THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL accountable for the desires in

PERSPECTIVE people.
c. Spirited - The spirited soul produces
1. SOCRATES the desires that love victory and
- Our true self is our soul which determines honor.
the quality of our life. 9 Life Lessons
- “The unexamined life is not worth living” 1. Conquer yourself
- For Socrates, every man is composed of 2. Being angry solves nothing
body and soul. 3. Choose the people you spend time with
- “Know yourself” wisely
- The core of Socratic ethics is the concept of 4. Find your other half
virtue and knowledge. 5. Get involve in politics
- Virtue is the deepest and the most basic 6. Learn to be a follower, then a master
propensity or tendency of man. Knowing 7. Be content with little
one’s own virtue is necessary and can be 8. Be incharge of your own happiness
learned. 9. Work hard to accomplish great things
- Virtues may refer to the attitudes,
dispositions, or character traits that are 3. AUGUSTINE
considered as moral or good. - Man is of a bifurcated nature.
- An aspect of man dwells in the world and is
9 Life Lessons imperfect and continuously yearns to be
1. Open yourself to the truth with the Divine and the other is capable of
2. Be courageous reaching immorality.
3. Be authentic - The body is bound to die on earth and the
4. Be humble soul is to anticipate living eternally in a
5. Beware of the busyness of life realm of spiritual bliss in communion with
6. Be a citizen of the world God.
7. Be happy with less
8. Dont seek vengeance 4. AQUINAS
9. Have a sense of humor a. Matter – or hyle in Greek, refers to the
“common stuff that makes up everything in
2. PLATO the universe.” Man’s body is part of this
- Socrates’s students matter.
- Man is a dual nature of body and soul. Plato b. Form – or morphe in Greek refers to the
argues that the soul comprises of three “essence of a substance or thing.”
parts namely:
a. Rational - The logical is the thinking - To Aquinas, the soul is what animates the
part of the soul which loves the truth body; it is what makes us humans.
and seeks to learn it. The rational
discerns what is the real and not 5. LOCKE
merely apparent. - John Locke holds that personal identity (the
b. Appetitive - The appetitive part of self) is a matter of psychological continuity.
the soul is the one that is - Personal identity is founded on
consciousness (memory)
 - Personal identity is found in the - The “self” is not an entity one can locate
consciousness or memory and not in the and analyze
body or physical being, and soul.
- Personal Identity is what makes you, you 10. CHURCHLAND
and me, me. - Patricia Churchland has contributed to the
fields of philosophy of neuroscience,
6. DESCARTES philosophy of the mind and neuroethics.
- Rene Descartes, Father of Modern - Research has centered on the interface
Philosophy between neuroscience and philosophy with
- Conceived of the human person as having a a current focus on the association of
body and a mind. morality and the social brain.
- “I think therefore, I am.”
a. The cogito - The thing that thinks, 11. MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
which is the mind, - A phenomenologist
b. The extenza - Extension of the - The mind-body bifurcation that has been
mind, which is the body. going on for a long time is a futile endeavor
and an invalid problem.
7. HUME - Unlike Ryle, who simply denies the “self,”
- David Hume Merleau-Ponty says that the mind and body
- Empiricism is the school of thought that are so intertwined that they cannot be
espouses the idea that knowledge can only separated from one another.
be possible if it is sensed and experienced. - All experience is embodied.
- Men can only attain knowledge by - The living body, his thoughts, emotions, and
experiencing. experiences are all one.
- The self is nothing else but a bundle of
impressions. THE SELF, SOCIETY AND CULTURE

A. Impressions are the basic objects of What is the connection between external reality
our experience or situation. and the self?
B. Ideas are copies of impressions. - We may be gifted with intellect and the
8. KANT capacity to rationalize things but at the end
- To Kant without the self, one cannot of the day, our growth and development and
organize the different impressions that one consequently, our selves are truly products
gets in relation to his own existence. of our interaction with the external reality.
- Everything starts with perception and
sensation of impressions. What is self?
- Defined by the following characteristics:
9. RYLE ➢ Self-contained
- For Ryle, what truly matters is the behavior ➢ Independent
that a person manifests in his day-to-day ➢ Consistent
life. ➢ Unitary
- Looking for and trying to understand self as ➢ Private
it really exists is like visiting your friend’s ➢ Separate
university and looking for the “university.”
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISTS miserable crushed worm, whom no one
- Argues that the self should not be seen as a wants, whom no one loves, a useless
static entity that stays constant through and creature with morning sickness, and a big
through belly, two rotten teeth, and a bad temper, a
- The self is capable of morphing and fitting battered sense of dignity, and a love which
itself into any circumstances it finds itself in. nobody wants and which nearly drives me
insane
THE SELF AND CULTURE
THE SELF AS COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT
- French Anthropologist Marcel Mauss has - William James (1890), the self as having
an explanation for this. According to Mauss, two aspects-the “I” and the “me”.
every self has two faces : ➢ The “I” is the thinking ,acting, and
a. Personne -is composed of the feeling self.
social concepts of what it means to ➢ The “me” on the other hand, is the
be him physical characteristics as well as
b. Moi - a person’s sense of who he is psychological capabilities that
makes who you are
THE SELF AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE - Identity is composed of personal
SOCIAL WORLD characteristics, social roles, and
- One is believed to be in active participation responsibilities, as well as affiliations that
in the shaping of the self define who one is (Oyserman, Elmore, and
- Schwartz, White, and Luiz- “Language as Smith 2012)
both a publicly shared and privately utilized - Self, identity, and self-concept are not fixed
symbol system is the site where the in one time frame.
individual and the social make and remake - G.H. Mead(1934) argued that the self is
each other” created and developed through human
- Mead and Vygotsky - the way the human interaction
persons develop is with the use of language - Three reasons why self and identity are
acquisition and interaction with others. social products:
1. We do not create ourselves out of
SELF IN FAMILIES nothing
- The kind of family that we are born in, the 2. Whether we like it or not, we
resources available to us (human, spiritual, actually need others to affirm and
economic), and the kind of development reinforce who we think we are.
that we will have will certainly affect us as 3. What we think is important to us
we go through life. may also have been influenced by
what is important in our social or
GENDER AND THE SELF historical context.
- Gender is one of those loci of the self that
is subject to alteration, change, and
development.
- Sonia Tolstoy, the wife of the famous
Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy, wrote when
she was twenty-one, “I am nothing but a
SELF AWARENESS ● The female offspring is a result of the
- Three other self-schema: combination of the XX chromosomes at
1. The actual - who you are at the the time of fertilization while the XY
moment combination results in a male offspring.
2. Ideal - who you like to be ● The dominant male hormone is the
3. Ought self - who you think you Testosterone while the female hormone
should be are Estrogen & Progesterone.
- May be positive or negative
- Can keep you from doing something DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
dangerous REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

THE PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL SELF Females

➢ Escherichia coli which spread through the
Physical self digestive tract
- This is what you see from your physical ➢ Syphilis
body. ➢ Gonorrhea
- Refers to the body that includes parts such ➢ Herpes virus
as head, shoulder, knees, and toes. ➢ Yeast
- Made up of other organs such as heart,
lungs, brain, stomach, and muscles. Males
➢ Prostatitis
Sexual Self ➢ Urethritis
- is your biological sex (male or female) ➢ Epididymitis
- it speaks about our sexual health, sexual
orientation, gender identity, and expression EROGENOUS ZONES
and values around sexuality. - Refers to parts of the body that are primarily
receptive and increase sexual arousal when
● Puberty is the period of life, generally touched in a sexual manner.
between the ages of 10 and 15 years old - Mouth, breasts, genitals, and anus.
- Other common areas of the body that can
How do we become male and female be aroused easily: neck, thighs, abdomen,
anatomically? and feet.
● Indifferent stage
- The embryos gender is not HUMAN SEXUALITY
distinguishable for the first six weeks - Interaction of a person’s biological sex, core
of development; this is known as the gender identity, and gender role behavior.
indifferent period of development. - Hence, it can be a combination of biological,
● Pseudohermaphrodites physiological, and psychological factors.
- Refers to someone whose external
genitalia are not consistent with his HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
or her gonadal sex - Human sexual behavior is defined as any
● Hermaphrodites activity-solitary, between two persons, or in
- The condition of having both male a group-that induces sexual arousal
and female reproductive organs.
 - 2 Major factors to determine HSB NERVOUS SYSTEM FACTORS
a. Inherited sexual response pattern - - The entire nervous system plays a
which can be inherent in the design significant role during sexual response. The
of human beings. autonomic system is involved in controlling
b. Extent of expression of the sexual the involuntary responses.
behavior or activity.
SEXUAL PROBLEMS
TYPES OF HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR
● Solitary Males
- Self-gratification means self-stimulation that - Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
leads to sexual arousal and generally, (little or no desire to have sex)
sexual climax. - Erectile disorder (difficulty attaining or
● Sociosexual mainting erections)
- Heterosexual behavior is the greatest - Delayed ejaculation; premature (early)
amount of sociosexual behavior that occurs ejaculation
between only one male and one female. Females
- Female sexual interest/arousal disorder
PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE (little or no desire to have sex)
- Female orgasmic disorder
Sexual response - Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
- Refers to the sequence of physical and (pain, anxiety, and tension associated with
emotional changes that occur as a person sexual activity; vaginismus, i.e., muscle
becomes sexually aroused and participates spasms in the vagina that interfere with
in sexually stimulating activities, including penetration)
intercourse and masturbation.
- Follows a pattern of sequential stages or
phases when sexual activity is continued. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections
1. Excitement phase transmitted from an infected person to an
- It is caused by increase in pulse and blood uninfected person through sexual contact.
pressure; a sudden rise in blood supply to
the surface of the body. ● HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a
2. Plateau phase virus that attacks cells that help the body
- It is generally of brief duration. If stimulation fight infection,
is continued, orgasm usually occurs. ● AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency
3. Sexual climax Syndrome) is the late stage of HIV infection
- A feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure, a rapid that occurs when the body's immune
increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, system is badly damaged because of the
and spasms of the pelvic muscles causing virus.
contractions of the female reproductive ● Chlamydia can cause permanent damage
organ and ejaculation by the male. to a woman's reproductive system. This can
4. Resolution phase make it difficult or impossible to get
- It is the last stage that refers to the return to pregnant later. Can also cause a potentially
a normal or subnormal physiologic state.
 fatal ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy that - Transdermal patch
occurs outside the womb). - Vaginal ring
● Gonorrhea is a common sexually - Subdermal implants
transmitted infection caused by a type of - Hormonal injections
bacteria. - Intrauterine device
● Syphilis. Infection develops in stages - Chemical barriers
(primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary). - Diaphragm
Each stage can have different signs and - Cervical cup
symptoms. - Male condoms
● Chancroid causes open sores on or around - Female condoms
the genitals. Sexually transmitted infection - Surgical methods (vasectomy, tubal ligation)
(STI).
● Human Papillomavirus. They do not cause THE SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN
any problems in most people, but some THOUGHTS
types can cause genital warts or cancer,
(Genital Warts) Confucianism Philosophy
● Herpes simplex virus is very contagious. - Emphasizes ethical conduct and
There are two types of this virus. harmonious social interactions based on
1. (HSV-1) usually causes sores one's relationships.
around the lips or inside the mouth - Individuals' identities are intertwined with
that are sometimes called fever their community's identity and status,
blisters or cold sores. sharing both pride and failures.
2. (HSV-2) usually causes sores on the - Self-cultivation is central in Confucianism
genitals (private parts). Either type - The cultivated self prioritizes the collective
can infect the mouth, genital area or good over personal needs
another part of the body.
● Trichimonas vaginalis (or "trich") is Taoism Philosophy
caused by infection with Trichomonas - Taoism is about following the natural order
vaginalis (a protozoan parasite). of the universe
- Taoism prefers a simpler way of life. Its
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF teachings focus on how to live in harmony
CONTRACEPTION with nature and find inner peace.

Natural Buddhism Philosophy

- Abstinence - The self is seen as illusion, born out of
- Calendar method ignorance, of trying to hold and control
- Basal body temperature things, or human centered needs, thus the
- Cervical mucus method self is also the source of all these sufferings.
- Symptothermal method - The cravings of the self, the attachment with
- Ovulation detection the world, and to renounce self which is the
- Coitus interruptus cause of all sufferings and in so doing attain
Nirvana (Ho 1995).
Artificial - Nirvana means perfect happiness.
- Oral contraceptives
Eastern thoughts
- Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism SUPERNATURALS: BELIEVE IT OR NOT!

Western thoughts Religion

- Western perspectives do not discount the A set of cultural beliefs and practices
role of environment and society in the
formation of the self but the focus is always Characteristics:
looking toward the self. 1. A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural beings,
- One has to compare himself in order to be such as spirits and gods
better
2. A focus on the sacred supernatural, where
TO BUY OR NOT TO BUY! THAT IS THE sacred refers to a feeling of reverence and
QUESTION
- Belk (1988) stated that “we regard our 3. The presence of supernatural power or energy
possessions as parts of our selves. We are that is found in supernatural beings as well as
what we have and what we possess.” physical beings and objects
- William James, understanding the self can
be examined through its different 4. The performance of ritual activities that involve
components: the manipulation of sacred objects to communicate
➢ Constituents to supernatural beings and to influence or control
➢ The feelings and emotions they events
arouse – Self-feelings;
➢ The actions to which they prompt – 5. The articulation of worldview and moral codes
self-seeking and self-preservation. through narratives and other means
● The constituents of self composed of the
material self, social self, spiritual self and 6. Provide the creation and maintenance of social
the pure ego. bonds and mechanism of social control within a
● According to James William, material self is community; explain the unknown and a sense of
about our bodies, clothes, family and home. control for individuals.
- The innermost part of our material
self is our body.
- The fabric and style of the clothes Ritual
we wear in our body directly affect The performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by
our attitude and behavior. Clothing is a tradition or sacred law.
a form of self-expression – it reflect
ourselves. Three fundamental characteristics
- The third in the hierarchy is ● A feeling or emotion of respect, awe,
immediate family. Our parents and fascination, or dread in relation to the
siblings holds another great sacred
important part of our self. ● Dependence upon a belief system that is
usually expressed in the language of myth
● Is symbolic in relation to its reference
 ● Sacrament of Communion is an act of
Some World Religious Beliefs and Practices remembrance of Jesus Christ's sacrificial
love.
Buddhism
- Believes there are suffering, pain, and Celebrations
frustration. When people suffer, they want to - Christmas and
experience the goodness of life and avoid - Resurrection (Easter) are the two major
disappointments. celebrations in Christianity.
- This reactive cycle can be broken through
the practice of mediation, acquiring more Hinduism
wisdom and deeper understanding, and - There is no single founder or leader.
acceptance of things as they are. - Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of
birth, death and rebirth, governed by Karma.
Customs and Practices - Karma is a concept where the reincarnated
● Samatha is practiced as mindfulness of life will depend on how the past life was
breathing and development of loving spent.
kindness (Metta Bhavana). - Vedas are sacred scriptures of Hindus.
● Vipassana practices aim at developing Mahabharata and Ramayana are two other
insight into reality. Acquiring wisdom is by important texts of the Hindus.
studying Buddha's teaching, the Dharma.
Customs and practices
Celebrations ● Diwali is the Festival of Lights
- Parinirvana Day in February: ● Navrati is the festival of nine nights
- Buddha Day (Wesak) in May;
- Dharma Day in July; Islam
- Padmasambhava Day in October; and - Muslims believe in Allah, who is their "One
- Sangha Day in November God."
- Muslims also have a strong sense of
Christianity community or "ummah" and an awareness
- Christians believe in Trinitarian God. - Islam means "willing submission to God".
- God the Father (Creator), God the Son - Muslims believe that Mohammed is the last
(Savior), and God the Holy Spirit and final prophet sent by God.
(Sustainer). - The Holy Book of Islam is called the Quran,
- Eternal life after death will be achieved which was taught to be recited in Arabic
through faith in Jesus Christ. because any translation is seen as
- The Holy Bible is a selection of books, inadequate
which is divided into two, the Old Testament
and New Testament. Customs and Practices

Customs and practices Five pillars of Islam

● Sacrament of Baptism symbolizes the 1. Shahadah-statement of faith: "There is no God
birth in Christian World but the one true God and Mohammed is his
messenger."
2. Salat - the prayer that is practiced five times a - (1) become aware of spiritual resources,
day. - (2) make conscious spiritual resources, and
3. Zakat - the monetary offering for the benefit of - (3) use "Defiant power of the human spirit"
the poor. It comprises the 2.5% of a Muslim's and stand up against adversity
assets.
4. Hajj - the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. Muslims Logotheraphy assumptions
who can afford are asked to do the pilgrimage at ● The human being is an entity that consists
least once in their lifetime. of a body (soma), mind (psyche), and spirit
5. Sawm - the fasting. Muslims do fasting, from (noos).
food, drink, and sexual act, during the celebration ● Life has meaning under all circumstances,
of Ramadan. even the most miserable.
● People have a will to meaning.
Celebrations ● We are free to activate our will to find
- Eidul-Fitr is the celebration at the end of meaning, and this can be done under any
Ramadan circumstances.
- Eidul-Adha is celebrated within the ● The meaning of the moment, is more
completion of the Pilgrimage, the Hajj. practical in daily living than the ultimate
meaning.
Judaism ● The individual is unique.
- The Jews believe in the God of Abraham,
- The Jews believe in the coming of Messiah, Frankl's Sources of Meaning
the Savior. 1. Purposeful Work. To find the meaning of
- The sacred scripture of the Jews is called life starts with holding a future goal.
the Torah or the Law. 2. Courage in the Face of Difficulty. A
meaningful life is a life of suffering.
Celebrations 3. Love. "Love is the only way to grasp
- Rosh Hashanah - the New Year another human being in the innermost core
- Yom Kippur - the Day of Atonement of his personality”
- Pesach- Passover
- Shavuot - Pentecost "The ultimate secret on the spiritual foundation of
- Sukkot-Tabernacles. life is that love is salvation and joy eternity." The
ultimate factor to find the meaning of life is love
Finding and Creating Meaning of Life FILIPINO MARKERS
- Dr. Viktor E. Frankl. Father of logotheraphy
- Logotherapy believes "man's primary 1. Proverbs or Salawikain:
motivational force is search for meaning." -convey lessons and reflections on Filipino
practices, beliefs, and traditions
Basic Concepts of Franklian Psychology -Damiana Eugenio, regarded as the
● Life has meaning under all circumstances. Mother of Philippine Folklore
● Main motivation for living is our will to find 2. Superstitions:
meaning in life. -May be influenced by beliefs from other
● Freedom to find meaning. cultures.
3. Myths and Legends
Franklian Psychology aims to:
 -These stories are aimed to explain the ● They are also fond of giving “pasalubong” or
origin of things, at the same time, teach a tokens from their travels and “pabaon” or
valuable lesson. farewell gifts to their visitors.
4. Heroes and Icons
-Heroes serve as a reminder of true Respect for ELders
patriotism and nationalism. ● “Mano po!”
-Manny Pacquiao ● “po” and “opo”
-Lea Salonga
-Jose Rizal Close Family Ties
● Filipinos maintain a tight relationship with
The Political Self & Being Filipino! their families regardless if the children are
old enough and already have families of
Who are filipinos? their own.
- 1987 Philippine Constitution Article IV
Section I: Cheerful Personality
- 1.) Those who are citizens of the Philippines ● Filipinos have a habit of smiling and
at the time of the adoption of this laughing a lot. Smiling has been a coping
Constitution; strategy for Filipinos, especially during
- 2.) Those whose fathers or mothers are trying times and calamities.
citizens of the Philippines;
- 3.) Those born before January 17, 1973, of Sacrifice
Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine ● Filipinos go out their way to extend help to
citizenship upon reaching the age of their families and loved ones.
majority; and
- 4.) Those who are naturalized in Bayanihan
accordance with law ● Bayanihan is the spirit of communal unity
and cooperation of Filipinos. It is also about
The Filipinos Values & Traits giving without expecting something in
● The common Filipino phrases such as return.
“Mabuhay” and “Salamat” and habits
such as saying “po” and “opo” to the “Bahala na” Attitude
elders, leaving slippers and shoes at the ● “Bahala na” is the Filipino version of the
front door when entering a house, and the famous line “Hakuna Matata” meaning no
importunate asking of “Kumain ka na ba?” worries. The phrase is said to have
originated from “Bathala na”, where Bathala
The Filipino Hospitality means God, and the phrase meaning
● Filipinos welcome their guests and tourists leaving everything into God’s hand.
and make them feel at home offering them
something to eat, and even a place to stay. Colonial Mentality
● During festivals or fiestas, Filipinos serve ● Lack of patriotism and the attitude where
heaps of food and invite the whole barangay Filipinos favor foreign products more than
over. their own.

Mañana” Habit
 ● This is the Filipino term for procrastination. ● Online identity- the sum of all our
“Mamaya na” meaning dawdling things characteristics and our interactions
which could have been done at an earlier ● Partial identity is a subset of
time. characteristics that make up our identity.
● Persona is the partial identity we create that
Ningas Kugon represents ourselves in a specific situation
● Attitude of eagerly starting things but quickly
losing eagerness soon after experiencing SELECTIVE SELF-PRESENTATION
difficulty. AND IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT

Pride - Self-presentation is the "process of

● Most Filipinos hold on to their pride as if controlling how one is perceived by other
they are more precious than keeping a good people"
relationship with family and loved ones. - Anything posted online should be
considered "public" no matter what our
Crab Mentality "privacy" settings are.
● One resents the achievement of another, - Personal identity is the interpersonal level
instead of feeling happy for that person. of self which differentiates the individual as
unique from others
Filipino Time - Digital devices help us share information
● Arriving late at commitments, dinner or broadly, more than ever before.
parties especially if they are meeting - Facebook and other social media
someone close to them. applications are now a key part of self-
presentation for one sixth of humanity..
WHO AM I IN THE CYBER WORLD - Confessional blogs and the voyeuristic
(DIGITAL SELF) appeal of witnessing a public confession
(Kitzmann 2003).

- Tim Berners-Lee made the World Wide Gender and Sexuality Online
Web - Sex is socially constructed
- Almost two-thirds of the world's population - Gender is historical. It is produced by media
now has a mobile phone. and popular culture
- More than half of the world's web traffic now - It is taught by families, schools, peer
comes from mobile phones. groups, and nation states
- More than half of all mobile connections
around the world are now "broadband."
- More than one in five of the world's Performing Gender Online
population shopped online in the past 30 - Theorist Judith Butler conceptualized
days. gender
- Media users in the Philippines grew by 12 as a performance.
million or 25% while the number of mobile - Social media sites like Twitter and YouTube
social users increased by 13 million or 32%. have led to the emergence of a "free
culture"
 - Two key aspects of metacognition are self-
Setting Boundaries To Your Online Self: Smart appraisal and self-management of
Sharing cognition

Before posting or sharing anything online, consider Metacognition Techniques

the following: ➢ Knowing your limits
● Is this post/story necessary? -Honest evaluation of knowledge and
● Isthere a real benefit to this post? Is it funny, resources to effectively manage learning
warm-hearted, teachable or am I just task.
making noise online without purpose? ➢ Modifying your approach
● Have we (as a family or parent/child) - Recognizing inefffective strategies and
resolved this issue? An issue that is still adapting them to comprehend material
being worked out at home, or one that is better.
either vulnerable or highly emotional, should ➢ Skimming
not be made public. - Browsing through material for key
● Have it appropriate? Does it stay within the information, utilizing techniques like
boundaries of our family values? reviewing introductions and headings.
● Will this seem as funny in 5, 10, or 15 ➢ Rehearsing
years? Or is this post better suited for - Summarizing and interpreting learned
sharing with a small group of family material, integrating personal insights.
members? Or maybe not at all? ➢ Self testing
- Summarizing and interpreting learned
Rules to follow: material, integrating personal insights.
● Stick to safer sites.
● Guard your passwords. ADDITIONAL STRATEGIES:
● Limit what you share. - Asking questions about methods and
● Remember that anything you put online or outcomes
post on a site is there forever, even if you - Engaging in self reflection
try to delete it. - Seeking mentorship or support
● Do not be mean or embarrass other people - Thinking aloud
online. - Embracing errors as learning opportunities
● Always tell if you see strange or bad
behavior online. TYPES OF METACOGNITIVE LEARNERS
● Be choosy about your online friends. ● Tacit learners
● Be patient. - are individuals who primarily acquire
knowledge, skills, or understanding through
LEARNING TO BE A BETTER LEARNER implicit means, such as observation,
experience, or hands-on practice, rather
Metacognition than explicit instruction or formal education.
- Often called as "thinking about thinking," ● Aware learners
involves reflecting on one's cognitive - individuals who possess a heightened level
processes and regulating them for improved of consciousness and attentiveness to their
learning learning process.
● Strategic learners
 - are individuals who approach learning in a who was presented with the nonviolent
systematic and purposeful manner, behavior model was rarely violent to the
employing specific strategies to enhance doll.
their understanding and retention of
information. Social Learning Theory
● Reflective learners Focuses on what people learn from observing and
- are individuals who engage in thoughtful interacting with other people.
introspection and self-assessment as part of - Attention – The behavior of the model must
their learning process. grab the learners attention for them to
notice the behavior and to implement
observational.
- Retention –How ell the behavior is
remembered. If there in no memory of the
BENEFITS OF METACOGNITION behavior observed, there is nothing to be
- Make an outline of the things you want to retained for reproducing the behavior
learn, the things you are reading or doing, - Reproduction/Motor Reproduction – the
and/or the things you remember. ability to execute the models behavior. You
- Break down the task in smaller and more may want to produce the behaviors of a
manageable details. person you admire
- Integrate variation in your schedule and - Motivation – They must have the desire or
learning experience. Change reading will to do it. People are more value than the
material every hour and do not put similar effort to produce the behavior.
topics together
- Try to incubate your ideas. Self-efficacy Theory
- Revise, summarize, and review notes to People’s beliefs about their capabilities to produce
minimize last-minute cramming. designated levels of performance that exercise
- Engage what you have learned. influence over events that the affects their life.
● Outcome expectancy - is “a person’s
DONT JUST DREAM, MAKE IT HAPPEN estimate that a given behavior will lead to
certain outcomes.”
Albert E. Bandura ● Efficacy expectation - is “the conviction
- The most influential psychologist of all time. that one can successfully execute the
- He was elected president of the American behavior required to produce the
Psychological Association (APA) in 1974. outcomes.”
- Introduced the concept of self-efficacy
People with “high assurance in their
The BoBo doll experiment capabilities”
- The sample children were presented with ➢ approach difficult tasks as challenges to be
new social models violent and nonviolent mastered
behavior toward an inflatable redounding ➢ set challenging goals and maintain strong
Bobo doll. commitment to them
- The result were: the group of children who ➢ heighten or sustain efforts in the face of
saw the violent behavior model became failures or setbacks
violent to the doll, while the control group
 ➢ attribute failure to insufficient effort or of intelligence, and goes under fixed
deficient knowledge and skills which are mindset.
acquirable - Dread failure because it is a negative
➢ approach threatening situations with statement on their basic abilities
assurance that they can exercise control - Basic abilities, intelligence, and talents are
over them fixed traits.
- The goal is to look smart all the time and
People “who doubt their capabilities”: never look dumb
➢ shy away from tasks they view as personal -
threats
➢ have low aspirations and weak commitment Growth mindset
to goals they choose to pursue - People who believe that success is based
➢ dwell on personal deficiencies, obstacles on hard work, learning, training, and
they willbencounter, and all kinds of adverse perseverance have growth theory of
outcomes,brather than concentrating on intelligence, which goes under growth
how to perform successfully mindset.
➢ slacken their efforts and give up quickly in - Do not mind or fear failure as much
the face of difficulties because they realize their performance can
➢ fall easy victim to stress and depression be improved and learning comes from
failure
Four main sources of influence by which self- - Talents and abilities can be developed
efficacy is developed and maintained through effort, good teaching and
● Performance accomplishments or mastery persistence
experiences; - Everyone can get smarter if they work for it.
● Vicarious experiences;
● Verbal or social persuasion; and Edwin A. Locke's Goal Setting Theory
● Physiological (somatic and emotional) Edwin A. Locke is internationally known for
states his research on goalsetting.
- Emphasizes the importance of setting
Carol S. Dweck’s Fixed and Growth Mindset specific and challenging goals to enhance
Theory motivation and performance.
- The approach of goal setting theory is
Carol S. Dweck based on what Aristotle called final
- She is one of the leading researchers in the causality; that is, action caused by a
field of motivation and is and Virginia Eaton purpose.
Professor of Psychology at Stanford
University. Goal Attributes - refer to the characteristics or
- Her research focused on why people qualities of goals that influence how they are
succeed and how to foster success. pursued and achieved.

Fixed mindset Aspects of Goal Attributes

- People who believe that success is based a. internal aspect – they are ideas (desired
on their innate abilities have a “fixed” theory ends)
 b. external aspect - they refer to the object or 7. Goal setting is most effective when there is
condition sought (e.g., a job, a sale, feedback that shows progress in relation to
a certain performance level) the goal
8. Goal setting (along with self-efficacy)
Broad Attributes of Goals mediates the effect of knowledge of past
a. content – the actual object sought performance on subsequent performance.
b. intensity – the scope, focus, and complexity, 9. Goals affect performance by affecting the
among others of the choice process direction of action, the degree of effort
exerted, and the persistence of action over
Five principles of Goal Setting Theory time.
10. Goals stimulate planning in general
Clarity – goals should be clear and specific 11. When people strive for goals on complex
Challenge – goals should be challenging enough tasks, they are least effective in discovering
to be motivating suitable task strategies if:
Commitment – everybody must be committed to a. they have no prior experience or training
the goal happening on the task;
Feedback – feedback on the goals should be b. there is high pressure to perform well;
considered and
Complexity – goals must be achievable c. there is high time pressure (to perform
well immediately).
14 research findings 12. Goals (including goal commitment), in
1. The more difficult the goal, the greater the combination with self-efficacy, mediate or
achievement. partially mediate the effects of several
2. The more specific or explicit the goal, the personality traits and incentives on
more precisely performance is regulated. performance.
3. Goals that are both specific and difficult lead 13. Goal-setting and goal-related mechanisms
to the highest performance can be trained and/or adopted in the
4. Commitment to goals is most critical when absence of training for the purpose of self-
goals are specific and difficult. regulation.
14. Goals serve as standards of self-
5. High commitment to goals is attained when: satisfaction, with harder goals
a. the individual is convinced that the goal is demanding higher accomplishment in
important; order to attain self-satisfaction than
b. the individual is convinced that the goal is easy goals.
attainable
6. In addition to having a direct effect on LESS STRESS MORE CARE
performance, self-efficacy influences:
a. the difficulty level of the goal chosen or Stress
accepted; - A state of worry or mental tension caused
b. commitment to goals; by a difficult situation.
c. the response to negative feedback or - A natural human response that prompts us
failure; and to address challenges and threats in our
d. the choice of task strategies. lives.
- affects both the mind and the body
 - manifests in various physical and emotional - This response involves the release of stress
symptoms, such as anxiety, irritability, hormones, such as cortisol and adrenaline,
difficulty concentrating, headaches, body into the bloodstream.
pains, gastrointestinal discomfort, and sleep
disturbances. Stress disease
Types of stress - Chronic stress has been associated with
- Acute stress various health issues, including high blood
- Cognitive stress pressure, heart disease, etc.
- Chronic stress
- Episodic acute stress Techniques to conquer chronic stress
Herbert Benson
● Acute stress is a short-term stress response - was an American medical doctor,
due to a sudden change or perceived threat. cardiologist, and founder of the Mind/Body
● Cognitive stress is the type of stress that Medical Institute at Massachusetts General
comes from the way we think and process Hospital in Boston.
information. 1. Relaxation response
● Chronic stress is long-term stress that - Deep abdominal breathing, focus on a
goes on for weeks or months. It can be soothing word, visualization of tranquil
caused by ongoing situations or events that scenes, repetitive prayer, yoga, and tai chi.
are out of our control, such as a bad - The results of this response may be worth
marriage or an extremely demanding job. trying, although it is not a cure at all.
● Episodic acute stress is when a person 2. Physical activity
experiences acute stress frequently. People - People can use exercise to stifle the buildup
who experience episodic acute stress may of stress in several ways.
feel like they are always under pressure or 3. Social support
that things are always going wrong. - Confidants, friends, acquaintances,
spouses, relatives, co-workers,
Stress and Human Response companions, all provide a life-enhancing
social net, and may increase longevity.
Hans selye
-Father of stress research The Cultural Dimension of Stress and Coping
-“Its not stress that kills us, it is our reaction to it.” (Ben Kuo)
- three stages the body goes through when
undergoing stress: ● A person’s internalized cultural values,
beliefs, and norms affect the appraisal
➢ Alarm- It is also known as the fight-or-flight process of stressors and the perceived
response. appropriateness of coping responses.
➢ Resistance- the body tries to repair itself ● The prevalence of emotion-focused,
after the initial shock of stress. indirect, passive, orcovert, internally target,
➢ Exhaustion- the body's physical, emotional, or secondary control coping among
and mental resources are drained to the individuals of Asian backgrounds, as well
point where it can no longer cope with as, to a
stress. lesser extent, among the African and Latino
Stress response backgrounds.
 ● Emotion-focused coping has been shown to - Self-compassion is a protection against
be beneficial when it comes in reducing anxiety and depression when controlling for
distress for Asian-Americans and Asian- self-criticism and negative effect.
Canadians in dealing with various stressors, - Self-compassion is associated with greater
including family conflict and racial wisdom and emotional intelligence. It
discrimination. appears to bolster positive states of being
● Problem-focused coping also found as well.
effective for Asian-Americans and Asian-
Canadians when it comes to responding in Self-compassion, Motivation, and Health
male gender conflicts, racial discrimination, - Research supports the idea that self-
and cross-cultural adjustment. compassion enhances motivation rather
than self-indulgence.
- Self-compassionate people aim just as high,
but also recognize and accept that they
Self care therapy cannot always reach their goals.
1. Stop, breathe, and tell yourself: “This is hard
and I will get through this one step at a Self-compassion vs. Self-esteem
time.” - Self-compassion still predicts greater
2. Acknowledge to yourself what you are happiness and optimism as well as less
feeling. All feelings are normal, so accept depression and anxiety when controlling for
whatever you are feeling. self-esteem.
3. Find someone who listens and is accepting. - Self-esteem had a robust association with
You do not need advice, you need to be narcissism while self-compassion had no
heard. association with narcissism.
4. Maintain your normal routine as much as
possible.
5. Allow plenty of time for a task.
6. Take good care of yourself by way of getting
enough rest and sleep, eating regularly, and
making healthy choices.

Self compassion theraphy

- Self-compassion entails being warm and
understanding toward ourselves when we
suffer, fail, or feel inadequate, rather than
flagellating ourselves with self-criticism.
- “This is a moment of suffering.”
- “Suffering is a part of life.”
- “May I be kind to myself.”
- “May I give myself the compassion I need.”

Self-compassion and Emotional

Well-being