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Ultrasonic Testing (UT) - Non Destructive Testing - 08

The document discusses ultrasonic testing techniques including pulse-echo, through transmission, normal beam, and angle beam. It describes transducer types, couplants, A-scan, B-scan, and C-scan presentations, and advantages and disadvantages of ultrasonic testing.

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karrarid900
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16 views

Ultrasonic Testing (UT) - Non Destructive Testing - 08

The document discusses ultrasonic testing techniques including pulse-echo, through transmission, normal beam, and angle beam. It describes transducer types, couplants, A-scan, B-scan, and C-scan presentations, and advantages and disadvantages of ultrasonic testing.

Uploaded by

karrarid900
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Subject: Non Destructive Testing By: Dr. Safaa Kh.

Code: MAE412 / 1st Semester Department of Materials Engineering


Class: 4th Year Engineering College, Basrah University

Ultrasonic Test Techniques


1- Pulse-Echo Technique
 A transducer sends a pulse of energy and the same or a second
transducer listens for reflected energy (an echo).
 Reflections occur due to the presence of discontinuities and the
surfaces of the test specimen.
 The amount of reflected sound energy is displayed versus time,
which provides the inspector information about the size and the
location of features that reflect the sound.

1
Subject: Non Destructive Testing By: Dr. Safaa Kh.
Code: MAE412 / 1st Semester Department of Materials Engineering
Class: 4th Year Engineering College, Basrah University

2- Through-Transmission Technique
 Two transducers located on opposing sides of the test specimen are
used. One as a transmitter, the other as a receiver.
 Discontinuities in the sound path will lead to a partial or total loss of
sound being transmitted and be indicated by a decrease in the
received signal amplitude.
 Through transmission is useful in detecting discontinuities that are
not good reflectors, and when signal strength is weak.
 It does not provide information about discontinuity depth.

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Subject: Non Destructive Testing By: Dr. Safaa Kh.
Code: MAE412 / 1st Semester Department of Materials Engineering
Class: 4th Year Engineering College, Basrah University

Normal and Angle Beam Techniques


Normal Beam Technique Angle Beam Technique
1 The sound beam is introduced at The sound beam is introduced at
90° to the surface. some angle other than 90°.
2 A normal probe is designed to Angle probes are designed to transmit
transmit a compression wave shear waves or Rayleigh waves

The choice between normal and angle beam inspection usually depends on
two considerations:

 The orientation of the feature of interest (the sound should be directed to


produce the largest reflection from the feature).
 Obstructions on the surface of the part that must be worked around.

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Subject: Non Destructive Testing By: Dr. Safaa Kh.
Code: MAE412 / 1st Semester Department of Materials Engineering
Class: 4th Year Engineering College, Basrah University

Types of UT Transducers
 Single-element transducers: Transmit a signal, stop, then receive a
signal.
 Dual-element transducers: Two crystal elements housed in the same
case (transmitter and receiver).
– No need for the element to stop transmitting to “listen” for a
response.
– Better for detecting surface defects.

 Angle-beam transducer: Introduces shear waves or Rayleigh waves


into a part.

– Used for inspection of welds.


 Paintbrush transducer: A type of immersion transducer used for
scanning wide areas.
 Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT): does not need
couplant.

Couplant
 The material used to facilitate the transmission of ultrasonic energy from
the transducer into the test specimen.
 Needed due to high impedance mismatch between air and test materials.
 Couplant displaces the air: Usually made of oil, water, or glycerine.

4
Subject: Non Destructive Testing By: Dr. Safaa Kh.
Code: MAE412 / 1st Semester Department of Materials Engineering
Class: 4th Year Engineering College, Basrah University

Type of UT Presentations:
A-scan:

 Displays signal amplitude versus distance or time.


 The height of the echo is proportional to the size of the reflecting
surface. (Results affected by the distance travelled by the signal and
attenuation effects).
 The linear position of the echo is proportional to the distance of the
reflecting surface from the probe.

A-scan display: (a) reflections obtained from defect and backwall; (b)
representation of 'A' scan screen display.
B-scan:

 Displays a profile (cross-sectional) view of the test specimen.


 Shows position of defects within a material.
 Used with automatic and semi-automatic testing techniques.

5
Subject: Non Destructive Testing By: Dr. Safaa Kh.
Code: MAE412 / 1st Semester Department of Materials Engineering
Class: 4th Year Engineering College, Basrah University

B-scan display.

C-scan:

 Displays a plan view of the location and size of the test specimen.

6
Subject: Non Destructive Testing By: Dr. Safaa Kh.
Code: MAE412 / 1st Semester Department of Materials Engineering
Class: 4th Year Engineering College, Basrah University

Advantages of Ultrasonic Testing (UT)


1- Sensitive to both surface and subsurface discontinuities.
2- The depth of penetration is superior to other NDT methods.
3- Only single-sided access is needed when the pulse-echo technique is
used.
4- Highly accurate in determining reflector position.
5- Minimal part preparation is required.
6- Provides instantaneous results.
7- Detailed images can be produced with automated systems.
8- Can used for thickness measurement, in addition to flaw detection.

Disadvantages of Ultrasonic Testing (UT)


1- The surface must be accessible.
2- Skill and training are more extensive than with some other methods.
3- It normally requires a coupling medium.
4- Materials that are rough, irregular in shape, very small, thin or not
homogeneous are difficult to inspect.
5- Cast iron and other coarse-grained materials are difficult to inspect
due to low sound transmission and high signal noise.
6- Linear defects oriented parallel to the sound beam may go
undetected.
7- Reference standards are required.

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