National polytechnic school

1st year Preparatory Cycle

2023/2024
Algebra II.

Correction of the second interrogation of Algebra II

April 2024 (60 mn)

Exercice 1 .(08 Pts)

On R3 , consider the transformation T , defined by T (x, y, z) = (5x + y − z; 2x + 4y − 2z; x − y + 3z).
1. Show that T is an endomorphism of R3 .
⇝ Let X and X ′ in R3 , α ∈ R. T (X + αX ′ ) = T (x + αx′ , y + αy ′ , z + αz ′ ) = (5(x + αx′ ) + (y + αy ′ ) − (z +
αz ′ ); 2(x + αx′ ) + 4(y + αy ′ ) − 2(z + αz ′ ); (x + αx′ ) − (y + αy ′ ) + 3(z + αz ′ )) = T (x, y, z) + αT (x′ , y ′ , z ′ ),
and for all X ∈ R3 , T (X) ∈ R3 , thus T is an endomorphism of R3 .
2. Write the matrix AT of T on the standard basis of R3 , denoted E = {e1 , e2 , e3 }.
⇝  
5 1 −1
AT =  2 4 −2  .
1 −1 3

3. Calculate Ker T . Is R3 = Ker T ⊕ rg T ?

⇝ det(AT ) ̸= 0 ⇒ Ker T = 0 ⇒ rg T = 3 and R3 = Ker T ⊕ rg T .
4. Let B be the matrix AT on the basis C = {c1 , c2 , c3 }
 
2 0 0
B= 0 4 0 .
0 0 6

What is the changing matrix P ?

  
 3x + y − z = 0  x+y−z =0  −x + y − z = 0
⇝ f (c1 ) = 2c1 ⇔ 2x + 2y − 2z = 0 ; f (c2 ) = 4c2 ⇔ 2x − 2z = 0 ; f (c3 ) = 6c3 ⇔ 2x − 2y − 2z = 0
x−y+z =0 x−y−z =0 x − y − 3z = 0
  
c1 = (0, 1, 1), c2 = (1, 0, 1), c3 = (1, 1, 0)
 
0 1 1
p= 1 0 1 .
1 1 0

5. Show that B n = P −1 AnT P, ∀n ∈ N then deduce AnT .

⇝ We have for all n ∈ N; B n = (P −1 AT P )n = P −1 AT P.P −1 AT P...P −1 AT P = P −1 AnT P.
 
−1 1 1
1
P −1 =  1 −1 1 .
2
1 1 −1

B = P −1 AT P ⇔ B n = P −1 AnT P ⇔ AnT = P B n P −1 .
 n
6 + 4n 6n − 4n −6n + 4n

n 1 n n
AT = 6 − 2 6n + 2 n −6n + 2n  .
2
4n − 2n −4n + 2n 4n + 2n

1 Bon courage !
 National polytechnic school
1st year Preparatory Cycle
2023/2024
Algebra II.

Exercice 2 .(08 Pts)


1 0 0
Let A =  a 1 0  ∈ M3 (C) et B = A − I3 .
c b 1
1. Calculate B, B 2 , B 3 . Deduce the expression of An for all n ∈ N.
     
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
⇝ B =  a 0 0  , B 2 =  0 0 0  , B 3 =  0 0 0  . Thus, B k = 0, ∀k ⩾ 3. Since I3 commute
c b 0 ab 0 0 0 0 0
with all matrices, we can use the Newton’s formula to compute An , ∀n ∈ N.
 
n   1 0 0
X n n(n − 1)
An = (B + I3 )n = B k I3n−k = I3 + nB + B2 =  na 1 0 .
k 2
k=0 nc + n(n−1)
2 ab nb 1

2. Show that A3 is on linear combination of A2 , A and I3 .

⇝ From B = A − I3 , B 3 = (A − I3 )3 = A3 − 3A2 + 3A − I3 = 0, and A3 = 3A2 − 3A + I3
3. Deduce that An is on linear combination of An−1 , An−2 , An−3 if n ⩾ 3
⇝ For n ⩾ 3, (A3 = 3A2 − 3A + I3 ).An−3 ⇔ An = 3An−1 − 3An−2 + An−3

Exercice 3 .(08 Pts)  

a b b
Soient f ∈ LR (R3 ),B la base canonique de R3 et A = M atB (f ) =  b a b  .
b b a
1. Determiner B, matrice associee a f dans la nouvelle base C = (u1 , u2 , u3 ) ou u1 = (1, 0, −1), u2 =
(1, −1, 0), u3 = (1, 1, 1).
2. Calculer B n pour tout entier n.
   
n
2 −1 −1 n
1 1 1
3. En deduire que, pour tout n ∈ N∗ , An = (a−b)
3
 −1 2 −1  + (a+2b)  1
3
1 1 .
−1 −1 2 1 1 1
Solution de l’exercice 3. .
1. Determiner B, matrice associee a f dans la nouvelle base C = (u1 , u2 , u3 ) ou u1 = (1, 0, −1), u2 =
(1, −1, 0), u3 = (1, 1, 1).
⇝
2. Calculer B n pour tout entier n.
⇝    
n
2 −1 −1 n
1 1 1
3. En deduire que, pour tout n ∈ N∗ , An = (a−b)
3
 −1 2 −1  + (a+2b)  1
3
1 1 .
−1 −1 2 1 1 1
⇝

Exercice
 4 .(12 Pts)
0 2 2
A= 2 0 2 
2 2 0
     
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
1. Verify that A = 2B − 2I3 , such that B =  1 1 1 .2B − 2I3 = 2  1 1 1  − 2 0 1 0 =
  1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
0 2 2
 2 0 2 =A
2 2 0

2 Bon courage !
 National polytechnic school
1st year Preparatory Cycle
2023/2024
2. Show that B = 3 B, p ∈ N . For p = 1, B 1 = 30 BII.
p p−1 ∗ Algebra = B. Suppose that B p = 3p−1 B, p = {1, 2, 3, ..., p}.
B p+1
= B B = 3 B = 3 B, since B = 3B. Thus B p = 3p−1 B, p ∈ N∗ .
p p−1 2 p 2

3. Verify that AB = BA thencalculate Ap .

p p
  
p p
Ap = (2B − 2I3 )p = 2p (−1)p−k B k = (2p (−1)p−k 3k−1 )B + (−2)p I3
P P
k k
p
  k=0 k=1
p
 
1 p p p−k k p 1 p p
(−1)p−k 3k − (−1p ))B + (−2)p I3
P P
= ( 3 (−2) (−1) 3 )B + (−2) I3 = ( 3 (2)
k=1 k k=1 k
 p
4 + 2(−2)p 4p − 2(−2) 4p − 2(−2)


Thus, Ap = 31 (4p − (−2)p )B + (−2)p I3 Ap =  4p − 2(−2) 4p + 2(−2) 4p − 2(−2) 

4p − 2(−2) 4p − 2(−2) 4p + 2(−2)

Exercice 5 .(08 Pts)

Soit A ∈ Mn (K). On appelle trace de A, et on note T r(A), la somme des elements de sa diagonale. Autrement
dit, si A = (aij )1⩽i,j⩽n alors
Xn
T r(A) = aii
i=1

1. Montrer que T r constitue une forme lineaire sur Mn (K).

2. Soit A ∈ Mn (R). Montrer que T r(AT A) = 0 ⇔ A = 0n .
3. Montrer que T r(AB) = T r(BA) pour tous A ∈ Mn,p (K) et B ∈ Mp,n (K).
4. Soient A et B deux matrices de Mn (K). Deduire de la question precedente que si A et B sont sont
semblables alors T r(A) = T r(B)
5. Avons-nous T r(ABC) = T r(BAC) pour tous A, B, C ∈ Mn (K).
   
1 −1 −4 1 3 4
6. Les matrices suivantes sont-elles semblables ? A =  2 −2 8 ,B =  0 −2 6 .
3 −3 12 0 8 12

Solution de l’exercice ??. .

Exercice 6 .(08 Pts)

On considere l’application f qui a tous polynome P de R3 [X] associe le reste de la division euclidienne de P
par X 2 − 1. On note B la base canonique de R3 [X].
1. Montrer que f est un endomorphisme de R3 [X].
2. Montrer que C = {1, X − 1, X 2 − 1, (X 2 − 1)(X + 1)} est une base de R3 [X]. Expliciter les deux matrices
M atB (f ) et M atC (f ).
3. Calculer rg f . Determiner l’image et le noyau de f et montrer que Ker f ⊕ Im f = E.
4. Montrer que f est un projecteur de R3 [X].

Solution de l’exercice ??. .

Exercice 7 .(08 Pts)

Exercice 8 .(08 Pts)

3 Bon courage !