;
Virginia snake-root, half an ounce. Make an infusion, and diink freely while warm. If
it produces vomiting, reduce the dose. This will be found highly beneficial. If the bowels
are constipated, use one of my " Renovating Pills" every night until all constipation hag
been removed or remedied.

STRENGTHENING PLASTER.
No. Resin, one pound ; beeswax, one ounce ; Burgundy pitch, one ounce ; mutton
16.
tallow, one ounce. Melt them together, and add olive oil, pulverized camphor and sassa-
fras oil, of each ontvsixteenth of an ounce, and West India rum, one fluid ounce. Stir well
together, pour into cold water, and form into rolls with the hands ; spread with a knife on
a piece of linen cloth, and apply in weakness of the joints, rheumatism, weak chest, weak
back, ulcers. This is an excellent plaster for all such purposes.

ACETIC BLOOD-ROOT SYRUP.

No. 17. Blood-root in powder, one drachm; acetic acid, or vinegar, one pint; water,
one pint. Add the blood-root to the vinegar and water mixed, and steep for two hours ;
then strain and add two pounds of white .sugar, .simmer until a syrup is formed.
This is a specific remedy for pseudo-membranous croup. It is also used in infantile
pneumonia and bronchitis, but the " Acacian Balsam " should be used with it.
—
Dose. For croup, from half a teaspoonful to a tablespoon ful, but it should not be given
in quantities sufficient to provoke vomiting, unless there is imminent danger of suffocation,
and then only sufficient to eject the mucus adhering to the upper part of the bronchia and
trachea.

A GOOD EMETIC.
No. Pulverized lobelia, one ounce pulverized blood-root, one ounce pulv. ipecacu-
18. ; ;

anha, six drachms pulv. cayenne, four scruples ; sencca, one scruple. Mix. An excel-
;

lent emetic in all cases where one is required. My " Renovating Pills " should be used to
cleanse the system of all remaining particles of lobelia.
Dose.— Half a teaspoonful in a cup of warm water, and repeat every fifteen minutes until
it operates.

NERVE TONIC AND ANTISPASMODIC.

No. 19. High cranben-y bark, one ounce; skunk cabbage-root, half an ounce; scuU-
cap, half an ounce; cardamon seeds, two drachms; pulv. cayenne, two drachms. Put
the?e into a pint of wine. Shake it well every day for three or four days.
Dose. —A
tablespoonful four times a day.

DYSENTERY SYRUP.
No. 20. Best Turkey rhubarb, two drachms leptandrin, two drachms white sugar, one
; ;

pound hot water, one pint. Triturate well together add essence of peppermint, one
; ;

drachm essence of anise, one drachm tincture of catechu, two drachms.

; ;

—
Dose. For dysentery, one teaspoonful every half hour.

COUGH PREPARATION.
No. 21. Tincture of lobelia, half an ounce tincture of blood-root, two ounces ; oil of
;

spearmint, half a drachm molasses, five ounces.

;

—
Dose. Take one-half of a teaspoonful as often as needed. Useful merely as a palliative.

PULMONARY SYRUP.
No. 22. Spikenard root, sixteen ounces white root, sixteen ounces blood-root, eight
; ;

ounces elecampane, eight ounces colts-foot, eight ounces boneset, eight ounces poplar
; ; ; ;

bark, four ounces seneca snake-root, two ounces lobelia, two ounces slippery elm bark,
; ; ;

eight ounces proof spirits, three gallons. Bruise or pulverize all, and digest in the spirits
;

for fourteen days then strain, and add white sugar sufficient to form a syrup.
;

—
Dose. A tablespoonful occasionally, in a mucilage of sUppery elm.
Use. —
This is a fair relief in all coughs and pulmonary affections.

CHRONIC DISEASES OF THE MUCOUS SURFACES.

No. 23. Hard balsam copaiba, three and a half drachms fresh ground cubebs, three ;

and a half drachms carbonate of ammonia, one drachm. Make one hundred pills.
;

Dose.—One pill three times a day, between meals.

 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 463

LINIMENT FOE, CHILBLAINS.

No. 24. Sulphuric acid, one drachm spirits of turpentine, one drachm olive oil, three
: ;

drachms. Mix the oil and tui-pentine first, then gradually add the sulphuric acid.
A valuable Liniment for chilblains. To be rubbed on two or three times a day.

LINIMENT FOR NEURALGIA, ETC.

No. 25. Sweet oil, one ounce; water of ammonia, strong, one ounce. Mix. To be
rubbed on with a piece of flannel. A temporary relief for crick in the neck, and rheumatio
and neiiralgic pains.

SLEEPLESSNESS.
No. 26. formed into a pill, followed by a drai;ght of an ounce and
Camphor, one grain,
a half of the iufusion of hops, with five drops of sulphuric ether.

CHRONIC RHEUMATISM.
No. 27. The remedies given below will be found generally useful
First.—Wsirm salt bath. When the pain is very severe at night, take tincture of guaia-
cum, one drachm tincture of aloes, half a drachm spirits of turpentine, thirty drops.
; ;

Mix, and take in a pint of gruel at bedtime.

—
Second. Should the pains continue very severe, give the following Aloes, half a scru- :

ple opium, three grains

; sjTiip of buckthorn sufficient to form a pUl mass.
: Mix, and
make three pills one at bedtime.
;

—
Third. Compound powder of ipecacuanha, eight grains; camphor mixture, one and a
half ounces. Mix. and give a draught every night.
—
Fourth. TaKe wine of colchicum seeds, one ounce give from ten to twenty drops in ;

gruel or water three times a day, with one of the following pills sulphate of quinia, :

twenty -four grains and syrup sufficient to form into twelve piUs or :
; ;

—
Fifth. Iodide of potassium, one drachm distilled water, two ounces.;

Mix, and give a teaspoonful in a wine-glass of water morning, noon, and night This —
seldom ever fails to give relief.

REMEDY FOR BOWEL COMPLAINT.

No. 28. Rhubarb, pulverized, one ounce saleratus, one teaspoonful pour on a pint of
; ;

boiUng water. When cold, add a table.spoonful of essence of peppermint.

—
Dose. From one to three tablespoonfuls two or three times a day.

WORM MIXTURE.
No. 29. Populin. one drachm santonine, twenty grains tincture of pink root, four
; ;

ounces neutralizing mixture, one pint. Rub the santonine in the neutralizing mixture,
;

xmtil thoroughly mixed, then add the other ingredients. Excellent for removing worms in
children.
Dose. —
From thirty to forty drops every half hour, until it acts on the bowels as a purge.
If the worms are not removed, repeat every two or three days but be cautious to get good ;

pink root, as much of the plant sold for pink root by the druggists is poisonous. This i3
inferior, however, to my" Male Fern Vermifuge," see page 471.

PAINFUL MENSTRUATION.
No. 30. Extract of hyoscyamus, gum camphor, and Dover's powder, of each one scruple.
Mix, and make into twenty piUs.
—
Dose. One piU twice a day for painful menstruation.

STOMACH PILL.
No. .31. —Pulverized
rhubarb, and guaiacum, of each eight grains; galbanum, two
gi-ains ipecacuanha, two grains. Mix, and make eight piUs.
; .

Dose.— Take one or two pills, night and morning. Excellent for a weak stomach, and a
bilious condition.

BRONCHIAL TROCHES. {For Temporary Relief.)

No. 32. Extract of liquonce, one pound sugar, one and a half pounds cubebs, fonr
; :

ounces gum arable, four ounces all pulverized extract of conium, one ounce. Mix, and
; ; ;

take a piece as big as a pea and dissolve it in the mouth, several times a day ; rubbing the
neck three times a day with the "Herbal Ointment."
464 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

DIABEHCEA.
No. 33. Sjrrup of orange peel, one ounce; acetate of morphia, two ^ains; tincture of
cinnamon, six drachms tincture of cardamon, two drachms. Mix.
;

—
Dose. A teaspoonful. Valuable in diarrhcea.

NEURALGIA.
No. Tincture of American hellebore, one drachm
34. ; tincture of black cohosh, two
ounces. Mix.
Dose.— One teaspoonful, from three to six times a day.
PILE OINTMENT.
No. Extract of stramonium, one ounce extract of tobacco, one ounce tannin, ten
35. ; ;

grains. Make an ointment, and bathe or lubricate the parts, if you cannot at once get the
" Herbal Ointment."

STOMACHIC PILL.
No. Powdered cayenne pepper, one drachm rhubarb, two drachms.
36. ; Make into a
mass with syrup, and divide into sixty pills.
—
Dose. Two to three every day, an hour before dinner.

AROMATIC BITTERS. {Stimulant.)

No. 37. First. —Absinthium ( Wormwood). Infuse three drachms in twenty ounces of
water.
Dose. —From a half to two tablespoonfuls.
Use. — In debilitated state of the digestive organs.
iSecoJid.—AcoRus— Calamus {Sweet flag root). Infuse one oimce in twenty ounces of
water. Joined with other tonics.
Use. — In uneasiness from flatulence.

TONIC TEA. {Debility.)

No. Chamomile, scuU-cap, and queen of the meadow, each one pound.
38. Reduce
them to powder, and mix well together.
Dose. —
To one tablespoonlul of this powder add one pint of water make a ; tea, and
drink during the day. This is a good tonic in aU cases of debility.

SPICED BITTERS. {For weak patients.)

No. 39.Poplar bark, ten pounds; bayberry bark, two pounds; balmony bark, two
pounds golden seal, one pound cloves, one pound cayenne pepper, half a pound loaf
;
; ; ;

sugar, sixteen pounds.

Let these articles all be made fine and well mixed. Put a tablespoonful of this com-
pound, with four ounces of sugar, into a quart of boUing water. Take a wineglassfvd three
times a day before eating, or a teaspoonful of these powders may be taken in a cup of hot
water, half an hour before each meal.

TONIC. {For Chlorosis, or Green Sickness.)

No. 40.Sulphate of quinia, fifteen grains; diluted sulphuric acid, fifteen drops; com-
pound tincture of cardamon, three drachms; tiactture of hops, three drachms; compound
infusion of roses, six ounces. Mix.
—
Dose. A teaspoonful two or three times a day.

WHOOPING COUGH MIXTURE.

No. 41. Tincture of blood-root, one oimce ; tincture of red root, two ounces; tincture
of black cohosh, one ounce tincture of lobelia, half an ounce ; tincture of belladonna,
;

twenty drops. Mix, and shake well before using.

Dose. —
For a child one year old, fifteen or twenty drops in sweetened water. The fluid
extracts (see page 475) can be used instead of the tinctures. Dose, when fluid extracts are
used, three to five drops.

TINCTURE FOR FEVER AND AGUE, ETC.

No. 42. Peruvian Dark and wild cherry bark, each two ounces; cinnamon, cloves, and
nutmeg, each one drachm wine, two quails. Let it stand for a few days to extract the
;

strength.
Dose. —A wineglassful every two or three hours.
Use. — A very good remedy for intermittent fever, or fever and ague, after suitable
evacuants. It frequently removes the diseaso when all other means fail
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. ^t)5

ANTI-SrASMODICS.
MiSTTTKA Camphorjl. {Aqua Camphora, U. S.)

No. 43. First. — Camphor, two drachms ; carbonate ma^esia.

alcohol, forty drops ;

four drachms distilled

; water, two pints.
—
Dose. One to two tablespoonfiils.
Use. —In typhoid conditions, with delirium, for after pains. TrNCT. Camphors Comp.
{Pai'agoric Elix., Tinct. Opii Camph.).
—
Second. Pulverized opium, one drachm benzoic acid, one diachm oil of aniseed, one
; ;

drachm suerar. two ounces camphor, two scruples diluted alcohol, two pint*-'. Macer-
: ; :

ate for fourteen days. Half a drachm contains less than one grain of opium.
Dose. — For infants, from five to twenty drops aditlts. one to two tablespoonfuls.
:

Use. —To allay cough or nausea, to check diarrhoea, to relieve pain.

MosCHl'S. Preputial secretion of the musk animal.
—
Dose and Form. Five to ten grains, m
pill, bolus, or emulsion.
—
Use. Hiccough, epilepsy, asthma, cough, palpitation.

TONIC AND CATHARTIC.

No. 44. Aloes, gentian, orange peel, juniper berries, and bruised aniseed, each one
ounce gin, one pint. Mix. Macerate for two weeks, and then strain.
Dose.
;

—A tablespoonful once or twice a day. Good for bilious habits.

DISCUTIENT OINTMENT.
{For scrofulous and gla?idular tumors.)
No. 45. Bark of bitter-sweet root, stramonium leaves, cicuta leaves, deadly nightshade,
and yellow dock root, each two ounces lard, one pound. Bruise and simmer the roots
:

and leaves in spirits then add the lard, and simmer till the ingredients are crisped or
:

thickened into ^ ointment.

FOR SUPPRESSION OF URINE IN CHILDREN.
No. 46.Oil of solidago, one drachm alcohol, eight drachms.
:

—
Do fie. From five to twenty drops on sugar at a dose, to be repeated at suitable intervals.
Proportionably larger doses of this are also very beneficial for flatulence, faintness, etc., in
adults.

GARGLES.
—
No. 47. First. Raspberry leaves, geranium, blackberry root, and leptandria root, each
ounce. Mix. and make three pints of strong decoction. Suitable for a gargle.
Second. —
Geranium, golden-seal, marsh-mallow, wild indigo root, and rosemary, each
half an ounce. Mix. and make one pint of strong infusion. After straining, add two
drachms of powdered borax, and one gill of honey. An excellent astringent gargle.

HONEY BALSAM.
No. 48. Balsamof tolu, balsam of fir, each two ounces ; opium, two drachms. Dissolve
all three in one quart of alcohol.
Dose. —A teaspoonful occasionally. Valuable for the relief of pulmonary diseases.

ANTI-DYSENTERY CORDIAL.
No. 49. Birch bark and peach pits, each two pounds bayberfy bark, half a pound ;

wild cherry bark, one p(jund water, two gallons.

: Boil down to one and a half gallons,
after which add a gallon of good brandy, and loaf sugar sufficient to make it palatable.
—
Dose. A wineglassf 111 thi-ee or four times a day.

FOR GRAVEL, DROPSY, ETC.

No. 50. Queen of the meadow, milk weed, juniper berries, dwarf elder, spearmint, wild
carrot seed, of each two ounces. Put all in a mortar and bruise, and boil the whole in a
gallon of water, till half a gallon of the liquid is left, and then strain.
—
Dose. Half a pint of the decoction is to be taken several times during the day.

COUGH SYRUP.
No. 51. Acetate of morphia, four grains; tincture of blood-root, two drachms; anti-
monial wine, three drachms; ipecacuanha, three drachms; syrup of wild cherry, three
oimces. Mix.
—
Dose. A tea^poonful two or three times a day.
20* 2E
466 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

FOR DYSMENORRHCEA.
No. Vibumin, aulophyllin, each one scruple; gelsemin, five grains.
52. Mii, and
—
divide into ten powders. Dose. One every two hours until relieved.

FOR DIARRHCEA.
No. 53. Tincture of catechu, half an ounce ; spirits of camphor, tincture of myrrh, and
tincture of cayenne, each two drachms. Mix.
—
Dose, From half a teaspoonful to a teaspoonful in diarrhoea.

INJECTION.
No. Castor
54. oil, one gill ;
pulv, cayenne, ten grains ; table salt, one teaspoonful
molasses, one gill ; warm water, one pint. Inject.

FOR THE BLUES, OR LOW SPIRITS.

No. 55. A pleasant cordial for low spirits is the following: aniseed, four drachms; oil
of angelica, one drachm; oil of cassia, forty drops; oil of caraway, thirty drops; proof
Epirits. two gallons. Mix well.
l>use.—H.ii\t a tablespoonful in water.

SKIN DISEASES WITH MUCH IRRITATION.

No. 56. Decoctions of bitter-sweet and mallows, of each half a pint ; mix, and make a
liniment. Use the "Renovating PiUs" internally.

CHILBLAIN OINTMENT.
No. Lard, two quarts turpentine, one pint camphor, quarter of a pound.
57. ; ; Rub
Into the parts. This wiU be found a capital remedy.

ACIDITY OF THE STOMACH.

No. 58. Hard wood ashes, one quart ; common soot, half a gill ; water, six pints.
Digest, settle, and filter.
Duse. — Take one tablespoonful three times a day in acidity of the stomach.
HEMORRHOIDS. PILES.
No. 59. Opium, one scruple ;
pulverized nut-galls, one drachm ; ointment althaea. Mix,
and anoint the parts.
SORE THROAT.
No. Those subject to sore throat should make a wash of warm water, in which
60.
wood ashes have been dissolved, and apply externally every morning. The "Herbal
Ointment" should be applied at night, and well rubbed in. If the disease has l)ecome por-
mauL'nt or chronic, the "Acacian Balsam" must be used according to directions. (See
page 470.)

INJECTION FOR COSTIVENESS.

No. Castor oil. two otmces tincture of prickly ash bark, half an ounce; compound
61. :

tincture of Virginia snake root, two drachms infusion of boneset and senna, equal parts,
;

half a pint. Mix, and inject. It is by no means, however, as good as the "Renovating
Pills." See page 473.

TO PRODUCE PERSPIRATION.
No. 62. Blood-root, golden-seal, sumach berries, baybeiTy bark, of each two drachmsj]
allpulverized. Mix. !

—
Dose. Make an infusion in a pint of hot water, and give a tablespoonful every half
hour.

POULTICE FOR A FESTER.

No. 63. Boil bread in the settlings of strong beer ,
apply the poultice in the common
manner. This has saved many an hour of sutfering.

CATAPLASMS, OR POULTICES.
No. 64. May
be made by moistening bread crumbs with milk. They may also be made
of flaxseed, roasted onions, snake-root, hops, etc.
Poultices are useful in nearly all cases of local mflainmation.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 467

TOOTHACHE.
No. 65. Gum opium, gum camphor, spirits of turpentine, each one scruple. Rub in a
mortar to a paste. Put it in the hollow tooth.
Use. —
This wUl cure and even prevent the toothache.

A FRAGRANT BREATH.
No. 66.Take sherry %vine, one gUl; ground cloves and grated nutmeg, each one
drachm cinnamon and bruised caraway seeds, each a quarter of an ounce. Place all
;

these dry substances into the wine or spirits, in a half pint bottle, and let them stand for •

several days, shaking the bottle every night and morning. Strain off the tincture through
linen to get it bright, then add about ten drops of lavender, or five drops of the otto of
roses.

A few drops on a lump of sugar dissolved in the mouth, will secure a breath of flowers.
It may
be also used with advantage on the toothbrush, in lieu of tooth powder, or, mixed
\nth water, it makes an excellent gargle.

FOOT BATH.
No. 67. A bucket of warm water pulv. cayenne pepper, one tablespoonful
; ;
ground
mustard, two tablespoonfuls. Mix.
Use. —
As a foot bath in suppression of menses.

TO IMPROVE THE VOICE.

No. 68. Beeswax, two drachms balsam of copaiba, three drachms powdered liquorice
;
;

root, fourdrachms. Melt the copaiba with the wax in a new earthen pipkin. When they
are melted, remove them from the fire, and, whUe in a liquid state, mix in the powdered
liquorice.
Make piDs of three grains each. Two of these pUls to be taken occasionally, or three or
four times a day if necessary.
Use.— This is a good remedy for clearing and cleaning the voice, and is much used by
professional singers.

HEADACHE. NEURALGIC PAINS.

No. 69. Take of opodeldoc, spirits of wine, sal ammoniac, equal parts, and apply like
any other lotion.

STINGS.
No. 70. Bind on the place a thick plaster of common salt or saleratus moistened ; U
will soon extract the venom.

A STOMACHIC.
No. Fresh ground cubebs.
71.
Dose. From five to twenty grains.
Use. —
As a stomachic in disorders of the digestive organs.

FOR FEVERS AND OTHER ACUTE DISEASES.

No. 72. Asclepin, one-half drachm warm water, four ounces compound tincture of
; ;

American hellebore, thirty drops. Dissolve the asclepin in the warm water, and after-
wards add the hellebore.
—
Dose. From one to three tcaspoonfuls once in every two hours as long as the fever is
raging. If nausea occurs, omit the medicine untO. it subsides. Shake the mixture well
before using.

OFFENSIVE BREATH.
No. 73. Solution chlorinated of soda, six drops ; water, two ounces. Mix.
Use. A Biure remedy for an offensive breath emanating from a deranged stomach.

ANTIDOTE FOR RATTLESNAKE POISON.

No. 74. The Medical Journal
says the following is an infallible cure for the poison of
a rattlesnake bite. Iodide of potass, four grains corrosive sublimate, two gi'ains bro-
; ;

mine, five drachms. Mix togetber, and keep the mixture in a glass-stoppered vial, well
secured.
Dose. —
Ten drops oi this mixture, dilutca with a tablespoonful of brandy, constitutes a
doae. The quantity to be repeated, if necessarj-, according to the exigencies of the case
 468 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

FOR CANCER.
No. 75. Take equal paits of fresh poke-weed, yellow dock, and blood-root evaporate ;

the juice by the means of a sand bath to the consistency of tar. The ointment should be
applied, after the cuticle has been removed by a blister, three times a day. The parts
should be washed with good Fi'cnch brandy after each apphcation of the ointment. Before
this is used, the advice of a physician should first be secured.

^ FOR HIP DISEASE.

No. 76. Take of iodine, one ounce phosphate of lime, two ounces water, one pint.
;
;

Dissolve the iodine and lime in the water, and add twenty grains of tannin. Inject with
a small syringe three or four times a day.
Use. —A
valuable injection in hip disease, where the head of the bone is decayed.

FOR BRUISES.
No. 77. Take pulv. slippery elm and pulv. indigo weed, each one pound gum myrrh, ;

half a pound ; pulv. prickly ash, a quarter of a pound. Wet with good brewer's yeast and
apply. A very good poultice for bruises.

FOR DIPHTHERIA.
No. 78. Saturated tincture of scrophularia, one drachm, added to half a tumbler ol
water.
Triturated macrotin, twenty grains, added to a tumblerful of water.
—
Dose. One teaspoonful of each every hour.

GARGLE FOR THE ELONGATION OF THE UVULA.

No. 79. Fluid extract of rhus, one drachm fluid extract of bayberry, two drachms
;

water, two ounces. Mix, and gargle the throat three or four times a day. Also bathe the
throat upon the outside in strong salt and water. (See fluid extracts, page 475.)

FOR BILIOUS COLIC.

'No. 80. Fluid extract of wild yam, two ounces fluid extract of pleurisy root, one ounce.
;

Mix, and take a teaspoonful as often as is required.

TO REMOVE WARTS AND CORNS.

No. 81. Apply the juice of the leaves of the great celandine or tetter-wort, and keep
applying until the fungous gi-owth is removed.

FOR THE TEETH.

No. 82. Make charcoal of bread, pulverize it until it is reduced to an impalpable pow-
der, then apply daily, morning and evening, with a soft brush and pure cold water.
Use. —
This will keep the teeth white, and cure diseases of the gums.

A GOOD MEDICATED WINE.

No. Take of powdered colchicum seed, two ounces of sherry wine, twelve fluid
83. ;

ounces. Put them together in a close glass bottle, and let them stand for fourteen days,
giving a good shaking every day. Filter through a fine muslin cloth, and drink as
required.

INJECTION FOR ASIATIC CHOLERA.

No. 84. Takeof water, one fluid ounce ; tincture of pnckly ash ben-ies, one fluid
drachm; tincture of opium, twenty drops. Mix together. Inject in ordinary quantity
until the desired effect has been produced.

BLEEDING AT THE NOSE.

No. 85. Powder of rhatany (for internal use), ten grains.

FOR OLD ULCERS.

No. 86. Take of red chickweed, which is common both in America and Europe, the
leaves and flowers, and apply in the form of a poultice, frequently changing them.
 fHE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 46S

HOW TO USE DR. 0. PHELPS BROWN'S

STANDARD HERBAL REMEDIES I\ THE DISEASES FOR
TTHICH THEY ARE DESIGNED.
The several Standard Herbal Remedies described in this article
have grown up out of many years of labor. Their sales at the
present time are veiy large, extending almost over the whole globe.
They are manufactured in England as well as in America, and we have
well established agents in Africa, Egypt, New Zealand, Australia, and

nearly all —
the foreign ports which are too numerous to mention. But
what vastly more important, they give universal satisfaction, and will
is
cure the diseases for which they are recommended.
All my remedies are purely herbal, as represented by the ac-
companying illustrations. Around the Balsam bottle, Ointment and
Pill box are thrown sprigs of the principal ingredients —
twigs of the
Acacia Tree, Bittersweet Vine, Green Ozier sprays of the Water
;
470 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Pepper and Lobelia, and the leaves of the Mandrake. Skunk Cabbage
and Ayapana, which form some of the principal ingredients of these
remedies.
These luedicines are kept by the principal wholesale and
retail drug-g-ists throughout the United States and Canada. Should
your druggist not have a supply on hand, he can procure them for you
from the wholesale house with which he deals, without extra freight,
when ordering them with other goods. Should he, however, fail
to get them, you can send to me for the medicine and your orders
will receive prompt attention. The express business is now so com-
plete that an almost daily delivery can be guaranteed to all parts
of the country while the express charges for small packages have been
;

reduced one-half to all towns where the offices of the various companies
are established. Recollect, all the wholesale houses keep my Standard
Herbal Kemedies. A printed list will be sent on application.
For over twenty years, or nearly a quarter of a century, I have been en-
gaged in gathering herbs and treating patients from all parts of the
country who have favored me with their confidence. Out of this
practice has grown my Standard Herbal Remedies, or Specifics
for certain defined diseases.
The first and most important of these preparations is, perhaps, the
Acacian Balsam, for all lung affections. It lubricates all the tubes
and air cells, removing inflammation, loosening a cough and assist-
ing the lungs to throw off disease. Persons far gone in consumption
have been kept alive for years and made very comfortable by the Acacian
Balsam others who have inherited weak lungs from their parents, and
;

whose family invariably die at an early age with this disease, have kept
consumption at bay during an ordinary lifetime by the use of this in-
valuable remedy. Such persons can be referred to in nearly every sec-
tion of the country. Send for printed certificates.
Tliese parties, tll rough my advice (given in various other pub-
lications, and my annual Shakesperian Almanac), never allow a cold
to settle on the lungs —
but, upon the first indication of a cold in the head
or throat, they commence taking the Balsam and rubbing the Ointment
night and morning around the throat and over the chest. In from
twenty-four to forty-eight hours the cold is broken up and gone. Had
it been allowed to extend downward to the lungs and get firmly seated,
it would have probably resisted all efforts to throw it off although in
;

numberless cases this remedy has raised people, apparently in the very
last stages of consumption, from their sick beds and restored them to
health.
unbounded faith in this remedy in this
I have, therefore,
class of and would strongly urge its merits upon those
diseases,
who dread the approach of consumption, or have any lung difficulty.
This disease is so insidious in its approaches —
so flattering in its pro-
gress, to-day, down to-morrow, that those afflicted do not generally
up
realize their condition until it has become firmly seated in the system ;
whereas, had a remedy like the Balsam been employed in the outset.
 IHK COMPLETE HERBALIST. 471

the disease would have been driven out ere it could firmly locate itself
It is as great a folly to wait for a disease of the lungs to disappear of
itself as it would be to stand on the bank of a stream waiting for it to
dry up to admit of an early crossing.
We all know that simple herbal remedies are the natural
medicine designed by the Creator for man's restoration to health.
This remedy is composed of five or six herbal ingredients that not only
•wr-rk together hafmoniously but aid each other in eradicating the disease
—-one of these ingredients soothes t/ie itritated surface, another heals

another loosens the morbid secretions^ prodticing free and easy expectoicu
tion ; another lub) icates the parts another soothes the nerves^ producing
^

sleep, another arrests night sweating, another provides noiuishnient for

the body ; so that if no food can be ealen, the Balsam, through the
tonic provided by Ayapana and the nourishing properties of GumAcacia
and Wild Honey will sustain lite, and thus all the conditions of the dis-
ease are overpowered, and the system, working together with the
medicine, is enabled to throw off the fell destroyer, called consumption
of the lungs.
472 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

In addition to this we have

Herbal Ointment, which is our
the
great external remedy ; blood circulator and a counter-irritant.
it acts as a
(See ciit onp. 471). This Ointment, rubbed well in over the chest, throat,
shoulder-blades, small of the back, stomach and bowels, and up and down
the spine, arouses th» whole system to action. It should be applied to
all parts of the body where pain, weakness, irritation, or soreness exist.
It circulates the blood, soothes the nervous system, removes irritation,
makes active the kidneys, assists digestion and strengthens the parts t<f

which it is applied.
Where constipation exists, the Renovating Pills are to be taken often
enough to keep the bowels soluble and regular they will act on the liver,
;

and thus this organ will also aid the system in throwing off disease.
After years of experience this is the only rational and suc-
cessful treatment I have found in lung complaint.
One bottle of Balsam will break up an ordinary cold price one dollar. —
When a cold gets seated, and the first stages of Consumption are pre-
senting themselves, six bottles of Balsam two large pots of Herbal
;

Ointment and one small box Renovating Pills will be required. Total,
six dollars and twenty-five cents.
Let me again urge the necessity of breaking up a cold ere it firmly
locates itself on the lungs. One bottle will do this, and save not only
money but perhaps a long period of sickness. Yes, perhaps save you
from consumption itself. The Acacian Balsam is a positive cure for
asthma, no matter of how long standing.
The Restorative Assimilant and Herbal Ointment are better
known throughout the United States and Canada than any of my other
remedies The Restorative Assimilant is designed for all diseases of the
stomach and digestive organs it assimilates the juices of the stomach;
;

gives strength and lone to this organ, and removes any unnatural condition
that may exist. Many thousand people can testify to its curative qualities
in Epilepsy or Fits. Experience has taught me that this disease is caused,
in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, by a peculiarly disordered con-
dition of the stomach. The Restorative Assimilant removes this peculiar
condition, thu:^ v-uring the disease. Many epileptics never have a single
attack after the first dose of the medicine the majority of cases require
;

three bottles, which we consider a fair test in any case. While taking the
Re^^torative Assimilant, the Herbal Ointment and Renovating Pills should
also be used. The Ointment is to be well and freely rubbed in twice a
day, night and morning, up and down the spine, around the neck, across
the small of the back, and sparingly over the stomach and bowels, to
soothe the nervous system, strengthen the parts and assist digestion.
The Renovating Pills are to be taken often enough to keep the
bowels gently open and regular. They will emulge the liver and thus this
organ will aid in throwing off disease. A confirmed case of epilepsy will re-
quire three bottles of Restorative Assimilant, price Five dollars two large ;

pots oi Herbal Ointment, One dollar one small box of Pills, twenty-five
;
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 473

cents. Total, Six dollars and twenty-five cents. Sent by express, se-
curely packed, if the remedies cannot be had of the local druggist.
The Restorative Assimilant especially is valuable-in all female irreg-
ularities. It removes internal inflammation, heals ulceration and tones
up and strengthens the system generally. It is one of the best and most
efficacious tonics in existence for general and local debility.
Nervousness and sleeplessness (from each of which so many persons
suffer at the present day), in nine cases out of ten arise from a dis-
arranged stomach. A few doses of the Restorative Assimilant will set
the digestive wheels in motion, thus relieving the system from nervous-
ness and irritation, and soothing the nervous system to rest.
Ill diarrhoea, or even dysentery in its worst form, the Assimilant
acts promptly in disinfecting the stomach, healing all inflammation of the
bov/els,and checking the disease without leaving any bad effects behind.
I have known a man tottering feebly along from chronic diarrhoea, to be
set upon his feet with renewed life and vigor in less than forty-eight
hours, from a few doses of this medicine, so astonishing are its results.
One pint bottle will cure any case. I have never known it to fail in a
single instance.
Next in order comes my Rock Rose and Stillingia Blood
Purifier, and the Liver Invigorator. The names of these preparations
indicate the diseases for which they are intended. Each is prepared
with great care to meet the requirements of Blood and Liver Complaints.
To change the condition of the blood from an unhealthy and impure
condition tj one of health and purity is a work of time a bottle or two ;

of the above remedy will accomplish but little good, but a course of six
bottles will make one feel like a new creature ; it will cleanse the com-
plexion, cure eruptions of the skin, give buoyancy to the step and bright-
ness to the eye. The price of Six bottles of Blood Purifier is Five
dollars.
Two or three bottles of the Liver Invigorator will emulge the liver and
remove the many feelings of distress attending the torpidity of this or-
gan. In all cases of liver complaint I also advise the use of the Reno-
vating Pills as necessary to carry off all morbid secretions from the system.
The Liver is One dollar per bottle.
Invigorator
I will closewith a few remarks about my Male Fern Vermifuge
and Herbal Ointment Suppositories. {See cut on page 474).
Tjiere is not a case of Piles or Fistula in the United States
that the Suppositories will fail to cure provided they be used a reasonable
length of time, if used in connection with a course of my Blood Purifier
in scrofulous constitutions. The Suppositories here represented are to be
used for internal piles, and the Herbal Ointment is to be used for ex-
ternal piles. Both are to be used when the piles are both externa]
and internal. If the patient is not particularly scrofulous the Blood Puri-
474 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

der may be omitted and the Ointment and Suppositories ^vill do the work.
The Male Fern Yermifug-e is decidedly the most reliable Vermifuge

ever manufactured ; it not only removes eveiy variety of worm (even

tapeworms) from the body, but their nests also. It is as pleasant to the
taste as aromatic syrup — children never refuse to take it, and being
equally effectual among adults, it proves an invaluable remedy.
The Woodland Balm, for the hair, invigorates the scalp, causing a
new growth of hair, while cures all eruptions, and removes un-
it

natural heat from the head. Space will not permit a farther description,
as I do not wish to say much about my Standard Herbal Remedies ia

this work, as it is intended to give formulas for the benefit of the public.
Those who wish to know more about them have but to address me and
procure half a dozen copies of my Treatise on the cure of disease by my
Herbal Remedies (for themselves and friends), which is published annually
first of December, and can be had at any time of the yea.r—
free /
about the
This Treatise contains a large number of certificates of cures wrought
by my Standard Herbal Remedies in all parts of the United States.
Many of them are from persons who had been given up as incurable by
various physicians. Being thus thrown upon their own resources,
they sought for themselves a remedy, and my preparations being brought
to their notice through liberal advertising or friends, they
had faith
enough to procure and give them a fair trial, which resulted in their being
restored to health.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

My Standard Herbal Remedies embrace nine preparations.^ Should

any one be in doubt aswhich of the remedies are adapted to his or her
to
individual case, I may beaddressed on the subject, with a short de-
scription of case, and will promptly give the required
advice and my
opinion by return mail, free of charge. Remittances may be made
safely by P. O. Order or Registered Letter. Address
J. GIBSON BROWN,
No. 47 Grand Street, Jersey City. N. J.

SKOOKUM
ROOT . . . .

Since the publication of the last edition of The Com-

plete Herbalist^ I have given especial attention to

Skookum Root. Its properties have been found to

greatly increase the growth of the hair. Although many-
cases of hair falling is due to specific and private dis-

ease which require the use of my Blood Purifier, still

the use of the Skookum Hair Grower will increase the

growth when the follicle has not been permanently

destroyed by disease. I desire to give the Herbalist
readers the result of my investigation as to the origin
and history of the root, and the following will be in-

teresting to many who require the Skookum to increase

the growth of the hair.

476 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Skookum Root

Hair Grower.

Skookum Root, so called by the Euclataw Indians

who inhabit Vancouver Island, has long been in use by
the female aborigines of that section for promoting a
rapid and luxuriant growth of hair, its efficacy being
fully demonstrated by the marvelous length of hair
possessed by so many of the young Indian women
before they attain the age of sixteen years. The word
Skookum is derived from the Chinook jargon, and
means strong or powerful, the root being so named by
the Indians on account of its peculiar and remarkable
stimulating qualities when applied to the roots of the
hair.

It was while a resident of Nanaimo, Vancouver

Island, engaged in hair-dressing, that the discoverer of
this truly wonderful hair grower learned the secret, so
long hidden from the civilized world, of the existence
of these herbaceous plants, the roots of which were so
soon to revolutionize and supplant all other hair tonics
or restoratives.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 477

The Indians, to portions of whose territory the plant

was indigenous, were very successful, considering the

crudeness of the methods employed, in extracting from

the roots its stimulating properties. But as a prepara-

tion such as theirs was unfit for general use, a com-

bination must needs be found to preserve intact for all

time the virtues of this wonderful specific.

SKOOKUM
ROOT
HAIR
GROWER.

This preparation will positively grow hair upon the

baldest headii the hair follicles and bulbs have not been
by disease. Many persons who have
totally destroyed
become prematurely bald can have their hair repro-
duced in all its former beauty by strictly complying
with the directions for bald heads. A bald head can be
compared to a desert upon which there has been no
vegetation for centuries, until brought under the in-
fluence of irrigation, when nature at once asserts her-
self and^brings forth a luxurious growth to the soil. A
 478 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

barren scalp is a rare thing, the majority of bald heads

being so simply from carelessness and inattention.
More than two-thirds of all the cases of baldness is
actually temporary suspension of growth. Protracted
drouth, excessive heat or the scourge of insects may
remove every trace of vegetation.

The care of the hair is an important factor, not only

as regards its production and growth, but also in respect
to its permanency after being produced, and it behooves
the compounder of this truly meritorious preparation to
lay down such simple rules and suggestions as may be
of benefit to those who unwittingly would otherwise
continue to abuse one of Nature's noblest gifts —
bounteotis covering for the head.
The scalp has been for years the most abused portion
of the body ;
particularly has it been so in the case of
the male sex ; whether from ignorance or carelessness
we are not prepared to say, and it is not remarkable
that so many become prematurely bald but it is, how- ;

ever, a wonder how few do become so. Theory, in its

way, is very good, but practical, every-day illustrations,

observed by the careful investigator are much better.

"An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure," and
if the reader will follow the advice given and use the
Grower when occasion requires. Bald Heads will here-

after be a thing of the past.

I have made arrangements so that the Skookum

Hair Grower may be obtained direct from the Omega
Co., Newburgh, N. Y., at regular price of fi.oo per
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 479

bottle or 6 bottles for $5.00. Skookum Skin Soap, 50c.

per jar, 6 for $2.50 ; also from the Laboratory, 47 Grand
St., when orders must be forwarded to

J. GIBSON BROWN,
47 Grand St., Jersey City, N. J^

ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MACHINE.
Formerly electric machines were unreliable, always troublesome, and
constantly getting out of order, a source of annoyance and perplexity. All
these inconveniences are now obviated in this machine {see cut), which is
manufactured for us by the
Galvano-Faradac Manufacturing
Company. It combines cheap-
ness, simplicity andypower. The
method of using it may be made
known in a few sentences which
are sent with the machine. The
use of electricity for medical
purposes, confined some few
years since to a few specialists,
has now become of common use in
families all over the country, and
it is a very valuable remedy in a
wide range of diseases, and es-
pecially is it reliable when used
in connection with my Herbal
Ointment. Thus used it is im-
portant in nervous affections,
paralysis, general debility, loss
of voice, when it comes from
fatigue, hysteria or fright ; ap-
poplexy, prolapsus ani, muscular
atrophy, facial palsy, varicose
Price $10. veins, aneurism, vomiting, hydro-
cele, paralysis of the muscles of the eye, cerebral softening, hemiplegia,
hydatids, enlarged joints, lead palsy, enlargement of epleen, neuralgia,
numbness, rheumatism, gout, swellings, weak or diseased spine, tumors,
etc., etc. After the application of the electric current my Herbal Oint-
ment should be freely applied and well rubbed in over the afflicted parts.
The beneficial result of the union of these two powerful external remedies
—
in many cases cannot be overestimated the one arousing action and
electrifying, the other healing, soothing, and giving warmth and re-
newed life, health and strength.
Price of Ointment 25 and 50 cents per pot ;2 and 4 cts. extra for postage.
If constipation exists in any of the above diseases a few doses of my
Renovating Pills should be taken.
For a farther description of my Herbal Ointment send for my " Treatise
on Herbal Remedies," which is supplied free to all applicants.
^^0 THE COMPLE'lE IlJiABALlST-

GLOSSARY.
It is confidently believed that all the technical terms introduced into
this work are fully defined in this Glossary. Many of the medical terms
are explained where they occur, and even some of those that are here
defined are explained at the place where first employed, but are inserted
here also, so as to make this Glossary sufficiently complete for ready
reference by the most casual reader.

ACRO-NARCOTIC, Medicines that act on the brain, or spinal marrow, or

both, but at the same time irritate the parts to which they are ap-
plied.
Adjuvant, A medicine that aids the operation of the principal ingredi-
ent of a mixture or compound.
Adynamic, Pertaining- to adynamia, or debility of the vital powers.
Aeration, Charging with air the transformation of venous blood and
;

chyle into arterial blood by respiration arterialization.;

Afferent, Conveying inward, nerves that convey impressions towards

the nervous centres.
Albumen, The immediate principle of animals and vegetables ; it con-
stitutes the chief part of the white of an egg.
Alkaloid, Having the property of or pertaining to an alkali.
Alvine, Relating to the lower belly, as alvine dejections, etc.
Amarous, Bitter.
Anaesthetic, Relating to privation of feeling ; a medicine that prevents
feeling,
An^:mia, a bloodless condition.
Antapiirodisiac, a substance capable of blunting venereal desires.
Antiperiodic, a medicine which possesses the power of arresting mor-
bid periodical movements, as Peruvian bark.
Aperient, A medicine that gently opens the bowels.
Aphonia, A voiceless condition loss of voice.
;

Aphrodisiac, A substance that excites the venereal passions.

Antiseptic, Opposed to putrefaction.
Aphthous, Pertaining to aphthae or thrush.
Areolar, Appertaining to an areola, or the space between the fibres,
composing organs, or between vessels which interlace each other.
Asthenic, Debilitated pertaining to asthenia, or want of strength.
;

Atociac, Pertaining to atocia or sterility ; sterile.

 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 481

Atonic, Wanting tone ; weakness of every organ, and particularly of

those that are contractile.
Atrophy, Defective nutrition ; a diminution in the bulk of the whole
body, or of a part.

Bougie, An instrument used for the purpose of dilating the urethra.

Cachectic, Belonging or pertaining to cachexia ; depraved nutrition or

a bad habit of the body.
Cadaverous, Pertaining to or resembling the cadaver, or dec*d bodj.
Calisthenic, Pertaining to calisthenics, or the ai*t of promoting, by
appropriate exercises, strength of body and grace of movements.
Capillary, Hair-Uke ; small.
Caries, Death or decay of a bone.
Carminative, A remedy that allays pain or promotes the expulsion of
tiatus, or wind, from the bowels.
Cardiac, Pertaining to the heart.
Cartilage, A solid part of the body of e, medium consistence between
bone and ligament.
Caseine, The chief constituent of milk
Catamenial, Pertaining to catamenia, or menstrual flow.
Catharsis, A natural or artificial purgation, or movement of the bowels.
Cerebral, Pertaining to the brain.
Cervical, Pertaining or belonging to the cervix or neck.
Cholagogue, a medicine that causes a flow of bile,
Cholesterine, An inodorous, insipid substance, forming the crystal-
line part of a biliary calculus, and contained in neurine and various
other tumors ; also in the aeeds of many plants, olive oil, etc.

Chronic, Of long duration.

Chymification, Formation cf chyme, or the pulp formed by the food
and various secretions, after it has been for some time in the stom-
ach.
Clonic, Irregular convulsive motions ; convidsion with alternate relax-
ation.
Colliquative, Profuse exhausting a term applied to discharges
; ;

which produce rapid exhaustion.

Comatose, Pertaining to coma, or a profound state of sleep, from which
it is difficult to aroi'^e the individual.
CoRRiGENT, Corrective ; a medicine that mollifies or corrects the action
of a pharmaceutictil preparation.

Deglutition, The action of swallowing.

Delirium, Straying from the rules of reason wandering of the mind. ;

Pbobstruent, a medicine having the power of removing obstructions,

31
482" THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Deodorized, Deprived of odor or smell.

DESf^aAMATiON, Exfoliation, or separation of the scarf skin, in the form
01 scales.
Detergents, Medicines that cleanse parts, as wounds, ulcers, etc.
DtAGNosTiCATE, Forming a diagnosis or character of a disease by its
symptoms.
D[APnoRESis, A greater degree of perspiration than natural, but less
tnan sweating.
Diathesis, Disposition of the body predisposition to a certain disease.
;

DrscuTiENT, A medicine having the power to discuss, repel, or resolve

tumors.
Diuresis, A greater discharge of urine than natural.
Drastic, Active a name given to those cathartics that operate power-
;

fully.
Duct. The canal leading from a gland or vesicle.
Dyspncea, Diflaculty of breathing.

EctoZOA, Parasitic animals that infest the exterior of the body, as lice,
etc.
EFi-fiRENT, Conveying outwards nerves that convey nervous stimulus
;

from the brain to other parts.

Effluvia, Emanations, miasms, noxious matter,
EjaCULator, That which effects the emission of sperm.
EjNlbryo, The fecundated germ in the early stages of its development in
the womb.
Emulsion, A pharmaceutical preparation, in which oil is suspended in
water by means of mucilage.
Emunctory, Any organ whose office it is to excrete or expel matters.
Endemic, Diseases which are owing to some peculiarity in a situation or
locality. Thus, ague is endemic in marshy countries.
Entozoa, Parasitic animals that infest the interior of the body, as
worms.
Ephemeral, Of short duration.
Epigastrium, That portion of the surface of the body lying over the
stomach.
Epidemic, A disease that attacks a number of persons at the same time,
and referable to some condition of the atmosphere.
Epispadias, A condition of the penis in which the urethra opens at the
upper part of the organ.
Eructation, A sonorous emission of flatus, by the mouth, from the
stomach.
Exacerbation, Increase in the symptoms of a disorder ;
paroxysm.
Exanthematous, Relating to the exantliems, or eruptive diseases.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST^ 483

Excrescence, A tumor which forms at the surface of organs, especially

the skin, mucous membranes, and ulcerated surfaces.
Exfoliation, The separation of dead portions from the various tissues.
Extravasation, Escape of a fluid from the vessel which contains it, as
blood from the veins.
Exudation, The oozing of a matter from the pores of a membrane
also the matter that issues in such a manner.

Facial, Relating to the face.

F^CAL, Relating to the fseces or stools.
Falx, a name given to several membranous reflections having the shape
of a scythe.
Farinaceous, Having the appearance or nature of farina, or the pow-
der obtained by grinding the seeds of certain plants.
Febrifuge, Having the power of abating or driving away fever.
Febrile, Relating to or having the character of fever.
Fibrin, An immediate animal principle entering into the composition of
the chyle and the blood it is the coagulable material of blood.
;

Flexor, Muscles whose office it is to bend certain parts.

Fluctuation, The undulation of a fluid which is felt by pressure, pro-
perly practised.
Fcetus, Usually this name is applied to the product of conception after
quickening, or more advanced stage of utero-gestation ; more
vaguely, used synonymously with embryo.
it is

Follicle, A smaU secreting cavity formed by a depression of the skin

or mucous membrane.
Fungous, Relating to funga, or certain growths resembling the mush
room, which have no external ulceration, as warts, etc.

Ganglion, A name generally given to a knot-like enlargement in the

course of a nerve.
Gangrene, Privation of life or partial death of an organ ; mortifica-
tion.
Gastric, Relating to the stomach.
Gelatine, An immediate animal principle of jelly-like character.
Genitalia, The genital or sexual organs.
Gland, Organs which separate from the blood any fluid whatever a ;

secreting organ the reddish and spongy, knot-like bodies met with
;

in the course of the lymphatics.

Gluten, An immediate principle of vegetables ;
it is soft, of a grayish
white, viscid consistence, and very elastic.
Granulation, Granulations are the reddish, conical, flesh-like shoots
which form at the surface of wounds and ulcers.
Gravid, Pregnant.
484 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Grumous, Clotted ;
grumous blood is coagulated or clotted blood

Hallucinatton, a morbid error in one or more senses ; a delusion.

HELicmE. Resembling in form the tendrils of a vine.
Hemorrhage, A flow of blood.
Hepatic, Relating to the liver.
Hygienic, Relating to hygiene, or that part of medicine whose object
is the preservation of health.
Hypertrophy, The which nutrition is performed with
state of a part in
greater activity.
Unusual bulk of a part.
Hypnotic, A medicine having the power to promote or cause sleep.
Hypospadias, A malformation, in which the urethra opens at the base
or beneath the penis.

Idiopathic, A primary disease one not ''ependent on any other.

;

Idiosyncrasy, A peculiarity of constitution, in which one person is

affected by an agent which in many others would produce no effect.
Indolent, This, in a medical sense, means painless.
Induration, The hardness which occasionally follows in an inflamed
part.
Infusoria, The animalcules originating in decomposition of matter.
Ingesta, Substances introduced into the body by the mouth as food.
Inspissated, Rendered thick, as an extract.
Integument, Anything which serves to cover or envelop.
Interosseous, Between the bones.

Jactation, Extreme anxiety, excessive restlessness —a symptom ob-

served in serious diseases.

Kyestein, a peculiar pellicle forming on the urine of a pregnant wo-

man, when allowed to stand for a few days.

Lachrymal, Belonging to the tears.

Lesion, Derangement, disorder, any morbid change.
Ligament, A fibrous substance, serving to unite bones and to form
joints.
Ligature, A cord or thread with which an artery or tumor is tied.
Lumbar, Pertaining to the loins.
Lymph, A name given to the fluids contained in the lymphatic vessels*
Lymphatics, The vessels conveying lymph.

Maceration, An operation which consists in infusing, usually with

heat, a solid substance, so as to extract its virtues.
Mammary, Relating to the mammae, or female breasts.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALISTi 485

Mastication, The act of che\ving.

Materia Medica, The knowledge of medicines ; the substances used
as medicines.
Maturation, The state of an abscess which has reached maturity.
Medulla, The base of the brain marrow.
;

Menses, The monthly flow.

Menstrual, Pertaining to the menses.
Menstruum, A solvent a substance possessing the property
; of dissoly
rag others.
Metastasis, Changing from one place to another.
Micturition, Urination, discharge of uriae.
Mucilaginous, Having the character of mucilage resembling gum>
;

Mucus, The substance found at the surface of mucous membranes.

Narcotic, Substances which have the property of stupefying.

Nasal, Relating to the nose.
Nausea, IncUnation to vomit sickness of stomach.
Necrosis, Death of a bone.
Nephritic, Relating to the kidneys.
Nervine, A medicine which acts on the nervous system.
Ne URINE, Relating to the nerves.
Node, A hard concretion or incrustation gathering around the joints at-
tacked with rheumatism or gout.
NOSOLOGIST, One versed in nosology, or classification of diseases.

Obstetrician, One skilled, or practising midwifery.

Ophthalmia, Relating or belonging to the eye.
Orgasm, The height of venereal excitement in sexual intercourse.
Orthopncea, Necessity of being in the erect posture to be able to
breathe.
Osseous, Relating to or having the character of bones.

Pabulum, Food, aliment.

Papilla, An eminence resembling a nipple.
Paracentesis, The act of tapping to evacuate a fluid in a cavity, as ia
dropsy of the abdomen.
Paroxysm, A periodical exacerbation or fit of a disease.
Parturient, Bringing forth young.
Parturition, Delivery, labor, child-birth.
Pathological, Relating to pathology.
Pathology, A branch of medicine whose object is the knowledge of
disease.
Pectin, A principle which forms the basis of vegetable jelly.
486 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Pectoral, Relating to the breast; a medicine that relieves or remoyea

affections of the chest.
Pellicle, A thin skin or membrane, a film.
Peristaltic, A motion consisting of alternate contraction and dilata-
tion.
Peritoneum, The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity.
Phagedenic, Appearing as if it was gnawed.
Pharmaceutic, Relating to pharmacy.
PHARMACOPCEIA, A work containing the formulas for the preparation,
etc., of medicines.
Pharmacy, The art which teaches the knowledge, choice, preservation,
preparation, and combination of medicines.
Phlegmonous, Relating to inflammation which is confined to the areo-
lar texture.
Phlyzacious, Relating to tumors formed by the accumulation of a
serous fluid under the scarf-skin.
Physiology, The science which teaches the functions of organs o^
tissues.
Plethora, A superabundance of blood.
Pneumogastric, Belonging to the lungs and stomach.
Portal Circulation, The circulation of blood in the system of vessels
in the kidneys and liver.
Ptyalism, Profuse salivation.
Puerperal, Relating to child-birth and its consequencee.
Pulmonary, Relating or belonging to the lungs.
Purulent, Having the character of pus.
Pus, The secretion from inflamed textures.
Pustule, An elevation of the skin, having an inflamed base.
Pyogenic, Having a relation to the formation of pus.

Reghmen, Diet; the rational and methodical use of food.

Renal, Relating to the kidneys.
Respiration, The function of breathing, by which is accomplished the
mixture of venous blood with lymph and chyle.
Uevellent, Derivative a remedy causing an abstraction from the
;

morbid condition of some organ or tissue,

Eevulsion, The act of turning a disease from a part in which it seems
to have taken its seat,

8 AC, A
bag-like cavity, formed by any serous membrane.
Sacculated, Enclosed in a sac having the character of a
; sac.
Salivary, Relating to the saliva glands whose function it
;
is to secrete
saliva.
Sanguineous, Plethoric ; relating to the blood.
 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 487

Scorbutic, Relating to, or having the character of scurvy.

ScYBALA, Hard faecal matter, discharged in round lumps.
Sebaceous, Small hollow organs seated in the substance of the skin,
and which secrete a matter having a pecxiliar odor.
Secretion, An organic function, chiefly confined to the glands ; also
the matter secreced.
Septum, Partition a part separating two cavities.
;

Serum, The most watery portion of the animal fluids, exhaled by serou5i
membranes.
Sinapism, A mustard plaster.
Sinus, Any cavity, the interior of which is more expanded than the en .

trance.
SoRDES, The black substance collecting on the teeth in low fevers.
Spasmodic, Having the character of a spasm.
Splenetic, Relating or belonging to the spleen.
Sputa, Expectorated matter.
Squamous, Scaly having the character of scales.
;

Stercoraceous, Fascal.
Stertorous, Of a snoring character.
Strangury, Extreme difficulty in evacuating the urine.
Strumous, Scrofulous.
Styptic, Astringent a medicine which stanches the flow
; of blocd.
Subluxation, A sprain a partial dislocation.
;

Sudorific, A medicine which provokes sweating.

Suppuration, Formation or secretion of pus.
Syncope Fainting loss of sensation and motion.
; ;

Synovial, Relating to the membranes lining the joints.

Taxis, A pressure exerted by the hand on a hernial tumor for the pur-
pose of reducing it.

Tissue, The various parts which, by union, form the organs.

Thoracic, Relating or belonging to the chest.
Topical, Local remedies locally applied.
;

Toxical, Poisonous.
Tubercle, A tumor in the substance of an organ, as of the lung.

Urene, The secretion of the kidney.

Urinary, Relating to the urine.
Uterus, The womb.
Uterine, Relating or belonging to the womb.

Vaccine, Relating to the matter used for vaccination.

Vascular, Relating to vessels arterial, venous or lymphatic.
;

Venereal, Relating to the pleasures of love.

488 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.

Vertebra, Bones of the spinal column.

Vesicle, A small bladder or cyst.
ViROSE, Possessed of noxious properties.
Virus, Literally, a poison an unknown principle, inappreciable by the
;

senses, which is the agent for the transmission of infectious dis-

VisCERAL, Relating- or belonging to the viscera, or entrails.

Vulnerary, Medicines considered capable of favoring the consolidating
of wounds only a property of
;
plants.

Zymotic, Relating or appertaining to fermentation.

DR. O. PHELPS BROWN'S

Herbal Ointment
Suppositories.
Are Guaranteed to be a Sovereign Remedy for every case of
Piles or Fistula that can be found.
Piles are small excrescences wirliln the rectum and around the anus. They
may be situated either internally or externally, and when blood is discharged they
are called bleeding piles; if not, blind piles. The tumors vary in size from a pea
to a hen's etrg. For internal piles we recommend the Suppositories; when ex-
ternal, our Standard Herbal Ointment should be applied. Every case of pibs
treated under our notice has been permanently cured by the Herbal Ointment
and Suppositories. They never fail in any curable case. One large box or pot
will cure most oases.
Stcbing Piles— The Suppositories soothe the parts and almost immediately
allay the inieuse itching of which many of those afflicted with itching piles com-
plain. When the irritation is thus soothed, the parts soon heal.
Fistula is an abscess occurring in some portion of the cellular tissue around
the anus. It is very annoying, and is usually treated by a surgical operation, sub-
jecting the patient to much pain and confinement, which is quite unnecessary, as
"the Herbal Ointment Suppositories, used according to directions, will soothe, heal,
and peniuinently cure fistula.
Fssure of tlie Anus,— This is an ulcer or "crack" of the mucous mem-
brane of the anus, often caused by extreme constipation. Try the Herbal Oint-
ment in pots for this. A few apnlications will cure.
Pliysiciaiis of every school are loud in their praise of these Supposito-
ries, and recomuiend them to their patients as being superior to any
kno-YVU remedy for Piles. They do so because we make no secret of their
ingredients. They are composed of Bittersiveet, Green Ozier, Skvnk Cabbage,
Brrf'Tt^veed or Wafer Pepper. Lobelia, etc —purely herbal, as all our medicines are.
DVe are daily receiving many letters detailing particulars of cures all over
the country; among which are testimonials from cler<rymen, philosophers, physi-
cians, bankers, lawyers, statesmen, merchants, authors, and men holding the high-
est positions in the nation. This herbal preparation is the greatest cure for piles
on earth.
A Sample Box of these Suppositories will be sent for 25 cents to prepay
postage and })ackin<r; price of regular box is 50 cents, postage prepaid. Explicit
dirf'Ctions ncfO".i>niiv cnrh box. .Af'r^rpss

©IS. O. PHEL.PS BROTITN, 19 & 21 (New Nos. 45 & 47) Grand

Streets Jersey City, N. J.
 INDEX.
PAGE
Abdominal sapportera 370 Almonds, bitter S6
Abies excelsa 128 milk of 36
" larix 112 " sweet 35
Abortion 868 Alnuin 36
Abscess 336 Ainus rubra 36
Absinthine 165 Aloe socatrina 39
Absorbents 27 " spicata 38
Abuta root 132 " vtUgaris 39
Acacian Balsam 470 Aloes 38
Acacia catechu , 61 " false 64
" Tera 32 Alopecia 325
Acarus sacchari 319 Alteratives 27
" Bcabei 318 Alum root 77
Aceta 29 Amaranth 37
Achillea millefolium 166 Amaranthus hypochondriasis 37
" ptarmica 166 Amara dulcis 48
Achilleine 166 Amaurosis 344
Achorion Schonleinii 324 Amblyopia 344
Acipenser Ruthenus 445 Amenorrhoea 359
Acne 323 American foxglove 117
Aconitine 123 gentian 94
Aconitum napellus 123 hellebore 100
Adder's tongue 33 ivy 107
" violet 127 senna 60
Adiantum pedatima 118 valerian Ill
Advice to the childless 433 Ampelopsis quinquefolia 107
iEthera 29 Amygdala amara 35
Agave Americana 64 " dulcis 35
" Virginica 64 Amygdalus communis 35
Agrimonia Eupatoria 33 Anal fistula 256
Agrimony 33 Anatomy of the organs of digestion 230
Ague cake 217 " " female organs 897
" root 155 " " heart 276
Air and sunshine 190 " " liver 240
Albinism , 324 " " male organs 394
Alder 34 " " nervous system 299
" common 36 " of a plant 23
" smooth 36 " of the spleen 245
" tag 36 " " respiratory organs 259
Ale hoof 34 " " urinary organs 294
Aletris farinosa 155 Anemone , 37
AJisma plantago 118 " cyUndrica 37
Alkekengi 16 '*
meadow 37
AU-heal 36 " nemorosa %H
2^^
490 INDEX.

PAOB PAOB
Anemonine 37 Asthma, hay 2fl9

Aneurism 284 Astring-ents 28

Angeioleucitis 257 Afitrya Virginica ll**

Angelica 38 Atriplei hortensis 21

" archangelica 38 Atropa belladonna 45
" atropurpurea 38 " mandragora 120
Angina pectoris 280 Atrophy of the heart 282
Animal poisons 458 Emperor
Aurelius, 5
Anise 38 Autophomania 304
" star 38 Ayens, purple 66
Aniseed 38 " water 66
Anodynes 27 ' white 66
Antacids 27 Averroes 6
Antennaria margaritaceum 131 Aya-pana 39
Anthelmintics 28 Aya-pana eupatorium 39
Anthemis nobilis 64
Anthrax 339 Baker's itch 322
Antiscorbutics 28 Baldness 325
Antispasmodics 28 Balm 41
Apiol 133 " ofGUead 158
Apocynum androsaemifolium 47 " "Woodland 474
Apncea 270 Balmony 41
Apoplexy 301 Balsam, Acacian 470
Apothecaries' measuse 30 " poplar 158
weight 30 Balsamito 135
Apple-peru 108 Balsamodendron myrrha 123
Aphthae 233 Bamboo brier 149
Aquae 29 Baptisia tinctoria 141
Aralia spinosa 139 Baptisin , 142
Archangel 38 Barber's itch 325
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 43 Barberry 42
Aromatics 28 Bark, Jesuit's 67
Arrow-root gruel 202 " Peruvian 67
jelly 201 Barley water 201
Artemisia absinthum 164 Barosma crenata , 56
" santonica 165 Barrenness 433
Arteritis 284 Bathing 186
Arum tryphUlum 83 Bayberry 42
Asarabacca 31) Bead tree 45
Asarum Europaeum 39 Bearberry 43
Ascaris lumbricoides 250 Bear's bed 44
" vermicularis 250 Beaver tree 119
Ascites , 292 Bed-straw 69
Asclepiadae 4 Beech-drops 59
Asclepias tuberosa 14, 136 Beef liquid 203
Asclepin 137 " tea 203
Asiatic cholera 254 Beggar's lice 104
Aspen 159 Beggar-tick 158
Aspidium filtx mas 88 Belladonna 45
Asphyxia 270 Berberina 42
" by cold 270 Berberis vulgaris 42
" inhalation of gases 271 Beth root 46
" by submersion 271 Bhang 60
Aathma 268 Bidens bipinnata 158
 INDEX. 491

PAGE PAGB
Bidens connata 157 Bronchitii 266
" frondosa 158 Bronchocele 340
Bilious colic 309 Bnacia .129
Bilious feyer 217 Buchu 56
Bird's nest 47 Buckhom brake 87
Birony 16 Bull's foot 72
Birth-wort 16 Bunions 323
Bitter-ash 140 Burgundy pitxih 128
" candy-tuft 106 Burning bush 57
" cucumber 71 Bums and scalds 339
" root 47 Buttercup 79
" -sweet 48 " nut 162
" wood 140 " weed 57
Blackberry 143 Butterflyweed 136
Black cherry 45 Buttermilk pap '
203
" cohosh 51 Button bush 96
" hellebore 101 " snake-root 52,86
•'
oak 129 Butua root 132
•'
root 53 Buxina 55
" enake-root 51, 148 Buxus sempervirens 55
Bladder fucus 124 Conversation Tubes 169
Blazing Star 52 Cahinca 58
Bleeding from the nose 288 Cahincic acid 58
" lungs 289 Calico bush 58
" " stomach 289 Calves' foot jelly 204
" " kidneys 290 Camp fever 220
Blood Purifier 473 Canada flea-bane 57
" root 54 Cancer 346
Blooming spurge : 112 " of the stomach 236
Blue cohosh 132 " root 59
" disease 283 Canker lettuce 146
" flag 49 Cannabis Indica 59
•'
gentian 94 " sativa . 60
" scull-cap 150 Capacities required by nurses 213
" vervain 49 Carbuncle 339
Blunt-leaved dock 82 Carcinoma 345
Boil« 338 Carolina pink 135
Boneset 52 Carminatives 28
Botany, Epitome of 23 Carpenter's square . 89
Bothriocephalus latus 251 Carthamus tinctorius 146
Bouncing Bet 152 Cassia Marilandica 60
Bowman's root ^ 112 Catalepsy 314
Box 55 Cataplasms 29
Boxwood 82 Catarrhal ophthalmia 343
Boyle 7 Catarrh 262
Brain Fever 301 ofthebladder 298
Brakeroot 87 Catch weed 69
Brassica rupa 15 Catechu 61
Brayera anthelmintica 110 pale 92
Bread jelly 202 Cathartics 28
Bridal tours 449 Cat's foot 34
Bright' s disease of the kidneys. 291 Caulophyllin 132
Broken back 378 Caulophyllum thalictroides 138
" neck 378 Ceanothine 14?
492 INDEX.

PAGS
Ceanothns AmericantiB . 143 Coafcum 137
Cedron 61 Coca 70
Celandine 62 Cocculus palmatus 72
Centaury 63 Cockle burr 33
Centiary plant. . . 64 Codeia 131
Cephalalgia 306 CoGlelmintha 327
Cephalanthus occidentalis 96 Coffee milk 203
Cerates 29 Colchicia 123
CerebritiB. 301 Colchicum autumnale 123
Cervicitis 361 Cold in the head 261
Cessation of the menses 361 Colendrina 21
Cetraria officinalis 106 Colic root 155, 165
Cetrarin 106 " bilious 309
Chamomile 64 Colitis 247
Champion truss 341 Collinsonia Canadensis 156
Change of life 361 Collinsonin 156
Checkerberry 133 Colocynth 71
Chelidonium majus 62 Colocynthin 72
Chelone glabra 41 Colt's foot 72
Chelonin 42 •'
taU 57
Chenopodium anthelminticum 164 Columbin 73
Cherry laurel. 65 Columbo 72
Chickweed 66 Comfrey 73
Chicken broth 204 Common milk-porridge 203
pox 225 " polypody 87
Chilblains 339 Comparison of doses 31
Chimaphila umbellata 136 Compass weed 21, 141
Chiococca racemosa 58 Condor vine , 74
Chionanthus Virginioum 130 Conduct of a labor case 371
Chlorosis 360 Confections 29
Chocolate root 66 Congestion of the brain 303
Choice dielytra 160 Congestive fever 218
Cholera Asiatic 254 Conjunctivitis 342
" infantum 253 Constipation 249
" morbus 254 Consumption 272
Chorea 314 Convallaria multiflora 153
" racemosa 153
Churrus .'
60
Cimicifuga racemosa 51 Convolvulus panduratus 122
Cimicifugin 51 Coolweed 127
Cinchona 67 Copaiba 75
" calisaya 67 Copaif era officinalis 75
" condaminea . 67 Ooptis trtfolia 97
" lanctfolia 67 Coral root 78
*' Bucciruba 67 Corallorhiza odontorrhiza 78
Cinque foil 68 Corns 323
Cirrhosis 242 Cornine 83
Cissampelin 132 Cornus Florida 82
Cissampeloe pareira 132 Corsican moss 124
Clap 348 Corydalia 160
Cleavers 69 Corydalis f ormosa 160
small 69 Coryza 261
Clergyman's sore throat 234 Cotton 95
ClitoritiB 356 Coughwort 72
Clothing 181 Crampbark 76
 INDEX. 493

PAGE PAOE
Cranberry, high... / 76 Dilatation of the heart 283
" low TT Dionoea muscipula 19
" upland 43 Dioscorea villosa 165
" water 204 Dioscorein 165
Cranesbill TT Diphtheria. 223
Crawley 78 Diseases 214
CretiniBm 340 of the absorbent system 257
Critical period 3(>1 blood 287
Crow com 155 I
" blood-vessels 284
Crow-foot 77, T9 " bowels 247
Crowing disease 310 " digestive organs 233
Croup 267 " eye and ear 342
" membranous 267 " female sexual system 355
Crural phlebitis 286 " heart and circulatory sys-
Crust coffee 204 tem 279
Crusted tetter 320 " liver 241
Cubebin 80 " male sexual system 350
Cubebs 79 " nervous system 301
Cucumis colocynthis 71 " pancreas 246
Culver's physic 53 " respiratory system 261
Cundurango 74 " spleen 245
Curvature of the spine 334 " sMn 317
Cutch 61 " urinary organs 296
Cyanosis 283 Dislocations 378
Cynoglossum officinale 103 Dislocation at the neck or back 378
'
Morrisoni 104 of the jaw 379
Cyprepedium pubescens Ill at the shoulder 379
Cystitis. 298 " wrist 380
Cushions, Rubber, Air 170 of the bones of the hand. . . 380
Daisy 80 " ribs 380
Dandelion 80 " knee-cap 381
Datura stramonium 108 at the ankle 381
" tatula 108 " elbow 379
Daturia 109 " hip 381

Deadly nightshade 45 Diuresis 296

Decoction of bran 202 Diuretics 28
Decoctions 29 Divorce 446
Deerberry 133 Dock 81

Delirium tremens 305 " blunt-leaved 82

Delphinum consolida 113 " great water 82
" staphisagria 113 " water 82
Dementia 304 " yellow 82
Demulcents 28 Dogmatics, The 5
Dengue 229 Dog's bane 47
Devil's bit 52, 81 Dog-tooth violet 33

Dewberry 143 Dogwood 82

"^
Diabetes insipidus 296 Dove's foot
" mellitua. 297 Dragees 29
Diaphoretics 28 Dragon root 83
Diarrhoea 248 Dragon's claw 78
biUous 248 Drink in dysentery 204
" chronic 248 Drooping star-wort 81
*' mucous 248 Dropsies 290
seroua 248 Dropsy of the abdomen 293
494 INDEX.

PAGE PA61J
".
Dropsy of the heart 293 Erysipelas 227
" " ovaries , 5^93 Erythema 228
" " pleura 293 Erythronium Americanum. . . 33
" " scrotum 294 Erjrthroxylon coca 70
Drowning 271 Escharotics 28
Dry tetter 321 Esculapius 4
Duodenitis 247 Essays on hygiene 171
Dwale 45 Ethers 29
Dwarf nettle 127 Euuerum vaudi 254
Dyer's oak 130 Euonymin 57
Dysentery 247 Euonymus Americanus 57
" weed 104 " atropurpiireus 57
Dysmenorrhoea 359 Eupatorium pert oliatum 52
Dyspepsia 238 " pui-pureum 140
Euphorbia corollata 112
Earache 345 Euphrasia officinalis 86
Ecthyma 320 Exercise 186
Eczema 317 Expectorants 28
Egyptian thorn 32 Extracts 29
Elastic stockings, knee-caps, and anklets 286 " fluid 29,475
Elaterium 154 Eye-bright 86
Elder 84
Elecampane 85 Falling of the womb 362
Elephantiasis 322 FaUing-sickness 311
El houwah 254 False aloe 64
Emetics , 28 " grape 107
Emmenagogues 28 " unicorn-root 81
Emollients 28 " valerian 114
Empirics, The . 5 " wintergreen 146
Emprosthotonos 315 Fatty kidney 291
Endo-carditis 281 Felon 337
Endo-cervlcitis 361 Felon-wort 48
Enemas 29 Female regulator 114
Enteritis 247 Ferns 87
Entozoa
Enuresis
326
298
Fern, cinnamon-colored
" female..
— 87
87
Ephelis hepatica 324 " male 88
" lenticularis 324 " royal flowering 87
" violacea 324 Fever and ague 216
Epidemic diseases, prevention of 382 " bilious 217
Epilepsy 310 " congestive 218
Epispastics 28 " dandy 229
Epistaxis 288 " hectic 333
Equatoria garciana 74 " intermittent 316
Erasistratus 5 " lung 267
Erecthites hieractifolius 90 " pernicious 218
Ergot 85 " puerperal 367
Ergotism 85 " remittent 217
Erigeron Canadense 57 " scarlet 226
Erotomania 304 " typhoid 222
Errhines 28 »' typhus 220
Eruptive or exanthematous diseasea 222 " yellow 219
Eryngium aquaticum 86 Feverfew 89
Eryngo 86 Fever-weed 117
 nroEX. 495

PAOK PAGE
Ficoides noctiflora 22 Gastrodynia
Fig wort 89 Gay feather .*
52
Filices 87 Gelsemin 93
Fireweed 90 G^lseminum sempervirens 93
Fistula 256 Greneral diseases 330
Fit plant 47 Gentian , 93
Fits 311 " catesbei 94
Five finger 68 G^ntiana, five flowered 94
Five-flowered gentian 94 " lutea 93
Five leaves 107 " ochroleuca 94
Floral clock 21 " quinquefolia 94
Flowering cornel 82 Geranin 77
Geranium maculatum 77
Fly-trap, Venus's 19 Gcrardia pedicularia 117
Foal's foot 72 Geura rivale 166
Food and drinks 171 " Virginianum 166
Voreign bodies in the eyes 344 Gillenia 95
" substances in the ears 345 " trifoUata 95
Fractures 375 Gill-go-by-the-ground 34
Fracture of the bones of the head 376 Ginseng 13
Fracture of bones of forearm 377 Glanders 223
hand 377 Gleet 349
" " knee-cap or patella 378 Globe flower 96
•' " coUar-bone 376 Glossaiy 480
•' " bones of foot and Glossitis 233
ankle 377 Gnaphalium polycephalum 130
" in the hip-joint 377 Goitre 340
" of the humerus 376 Gold thread 97
" " leg 378 Golden seal 96
" " ribs 376 " senecio , 114
" " thighbone 377 Goodyera pubescens 127
Frankincense 128 repens 127
French milk porridge .-
. . 203 Gonorrhoea 348
Fringe tree 130 Goose grass 69
Frost plant 90 Gossypiin 96
" weed , 90 Gossypium herbaceum 95
Fucus helminthocorton 124 Gout 330
" vesiculosis, 124 Gravel 297
Pumaria oflBcinalis 91 " root 140
li'umitory 91 Great stinging nettle . . 126
Purunculus 338 " water dock 82
" wild valerian ... 161
Gralen 5 Green ozier 82
Galium aparine 69 " sickness 360
" tinctoriura 69 Grocer's itch 322
Galls 130 Ground holly 136
Gall stones 243 " ivy 34
Gambir 61 " my 46
" plant 92 " moss 44
Gwden nightshade 128 " raspberry 96
" cage 147 " squirrel pea 144
Garget 137 Guaiac 98
Gasti-algia 237 Guaiacum officinale ..j_- 98
Gastritis 236 Gum Arabic 38
496 INDEX.

PAGE PAOB
Gnm myrrh , 125 Hound's ttmgiie . 103
Gunjah 60 House leek 106
How to assist the doctor 207
Haematemesis 289 Humid tetter 317
Haematuria 290 Humulus lupulus 104
Hapmoptysis 289 Hydatids -.326^ 363
Hair-cap moss 44 Hydrarthrua 332
Uamamelis Virginica 99 Hydrastis canadensis 96
Hardback 156 Hydrocardium 293
Harvey.. 7 Hydrocele 294
Hashish 60 Hydrometra 363
Hazlewort 59 Hydrophobia 316
Headache 306 Hydrothorax 293
Heal all 89, 156 Hygeia 4
Heartburn 237 Hyoscyamia 102
Heart liver-leaf 110 Hyoscyamus niger 101
Hectic fever 333 Hypericum perforatum 148
Hedeoma pulegioides 134 Hypertrophy of the heart 283
Helianthemum canadense 90 Hypochondria 307
" corymbosum 91 Hysterics 313
Helleborus niger 101 Hyssop 105
Helonias buUata 81 Hyssopua officinalis 105
" diocia 81
Hemiplegia 316 Iberis amara 106
Hemorrhages 288 Iceland moss 106
Hemorrhoids 256 Ice plant 47
Henbane 101 " vine 132
Hepatica acutaloba 110 Icterus 244
" Americana 110 Ignatius amara 147
Hepatitis 241 Illiciam anisatum 38
" chronic 241 Imperfections of ihe human form 335
Herbal Ointment 472 Imperforate hymen 357
Hercules woundwort 35 Impetigo 320
Hernia 340 Impotence of the male 439
"humoralis 354 Incontinence of urine 298
Herophilus 5 Indian balm 46
Herpes 318 " cup plant 141
Hiccough 309 " hemp 59
Hidden spermatorrhoea 350 " physic 95
High cranberry 76 " pipe o 47
" mallow 119 " poke 100
Hip disease 332 " posy 130
Hippocratec 4 " tobacco 116
History of medicine 3 " turnip 83
Hoarhound 102 Inflammation 215
Hob-nailed liver 242 " of the arteries 284
Hoodvvort 150 " " bladder 298
Hop hornbeam 114 " " brain 301
Hops. .104 " " brc„.L. 369
Hordeolum ... 344 " " bronchia 266
Horse-fly weed . . 1 11 « " clitoris 356
Hoi>eioox 72 " " conjunctiva 342
'
weed^.. . 57, 1.56 '* " heart !ioi

Hoepitalfovcr 220 '* " kidneys 293

 IlfDEX. 49T

PAGE PAGE
265 Kalumb 7a
Inflaniniation of the larnyx
»» " liver 241 Kidney Uver leaf HO
" " mouth 233 King's evil 257
" " oesophagus 235 Kino 109
'* " pancreas 246 Kleptomania 304
»' " pharynx 234 Kousgo 110
^ " pleura 269 Koussia Ill
»' " prostate gland 854 Ki-ameria triandra 143
« " spleen 245
•* ' Btomach 236 Ladies' slipper HI
•• " testes 354 Lamb-kiU 58
M » tongue 233 Larch 112
« " tonsils 234 Large flowering spurge 112
•• " vagina 357 Larkspur 113
M " veins 285 Laurus sassafras 150
" " vulva 356 Lavandula spica 114
" vera 114
Influenza . .
262
29 Lavender 114
Infusions
303 Laryngitis 265
Insanity
Leontodon taraxacum 80
Inula helenium 85
368 Leonurus cardiaca 124
Inversion of the uterus
107 Lepra alphoides 321
Ipomoea jalapa
201 " nigricans 321
Irish moss jelly <

" syphilitica 321

Irisin « 49
Leprosy 821
Iris versicolor 49 ^
Leptandria virginica 53
Iron weed 106
HI Leptandrin 54
Iron Wood
298 Leucanthemum vulgare 80
Ischuria =

201 Leuce 821

Isinglass jelly
Leucopathia 324
Isis, Queen 4
318 Leucorrhcea 361
Itch
" 322 Lever wood 114
baker's
" barber's • 325 Liatris scariosa 52
" 322 " spicata 53
grocer's
" 100 " squarrosa 52
weed
107 Life, health and disease 197
Ivy
Life-root 114
83 Lignum vitae. 98
Jack-in-the-pulpit
322 Ligustrin 139
Jacob's ulcer o

220 Ligustrum vulgare 139

Jail fever
107 LUium candidum 115
Jalap
Lily, meadow 115
Jamestown weed 108
Jaundice 244 Linacre 6
144 Liniments 29
JefEersonia diphylla
Jerusalem oak — 164 Linnasus
Lion's foot
21
115
Jesuit's bark 67
140 Liquidambar styraciflua 158
Joe-pie
163 Lithiasis 297
Juglandin
162 Liver Invigorator 474
Juglans cinerea »

" nigra - • 163 Lobelia 116

.

Junippr .... 109 Lochia 374

109 Locked-jaw 315
Juniperus communia
Lotions 29

Kalmia latifolia 58 Louse wort • HI

'/
498 INDEX.

PAGE '

PAOB
Low cranberry 76 Melissa ofllcinalia , 41
" maUow 120 Menispermin 167
Lozenges 30 Menispermum canadense 167
Lnng fever • 267 Menophaiiia 358
" wort 16, 117 Menorrhagia 300
Lupulin 104 Menstruation 357
Lupulite • 104 " cessation of 361
Lupinus 20 " painful 359
"
Lupus 322 profuse 360
Lymphadenitis 257 " suppressed 359
Lj-mphangeitis 257 " vicarious 360
Lypemania 304 Mentha pulegioides 134
Miasmatic fevers 215
Machaon 4 Milfoil 166
Macrotyn 51 Milk leg 286
Maculae, or spots. 324 " weed , . .47, 112
Madder 118 Mimosa sensitiva 20
Mad dog-weed 118, 150 Mint, wild water 16
Magnolia 119 Mitchella repens 133
" glauca 119 Mixtures 29
Mahomet 6 Moccasin flower Ill
Maiden hair 118 Momordica elaterium 154
Male fern 88 Monkshood 12S
" vermifuge 471 Monogamy 409
Malignant and venereal diseases 345 Monomania 304
Mallow, common 119 Monotropa uniflora 47
Malt infusion 206 Moonseed 167
Malva rotundifolia 120 Moral mania 304
" sylvestris 119 Morbus coxarius 332
Mandrake •. 120 Morphia 131
Mania 304 Mortal 48
" apotu 305 Moss, Corsican 124
Man-in-the-earth 122 Mother of thyme 160
" " ground 122 Mother's marks 324
Manna 14 Motherwort 16, 124
Married life 416 Mountain laiirel 58
Marriage . 404 Mouth root 97
" customs 410 Mullein 125
Marrubium vnlgare 102 Mumps 235
Marsh gentian 94 Myocarditis 281
Masterwort 38 Myrica cerifera 42
Materia medica, Herbal 32 Myricin 43
Maticine 122 Myrospermum peruiferum 135
Matico 122 " toluiferum 160
Matricaria chamomilla 65 Myrrh 125
May apple 120 My special mode of chemical treatment
Meadow cabbage 152 with plants 385
" lily 115 Machine, Electro-Magnetic 479
" saffron 123 Nabulus albus. 115
Measles 225 Narcotics 28
Mechameck 123 Narrow-leaf Virginia thyme 126
Medicinal properties and preparations . 27 Nasal douche apparatus 264
MelanchoUa 304 Nepenthes distillatoria. 18
Melia azedarach 45 Nepeta citriodora 41
 INDEX. 499

PAGE FAOH
34 Palpitation of the heart 279
yepeta glechoma
296 Pal?y 315
Nephritis
Ill Panado 203
Nerve root
127 Panakeia 4
Net-leaf plantain
Panay 35
Nettle 13, 126
227 Papaver somniferum 131
" rash
308 Papoose root 132
Neuralgia
' 280 Papulous scale 320
oftheheart
1*^ Paracelsus 6
Neurus
143 Paralysis 315
New Jersey tea
45 Paraplegia 316
Nightshade, deadly
" 128 Pareira brava 132
garden
HI Paronychia 337
Noah's ark
322 Parotitis 235
Noli me tangere.
128 Partridge berry 133
Norway pine
166 Parsley 132
Nose bleed
Nurses and nursing Paulus. 5
Pear leaf wintergreen 146
Nursing sore mouth 2:33

205 Pearl flowered life everlasting 131

Nutritive fluids
128 Pelosin 132
Nux vomica
Pemphigus 319

Oak, black 129 Pennyroyal 134

" dyer's 130 " European 134
" red 129 Peonia officinalis 134
" white ,
129 Peony 134
CEsophagitis 235 Pericarditis 280

Oidium abortifaciens 85 Peritonitis 253

Oil-nut 162 Pernicious fever. 218
155 Pernio 339
Oil of stillingia ;

Oils 29 Pertussis 310

Ointments 30 Peruvian bark 67
Old age, or longevity 193 " balsam 135
" field balsam 130 Petroselinum sativum 132
" man's beard 130 Pharmaceutical preparations 29
One-berry 133 Pharyngitis 234
343 Philosophy of Generation 441
Ophthalmia, catarrhal
" purulent 343 Phlebitis 285
" scrofulous 344 Phlegmasia dolens •
286
Opisthotonos 315 Phthisis 272
Physical and mental development 186
Opium 131
259 Phytolacca decandra 137
Opneme
Orach root 21 Phytolaccin 138
204 Picrasnia excelsa 140
Orange whey
354 Pigeon berry 137
Orchitis
59 Piles 255
Jrobanche Virginiana
Osmunda cinnamomea 87 Pills 29
" regalis 87 PimpineUa anisum 38
Otalgia 345 Pinkroot 135
47 Piper angustifolium 122
Ova-ova
Oxalis acetoselli 153 " cubeba 79
Ox balm 156 Pipsissewa 136
" eye daisy 80 Pityriasis 322
Oz«na 262 Plants, their collection and preservation.
Plasters •• 29
500 INDEX.

PAGE PAes
Pleurisy * 269 Praxagoras of Cos. 5
" root 14,136 Pregnancy 364
315 " and its accidents 364
Pleurosthotonos.
Pneumatics, The 5 Preservation of the health of the sexual
Pneiimonia 267 organs 402
Podalirius 4 Prevention of Croup 267
PodophyUin 121 ". " epidemic diseases 382
Podophyllum i)eltatum 120 Prickly ash 138
130 " southern ....„.„ 139
Poison ash
Poisoning by acids 453 Pride of China 45
" " alkalies 456 " weed 57
*' " antimony 453 Prince's feather 37
• " arsenic 453 " pine 136
• " bismuth 454 Prinos verticillatus 34
• " copper 454 Privet 139
•' " fish 458 Privy prim 139
* " gold 454 Prolapsus of the rectum 255
** " insects 45S " uteri 362
*' " iodine 454 Prostatitis 354
" " iron 454 Prunella vulgaris 35
« •' lead 455 Prunus lauro-cerasus 65
*• " mercury 455 Pruritis 324
« " opium 457 Psoriasis 321
** " phosphorus 455 Psychodiarla 326
' " plants or seeds 457 Ptelea trifoliata 162
*<• •' prussic acid. 456 Ptelein 162
*' " serpents 458 Pterocarpus marsupium 109
•' " silver 455 Ptolemies, The 5
" " strychnine 457 Puerperal fever 367
" 455 Pulmonaria officinahs. 117
•' tin
" " volatile oUs 456 Pulsatilla 37
•' " zinc 456 Pulque 64
452 Punica granatum 138
PoieonB and their antidotes
Poke 137 Purple avens 66
152 Purpura 229
Polecat weed
151 " hemorrhagica... 230
Polygala senega
406 Purrhee morlii 254
Polygamy
163 Purulent ophthalmia 343
Polygonum punctatum.
87 Putrid fever 220
I^olypodium vnlgare
44 Pycanthemum aristatvun 126
Polytrichium juniperum
" incanum 126
Pomegranate 138
" pilosum 126
Pond dogwood 96
" Virginicum 126
Poppy 131
159 Pyrethrum parthenium 89
Populin.
158 Pyrola 146
PopnluB balsamif era
" 158 " rotundifoha 146
candicans
" 159 " round leaved 146
tremuloides
68 Pyrosis 238
Potentilla canadensis
Pump, Brest 170
•* pamiUa , 68
" 68 Quassia 140
simplex
" 69 " amara •• 140
tormentiUa
334 Queen of the meadow 140
Pott'E curvature of the spine
29 Queen's delight 155
Powders
126 " root 15B
Prairie hyssop
 INDEX, 501

PAGE PA6E
Quercns alba 129 Rubefacients 28
" infectcria 130 Rubeola 225
«• rubra 129 Rubus strigosus 142
" tinctoria 129 " trivialis 143
Questions to invalids o 390 " villosus 143
Quinine 68 Rumex acetosa 154
Quinquino 135 " acetoseUa 154
Quinsy 234 " aquaticus 82
" Brittanicus 82
Baccoon berry 120 " crispus 81
Bagged cup 141 " obtusifolius 82
Ragwort 114 " vesicariua 154
Ranunculus bulbosus 79 Rupia 320
Rattle bush 141 Rupture 340
" root 51
Rattlesnake root 115 Sabbatia angularis 63
weed 127 Safflower. 146
Rattlesnake's master 86 S^fEron, bastard 146
Recipes 460 '* dyer's 146
Red cock's comb. 37 Sage 147
" oak 129 " the Coan 4
" pnccoon 54 " tea 201
" raspberry 142 Sago grueL 202
" root 143 St. Ignatius's bean 147
Refreshing drink in fevers ^ . . 201 St. John's wort 148
Regulating the passions 199 St. Vitus' dance 314
Relaxation of the abdominal muscles. . . 370 Salanin : 159
Remittent fever 217 Salseparin 149
Renovating PiUs 473 Salt-rheum weed 41
Restorative Assimilant 469 Salvia officinalis 147
Retention of the menses 359 Sambucus Canadensis 84
Rhatany 143 Sampson snake-weed 94
Rheumatism 331 Sanguinaria Canadensis 54
'" root 144 Sanicle 148
Rheum pahnatum 144 Sanicula Marilandica 148
Rhubarb 144 Santonine 165
Rhus giabrum 156 Saponaria officinalis 152
127, 156 Saponin 153
Rich weed
202 Sareoptis hominis 318
Eice
" gruel 202 Sarracenla 20
" jeUy 201 Sa-sapariUa 149
" water 201 Sassafras... , 150

Ring worm 318 Saturates 29

44 Satureja hortensis 150
Robin' G rye
" montana. 150
Rock polypody 87
" rose 90 Satyriasis 353
145 Savory, sr-mmer 150
Rosemary
228 " winter.. .....00...0...0.. ...... 150
Roseola
63 Scabies 318
Rose pink
" 228 Scalled head ^
324
rash
141 Scarlatina 226
Rosin-weed
Rosmarinus ofiBciniJis . . . = » -45 Scarlet fever » 32 j.
14C Sciatica 908,
Round leaved pyrola
il2 Scoke. ....o. ..•• 187
Rubia fcinctorium
502 INDEX.

PAGE PA OB
Mrorbutns .,, 287 Snapping hazlenut 99
Scrofula 257 Sneeze wort 166
" weed 127 Snowberry 68
Scrofulous ophthalmia 344 Soap wort 152
ScuU cap 150 Social status of the sexual organs 400
Scutellaria lateriflora 150 Solanum dulcamara 48
Scurvy • 287 " nigrum 128
Sea-wrack. 124 herb
Soldier's 122
Secale cornutum 85 Solomon's seal 153
Sedatives 28 Sore nipples 369
Sempervivum tectorum 105 Sorrel, garden 154
Seneca snakeroot 151 " salts of 154
Senecio aureus 114 " sheep 154
Seneka 151 " wood 153
Sensitive plant. 20 South American agave 64
Sept-foil 69 Spanish needles 158
Serpents' tongue 33 Spasms of the glottis 310
Sheep laurel 58 " " stomach 237
Shingles 318 Spermatorrhoea or General Debility 350
Shin-leaf 146 hidden 350
Ship fever 220 Spigelia Marilandica 135
Shrubby trefoil 162 Spigeliin 136
Sialagogues 28 Spindle tree 57
Sida 20 Splenitis 245
Side flowering scull cap Spoon wood 58
Side saddle flower Spotted alder , 99
Silphium gummiferum " geranium 77
" lacianatum 21, Square stalk 89
" perfoliatum Squaw mint 134
Silver leaf " root 61,132
Simaba cedron " vine 138
Simpler's joy " weed 114
Sippets Squirting cucumber 154
Skin diseases _ Staggervveed 160
Skookum Root Standard fluid extracts 475
Skookum Hair Grower " herbal remedies 469
Skookum Skin Soap Star grass 155
Skunk cabbage Stavesacre 113
" weed Stellaria media 66
Sleep Sterelmintha 326
Slippery elm jelly Sterility 433
Small cleavers Stickle wort 33
Small-pox Stillingia 155
" confluent 224 " oil of 155
" malignant 224
" sylvatica 155
Smart weed 163 Stimulants 28
Smilax China , 149 Stingless nettle 127
" officinalis 149 Stinkweed .%. .. 108
*'
media.. 149 Stomatitis 233
" papyracea 149 " follicular 233
" sarsaparilla 149 Stone in the bladder.... 297
" syphilitica 149 Stoneroot 156
Emut rye 85 Stricture of the urethra. 353
Bnake head 41 Strychnine 129
 INDEX. 503

PAGE fAGK
Strj-cLiivOs nux vomica 128 Thymus viilgare . . .159
Stye 344 " serpyllus 16C
Sumach 156 Tic douleuroux 308
Su»nmer complaint 253 Tickweed 134
P.imstroke 303 Tinctures 29
Suppression of menses 359 Tinea favosa 324
of urine 298 " sycosis 325
Swamp beggar's tick 157 Toast 202
" dogwood 162 Tolu 160
" hellebore 100 Tonics ._
28
" sassafras 119 Tonsillitis .'
23-1
Sweet-scented hfe everlasting 130 Toothache bush 138
" gum 158 Trichiniasis 327
" magnolia 119 Tricocephalus dispar , 250
Swelled testicle 354 Trilline 46
Symphytum officinale 73 Trillium pendulum 46
Symplocarpus f oetidus 152 Trismus 315
Syphilis 347 Troches 30
Syrups 29 Trumpet weed 140
Syringes. Ear 170 Tuber root 136
Tabes mesenterica 259 Turkey corn 160
Table, dose 31 Turmeric root 96
Tacamahac 158 Turnhoof 34
Tacamahaca 158 Turtlebloom 41
Taenia lata 251 Tussilago farfara 72
" solium 250 Twin-leaf 144
Taeniin Ill Typhilitis 247
Tag alder 36 Typhoid fever 222
Tall speedwell 53 Typhus " 220
Tanacetum vnlgare 159 Suppositories, Tlerbal Ointment 4-1
Tansy 159 TJlceration of the womb 3iJ-4

Tape worm 250 Ulcers 3;i7

Tapioca jelly 201 Umbel Ill

Teething 330 Uncaria gambir 9-2

Terra japonica , 61 Unguenta 30

TeUnus 315 Unicorn root 155
Tetter 318 Upland cranberry 43
" wort 62 Ursin 44
The basis of a happy marriage 410 Urtica diocia 1 26
" conduct of a case of labor 371 " pamilla 127
" external organs 397 " urens 127
" internal organs 398 Uterine dropsy 363
" semen 396 Uva ursi 43
" Bick-room 207 Urinals, Male. Trumpet, Ear 169
" philosophy of the sexes 394 Vaginitis 357
" proper care of children 328 Valerian 161
" treatment in accidents „ 374 " American Ill
Theomania 304 " false 114
Things for the sick-room 201 " great wild Xl
Thorn apple 108 Valeriana officinalis 161
Thoroughwort ... „.. 52 Valerianic acid 161
Thousand seal 166 Valvular disease of the heart. 281
Throat root 66 Vanilla; 161
Thrush 233 VanUla aromatica 161
Ih^me ,...,.. 159 Varicella 226
504 INDEX.

PAGE SAGS
Varicocele 355 Wild jessamine 93
Varicose veins 285 " lemon 120
Variola 224 " mandrake 120
Varioloid 225 " nard 39
Vegetable poisons 457 " potato 122
" soup 204 " senna 60
Velvet leaf 132 " snowball 143
Venice turpentine 112 " thyme 160
Venomous insects 459 " tobacco 116
Veratrum viride 100 " turkey pea 160
Verbascum thapsus 125 " wood vine 107
Verbena hastata 49 " yam 165
Vemonia fasciculata 106 Windroot 136
Vibumine T6 Wines 30
Viburnum opulus 76 Wingseed 162
Vicarious menstruation 360 Winter berry 34
Vinegars 29 " bloom 99
Vine maple 167 " clover 133
Virginia creeper 107 " green 136
" mouse-ear 104 " " pear-leaf 146
Vulnus 374 " " savory 150
Vulvitis 356 Witch hazel 99
Wolfsbane 123
Wafer-ash 162 Womb, anteflexion of 363
Wahoo 57 " anteversion of 363
Wake robin 46, 83 " dropsy of 363
Walnut, black 163 " falling of 363
" white 162 " inversion of 368
Warts 323 '• retroflexion of 363
Washerwoman's scall 322 " retroversion of 363
Water avens 66 " ulceration of 362
brash 238 Woodbine 93, 107

dock 82 Woodland Balm 473

gruel 202,207 Woody nightshade 48
pepper 163 Worid, the Herbal 8
plantain 118 Worm grass 135
Waters 29 " seed 164
Watery blebs 319 " wood 164
Wax myrtle 42 Worms 250
Weights and measures 30 Wounds 374
White avens 66
" balsam 130 Xantborrhiza apiifolia 168
" bay 119 Xanthoxyline 139
" lettuce 115 Xanthoxylum fraxineum 138
" oak 129
" poplar 159 Yarrow 166
" swelling 332 Yaw root 155
" weed 80 Yellow dock 81
Whites 361 fever 219
Whitlow 337 jessamine 93
Whooping cough 310 moccasin flower Ill
Wild basU 126 parilla ; 167
" hyssop 49 puccoon 96
" indigo 141 root 168
Wildialap 122 wood 188