Fracture Mechanics (AE ZG614 / DE ZG514)

BITS Pilani VIKAS CHAUDHARI

K K Birla Goa Campus
FRACTURE MECHANICS Slide # 2

Chapter- 3
Stress Intensity Factor

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Introduction Slide # 3

❑ Knowing the stress or displacement field in the vicinity of a crack tip is very
useful.

❑ The advantage is that stress analysis leads to define a parameter, stress

intensity factor (SIF) to characterize a crack.

❑ In comparison to energy release rate, SIF is simpler for a designer and easier
for laboratory measurements, so as to determine material properties.

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM): Slide # 4

❑ In LEFM category, it is assumed that the material remains elastic even at crack tip
where stresses are high.

❑ This assumption is made to reduce the complexity of the problem.

❑ Analysis of elastic material is very simple than the analysis of a material having
plastic zone at crack tip.

❑ The presence of a plastic zone means that two kinds of stress-strain behaviors
should be incorporated, plastic behavior inside the plastic zone and elastic behavior
outside it. Therefore, such analysis is usually done through numerical analysis.

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM): Slide # 5

❑ In many real life cases where the plastic zone size is quite small in comparison to
the crack length, the contribution of the plastic zone in an elastic analysis may be
neglected.

❑ A large number of engineering problems of practical applications fall in this

category and consequently elastic analysis is good enough.

❑ This leads to an important subfield-linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), where

only elastic analysis is carried out to determine stress and displacement fields near
a crack tip with characterizing parameters like the SIF.

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Stresses & Displacements in a Cracked
body Slide # 6

Stress and Displacement Fields in Isotropic Elastic Materials

Parameters on which stress field depends near crack tip

1. far field Stress σ
2. Crack length a
3. Co-ordinate of the point where stress field determine (r, θ)
4. Geometry (central crack or edge crack), Location of crack

𝜎𝑖𝑗=𝑓(𝜎,𝑎,𝜃,𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦)
where i, j are the suffixes representing various stress components like σ11,
σ22, σ12, σ33, etc. There is a separate relation (function f) for each stress
component.
Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Coordinate axes | Cracked body
Slide # 7

x1 axis along the crack length

x2 axis in plane of plate and normal to x1-axis
x3 axis normal to plate

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Mode- I, Stresses near Crack Tip
Slide # 8

Consider a flat plate with a crack of length 2a and far field stress σ as shown in Fig.
The stress field at a general point H near the crack tip for isotropic and linear elastic
material in the flat plate for this Mode- I case is

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Mode- I, Stresses near Crack Tip
Slide # 9

For a thin plate, other stress components are negligible.

❑ In case of a thick plate σ33 = v (σ11 + σ22), where v is the Poisson's Ratio of the
material; the other two stress components (σ13, σ23) are negligible.

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Mode- I, Stress singularity
Slide # 10

1
❑ From these equations it is seen that σij directly proportional to σ, 𝑎, and .
𝑟

❑ Distance (r) between crack tip and the point plays an important role

❑ If r becomes very small, the stress components, specially σ22 goes up steeply, so
much so that for r → 0, σ22 tends to be infinite

❑ Such solutions are called singular

❑ In this case, it is known as square root singularity

❑ In some special cases of fracture mechanics, other kinds of singularities are

encountered
Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Mode- I, Displacements near Crack Tip
Slide # 11

Displacement field for a plane strain near the crack tip for Mode- I is given by

where μ is the shear modulus.

❑ The above equations do not contain any singularity, because displacement is finite
near the crack tip.
❑ These equations are valid only in the close vicinity of the crack tip.
Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Stress Intensity Factor
Slide # 12

To simplify the stress & displacement relations near crack tip, Irwin proposed a
single variable which replaces two variables in these equations, σ and a
𝐾𝐼 = 𝜎 𝜋𝑎
Stress and displacement equations now written as

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Mode- II, Stresses & Displacements
near Crack Tip Slide # 13

For Mode- II in plane strain and far field stress σ12 = 𝝉 with 𝐾𝐼𝐼 = 𝜏 𝜋𝑎 ,

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Mode- III, Stresses & Displacements
near Crack Tip Slide # 14

For Mode- III and far field stress σ23 = 𝝉 with 𝐾𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝜏 𝜋𝑎 , we have

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Stress Intensity Factor
Slide # 15

Mathematical definition of stress intensity factor

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Background | Mathematical Analysis
Slide # 16

Well known solid mechanics field equations are

1. Equilibrium equations

Body forces and stress along thickness direction are negligible

2. Strain displacement & compatibility relations

Let’s eliminate u1 & u2 from these equations

𝜕 2 𝜀11 𝜕 3 𝑢1 𝜕 2 𝜀22 𝜕 3 𝑢2 𝜕 2 𝜀12 1 𝜕 3 𝑢2 𝜕 3 𝑢1
= 2 2 = 2 = 2 + 2
𝜕𝑥22 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕 𝑥 1 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥 1 𝜕𝑥 2 2 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2
Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Background | Mathematical Analysis
Slide # 17

By putting first two equations in last, we get

𝜕 2 𝜀11 𝜕 2𝜀22 𝜕 2 𝜀12

+ - 2( )=0
𝜕𝑥22 𝜕𝑥12 𝜕𝑥1 𝜕𝑥2

where
E is the Young's
Modulus,
μ is the shear
modulus and
v is the
Poisson's Ratio.
Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Plane Stress & Plane Strain
Slide # 18

PLANE DEFORMATION
Consider a thin plate that is deformed in plane stress. On the free surfaces, the
out of plane stresses are zero and they are usually negligible in the interior points
of the plate. We thus assume
σ13 = σ23 = σ33 = 0
Therefore, the plate carries only in-plane stresses. The stress-strain relations are
simplified to

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Plane Stress & Plane Strain
Slide # 19

On the other hand, the plane strain case corresponds to a sufficiently thick plate
for which
• Displacement in x3 direction is restricted (u3 = 0) and
𝜕
• Variation in x3 direction is zero =0
𝜕𝑥3

These two conditions yield ε13 = ε23 = ε33 = 0

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Plane Stress & Plane Strain
Slide # 20

Therefore, for plane strain cases, simplified stress-strain equations are obtained by
setting ε33 = 0 in stress strain eq. then we have

σ33 = v(σ11 + σ22)

By putting σ33 value in ε11 & ε22 equation, we have

1
𝜀11 = [σ11 - v(σ33 + σ22)]
E
1
𝜀11 = [σ11 - v(v(σ11 + σ22) + σ22)]
E

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Plane Stress & Plane Strain
Slide # 21

1
𝜀11 = [σ11 - vσ22 – v2σ11 - v2σ22 ]
E
1
𝜀11 = [σ11 (1- v2) - vσ22(1 + v)]
E
Similarly we can write for ε22
𝜀11 =
1
[σ11 (1− v2) − vσ22 (1− v 2)
]
E (1 − v)

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Plane Stress & Plane Strain
Slide # 22

We can write for tensorial shear strain

𝛾 σ12 1+𝑣 (1 + 𝑣)(1 − 𝑣)

𝜀12 = = = σ12 = σ12
2 2μ E (1 − 𝑣)E

(1−𝑣 2 ) 1 (1−𝑣 2 ) 1+𝑣−𝑣

𝜀12 = σ12 = σ12
E 1−𝑣 E 1−𝑣

(𝟏−𝒗𝟐 ) 𝒗
𝜀1𝟐 = 𝟏+ σ12
𝑬 𝟏−𝒗

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Plane Stress & Plane Strain
Slide # 23

In the above equations, we define

Then, stress-strain relations for the plane strain become

We thus note that the form of these equations is exactly the same as that of
the corresponding equations for plane stress cases
Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Biharmonic Differential Equation
Slide # 24

❑ The field equations are too many and we can reduce them by going to the
higher order of differential equations.
❑ The analysis of determining stress field in the vicinity of a crack tip is done
either in stress, strain or displacement components.
❑ It is convenient to solve the differential equations with stress components as
dependent variables for many problems of fracture mechanics.
❑ This is because the boundary conditions, especially at the cracked faces, are
usually known in stress components i.e. σ22 = σ12 = 0 since cracked surfaces
are traction free
Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Biharmonic Differential Equation
Slide # 25

Compatibility equations in terms of strains are

Using stress- strain relations, we can write above equation in terms of stresses

This equation contains three variables, σ11, σ22 and σ12 and new function Ф known as
Airy’s stress function is defined as

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Biharmonic Differential Equation
Slide # 26

the governing differential equation will be

This equation is generally written in more compact form by making use of the symbol

Then we can write

which is known as Biharmonic Equation

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Cauchy-Riemann Relations Slide # 27

Complex Variables

This analogy will replace two variables by one, which will reduce the complexity
of the problem
z = x1 + i.x2 = r(cos θ + i.sinθ ) = r.eiθ
If F(z) is a complex function of variable z it can be written as
F (z) = ReF + i.lmF
F(z) forms a surface on a complex plane. The function is analytic at a point z if
the derivative is the same in all directions

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Cauchy-Riemann Relations Slide # 28

Since, F'(z) = Re F' + i ImF', the equations are rewritten as

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Cauchy-Riemann Relations Slide # 29

Comparing real and imaginary parts, we obtain (Cauchy-Riemann relations):

These equations are useful for further analysis

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Westergaard’s Approach Slide # 30

❑ To solve biharmonic equation, Ф is to be expressed in complex function ZI (z)

for mode-I problem

❑ ZI (z) is an intermediate solution which satisfies biharmonic equation

❑ Similarly, Westergard proposed solution ZII (z) for the biharmonic equation for
Mode-II problem

❑ Mode-III problems are simple and can be solved without taking help of the
biharmonic equation

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 31

For Mode-I problems, Ф is expressed as

We have to show that expression of Ф satisfies the biharmonic equation. Also

we will express σ11, σ22 and σ12 in terms of ZI (z)

Following conventions will be followed

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 32

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 33

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 34

Substituting in biharmonic equation

It satisfies biharmonic equation therefore we can write

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 35

The function ZI(z) is still unknown and we have to choose it in such a way that
it should satisfy all boundary conditions. Once ZI(z) will be known, the stress
field near crack tip can be easily obtained

Lets find the displacement near crack tip (Plane stress)

𝜕𝑢1 1
= 𝜀11 = 𝜎11 − ν𝜎22
𝜕𝑥1 𝐸

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 36

𝜕𝑢2 1
= 𝜀22 = 𝜎22 − ν𝜎11
𝜕𝑥2 𝐸

1 𝜕𝑢1 𝜕𝑢2 𝜎12

+ = 𝜀12 =
2 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥1 2𝜇

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 37

Lets put E = 2μ(1+ν) in previous equations and upon integrating these

equations, we will get displacements u1 and u2 respectively
𝜕𝑢1 1
= 𝜀11 = 1 − ν 𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐼 − 1 + ν 𝑥2 𝐼𝑚𝑍𝐼 ′
𝜕𝑥1 𝐸

Upon Integrating

Where f(x2) is integration constants independent of x1 but may be a function of x2

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 38

Lets put E = 2μ(1+ν) in previous equations and upon integrating these

equations, we will get displacements u1 and u2 respectively
𝜕𝑢2 1
= 𝜀22 = 1 − ν 𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐼 + 1 + ν 𝑥2 𝐼𝑚𝑍𝐼 ′
𝜕𝑥2 𝐸

Upon Integrating

Where g(x1) is integration constants independent of x2 but may be a function of x1

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 39

To find f(x2) and g(x1), we have to put u1 and u2 in equation of ε12

After differentiation u1 with x2 and u2 with x1 and putting in above equation, we

find that al the terms involving ZI cancel each other, leaving only following
equation

Where A is a constant. On integrating,

f(x2) = Ax2 + B
g(x1) = -Ax1 + C
Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 40

In the previous equations, B and C are constants which are independent of x1 and x2
therefore B and C corresponds to rigid body translation and may ignore in
displacement equation

Rigid body rotation -

Only f(x2) and g(x1) terms are considered

Thus A corresponds to rigid body rotation and we can ignore it in displacement

equation u1 and u2

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 41

These are equations of displacement field in plane stress case -

We have expressed all stress and displacement components in terms of

westergard function Z I which is still unknown

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 42

The Westergard function does not solve a problem completely but it solves it to a
stage from where we have a much better chance to guess the form of Z I by looking
at the boundary conditions of a problem.
Lets consider a infinite plate with through the thickness crack of length 2a, loaded
under a biaxial field of stress σ as shown in figure -
σ • At crack tip
x2 σ22 = infinite
σ
σ • On crack surfaces i.e. x2 = 0 ; -a < x1 < a
x1
2a σ22 = 0 ; σ12 = 0
• Far away from the crack (Large |Z|)
σ σ11= σ ; σ22= σ ; σ12= 0
Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 43

Recalling stress equations

To satisfy all the Boundary conditions, Westergard proposed function of Z as follows

For first Boundary condition, (x1 = a and x2 = 0)

𝜎 𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑥2 𝜎𝑥1 At crack tip, (x1 = a)

𝜎22 = 𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐼 = 1ൗ = 1ൗ
2 2 2 2 which gives σ22 = infinite
𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑥2 − 𝑎2 𝑥1 − 𝑎2

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 44

For second Boundary condition, (-a < x1 < a and x2 = 0)

On crack surface only imaginary part of Z I exist and real part will be zero and
hence, σ22 = Re Z I = 0

For third Boundary condition, ( |Z| infinite)

Since stress equations contains Z I (z) and Z I’ (z) term
𝜎𝑧 𝜎𝑧 𝜎
𝑍𝐼 𝑧 = 1ൗ = 1ൗ = 1ൗ
𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 2 𝑎2 2 𝑎2 2
𝑧 1− 2 1− 2
𝑧 𝑧
Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 45

Z can be written in polar coordinates –

Z = r . e iθ

|Z| = |r| . |e iθ| = |r|

Z = |Z| . e iθ

𝑎
For, << 1 since |Z| infinite
𝑍

We can write, Z I (z) = σ

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 46

Now, let’s find

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Z I’ (z) => we have to use =
𝑑𝑧 𝑣 𝑣2

2 2 1/2 σ𝑧 2 2 −1/2
σ 𝑧 −𝑎 − (2𝑧)
2
𝑧 −𝑎 σ(𝑧 2 −𝑎2 −𝑧 2 )
Z I’ (z) = =
𝑧 2 −𝑎2 (𝑧 2 −𝑎2 )3/2

Therefore, for |Z| → infinite , Z I’ (z) = 0

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 47

=σ
=σ Satisfy the third boundary condition
=0

Therefore, chosen form of Z I (z) is correct

To determine stress field near crack tip, it is convenient to transform the origin
from the centre of the crack to its tip
Z = a + z0
Where z0 is measured from the crack tip
Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 48

𝑧 𝑧
𝜎 𝑎+𝑧𝑜 𝜎𝑎 1+ 𝑎𝑜 𝜎 𝑎 1+ 𝑎𝑜
𝑍𝐼 𝑧𝑜 = 1ൗ 1ൗ = 1ൗ = 1ൗ
𝑎+𝑧𝑜 −𝑎 2× 𝑎+𝑧𝑜 +𝑎 2 1ൗ 𝑧 2 1 𝑧 2
2𝑧𝑜 𝑎 2 1+ 𝑜 2𝑧𝑜 ൗ2 1+ 𝑜
2𝑎 2𝑎

Since |zo| << a is in the vicinity of the crack tip, the equation can be simplified as

𝜎 𝑎 𝜎 𝜋𝑎 𝐾𝐼
𝑍𝐼 𝑧𝑜 ≈ 1 = 1 = 1ൗ
2𝑧𝑜 ൗ2 2𝜋𝑧𝑜 ൗ2 2𝜋𝑧𝑜 2

Let’s express z0 in polar coordinates as

z0 = r (cos θ + i . sinθ)

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 49

𝐾𝐼 −1ൗ
𝑍𝐼 𝑧𝑜 = 1ൗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2
2𝜋𝑟 2

We know that 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑛 = cos(𝑛𝜃) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜃)

𝐾𝐼 𝜃 𝜃
𝑍𝐼 𝑧𝑜 = 1ൗ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛
2𝜋𝑟 2 2 2

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 50

Similarly we can express Z I’ (z)

𝜎𝑎2 𝜎𝑎2
𝑍𝐼 ′ 𝑧 =− 3ൗ =− 3ൗ 3ൗ
2
𝑍 −𝑎 2 2 𝑧−𝑎 2 × 𝑧+𝑎 2

We know, σ11 = ReZ I - x2 ImZ I’ (z)

Putting values of Z I (z0) and Z I’ (z0) in above equation and x2 = r . sin θ

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 51

σ11 =

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 52

Similarly,

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 53

Let’s find displacement field and for that we need 𝑧ഥ𝐼

𝐾𝐼
Z I (z0) =
2𝜋𝑧0

1ൗ
2𝐾𝐼 𝑧𝑜 2𝑧𝑜 2
𝑍ҧ 𝐼 𝑧𝑜 = = 𝐾𝐼
2𝜋 𝜋

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 54

Displacement for plane stress

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Mode-I (Opening Mode) Slide # 55

It is seen from displacement expressions that displacements are finite and

there is no square root singularity. The previous expressions are valid only in
the close vicinity of the crack tip.

Note that u1 does not depend on the sign of

θ because Mode-I problem is symmetric
about the crack plane. However u2 changes
its sign as θ is replaced by – θ

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Crack Opening Displacement (COD) Slide # 56

The distance between two crack faces is known as crack opening displacement
(COD). It is useful for carrying out experiments and for defining the parameter,
crack tip opening displacement (CTOD)

Lets consider plane stress case,

1 2
𝑢2 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑍ഥ𝐼 − 𝑥2 𝑅𝑒 𝑍𝐼
2𝜇 (1 + 𝑣)
At x2 = 0
1 2
𝑢2 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑍ഥ𝐼
2𝜇 (1 + 𝑣)

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Crack Opening Displacement (COD) Slide # 57

σ𝑧
𝑍𝐼 = 2
(𝑧 − 𝑎2 )1/2

We have to integrate Z I to find 𝑍ഥ𝐼 and this integration will be solved by

substitution
Put u = z2 – a2
σ𝑧
𝑍ഥ𝐼 = න 2 2 1/2
𝑑𝑧 du = 2zdz
(𝑧 − 𝑎 ) du/2 = z dz

1
− +1
σ 1 𝑢 2
𝑍ഥ𝐼 = න 𝑑𝑢 = σ = σ 𝑢 = σ 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2
2(𝑢)1/2 2 1/2

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Crack Opening Displacement (COD) Slide # 58

𝑍ഥ𝐼 = σ 𝑧 2 − 𝑎2 = 𝑖σ 𝑎2 − 𝑧 2 = 𝑖σ 𝑎2 − 𝑥1 2

1 2
𝐶𝑂𝐷 = 2𝑢2 = 2 σ 𝑎2 − 𝑥1 2 𝐸 = 2𝜇(1 + 𝑣)
2𝜇 1+𝑣

4σ 2
𝐶𝑂𝐷 = 𝑎 − 𝑥1 2
𝐸

Maximum COD will be at x1 = 0

4𝜎𝑎
𝐶𝑂𝐷 =
𝐸
Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Prob. 1 Slide # 59

A large center cracked plate of crack length 2.00 mm is loaded in Mode–I. The far field
stress is 100 MPa. Calculate the maximum shear stress close to the crack tip (i.e. at
the radius 0.1 mm and θ = 30o). The plate material is linearly elastic with Poisson’s
ratio = 0.3. Assume plane stress conditions only.

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Prob. 1 Slide # 60

Solution:
State of stress at a point which is at distance r = 0.1 mm and θ = 30o from the crack
tip is
K I =   a = 177.24MPa mm
KI   3 
 11 = cos 1 − sin sin  = 176.45MPa
( 2 r ) 2 2 2
1
2
KI   3 
 22 = cos 1 + sin sin  = 255.28MPa
( 2 r ) 2 2 2
1
2
KI   3
 12 = sin cos sin = 39.49MPa
( 2 r )
1
2 2 2 2

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Prob. 1 Slide # 61

We have been asked to determine maximum shear stress, therefore first we have to
find principal stress and from principal stress we can find maximum shear stress

𝜎11 + 𝜎22 𝜎11 − 𝜎22 2

𝜎1,2 = ± + 𝜎12 2
2 2

𝜎1 = 271.65 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜎2 = 160.07 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜎3 = 0 For Plane Stress conditions.

𝜎1 − 𝜎3
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 135.81MPa
2

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Prob. 2 Slide # 62

In a large plate, a crack of length 2a is inclined with an

angle  with x1-axis. The plate is loaded in x2 direction
with .
1. Find the stress intensity factors.
2. Determine the stresses near the crack tip

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Prob. 2 Slide # 63

Hint to solve the problem

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Prob. 2 Slide # 64

Hint to solve the problem

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Prob. 2 Slide # 65

Hint to solve the problem

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Derivations Slide # 66

❑ Derive the relation between plane strain elastic modulus (E’) and Poisson's ratio
(ν’) and plane stress elastic modulus (E) and Poisson's ratio (ν).

❑ Derive the expression for Crack Opening Displacement for a given Mode- I
problem

❑ Displacement near the crack tip is determined by integrating strain components.

Why do we equate integration constants to zero? Use strain equations to justify
your answer

1 1−𝜈 1 1−𝜈 𝑅𝑒𝑍′𝐼

𝜀11 = 𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐼 − 𝑥2 𝐼𝑚𝑍′𝐼 ; 𝜀22 = 𝑅𝑒𝑍𝐼 + 𝑥2 𝐼𝑚𝑍′𝐼 ; 𝜀12 = −𝑥2
2𝐺 1+𝜈 2𝐺 1+𝜈 2𝐺

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Derivations Slide # 67

❑ Verify that the Airy stress function satisfies the compatibility equations.

Note: Consider Mode–I, Plane stress case only

𝜎𝑧
❑ Show that the Westergaard function 𝑍𝐼 𝑧 = satisfy all boundary conditions
𝑧 2 −𝑎2
and suitable for Mode-1 problem (Plane stress)

❑ Show that Φ = −𝑥2 ReZത II , chosen for Mode II problem, satisfies the biharmonic
equation.

1
❑ Show that 𝑤 = ImZIII , chosen for Mode III problem, satisfies the Laplace
𝜇
equation.
Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Additional Derivations Slide # 68

❑ Determine the stress and displacement fields (plane stress) in the vicinity of crack
tip in mode- II loading

❑ Determine the stress and displacement fields in the vicinity of crack tip in mode- III
loading

❑ Determine the stress and displacement fields (plane strain) in the vicinity of crack
tip in mode- II loading

Vikas Chaudhari BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus