CURRENT AFFAIRS-

UNITED NATIONS—

1. HQ- New York... + 6 principal Organs-> i> UNGA ii> UNSC iii> ICJ iv> Trustesheep Council v> Secretariat vi>
Economic and Social council .
2. Famous UN Report i> Global Environment Outlook by UNEP ii> World Investment Report by UNCTAD iii>
World of Work by ILO iv> World Citis Report by UN Habitat v> Industrial Development Report by UNIDO....
3. Article 99 of UN Charter UN Secretary General may bring in notice of UNSC any matter which is threatening
the International peace and security..  Israel invasion of Palestine . Article 99 invoked only on 4 Occasion.
4. UNESCO HQ-Paris , Specialised agency of UN, + USA has rejoined after 5 years. UNESCO Awards-> i> Asia
Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation programme ii> Felix Houphouet Boigny Peace Prize( to
individuals and institution ) for peace. + 3 UNESCO members not member of UN i> Cook Island ii> Plaestine
iii> Niue and + 2 UN members not part of UNESCO i> Israel and ii> Liechinstein...+ UNESCO ka Education for
All initiative + UNESCO ka Media Development Indicators.. UNESCO REPORT i>Global Education Monitoring
report ii> Global Ocean Science Report iii>UN World Water Development Report iv> Global Report on Culture
for Sustainable Development..+ Related Asia Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Development under
rd
UNESCO India relected as president for 3 time successively and HQ-> Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia..
5. UN Human Rights Council i> UNGA elect it’s members ii> Russia ousted due to Ukraine war iii>Tenure-> 3
years and members not eligible for re-election after two consecutive terms+ iv> Minimum 97 votes to get
elected. V> 1 president and 4 vice-president who represent 5 regional council.+ Decision of Council are NOT
legally binding. i> UNDHR + ii> International Covenant on Civil and Political rights iii> International Covenant
on Social-Cultural and Economic Rights== BILLS OF HUMAN RIGHTS. India is a signatory to UNDHR + Hansa
Mehta –MR Masani – Laksmi Menon represented it there.. Vieena Declaration and Programme of Action w.r.t
Human Right protections.
UN PEACEKEEPERS i>Dag Hammarskjold Medals to Peacekeeper who died .. India’s ROLE- > 3 largest
rd
6.
st st
troop contributor + 1 to contribute on Trust Fund in Sexual Exploitation and abuse +1 to deploy all women
contingent + COP Shakti Devi of Jammu and Kashmir-> Intnl Female Police Peacekeeper Award for deploying in
Afganistan...
7. 5 Regional Commission of UN i> AFRICA ii> Latin America and Carribean iii> Asia and Pacific iv>Western Asia v>
Europe ..+ UN Economic and Social Council for Asia –Pacific ki Reports-.> 1> Sustainable Finance : Bridging the Gap
in Asia and Pacific 2>SDG Progress Assesment Report 3> Asia-Pacific Disaster Report...
8. UNCITRAL Not part of WTO+ Individial or Pvt parties ( WTO States_) + Under UNGA + 70 members
elected by UNGA + Tenure-> 6 years+ India members till 2028...
9. UN capital Development Fund For Financing activities in Least Developed Countries
10. Global Response Crisis Group United Nations+ India members+ Crisis-> Food Security, Finance and Energy
crisis..
11. UNCTAD established by UNGA .. Report 1. Trade and Development Report + ii> World Investment Report +
iii> Least Developed Countriaes Report + iv> Economic Development Report + v> Digital Economy Report + vi>
Technology and Innovation report.
12. FAO Specialised agency of UN + India Member + Reports State of Food security and Nutrition report +
State of Food and Agricrulture+ State of World Forest Report + Hunger Map + Codex Alimentarius Commission
to implement International Food standards... + World Food Day on 16 Octobers.
13. International Coffee Organisation Both Exporting(42) and Importing coffee (7) countries are members +
under UNITED NATIONS + India is an exporting countries member+ Only Intnl organisation bringing Coffee
exporting and importing countries together.
14. L-69 Groups Group calling for Reforms in UNSC.+ India is a leading country of L-69..
15. IMO ( aka International Maritime Organisation)  Current India re-elected to IMO
i> specialised agency of UN ii> IMO in Environment protection a> MARPOL Convention-> to minimise
pollution from shipping b> Particular Sensitive Sea Area-> Area designated by IMO for extra protections
c> London Dumping Convention d> IMO 2020 RULE lower limit of sulphur content in ship fuel oil
e>Energy Efficiency Existing Ship Index-> mandatory for ships to calculate Energy efficiency and carbon intensity
Maritime Safety a> SOLAS Conventions standards of ship construction and equipments b> Djibouti Code
of Conduct around Western Indian Ocean to prevent piracynd
 IMO Councils i> Category AStates with interest in providing international shipping services ii> Category B
 State interst in intnl sea trade+ INDIA belong to this category. + iii> Category C  Interest in
maritime Interest and Navigations...
16. UN CONVENTION against Transboundary Organised Crimes-> Legally Binding instrument + UN Office on Drugs
and Crime implements+ CBI as Nodal agency in India + 3 supplementary Protocol -> i> No Human Trafficking
especially Women and Children ii> No Migration or Smuggling by Land-Sea-Water + iii> No Illicit Manfucaturing
and Trafficking in Firearms
17. UN CONVENTION AGAINST CRIME-> only legally binding treaty against corruption + India is a members+ UN
Office on Drugs and Crimes as custodian

MISCELLANEOUS—
I. UN General Comment 26  Protect Child rights against Climate change
II.

GROUPINGS

1. G7 JAPAN + USA + ITALY + CANADA + ENGLAND + GERAMANY + FRANCE .. trick => JUICE GF
Initially G-8 but Russia invaded Crimea G7. + NO PERMANENT SECRETARIAT + EU is not a members but
attend G7 meeting..+
Current i> Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment ( ROAD wala) + ii> RISE initiative by JAPAN
and World Bank diversify supply chain for clean energy project....
2. G-20  JAPAN+ USA+ ITALY+ CANADA+ ENGLAND+ GERMANY + FRANCE+ BRAZIL+ RUSSIA + INDIA + CHINA+
SOUTH AFRICA + INDONESIA+ AUSTRALIA + EUROPEAN UNION+ SOUTH KOREA + ARGENTINA + MEXICO + SAUDI
ARABIA + TURKEY + + AFRICAN UNION Trick G7+ BRICS+ In Australia ESiKa Argues + Saudi + Turkey+ Mexico+
African Union( Recent)

3. SAARC Maldives+ Bhutan + Bangladesh + Srilanka + Pakistan + Afganistan+ India + Nepal... Tricks MBBS
PAIN + HQ Kathmandu Nepal + India mein SAARC University @ Delhi.. NOTES-> Maldives or Burma is not in
SAARC. B for Bhutan

4. BIMSTEC( Bay of Bengal wali countries) Myannmar + Bangladesh + Bhutan + Sri lanka+ Thailand+ India +
Nepal. Tricks MBBS TIN + Formation BANGKOK DECLARATION + Hq Dhaka , Bangladesh Founding
members Bagladesh + India+ Srilanka + Thailand i.e ( BIST)..... + 6 focus areas Trade+ Technology+
Transport+ Tourism + Energy + Fisheries....+ Summit every 4 years par Notes-> Bhutan is also here

5. Mekong – GANGA COOPERATION Laos+ India+ Myannmar+ Cambodia+ Thailand + Vietnam.. Notes
China is not there....... Mekong Rivers-> Above 5 S.E countries+ China....

6. ASEAN-- Malaysia + Brunei + Burma + Singapore+ Indonesia + Phiilipine + Laos+ Thailand + Vietnam +
Cambodia TRICKS MBBS IPL TV + Cambodia
+ Establishment => Bangkok Declarations + HQ- Jakarta, Indonesia... +
ASEAN COMMUNITY 3 PILLARS i> Political –Security Community ii> Economic Community iii> Socio-Cultural
community..
East Asian Summit ASEAN + Japan+ Australia+ South Korea+ New Zealand+ USA + RUSSIA... Trick  JASN
mnaya India ne jb China ko haraya+ USA+ Russia.....
Dialogue partner of ASEAN Japan+ Australia + South Korea+ Newzealand + India + China + USA+ UK +
CANADA+ EU and inn sbka Dushman->+ RUSSIA. Tricks JASN mnaya jb India ne China ko haraya + USA
+RUSSIA + UK+ CANADA+ EU
 ASEAN PLUS THREE COOPERATIONS ASEAN + CHINA + JAPAN and + South Korea.

Current-
th
- Modiji attended 20 ASEAN-INDIA Summit  12 POINT PROPOSAL-- multimodal connectivity+ DPI etc etc

7. BRICS Founding members Brazil+ Russia + India + China+ South Africa.. + New members Egypt+ Ethiopia (
Dushman )+ Iran + Saudi (Dushman ) + UAE---
Info Origin Goldman Sach Paper  Group of Fast developing economies outside G7
Initially BRIC + South Africa  BRICS...
No permanent secretariat
Initiative i> New Development Bank ii> Contingent Reserve Arrangement for Short term liquidity iii> BRICS
R&D Centres for Vaccines iv> BRICS alliance for Green Tourism..

NEW DEVELOPMENT BANK BRICS members + Bangladesh + Egypt+ UAE ( + Uruguay as prospective
nd
members).. HQ—Shangai + India is 2 largest recipient after CHINA)
Current ->Regional office of NDB @ GIFT City

Current-> Johannesburg Declaration Expansion of BRICS Egypt+Ethiopia+ Iran + Saudi Arabia + UAE..
FRIENDS OF BRICS MEETING Countries i> Belarus ii> Burundi iii> Iran iv> UAE v> Saudi Arabia vi> Egypt
vii>Kazaksthan viii> Cuba .. Tricks  CBBI + SAUDI + IRAN ( Dushman) + EK aur yaad krna hai => UAE.....
EK-> Egypt and Kazaksthan + UAE+ Notes-> Jaha Saudi hota hai waha UAE aa hi jata hai...

8. Shangai Cooperation Organisations ( SCO) -> Russia+ China+ Kazaksthan + Kyrgystan + Tajikistan + Uzbekisan+
India+ Pak+ Iran . Trick Russia- China i know. Except Turkeminstan all central Asian countries + INDIA –PAK
were later added @ Astana Summit + IRAN -> recently added in India’s presidency....
HQ-> BEIJING + Official languages-> Russian + Chinese +
Council of Head of states-> Apex decision making bodies
nd
Council of Head of Government 2 highest council
2 permanent bodies i> secretariat @ Beijing ii> RATS( Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure) @ Tashkent +
India is a member of RATS.....
Dialogue partners-> 6  i> Azerbaijan + ii> Armenia + iii> Turkey + iv> Nepal + v> Srilanka + vi Cambodia .
Important Armenia and Azerbaijan both are included in Dialogue partner

Observers states-> i> Belarus( Russia ka dost) ii> Mongolia ( China ka dost) iii>Afganistan( Pak ka dost)  Trick –
Afganistan mein sb BEL MAAng rhe hai......

CURRENT First ever Chairmanship in India (2023)=> NEW DELHI DECLARAION-> against terrorism, separatism, etc
. Earlier Samarkand declaration and Next Kazaksthan
Theme SECURE SCO....-> SECURE modiji coined  Security + Economic Development+ Connectivity + Unity + Respect
for territorial intergrity and sovereignity + Environmental Protection...
th
IRAN as new members(9 ) + Kashi as cultural capital of SCO. + New pillars under India STD BY Startup +
Traditional medicine + Digital inclusion + Buddhist heritage+ Youth Development ( yaad rahe to theek)

9. GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL UAE+ SAUDI+ BAHRAIN+ QATAR+ OMAN + QATAR--. Trick=> US mein Beef Q
OK h??
Info HQ Riyadh + Official language -> Arabic + India is largest trading prtner Bloc.
Current India’s Mission to provide Legal Assistance to distressed Indian in GCC countries( Nurse wala case)
Additional- i> Mission will not fight case by itself + Expenditure From Indian Community Welfare Fund
(ICWF) + iii> ICWF is not used for OCI or PIO card holder
10. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation+ established by Washington Convention against USSR+ HQ->
Brussels..
Article 5 Attack against one is attack against all + Article 5 invoked only once-> 9/11 attack on USA
Members 32 EU ( including Norway and Sweden)+ USA + CANADA =34
EU Nation not member of NATO i> Austria ii> Cyprus iii>Ireland iv> Malta TRICKS I AM Cyprus
NATO Plus 5 NATO + Japan+ Australia+ South Korea + New Zealand + Israel ( JASN + I)
Current Norway and Sweden recently joined NATO.
India is neither a MAJOR NON-NATO ALLY nor a member of NATO plus 5 groups...
CURRENT European Sky Shield Initiative== > Air and Missile Defence system to strengthen NATO +
Spearheaded by Germany + France is NOT a members.

11. I2U2 India+ Israel+ UAE+ USA . Established post Abraham Records...
12. AUKUS Australia + UK+ USA... Current AUKUS launched Deep Space Advanced Radar Capability( DARC) for
space explorations...
13. International Atomic Energy Agency HQ-> Vieena , Austria + world’s central intergovernmental forum in
Nuclear Field..... + Developed a Safeguards Agreement....
14. International Organisation for Migration and MEA launched PRAYAAS..--.>Migrant workers ki dekhbal+ IOM is
part of UN.

15. FATF G7+ Money Laundering and Anti-terrorist financing wagerah + Grey List( Safe Haven countries ) and
Black List( non-cooperative countries) + South Africa and Niger in grey list + FATF publishes Crowd-Funding
for Terrorism Financing Report..
th
Current-> 4 round of Mutual Evaluation in India.......

16. INTERPOL Purpose-> Information exchange between National Police Forces. + Nodal Agency in India CBI
HQ- Lyon ( France)
Info Only organisation with mandate and technological inOfrastructure to share police info globally +
Important-> INTERPOL is not a POLICE FORCE i.e no power to arrest , investigate or prosecute crimes....
Initiatives-- International Radio Networks-> Independent telecommunication System for use of criminal police
authorities + ii> I-CORE programme To harness technology to turn big data into actionable intelligence....
RED NOTICE WANTED
BLACK NOTICE DEAD BODY
ORANGE NOTICE IMMIENENT THREAT
YELLOW NOTICE MISSING PERSON
PURPLE MODUS OPERANDI
BLUE NOTICE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
GREEN NOTICE Warning and INTELLIGENCE
Extra Macolin Conventions Against Match Fixing ( Satta Bajar)

17. INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOCIATIONS( IORA)  Based on Nelson Mandela Vision+ India is a member + overall 23
countries
18. Eastern Economic Forum-> encourage Foreign Investment in Russia’s Far East regions.. + Biggest Investor
China> South Korea > Japan]
19. Partnership in Blue Pacific informal mechanism +  Japan + Australia + New Zealand + USA + UK...... Trick
 Blue aankhon wali JANUU......( Aisi tricks brain sbse pehle yaad krega)
20. G77 group Reality 134 members ..+ China does not officially consider itself as a members...
21. International Organisation of Legal Meterology Certificate India became OILM certificate issuing authority +
certificate-> thermometer etc
22. International Transport Forum NGO+ only global bodies that cover all transport modes+ Released Transport
Outlook Report...
 23. OPEC oil exporting countries + 12 members
Notes-> Angola + Russia + Qatar are not members.....
Info Use Brent Crude Indec for quality market......
24. Paris Clubs Informal Group of OECD to help countries with unsustainable debts.+ India and China are not its
members+ India Adhoc members
25. Tax Inspector Without Borders Joint initiative of OECD and UNDP + purpose transfer of tax – audit
knowledge + Current Launched a programme in India and Saint Lucia...
26. Collective Security Treaty Organisations Post cold war + Socialistic States + Members Armenia+ Belaurs+
Kazaksthan+ Kyrgystan + Russia + Tajikistan

IMPORTANT NEWS—

1. BRI of China CPEC (part of BRI) connect Xingjiang Uyghur province in China and Gwadar port in Pakistan + it
passes through Indian territory of Gilgit- Baltistan
Counter BRII-> i> PGII by G7 ( earlier known as Build Back Better World) ii> Global Gateway initiative of
European Union iii> IMEC by India iv> INSTC
Current-> Italy ( only G7 nation in BRI) also withdrew...
2. INSTC normal + Iran ka BANDAR ABAS port...
3. Northern Sea Route connect Eastern and Western part of Artic ocean within Russia’s EEZ. + connect
Barrent’s Sea to Bering strait. + Spread 4 seas across Artic oceans i> Kara Sea ii> Laptev sea iii>East Siberian
Sea iv>Cuckchi sea + shortest route btw Europe and Asia-Pacific regions. + India ka initiative  Chennai –
Vladivostok Maritime corridor aka Eastern Maritime corridor => passes through Sea of Japan+ South China sea
and Malacca strait..
4. Batagaika Crater World’s Biggest Permafrost crater in Russia + melting
5.

Miscellaneos Indonesia as India’s largest trading partner in ASEAN regions.. + India’s largest export market in
neighbourhood region is Bangladesh...

ISRAEL –HAMAS WAR--

1.

2. Hamas launched Operation Toofan Al- Aqasa.... while Israel retaliated with Operation Iron Swords...
Key events-
I. Balfour Declaration by Britain(1917)-> establish National home for Jewish people
st
II. 1 Arab-Israel War(1948) When UN voted to split Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. ->
Arab rejected and War
Nd
III. 2 Arab-Israel War aka Suez War Israel + UK + France vs Egypt  Decline in UK- France Influence
and USA became most influential
rd
IV. 3 Arab-Israel War( aka Six day war) Israel gained i> Senai Peninsula and Gaza strip from Eqypt
ii>West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan iii> Golan heights from Syria
th
V. YOM KIPPUR WAR aks 4 Israel-ARAB WAR Egypt and Syria surprise attack on Israel post 6 day war
to reclaim the lost territory+ Yon Kippur Jewish holy day + US supported Israel vs USSR supported
Egypt and Syria + UN ne peacekrwa diya
VI.
VII. OSLA ACCORDS-> Btw Palestian Liberation Organisation and Israel Palestianian Authority PA
governs Gaza and West Banks.....
st
VIII. Camp – Davids Accord(1978)-> peace treaty btw Israel and Egypt mediated by USA. Egypt became 1
Arab country to Establish Diplomatic Relation with Israel...
nd st
IX. Jordan –Israel Peace traty Jordan became 2 country( 1 -Egypt) to establish peace with Israel
X. Arab Peace initiative by Saudi Arabia-> Normal realized ad for statehood to palestian
XI. Abraham Accords Btw USA-UAE-ISRAEL. Later Sudan+ Bahrain + Morocco (Sudan still not ratified)
st nd
XII. Arab state having peace with ISRAEL 1 - EGYPT + 2 - JORDAN + then-> UAE+ Bahrain + Morocco
INDIA STAND i> 2- State solution ( support resolution advocating removal of Israel settlement in Palestian) + ii>De-
Hyphenation policy Independent relation with Israel and Palestian respectively + Operation Ajay to evacuate citizens...
+ Side note Operation Kaveri—Sudan + Operation Devi- Shakti Afghanistan + Operation Ganga Ukraine.....

- GEOGRAPHY--- ISRAEL SEJL i.e Syria+ Egypt + Jordan + Leabannon

Gaza Strip Egypt ( specifically-> Senai Peninsula) + Israel + Mediterranean Sea
Rafah border Gaza border and Egypt
Dead SeaJordan-Israel-Palesteian + River Jordan drain here
Golan Heights Syria-Israel+ Sea of Galile btw Israel and Golan heights Trick Sea of Galile—Sea se Syria
and Galile se Golan heights....
Israel port Haifa and Tel Aviv in Mediterranean Sea....
Gulf of Aqaba Egypt + Israel + Jordan + Saudi- Arabia .....

1. INTERNATIONAL LAW ON WAR Emanate from JUST WAR THEORY i.e taking human lives is wrong but duty to
defend citizens even if violence
I. JUS AD BELLUM legitimate reason a state may engage in war + source in UN CHARTER ->
Article 51 : Right of collective self defense if Arm attack
II. JUS IN BELLO aka International Humanitarian Law  rules to be followed during armed
conflict to minimize sufferings... + Source Hague conventions+ Geneva convention +
Additional Protocols+ Both govt and non-state armed group respect IHL If violations
WAR CRIMES International Criminal Court under Rome statues...

2. GENEVA CONVENTIONS SET OF 4 TREATIES AND 3 ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL+

Geneva CONVENTION have been ratified by 196 STATES, INCLUDING ALL UN MEMBERS
st
I. 1 Conventions Protect wounded and Sick soldiers on LAND+ Extend to medical and religious
personnel
nd
II. 2 Conventions Protected wounded ,sick and Ship –wrecked Military personnel at SEA + extend
to Hospital ship and Medical transport
rd
III. 3 Conventions Humane treatment to Prisoner of War 3=> POW
th
IV. 4 -> Protect Civilian including those in occupied territory.

THREE ADDITIONL PROTOCOLS—

I. Protocol 1-> Protection of victim of International Armed conflict+ Signed by 174 countries
II. Protocol 2-> Protection of victim of Non- International Armed conflict+ Signed by 169 countries
III. Protocol 3-> Created Additional Emblem RED CRYSTAL which has same status as of Red Cross and Red
Crescent....

- INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT

Rome Statute + Not a UN body + Try Individuals committing International Crime. E.g WAR-CRIMES . +
INDIA- RUSSIA-USA –CHINA are NOT members + Judges can’t be re-elected

- International Court of Justice

UN Principal Charter+ Only States( No individual-No Pvt party) +Only UN Body (out of 6) not located
in New York+ India is a members+ 15 Judges elected by UNSC and UNGA +Judges are independent
judges and not government representatives+ Judges re-election is possible+ India se Dalveer Singh
Bhandari Ji + Judgement is – FINAL –BINDING—NON APPELABLE + Official language English and
French+ Hearing is ALWAYS PUBLIC . Limitation i> Not a criminal court so can’t deal with war crimes
+ Suo motu cases can’t take – Only take cases when state request....
RUSSIA WAR—

I. Black sea Grain intitiave Btw Russia –Ukraine brokered by UN and Turkey + wheat exports + Ukrainian
exports from three of its key ports, namely, Chornomorsk, Odesa, and Yuzhny/Pivdennyi
II. Izmail Port of Ukraine @ Black sea
III. Scorches Earth Tactics Jo bhi dushman ki cheez mile use destroy kr do India mein Shivaji Maharaj used this.
IV. Dirty Bomb Leftover and waste nuclear( Uranium) material + By Ukraine against Russia + much cheaper
V. Sulina Channel on Danube river Grain export hote h

EXTRA—

I. Sprits of Camp Davids-> By USA+ Japan + South Korea to oppose China growing power and nuclear
threat from North Korea.
II. Camp David accords->Peace Btw Israel and Egypt mediated by USA
III. LUSOPHONE WORLD Portugese speaking nations+ Portugese is the most spoken languages in
Southern Hemisphere+ India ( not a member but observer state)
IV. Shuttle Diplomacy Btw Japan and South Korea + Define leaders don’t talk but diplomats move
to settle dispute
V. Washington Declaration Ek recently btw USA and S.KOREA which advocates for nuclear deterrence
and ek hai which formally ended war btw Israel and Jordan
VI. CPTPT-- COMPREHENSIVE AND PROGRESSIVE AGREEMENT FOR TRANS –PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP (CPTPP)
Formed after USA Exist+ Members -11  Australia +United Kingdom+ Canada etc etc .
st
Current UK became 1 EU nation to join CPTPP
VII. Windsor Framework Btw UK and EU + Replaced Northern Ireland Protocol( signed after BREXIT btw
Northern Ireland and UK)
In Northern Ireland Protocol Northern Ireland remains in EU single market...etc etc
WINDSFOR FRAMEWORK—2 FEATURES—
A. 2 land system Goods from Britian to  i> Northern Ireland through Green Lane ii> To
European Union through red lane
B. Stormont BrakeNorthern Ireland assembly can oppose EU NEW goods rules.............
VIII. COLOMBO SECURITY ENCLAVE India-Maldives-Sri Lanka+ Mauritius . ( Trick 2 M wali countries) +
OBSERVER status Bangladesh and Seychelles...
IX. Munich Security Conference established after COLD War .=> Russia-China-India are NOT a members
X. Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty INDIA and BELGIUM + Criminals ko pkdne mein help krenge.+
Ministry of Home Affairs as Nodel Agency ( Fasau ho skta hai becoz Ministry is a Nodal agency)
XI. Open Skies Treaty permit each party to conduct short-Notice + unarmed flights over other’s
territories. INDIA-CHINA-USA are NOT Members.. Current RUSSIA also withdrew
XII. OPERATION PROSPENSITY GUARDIAN By USA and other countries + Improve maritime security in
RED SEA- BABEL MANDEB – etc + To counter Houthi Rebels in Yemens...
st
XIII. CHEMICAL WEAPON CONVENTIONS Info-> World’ 1 convention for ELIMINATION of ENTIRE
categories of Weapons of Mass Destructions..+ Administered by Organisation for Prohibition of
Chemical Weapons HQ at Hague Netherland..+ INDIA Members and Ratified . ISRAEL signed but
NOT ratified . NOT SIGNED AND NOT RATIFIED Egypt+ North Korea+ South Sudan. + Unique
features -> CHALLENGE CONVENTIONS-> PARTY in doubt can request surprise Inspections...
CURRENT USA destroyed Last Chemical weapons stockpiles
XIV. GPAI Global Partnership on AI—India is a founding members+ CHINA-RUSSIa are not a members.
XV. Data embassies Physical data centres of trusted nation that enjoy diplomatic immunity...
XVI. China plus 1 strategy-> MNC decisions to shift Supply chain outside china.....
XVII. Friend Shoring Strategic practice of relocating supply-chain to countries where risk of disruption
from political chaos is low....
XVIII. NORTH SEA SUMMIT Aim at making North Sea the largest powerhouse of Europe by 2030 through
offshore wind capacity.
 7 European Union
(EU) countries(Belgium, Denmark,France, Germany,Ireland,
Luxembourg, Netherlands), and 2 Non-EU countries Norway and United Kingdom participated
Esbjerg Declaration aimed at making the North Sea into the “Green Power Plant of Europe”, an
offshore renewable energy system.
North Sea-> Part of Atlantic+ connected to Atlantic by Strait of Dover and English channel....
XIX. EUROPEAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT i> Liecheinstein + ii> Norway + iii> Sweden + iv> Switerzland
Agreement with India + Binding commitment were made here......
XX. Raisina Dialogue Ministry of External Affairs + Head of State – Cabinet Minister – Business – Media
– NGO etc cooperate and discuss on contemporary matter...

PLACES IN NEWS........

AMERICA

1. Venezuela- India import huge oil+ member of OPEC + earlier USA sanction due to fraud in Presidential
election but now lifted => so start importing. + Around PANAMA Canal......... + Lake Marcaibo(
Largest lake in South America)..
2. Essequibo River region => Dispute btw Venezuela and Guyana ( currently under Guyana control)
3. Mercosour( trade bloc)-> Argentina + Brazil+ Paraguay + Uruguay . Earlier Venezuela also but now
suspended......
4. Panama Canal- drying up + connect Atlantic and Pacific Ocean + Isthumus of Panama connect North
and South America....
5. Panama City ka border Coast Rica and Columbia....
th
6. Suriname INDIAN President was given highest civilian honor of Suriname on 150 anniversary on the
arrival of Indians in Suriname.. + Suriname is one of top Bauxite producer countries
7. Ecuador Emergency due to President assassination.. + Galgapos Island under Ecudaor
8. Galapogos Island west of south America. Confluence of -> Humboldt current + Peru current+
Cromwell current.+ .
9. Nicarcagua  Nicarcagua bound aircraft held in France -> suspected human trafficking but illegal
immigrants- Donkey Route to USA . Donkey Route-> illegal method of entering a foreign country via
multiple stops in Other countries...
10. Bolvia -> Officially Severs ties with Israel. + Landlocked
11. Brazil Yanomani ( Indigenous territory of Brazil)

WEST ASIA—

1. OMAN- Duqm port where India has a military base

2. STRAIT OF HORMUZ—
3. STRAIT OF BABEL MANDEB Yemen based Houthi rebel are making Dhamaal in this region.+ Around Red Sea...
4. GOLDEN CRESCENT Btw Pakistan-Afganisation-IRAN
5. Nagarno Karabakh  conflict btw Azerbaijan and Armnenia + Nakchivan  Autonomus region under
Azerbaijan + Minsk group Created by USA- FRANCE- RUSSIA to address Nagarno-Karabakh dispute  India
support Minsk group...
6. QATAR Around Persian gulf + No permanent freshwater bodies.
7.

S.E ASIA

12. Isthumus of KRA Btw Thailand.... China constructing Land Bridge here........
13. Whitsun Reef Largest Reef in Spartly island . Conflict btw China-Phillipines.... + Pledge traps word
used by Phillipines against China....
14. Nias Island Indonesia + EarthQuake + part of Pacific Ring of Fire.
15. GOLDEN TRIANGLE Btw Myannmar – Thailand-Laos  Opium Cultivations.
NORTH

16. Kuril Island Dispute btw Russia and Japan.... Island separate Okhotsk and Pacific Oceans.
17. PACIFIC ISLANDS 14 Island group->
1> Cook Island 2> Fiji 3> Kiribati 4> Marshall Island 5>Micronesia 6>Nauru 7> Niue 8> Samoa
9> Solomon Island 10> Palau 11> Papua New Guinea 12>Tongo 13> Tuvalu 14> Vanuatu
18. Batagaika Crater—Russia + World’s largest permafrost crater..

Miscellaneous Asia Laundermot Countries—INDIA+ CHINA + TURKEY + UAE + SINGAPORE – Import Russian Crude Oil

EUROPE—

1. Artic  India ka research station HIMADRI in longear beam( Norway). Concerned=> Ministry of Earth Science.
st
Current Until now summer expedition but now 1 time winter expedition by scientist Winter expedition to
observe POLAR NIGHTS.. + Longear Beam Under Norway....
1. NB 8  Norway+ Sweden + Finland+ Denmark + Estonia + Latvia + Lithuania+ Iceland ..==> Race to Artic –
Btw NB8 vs Russia & China. Trick-> Swedish Friend Enjoy Late in the Lighthouse + Norway + Iceland +Denmak....
2. Baltic States Estonia + Lithuania + Latvia ....
3. Cyprus won Cheese trademark against Indian Company..
4. Orkney Island Britain ka part ( around N.W of Scotland) + Current Wished to split from Britain....
5. Storm Daniel Mediterranean sea mein worst storm + Affect Greece + Bulgaria + Libya + Turkey + Result
Omega Block i.e High pressure sandwitched btw 2 low pressure..

AFRICA— LOOK at the Map of AFRICA and see the Near by countires....

1. ECOWAS grouping in Western Africa..+ Niger, Burkina Faso & Mali=> Withdrew.....
st
2. Gulf of Guinnea -> West Africa ... Current-> India 1 time along with EU conducted joint patrolling
which was successful.
3. Tanzania IIT Madras opened Intnl campus in Zanzibar in Tanzania
4. Ethiopia( Landlocked on Horns of Africa) Collaboration btw UPI and Ethiopia Ethswitch..+
Emergency declared by President
5. Nigeria aka Giant of Africa  Emergency over FOOD SECURITY+ Around Gulf of Guinea + Dangote
Refinery- Petroleum export
6. Niger is a land locked country
7. Lamu Archipelago  Indian Ocean + Kenya owned + India-Kenya conducted survey
8. Guinea BissauExport about 98% of it’s cashew crop to India...
9. Senegal Clashes
10. Comoros Island Indian Navy ship (INS trishul) visited here ..
11. Mali River Niger passes.
rd
12. Niger Military takeovers + Niger river 3 longest River—Basin of River Niger Burkina Faso+
Mali+ Benin
13. Zimbabwe Zambezi + Limpopo river +=> Lake Kariba btw Zambia and Zimbabwe-> World’s largest
man made lake..
14. DESERT-- Sahara=> Tuareg tribes .. + Namib desert Hottentots tribes + Kalahari Desert
Bushmen tribes.....
15. SACU South African Custom Union i> Botswana ii>Eswatini iii>Lesotho iv> Naimbia v> SOUTH
AFRICA  Trick -- Aisa Bot
16. Arab – Maghreb Union MATL+ Mauritiana Morrocol+ Algeria+ Tunisia + Libya+ Mauritiana
17. MINERALS IN AFRICA—
nd
I. Gabon- 2 largest manganese
II. CONGO- Largest COBALT
nd st
III. Botswana- 2 pr Diamond ( 1 par Russia)
th
IV. Ghana- Gold-6 position
V. South Africa- Platinum
 VI. Naimbia—Uranium ( Largest uranium in Kazaksthan)
st
VII. Guinea- Bauxite( 1 in Bauxite—Australia)
VIII. Morocoo-> Phosphour
India is the WORLD’S LARGEST importer of Phosphorus.....
IX. Derna- City in LIBYA+ Devastating floods and Storm named - Daniel
18. CONFLICT /ISSUES
i. SAHEL REGION From Atlantic Ocean to RED sea... L2R-> SENEGAL—MAURTIANA – MALI—
BURKINA FASO – NIGER –NIGER- NIGERIA –CHAD-SUDAN –ERITERA
ii. Gabon Military coup after Presidential elections
iii. Sudan  Kharatoum region mein heavy fighting + Gum Arabic for fizz drinks is exported from
SUDAN.....
iv. SOMALIA Historic Drought -> Then very Huge flooding ( UN-“ ONCE IN A CENTURY
FLOODING”)+ Somalia conflict with Ethiopia
v. Amhara region Ethiopia + Civil conflict......
vi. Anglo phonoe Cameroon
vii. Halyeb Triangle- Dispute btw Egypt- Sudan + RED SEA contiguous region....
viii. Lipako- Gourma Region Mali + Burkina Faso+ Niger...
ix. Darfur Region Civil war btw Arab and African communities + Food insecurity Starvations....
+  WESTERN SUDAN
x. Libya Clashes btw armed groups Only civilian airport – TRIPOLI have closed.+ Ghibli-> Hot
arid winds flows here
xi. Democratic Republic Of Congo M23 rebels...
xii.

INDIA NEIGHBOURHOOD-

1. Myannmar 3 Brotherhood alliance( prodemocracy) => military alliance in Myanmmar against Military Junta
Government . +
Ethnic Community in Myannmar—i> Rohingyas ii> Shan iii> Mon iv> Kokang v>Bamar+ vi> Rakhine
Muslim community
2. Nepal- Ethnic community-- i> Madeshi + ii> Newar + iii> Tamang + iv> Limbu
3. Bangladesh – Ethnic—Chakma + Mara+ Mrung
4. Iran—Ethnic Kurds+Lurs+ Gilkas
5. BHUTAN NO Longer Least Developed Countries ... 3 condition for LDC i> Gross National Income < 1230
Dollar + ii> Poor performance on Human Asset Index including Nutrition- Health-Education + iii>Economic
vulnerability e.g prone to disaster, structural constraint..

PROJECTS-

1. Khulna- Mungla Port-> Bangladesh + Chittogram port in Bangladesh..

2. Sittwe port in Myanmar
3. Sabang port Strategic position for India- Indonesia + near Strait of Malacca...
4. BCIM CORRIDOR—
I. India—Kolkata + Sichar + Imphal
II. Bangladesh – Jashore + Dhaka + Sylhet
III. Myannmar—Mandalay
IV. China – Boashan + Dal + Kunming
5. INDIA-MYANNMAR-THAILAND Trilaterial
I. India-- Moreh Tamu (Manipur)
II. Myannmar – Mandalay + Naypidaw + Bago
III. Thailand—Myawaddy + MaeSot
6. INDIA – MIDDLE EAST EUROPE CORRIDOR—
I. India- Mumbai
 II. UAE—Jabel Ali+ Fujiara + Abu-Dhabi+ Al-Ghuwaifat
III. Saudi—Riyat + Haradh + Haditha + Ras-al-Khair
IV. Israel- Haifa
V. Greece- Piareus
VI. Italy- Messina
VII. France—Marseille port
7. Kaladan Multi-Modal project—
I. India- Aizawal + Lawngtlai + Zorinpui
II. Myannmar – Kaletwa + Paletwa + Sittwe port + Inland transport  River Kaladan...
III. India Kolkata

LAKES—

1. Kawah Ijen lake-> in Java Island + World’s most acidic lake.

2. Lake Titaca Btw Bolvia and Peru in the ANDES MOUNTAINS...+ Highest fresh water lake. Current=> Drying
up.............

SECURITY—

th
1. Global Terrorism Index by Institute of Economics and Peace( WEF has not released this.....)-> India ranks 13
2. PMLA Act 2002-> ED is nodal agency.+ Enacted in India’s response to Vieena Conventions ( deal with Money
laundering) Current CA + CS and other Accountant under PMLA.
3. Operation SamudraGupta By Indian Navy and National Control Bureau against Drug smuggling
4. Cyber Security-> Top 3 industries BANKING->GOVERNMENT -> MANUFACTURING...
5. Ransonmare Report 22 by CERT IN...==> Ransomware virus- i> LockBit aka Abcd virus targeting Mac Devices. Ii>
Vice Society iii> Blue Sky
6. Cyber Attack i> Acoustic Side Channel Attack-> use of AI to decode password by Analysing sound produced by
keystrokes..
ii>Spear Phising Email Attack to steal sensitive info + Around 50% of Firms are victims of Spear Phising
iii> Smising SMS + Phising  Social engineering attack which uses fake messages to trick people into
downloading malwares.
iv>Flu Horse Android Malware Duplicate version of original app and then steal info
v>Spamouflage Chinese Spam Operation which posted praise for CHINA and criticism for USA
vi>Doppleganger Russian Spam Operation which posted praise for RUSSIA
vii>Operation Chakra 11 CBIdismantling infrastructure used to organise Cyber crimes...
st
viii>1 Anti-spyware declaration by USA and 10 others.
ix> Zero Trust Authentication -> Cyber security approach to address risk faced by IT System

7. THEATRE COMMAND-> IndianArmy + Navy + Airforce ka common ground  Shetkar committee and Kargil
Review committee recommended .  INDIA-> i> Andaman and Nicobar Island which is GEOGRAPHICAL
ii>Strategic Forces Command which is FUNCTIONAL...
8. Professor K. Vijay Raghvan panel to review functioning of DRDO( R&D wing of Defence Ministry)..
st
9. Tarakash Exercise-> Btw NSG and US Special Force. + 1 time – Chemical+ Biological + Radiological + Nuclear
terror response included.....

GLOBAL NUCLEAR REGULATIONS—

1. Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Prohibit any nuclear weapon test explosion. 8 NATIONS not ratified-> India-
China-Pakistan-North Korea- Israel-Iran-Egypt-USA Current-> Russia is also planning to exit but still nhi kra..
Trick India+ USA+ Israel – China + Pakistan + North Korea+ Iran Fasau EGYPT....
2. Partial Test Ban Treaty Banning Nuclear weapon test in atmosphere , In outer space and Under water.
INDIA- Signed and Ratified.. Trick-> India thodi baht nuclear weapons ki baate manta hai that’s why Partially
agree kr diya......
3. Non-Proliferation Treaty Limiting Spread of Nuclear weapon/ Nuclear Material. + International Atomic
Energy Agency is key organisation + NOT SIGNED > INDIA- SOUTH SUDAN- ISRAEL-PAKISTAN and later NORTH
KOREA withdrew
st
4. Treaty on Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 1 LEGALLY BINDING treaty adopted by UN. INDIA neither
signed nor ratified..
5. START treaty Russia and USA + reducing and limiting Nuclear weapons.. => Limit to 1550 Strategic Nuclear
Warheads+ 700 long range missiles + 800 ICBM. Each side can conduct upto 18 Inspections.
6. Outer Space Treaty No nuclear weapon in Outer Space + INDIA Signed the OST.
7. MULTI-LATERAL EXPORT CONTROL REGIME- Voluntary + Binding agreement
I. NUCLEAR SUPPLIES GROUP prevent Exports of Nuclear weapons. 84 countries + India is not a
members.. CHINA YES
II. MTCR Control of Rockets and other Aerial vehicle. INDIA YES CHINA NO
III. Wassenar Agreement Dual use technology. INDIA YES CHINANO
IV. Australia Group  Control Chemical and Biological weapons . INDIA  YES . CHINA NO