3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

An insulated container filled with 25 kg of water at 20°C is fitted with a stirrer, which is made to turn by gravity acting on a weight of mass 31 kg. The container
changes in temperature along with the water and has a heat capacity equivalent to 5 kg of water. The weight falls slowly through a distance of 5 m in driving the
stirrer. The local acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m·s−2. Take the water and container as the system.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Easy

1. Award: 1.16 points

Determine the amount of work done on the water. (You must provide an answer before moving to the next part.)

The amount of work done on the water is 1519 ± 2% J.

Explanation:

The work done on the water is equal to the work done by gravity on the weight, which is equal to force times distance. The force is
−2
mg = 31 kg × 9.8 m⋅s = 303.8 N

The distance is 5 m, so the work done is

303.8 N × 5 m = 1519 N⋅m = 1519 J

The amount of work done on the water is 1519 J.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Easy

An insulated container filled with 25 kg of water at 19°C is fitted with a stirrer, which is made to turn by gravity acting on a weight of mass 32 kg. The container
changes in temperature along with the water and has a heat capacity equivalent to 5 kg of water. The weight falls slowly through a distance of 5 m in driving the
stirrer. Assume that all work done on the weight is transferred to the water and that the local acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m·s−2. Take the water alone as the
system.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Easy

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

2. Award: 1.16 points

Determine the final temperature of the water, for which CP = 4.18 kJ·kg−1·°C−1. (You must provide an answer before moving to the next part.)

The final temperature of the water is 19.013 ± 2% °C.

Explanation:

The internal energy change (1568 J) is equal to the total heat capacity times the temperature change (ΔUt = mCpΔT) or

−1 −1
1568 J = 30 kg × 4180 J⋅kg ⋅°C × Δ T

From this

1568 J
ΔT = = 0.0125°C
−1 −1
30 kg × 4180 J⋅kg ⋅°C

So, the final temperature of the water is 19.013 degrees Celsius (the initial temperature was 19 degrees Celsius).

The final temperature of the water is 19.013°C.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Easy

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

3. Award: 1.16 points

An electric hand mixer draws 1.5 amperes at 110 volts. It is used to mix 1 kg of cookie dough for 5 minutes. After mixing, the temperature of the cookie
dough is found to have increased by 5.4°C. If the heat capacity of the dough is 4.2 kJ⋅kg−1⋅K−1, what fraction of the electrical energy used by the mixer is
converted to internal energy of the dough?

45.82 ± 2% % of the electrical energy used by the mixer is converted to internal energy of the dough.

Discuss the fate of the remainder of the energy.

Explanation:

The electrical power supplied to the mixer is

1.5 A × 110 V = 165 VA = 165 W

The total energy supplied over a period of 5 minutes is then

5 minutes × (60 seconds/minute) × 165 W = 49500 J = 49.5 kJ

The increase in internal energy of the cookie dough is given by

t −1 −1
ΔU = mCv Δ T = 1 kg × 4.2 kJ⋅kg ⋅K × 5.4°C = 22.68 kJ

Thus, the fraction of the electrical energy that went into heating the cookie dough is

22.68 kJ
= 0.4582
49.5 kJ

45.82% of the energy input has appeared as increased internal energy of the cookie dough. The rest of the energy input has been transferred as heat to the
surroundings or remains as internal energy of the electric mixer, which is probably also at a higher temperature at the end of the process than at the
beginning.

From the data given, we know the work input only if the system includes the mixer itself (because we know the current and voltage supplied to it, from which
we compute electrical work). Taking the mixer and the dough as the system, we know W = 49.5 kJ, but we do not separately know Q, the amount of heat
transferred between the system and surroundings, or ΔU, the change in internal energy of the mixer and dough together.

On the other hand, if we take only the dough as the system, we know that it has

t
ΔU = Q + W = 22.68 kJ

But, we do not know Q and W individually. Here the work done by the mixer on the dough should be some amount smaller than the electrical work provided
to the mixer, because the mixer should have some inherent irreversibilities that prevent it from fully converting the incoming electrical work into mechanical
work done on the dough.

From the given data, we cannot evaluate all terms in the energy balance for either the dough alone or the mixer and dough together as the system.
45.82% of the electrical energy used by the mixer is converted to internal energy of the dough.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Medium

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

4. Award: 1.16 points

A tank containing 16 kg of water at 20°C is fitted with a stirrer that delivers work to the water at the rate of 0.25 kW. How long does it take for the temperature
of the water to rise to 30°C if no heat is lost from the water? For water, CP = 4.18 kJ⋅kg−1⋅°C−1.

The time taken is 2675 ± 2% s.

Explanation:

The total heat capacity of the water is

-1 -1 -1
16 kg × (4.18 kJ⋅(kg°C) ) = 66.88 kJ⋅°C = 66880 J⋅°C

So, to increase the temperature by 10°C requires an energy input of 668.8 kJ. If we are doing work on the water at a rate of 0.25 kW = 0.25 kJ·s−1, then we
will have to do so for

668.8 kJ
= 2675.2 s = 44.59 minutes = 0.7431 hr
-1
0.25 kJ⋅s

The time taken is 2675.2 s.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Easy

5. Award: 1.16 points

Heat in the amount of 7.5 kJ is added to a closed system while its internal energy decreases by 12 kJ. How much energy is transferred as work? For a
process causing the same change of state but for which the work is zero, how much heat is transferred?

The amount of energy transferred as work is 19.5 ± 2% kJ.

For a process causing the same change of state but for which the work is zero, the amount of heat transferred is 12 ± 2% kJ.

Explanation:

The first law of thermodynamics tells us that

t
ΔU = Q + W

So, if Q = 7.5 kJ and ΔUt = −12 kJ, we see that W = −19.5 kJ. That is, 19.5 kJ was transferred from the system to the surroundings as work.

If the same change of state occurred (which tells us that ΔUt was the same) but no work was done (W = 0), we would have –12 kJ = Q + 0. That is, if no
work was done, then 12 kJ would have to be removed from the system to cause the same change in the state of the system.
The amount of energy transferred as work is 19.5 kJ.

For a process causing the same change of state but for which the work is zero, the amount of heat transferred is 12 kJ.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Easy

Consider 8 kg of liquid water at 25°C, for which CP = 4.18 kJ·kg−1·K−1.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Easy

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

6. Award: 1.16 points

The water experiences a change in elevation Δz. The change in potential energy ΔEP is the same as ΔUt for part (a). What is Δz, in meters? (You must
provide an answer before moving to the next part.)

Δz is 426.53 ± 2% meters.

Explanation:

The change in gravitational potential energy is

ΔE P = mg Δ z

So, to have the same change in potential energy as the change in internal energy in part (a), we need

-2
33440 J = 8 kg × 9.8 m⋅s × Δz

From this, Δz = 426.53 m (or 1399.38 feet)

Δz is 426.53 meters.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Easy

7. Award: 1.16 points

The water is accelerated from rest to final velocity u. The change in kinetic energy ΔEK is the same as ΔUt for part (a). What is u, in m·s−1? (You must
provide an answer before moving to the next part.)

u is 91.43 ± 2% m·s−1.

Explanation:

This time, we need

1 2
ΔE K = mv = 33440 J
2

From this,

2 2
v = 8360 (m/s)

or

v = 91.43 m/s (or 204.53 miles per hour).

u is 91.43 m·s−1.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Easy

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

8. Award: 1.16 points

In addition to heat and work flows, energy can be transferred as light, as in a photovoltaic device (solar cell). The energy content of light depends on both its
wavelength (color) and its intensity. When sunlight impinges on a solar cell, some is reflected, some is absorbed and converted to electrical work, and some
is absorbed and converted to heat. Consider an array of solar cells with an area of 3.8 m2. The power of sunlight impinging upon it is 1 kW⋅m−2. The array
converts 17% of the incident power to electrical work, and it reflects 20% of the incident light. At steady state, what is the rate of heat removal from the solar
cell array?

The rate of heat removal from the solar cell array is 2.39 ± 2% kW.

Explanation:

At steady state, the net energy flow into the solar panel is zero. The rate of energy transfer to the panel as sunlight is

4 4 /2
1

π 2 D1 D2
ṁ = (2ρ (P2 - P1 )( ) ( 4 4
))
4 D1 - D2

(80% of the total, since 20% is reflected). The rate at which energy leaves as electrical work is

-2 2
0.17 × 1 kW⋅m × 3.8 m = 0.65 kW

At steady state, the remaining energy must leave as heat. Written as an energy balance,

t
ΔU = 0 = 3.04 kW - 0.65 kW + Q = 0

From this, Q = −2.39 kW. The rate of heat removal is 2.39 kW. Since solar cells inherently convert a minority of the absorbed energy into electrical work,
they inevitably require removal of substantial amounts of energy as heat. This can lead them to operate at high temperature, which may further reduce their
efficiency.
The rate of heat removal from the solar cell array is 2.39 kW.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Medium

Liquid water at 180°C and 1002.7 kPa has an internal energy (on an arbitrary scale) of 762.0 kJ⋅kg−1 and a specific volume of 1.128 cm3⋅g−1.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Easy

9. Award: 1.16 points

What is its enthalpy? (You must provide an answer before moving to the next part.)

Its enthalpy is 763.1 ± 2% kJ·kg−1.

Explanation:

By definition,

H = U + PV

So,

-1 3 -1 -1
H = 762 kJ⋅kg + 1002.7 kPa × 0.001128 m ⋅kg = 763.1 kJ⋅kg

Note that we converted the specific volume to m3 per kg, and that Pa × m3 = N/m2 × m3 = N × m = J, so kPa × m3 = kJ.
Its enthalpy is 763.1 kJ·kg−1.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Easy

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

10. Award: 1.16 points

Air flows at steady state through a horizontal, insulated pipe with inside diameter of 4 cm. A pressure drop results from flow through a partially opened valve.
Just upstream from the valve, the pressure is 7 bar, the temperature is 49°C, and the average velocity is 20 m⋅s−1. If the pressure just downstream from the
valve is 1.3 bar, what is the temperature? Assume for air that PV/T is constant, CV = (5/2)R, and CP = (7/2)R. (Values for R, the ideal gas constant, are given
below.) The average molecular weight of air is 0.02897 kg·mol−1.

The temperature is 43.62 ± 2% °C.

Explanation:

Since the pipe is insulated, we can assume Q is zero, and because the pipe and valve presumably have no moving parts, W is also zero. Furthermore, the
pipe is horizontal, so there is no change in gravitational potential energy between the inlet and the outlet streams. Thus, we can write the energy balance for
an open system with one inlet and one outlet. Note that this equation, as written, is per unit mass.

Δu
2 g
ΔH + + Δ z = Q + W
2g g
c c

2
Δu
ΔH + = 0
2g
c

The difference in enthalpy between the inlet and outlet streams can be written in terms of the temperature change: ΔH = CPΔT. Substituting this in the
above equation, we get
2
Δu
CP Δ T + = 0
2

The mass flow rates in and out must be equal (at steady state, with no chemical reactions), min = mout­, and the mass flow rate is the velocity times the
cross-sectional area divided by the specific volume (volumetric flow rate divided by specific volume): m = uA/V. So, we have

uin Ain uout Aout

=
Vin Vout

and

uin Ain Vout

u out =
Aout Vin

Ain and Aout are the same, and because we have PV/T = a constant, we can write

Vout (Tout P in )
=
Vin (Tin P out )

So, we can then write

uin P in Tout
u out =
P out Tin

Substitute the following values in the equation shown above.

uin = 20 m·s−1, and Tin = 49°C = 322.15 K

P in
= 5.385,
P out

-1
5.385 × 20 m⋅s (322.15 K + ΔT )
-1
u out (m⋅s ) = = 107.7 + 0.33432 Δ T
322.15 K

where ΔT is in K or °C.

Also, we have

-1 -1 -1 -1
CP = 3.5 × R = 3.5 × 8.314 J⋅mol ⋅K = 29.10 J ⋅ mol ⋅K

As given, this is the molar heat capacity. To get the specific heat, we divide this by the average molecular weight of air (0.02897 kg·mol−1) to get CP =
1004.5 J·kg−1·K−1). Putting this all together, we see that
2 -1 2
((107.7 + 0.33432ΔT )) - (20 m⋅s )
-1 -1
1004.5 J⋅kg ⋅K × ΔT + = 0
2

where both terms have units of J·kg−1, and ΔT has units of K or °C. Multiplying things out gives

2
0.0558837 × ΔT + 1040.506ΔT + 5599.645 = 0

Applying the quadratic formula to this gives ΔT = -5.383 K = -5.383°C, so the downstream temperature is 43.62°C.
The temperature is 43.62°C.

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References

Worksheet Difficulty: Hard

11. Award: 1.16 points

Water flows through a horizontal coil heated from the outside by high-temperature flue gases. As it passes through the coil, the water changes state from
liquid at 200 kPa and 80°C to vapor at 100 kPa and 125°C. Its entering velocity is 10 m⋅s−1 and its exit velocity is 208 m⋅s−1. Determine the heat transferred
through the coil per unit mass of water. Enthalpies of the inlet and outlet streams are

Inlet: 334.9 kJ⋅kg−1; Outlet: 2726.5 kJ⋅kg−1

The heat transferred through the coil per unit mass of water is 2413.18 ± 2% kJ⋅kg−1.

Explanation:

We can write the energy balance (per unit mass) as follows:

˙ ˙
ΔH + Δ E K = Q + W s

From the problem statement, we have

−1 −1 −1
ΔH = 2726.5 kJ⋅kg - 334.9 kJ⋅kg = 2391.6 kJ⋅kg

No shaft work is done. Since there is a large change in velocity from inlet to outlet, we will take into account the change in kinetic energy, which is

1 −1 2 -1 2 −1 −1
ΔE K /m = ((208 m⋅s ) - (10 m⋅s ) ) = 21582 J⋅kg = 21.582 kJ⋅kg
2

So, we have

˙ −1 −1 −1
Q = Δ H + Δ E K = 2391.6 kJ⋅kg + 21.582 kJ⋅kg = 2413.18 kJ⋅kg

Even for this huge change in velocity, the change in kinetic energy is a very small part of the overall heat requirement.

The heat transferred through the coil per unit mass of water is 2413.18 kJ⋅kg−1.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Easy

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

12. Award: 1.16 points

Steam at 1400 kPa and 350°C [state 1] enters a turbine through a pipe that is 8 cm in diameter, at a mass flow rate of 0.1 kg⋅s−1. The exhaust from the
turbine is carried through a 31-cm-diameter pipe and is at 50 kPa and 100°C [state 2]. What is the power output of the turbine?

H1 = 3150.7 kJ⋅kg−1 V1 = 0.20024 m3⋅kg−1

H2 = 2682.6 kJ⋅kg−1 V2 = 3.4181 m3⋅kg−1

The power output of the turbine is 46.81 ± 2% kW.

Explanation:

The volumetric flow rate into the pipe is the mass flow rate times the specific volume.

-1 3 -1 3 -1
0.1 kg⋅s × 0.20024 m ⋅kg = 0.020024 m ⋅s

The cross-sectional area of the inlet pipe is

2
(0.08 m)
2
A = π = 0.005027 m
4

So, the average flow velocity is

3 -1
0.020024 m ⋅s -1
2
= 3.9833 m⋅s
0.005027 m

At steady state, the mass flow rate out must be the same as the mass flow rate in. So, if the specific volume at the outlet conditions is 3.4181 m3·kg−1, then
the volumetric flow rate out is

3 -1 -1 3 -1
3.4181 m ⋅kg × 0.1 kg⋅s = 0.34181 m ⋅s

The cross-sectional area of the 25-cm-diameter exit pipe is

2
(0.31 m)
2
π = 0.07548 m
4

So, the velocity is

3 -1
0.34181 m ⋅s -1
u out = 2
= 4.5287 m⋅s .
0.07548 m

Now, we can use this in the energy balance for an open system.

2
Δu
(ΔH + + g Δ z)ṁ = Q + W
2

We will assume that the heat loss from the turbine is negligible (Q = 0) and that the change in elevation from inlet to outlet is negligible (Δz = 0). Therefore,
the work output of the turbine is given by

2
Δu
W = (ΔH + )m
2g
c

-1 2 -1 2
(4.52868 m⋅s ) - (3.9833 m⋅s )
-1 -1 -1
W = ((2682.6 kJ⋅kg - 3150.7 kJ⋅kg ) + )0.1 kg⋅s
2

-1 -1 -1 -1
W = (-468.1 kJ⋅kg + 2.32 J⋅kg )0.1 kg⋅s = -46.81 kJ⋅s

W = −46.81 kJ·s−1 = −46.81 kW. Our sign convention for W is that it is work done on the fluid. Therefore, the work output from the system is 46.81 kW.

The power output of the turbine is 46.81 kW.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Hard

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

13. Award: 1.16 points

One kilogram of air is heated reversibly at constant pressure from an initial state of 310 K and 1 bar until its volume triples. Calculate W, Q, ΔU, and ΔH for
the process. Assume for air that PV/T = 83.14 bar⋅cm3⋅mol−1⋅K−1 and CP = 29 J⋅mol−1⋅K−1.

W= -177.75 ± 2% kJ·kg−1

Q= 620 ± 2% kJ·kg−1

ΔU = 442.25 ± 2% kJ·kg−1

ΔH = 620 ± 2% kJ·kg−1

Explanation:

If PV/T is constant, then at constant pressure, the volume will triple when the temperature triples. Therefore, the final state will be 930 K and 1 bar. The
enthalpy change for this constant volume process with constant heat capacity is given by

-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
ΔH = CP Δ T = 29 J⋅mol ⋅K × (930 K - 310 K) = 17980 J⋅mol = 620 J⋅g = 620 kJ⋅kg

where we've used the molecular weight of air of about 29 g·mol−1 to convert from molar enthalpy change to specific enthalpy change.

By the definition of U, we have

5 -1
-1 3 -1 -1 10 Pa⋅bar
ΔU = Δ H - Δ P V = 17980 J⋅mol - 83.14 bar⋅cm ⋅mol ⋅K (930 K - 310 K) 6
10 cm3 ⋅m-3

-1 -3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
ΔU = 17980 J⋅mol - 5154.68 Pa⋅m ⋅mol = 17980 J⋅mol - 5154.68 J⋅mol = 12825.32 J⋅mol = 442.25 J⋅g = 442.25 kJ⋅kg

The work is given by −PΔV = −ΔPV at constant P, which we just computed to be −5154.68 J·mol−1 = -177.75 J·g−1 = -177.75 kJ·kg−1.
For a constant pressure process, Q is equal to the enthalpy change, so Q = 620 kJ·kg−1.
W = -177.75 kJ·kg−1

Q = 620 kJ·kg−1

ΔU = 442.25 kJ·kg−1

ΔH = 620 kJ·kg−1

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Easy

The conditions of a gas change in a steady-flow process from 20°C and 1000 kPa to 60°C and 100 kPa.

References

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

14. Award: 1.16 points

Calculate ΔU and ΔH for the process on the basis of 1 mol of gas. Assume for the gas that PV/T is constant, CV = (5/2)R, and CP = (7/2)R. Take R = 8.314
J·mol−1·K−1 = 8.314 m3·Pa·mol−1·K−1.

ΔU = 831.4 ± 2% J·mol−1

ΔH = 1163.96 ± 2% J·mol−1

Explanation:

This is a two-step process. The first step is going from 20°C to 60°C. The second step is going from 1000 kPa to 100 kPa.

T1 = 293.15 K and T2 = 333.15 K

Using PV = RT and R = 8.314 J·mol−1·K−1, we have

T1 3 -1 -1 293.15 K -3 3 -1
V1 = R = 8.314 m ⋅Pa⋅mol ⋅K ×
3
= 2.437 × 10 m ⋅mol
P1 1000 × 10 Pa

T2 -2 -1
3
V2 = R = 2.77 × 10 m ⋅mol
P2

Using R = 8.314 J·mol−1·K−1 and plugging the temperatures, we have

5 -1 -1 -1
ΔU = CV Δ T = × 8.314 J⋅mol ⋅K × (333.15 K - 293.15 K) = 831.4 J⋅mol
2

and

-1 −2 3 -1 −3 3 -1
ΔH = Δ U + (P2 V2 - P1 V1 ) = 831.4 J⋅mol + ((100 kPa × 2.77 × 10 m ⋅mol ) - (1000 kPa × 2.437 × 10 m ⋅mol )) = 1163.96

ΔU = 831.4 J·mol−1

ΔH = 1163.96 J·mol−1

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Medium

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15. Award: 1.16 points

The mechanical-energy balance provides a basis for estimating pressure drop owing to friction in fluid flow. For steady flow of an incompressible fluid in a
horizontal pipe of constant cross-sectional area, it may be written,

ΔP 2 2
= fF ρu
ΔL D

where fF is the Fanning friction factor. Churchill gives the following expression for fF for turbulent flow:

−2
∈ 0.9
7
fF = 0.3305{ln (0.27 + ( ) )}
D Re

Here, Re is the Reynolds number and ∈/D is the dimensionless pipe roughness. For pipe flow, Re ≡ uρD/μ, where D is the pipe diameter and μ is the
dynamic viscosity. The flow is turbulent for Re > 3000.
Consider the flow of liquid water at 25°C. For the set of conditions given below, determine ṁ (in kg⋅s−1) and ΔP/ΔL (in kPa⋅m−1). Assume ∈/D = 0.0001. For
liquid water at 25°C, ρ = 996 kg⋅m−3 and μ = 9.0 × 10−4 kg⋅m−1⋅s−1.

D = 2 cm, u = 1 m·s−1

ṁ = 0.313 ± 2% kg⋅s−1

ΔP/ΔL = 0.632 ± 2% kPa⋅m−1

Is the flow turbulent?

Yes

Explanation:

First, the Reynolds number must be determined.

-3 -1
Dρu 2 cm × 996 kg⋅m × 1 m⋅s
Re = = = 22133
μ -4 -1
9.0 × 10 kg⋅m ⋅s-1

Next, using the equation for the fanning friction factor given, we get
−2
∈ 0.9
7
fF = 0.3305{ln (0.27 + ( ) )} = 0.00635
D 22133

With the friction factor, ṁ and ΔP/ΔL can be determined.

π 2 -3 -1 π 2 -1
ṁ = ρu D = 996 kg⋅m × 1 m⋅s × × 0.0004 m = 0.313 kg⋅s
4 4

ΔP 2 2 -3 -1 2 -1
2
= ρfF u = × 996 kg⋅m × 0.00635 × (1 m⋅s ) = 0.632 kPa⋅m
ΔL D 2 cm

ṁ = 0.313 kg⋅s−1

ΔP/ΔL = 0.632 kPa⋅m−1

Yes, the flow is turbulent.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Medium

One mole of an ideal gas with CP = (5/2)R and CV = (3/2)R expands from P1 = 6 bar and T1 = 780 K to P2 = 1 bar.
Take the value of R to be 8.314 J·mol−1·k−1.

References

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16. Award: 1.16 points

At constant volume (assume mechanical reversibility), find the value of W, Q, ΔU, and ΔH? (You must provide an answer before moving to the next part.)

The work done is 0 ± 2% J·mol-1.

The heat transfer required is − 8106.15 ± 2% J·mol-1.

The change in internal energy is − 8106.15 ± 2% J·mol-1.

The change in enthalpy is − 13510.25 ± 2% J·mol-1.

Explanation:

At constant volume, the gas expands from 6 bar and 780 K to 1 bar. Since PV/T is constant for an ideal gas, when P decreases by a factor of 6, T will also
decrease by a factor of 6 to maintain constant volume. Hence, in this case, the final temperature is

780 K
= 130 K
6

As for any constant volume process, the work done is zero (W = 0). The heat transfer required is

3 3
Q = Cv (T2 - T1 ) = ( R)(130 K - 780 K) = ( R)(−650 K)
2 2

-1 −1 -1
Q = (1. 5 × 8. 314 J⋅mol ⋅K )(−650 K) = − 8106.15 J⋅mol

The change in internal energy is

−1
ΔU = Q = − 8106.15 J⋅mol

The change in enthalpy is

5
ΔH = Cp (T2 - T1 ) = ( R)(130 K - 780 K)
2

5 −1 −1 −1
ΔH = ( R)(-650 K) = (2.5 × 8.314 J⋅mol ⋅K )(-650 K) = -13510.25 J⋅mol
2

The work done is 0 J·mol-1.

The heat transfer required is −8106.15 J·mol-1.

The change in internal energy is −8106.15 J·mol-1.

The change in enthalpy is −13510.25 J·mol-1.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Medium

The state of an ideal gas with CP = (5/2)R is changed from P = 1 bar and ​V = 12 m to P2 = 6 bar and V
1
t 3 t
2
= 2 m
3
​. Calculate Q, W, ΔUt, and ΔHt by the
following a mechanically reversible process. The values of R are given in the following table:

References

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

17. Award: 1.16 points

Consider the process to be an adiabatic compression followed by cooling at constant volume. (You must provide an answer before moving to the next part.)

The heat required is − 4143.47 ± 2% kJ.

The work done is 4143.47 ± 2% kJ.

The change in internal energy is 0 ± 2% kJ.

The change in enthalpy is 0 ± 2% kJ.

Explanation:

In this case, since the final temperature is the same as the initial temperature.

Therefore,

ΔH = ΔU = 0

For the adiabatic compression to the final pressure, an intermediate volume is required. For that, we can use the following formula:
C
P 5

3
Pi V1 C
V 12 m 3

= ( ) = ( 3
) = 19.81
P1 V2 2 m

Then the intermediate pressure is

Pi = 19.81 × 1 bar = 19.81 bar

The work for the adiabatic step is then

3 3
P i V2 − P 1 V1 (19.81 bar × 2 m ) − (1 bar × 12 m ) 3
W (adiabatic) = = = 41.43 bar⋅m = 4143.47 kJ
γ − 1 5
( ) − 1
3

No work is done in the constant volume step, so the total work is

W = 4143.47 kJ and Q = −4143.47 kJ

The heat required is −4143.47 kJ.

The work done is 4143.47 kJ.

The change in internal energy is 0 kJ.

The change in enthalpy is 0 kJ.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Medium

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

18. Award: 1.16 points

Consider the process of heating at constant volume followed by cooling at constant pressure. (You must provide an answer before moving to the next part.)

The heat required is − 6000 ± 2% kJ.

The work done is 6000 ± 2% kJ.

The change in internal energy is 0 ± 2% kJ.

The change in enthalpy is 0 ± 2% kJ.

Explanation:

In this case, since the final temperature is the same as the initial temperature.

Therefore,

ΔH = ΔU = 0

No work is done during the heating at constant volume to the final pressure of 12 bar. The work done during the subsequent cooling at constant pressure is

3 3 3
W (isobaric) = −P ΔV = −(6 bar) × (2 m - 12 m ) = 60 bar⋅m = 6000 kJ

So, the total work is W = 6000 kJ and Q = −6000 kJ.

The heat required is −6000 kJ.

The work done is 6000 kJ.

The change in internal energy is 0 kJ.

The change in enthalpy is 0 kJ.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Medium

A rigid, nonconducting tank with a volume of 4 m3 is divided into two unequal parts by a thin membrane. One side of the membrane, representing 1/3 of the
tank, contains nitrogen gas at 6 bar and 100°C, and the other side, representing 2/3 of the tank, is evacuated. The membrane ruptures and the gas fills the
tank. Assume nitrogen is an ideal gas for which Cp = (7/2)R and Cv = (5/2)R.

References

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

19. Award: 1.16 points

Calculate the final temperature of the gas and the work done. (You must provide an answer before moving to the next part.)

The final temperature of the gas is 100 ± 2% °C and the work done is 0 ± 2% J.

Explanation:

m3 at a pressure of 6 bar (600000 Pa) and a temperature of 100ºC (373.15 K). Taking
−1
In the initial state, the gas has a volume of Q = -5707.69 J⋅mol
the system to be the entire content of the tank, the total internal energy of the system is just the internal energy of the part that has the gas in it. The internal
energy in the evacuated part is, by definition, zero. It is empty space. Since the tank is nonconducting (insulating) and rigid (constant volume), no heat or
work flows enter or leave the tank. Thus, the internal energy in the final state, when the gas has expanded to a volume of 4 m3 is the same as before the
expansion.
We can write the first law for the content of the tank before and after the expansion as

ΔU = Q + W = 0

For an ideal gas, the internal energy is only a function of temperature. Therefore, if the internal energy does not change, the temperature of the gas does not
change. The final temperature is 100ºC.

Therefore, no work is done or W = 0.

The final temperature of the gas is 100°C and the work done is 0 J.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Medium

One mole of an ideal gas, initially at 30°C and 1 bar, is changed to 130°C and 11 bar. Take CP = (7/2)R and CV = (5/2)R. The values of R are given in the following
table:

Calculate Q, W, ΔU, and ΔH for the following process.

References

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

20. Award: 1.16 points

The gas is first compressed isothermally to 11 bar and then it is heated at constant pressure to 130°C.

The heat required is − 3131.002 ± 2% J·mol-1.

The work done is 5210.002 ± 2% J·mol-1.

The change in internal energy is 2079 ± 2% J·mol-1.

The change in enthalpy is 2910 ± 2% J·mol-1.

Explanation:

For the isothermal compression, ΔU = ΔH = 0 and

P final
Q = − W = − RT ln( )
P initial

So,

P final -1 -1 11 bar −1
Q = − W = − RT ln( ) = − (8.314 J⋅mol ⋅K )(303 K) ln( ) = -6041.002 J⋅mol
P initial 1 bar

For constant pressure heating,

7 −1 −1 −1
Q = ΔH = CP ΔT = ( ) × (8.314 J⋅mol ⋅K ) × (403 K − 303 K) = 2910 J⋅mol
2

As usual,

5 −1 −1 −1
ΔU = CV ΔT = ( ) × (8.314 J⋅mol ⋅K ) × (403 K − 303 K) = 2079 J⋅mol
2

Finally,

−1 −1 −1
W = ΔU – Q = −RΔT = −(8.314 J⋅mol ⋅K ) × (403 K − 303 K) = −831 J⋅mol

Adding the two steps gives, for the overall process,

−1 −1 −1
Q = 2910 J⋅mol - 6041.002 J⋅mol = −3131.002 J⋅mol

−1 −1 −1
W = 6041.002 J⋅mol - 831 J⋅mol = 5210.002 J⋅mol

ΔU = 2079 J·mol-1

and ΔH = 2910 J·mol-1

The heat required is −3131.002 J·mol-1.

The work done is 5210.002 J·mol-1.

The change in internal energy is 2079 J·mol-1.

The change in enthalpy is 2910 J·mol-1.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Medium

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

A closed, nonconducting, horizontal cylinder is fitted with a nonconducting, frictionless, floating piston that divides the cylinder into Sections A and B. The two
sections contain equal masses of air, initially at the same conditions To = 330 K and Po = 1 atm. An electrical heating element in Section A is activated, and the
air temperatures slowly increase: TA in Section A because of heat transfer and TB in Section B because of adiabatic compression by the slowly moving piston.
Treat air as an ideal gas with ​C , and let nA be the number of moles of air in Section A. The values of R are given in the following table:
7
P = R
2

References

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

21. Award: 1.16 points

Evaluate P(final), TA, and Q/nA if TB = 325 K.

The value of TA is 300.66 ± 2% K.

The value of P(final) is 0.95 ± 2% atm.

The value of Q/nA is -713.84 ± 2% J·mol-1.

Explanation:

We want to develop relationships between TA, TB, Q/nA, and P. Then, given any one of the quantities, we can find the other three. One relationship is that
the total volume remains constant:

VA + VB = VAo + VBo

We can rewrite this in terms of the number of moles in each chamber (nA), the pressure (which is the same in both chambers) and the temperature in each
chamber:

RTA RTB 2RTo

+ =
P P Po

Another relationship arises from the fact that the compression in chamber B is adiabatic, so

R 2

TB P C
P P 7

= ( ) = ( )
To Po Po

The third relationship derives from the energy balances on the two closed systems. If we let WB be the work done by the gas in chamber A on the gas in
chamber B, then

nAΔUA = Q − WB

nAΔUB = WB

nA (ΔUA + ΔUB) = Q

Writing the internal energy changes in terms of the heat capacity and temperature changes

ΔUA + ΔUB = CV (ΔTA + ΔTB) = Q/nA

5
or 2
R(TA + TB - 2To ) = Q/nA

We know that

TB = 325 K, To = 330 K, and Po = 1 atm

7
2
TB 325 K 2
P = Po ( ) = 1 atm( ) = 0.95 atm
To 330 K

Next, we can use

RTA RTB 2RTo
+ =
P P Po

or
TA TB 2P
+ =
To To Po

Therefore,

TA 2P TB 2 × 0.95 atm 325 K

= - = -
To Po To 1 atm 330 K

or TA = 300.66 K

Finally,

5 5 -1 -1 −1
Q/nA = R(TA + TB - 2To ) = (8.314 J⋅mol ⋅K )(300.66 K + 325 K - (2 × 330 K)) = -713.84 J⋅mol
2 2

The value of TA is 300.66 K.

The value of P(final) is 0.95 atm.

The value of Q/nA is -713.84 J·mol-1.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Hard

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

The values of the ideal gas constant (R) are given in the following table:

Calculate compressibility (Z) and the molar volume (V) for ammonia for the following condition. ( For ammonia, Tc = 405.7 K, Pc = 112.8 bar, and ω = 0.253.)

References

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

22. Award: 1.16 points

Consider ammonia at 320 K and 15 bar and use the Peng/Robinson equation.

The molar volume is 1577.15 ± 2% cm3·mol-1.

The compressibility is 0.8895 ± 2% .

Explanation:

The Peng/Robinson EOS is

RT a(T )
P = −
V − b (V + 2.4142b)(V − 0.4142b)

with

0.5 2 2 2
2
(1 + (0.37464 + 1.54226ω − 0.2699ω )(1 − T )) R T
r c
a(T ) = 0. 45724
Pc

2
2
2 3 -1 -1 2
⎛ ⎞ (1 + (0.37464 + 1.54226 × 0.253 − 0.2699(0.253) )(1 − √0.7888 )) × (83.14 bar⋅cm ⋅mol ⋅K ) × (405.7 K)

a⎜T ⎟ = 0. 45724
112.8 bar
⎝ ⎠

6 -2
a(T ) = 1666052 bar⋅cm ⋅mol

and
3 -1 -1
RTc (83.14 bar⋅cm ⋅mol ⋅K ) × 405.7 K
3 -1
b = 0. 07779 = 0. 07779 = 23. 26 cm ⋅mol
Pc 112.8 bar

Rearranging to solve for V interactively, we get

RT a(T ) V − b
V = + b −
P P (V − 0.4142b)(V + 2.4142b)

6 −2 3 −1
−1 −1 5415243.52 bar⋅cm ⋅mol (V - 23.26 cm ⋅mol )
3 3
V = 1773 cm ⋅mol + 23.26 cm ⋅mol - 3 −1 3 −1
15 bar × (V - 0.4142 × 23.26 cm ⋅mol )(V + 2.4142 × 23.26 cm ⋅mol )

Starting from the initial guess of

3 -1 -1
RT (83.14 bar⋅cm ⋅mol .K ) × (320 K)
3 -1
V = = = 1773 cm ⋅mol
P 15 bar

and iterating gives V = 1577.15 cm3·mol-1.

This corresponds to a compressibility of

3 −1
893.6 cm ⋅mol
Z = 3 −1
= 0.5040
1773 cm ⋅mol

The molar volume is 1577.15 cm3·mol-1.

The compressibility is 0.8895.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Hard

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

The characteristic properties of steam are given in the following table:

The values of the ideal gas constant (R) are given below.

Calculate the molar volume (V) for the given condition.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Hard

23. Award: 1.16 points

Consider steam at 250°C and 1800 kPa and use the truncated virial equation with the following experimental values of virial coefficients:

B = −152.5 cm3·mol−1 and C = −5800 cm6·mol− 2

The molar volume is 2249 ± 2% cm3·mol−1.

Explanation:

The 3-term truncated virial equation is

PV B C
= 1 + + 2
RT V V

As we know that P = 1800 kPa = 18 bar, substituting the numbers from the problem statement gives

3 -1 6 -2
18 bar × V −152.5 cm ⋅mol -5800 cm ⋅mol
3 -1 -1
= 1 + + 2
83.14 bar⋅cm ⋅mol ⋅K × 523 K V V

3 -1 6 -2
3 -1 152.5 cm ⋅mol 5800 cm ⋅mol
V = 2415.8 cm ⋅mol (1 − - 2
)
V V

Starting from the initial guess of

3 -1 -1
RT (83.14 bar⋅cm ⋅mol .K ) × (523 K)
3 -1
V = = =2416 cm ⋅mol
P 18 bar

and iterating gives V = 2249 cm3·mol-1.

The molar volume is 2249 cm3·mol−1.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Medium

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

Calculate the molar volume of saturated liquid and the molar volume of saturated vapor by the Redlich/Kwong equation for the following.The values of R are
given in the following table:

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24. Award: 1.16 points

Isobutane at 110°C, where Psat = 24.01 bar

The table for the characteristic properties of isobutane is given below:

The molar volume of saturated vapor is 835.3 ± 2% cm3·mol-1.

The molar volume of saturated liquid is 179.1 ± 2% cm3·mol-1.

Explanation:

First, we need to find the Redlich/Kwong parameters for isobutane from the table given above.

The critical temperature and pressure are Tc = 408.1 K and Pc = 36.48 bar.

The Redlich/Kwong equation of state is

RT a(T )
P = −
V − b V (V + b)

with

−0.5 3 -1 -1 2 2.5
−0.5 2 2 −0.5 2 2.5 (T K) × (83.14 bar⋅cm ⋅mol ⋅K ) × (408.1 K)
T R Tc T R Tc 8
r 2.72 × 10 6 -2
a(T ) = 0. 42748 = 0. 42748 = 0. 42748 = bar⋅cm ⋅mol
Pc Pc 36.48 bar √T

3 -1 -1
RTc (83.14 bar⋅cm ⋅mol ⋅K ) × 408.1 K
3 -1
b = 0. 08664 = 0. 08664 = 80.59 cm ⋅mol
Pc 36.48 bar

At 110°C = 383.15 K, we have a(T) = 1.3902 × 107 bar·cm6·mol-2. The ideal gas molar volume at this temperature and pressure is
3 -1 -1
RT (83.14 bar⋅cm ⋅mol ⋅K ) × (383.15 K)
3 -1
Vid =
P
=
24.01 bar
= 1326.8 cm ⋅mol .

To find the vapor phase volume, we iterate on

RT a(T ) V − b
V = + b −
P P V (V + b)

7 6 −2 3 -1
1.3902 × 10 bar⋅cm ⋅mol × (V − 80.59 cm ⋅mol )
3 -1 3 -1
V = (1326.8 cm ⋅mol ) + (80.59 cm ⋅mol ) − ( 3 -1
)
24.01 bar× V (V + 80.59 cm ⋅mol )

6 -2 3 -1
579922 cm ⋅mol (V − 80.59 cm ⋅mol )
3 -1
V = (1407.4 cm ⋅mol − 3 -1
V (V + 80.59 cm ⋅mol )

Starting from V = 1326.8 cm3·mol-1and iterating gives V = 835.3 cm3·mol-1 for the vapor volume. This corresponds to a compressibility of
= 0.629559843 .
835.3
Z =
1326.8

To find the liquid volume, we iterate on

RT +bP −V P
V = b + V (V + b) ( )
a(T )

3 −1 −1 3 -1
3 -1 3 -1 83.14 bar⋅cm ⋅mol ⋅K × 383.15 K + 80.59 cm ⋅mol × 24.01 bar − 24.01 bar × V
V = (80.59 cm ⋅mol ) + V (V + 80.59 cm ⋅mol )( 7 6 −2
)
1.3902 × 10 bar⋅cm ⋅mol

3 -1
3 -1 3 -1 1407.4 cm ⋅mol − V
V = (80.59 cm ⋅mol + V (V + 80.59 cm ⋅mol )( 6 -2
))
579922 cm ⋅mol

Starting from V = 80.59 cm3·mol-1 and iterating gives V = 179.1 cm3·mol-1.

The molar volume of saturated vapor is 835.3 cm3·mol-1.

The molar volume of saturated liquid is 179.1 cm3·mol-1.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Hard

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

Estimate the following:

References

Section Break Difficulty: Hard

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

25. Award: 1.16 points

The mass of ethylene contained in a 0.24 m3 cylinder at 50°C and 115 bar. The characteristic properties of ethylene are given in the following table:

To get the value of Z, use the Lee/Kesler generalized-correlation table given below.

The values of the ideal gas constant (R) are given below.

The mass of ethylene is 0.4 ± 2% kg.

Explanation:

For ethylene, Tc = 282.3 K, Pc = 50.40 bar, and w = 0.087.

We know that

T P
Tr = and Pr =
Tc Pc

At 50°C and 115 bar, we have Tr = 1.144 and Pr = 2.282.

This is above the critical temperature. But looking at figure A, we see that it is at conditions where the supercritical fluid is liquid-like (has a liquid-like
compressibility near 0.4). We will use the Lee/Kesler correlation.

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At Tr = 1.15 and Pr = 2, we have Z0 = 0.4760.

At Tr = 1.15 and Pr = 3, we have Z0 = 0.5042.

At Tr = 1.1 and Pr = 2, we have Z0 = 0.3953.

So, interpolating linearly between these to Tr = 1.144 and Pr = 2.282, we get

0 0.282 0.006
Z = 0.4760 + (0. 5042 - 0. 4760) + (0. 3953 - 0. 4760) = 0. 4743
1.0 0.05

and

1 0.282 0.006
Z = 0.1667 + (0.0332 - 0.1667) + (0.0698 - 0.1667) = 0.1174
1.0 0.05

0 1
Z = Z + wZ = 0.4743 + (0.087 × 0.1174) =0.4845

So,
3 -1 -1
RT (83.14 bar⋅cm ⋅mol ⋅K ) × (323 K) 3 -1
V = Z = 0.4845 × = 113.1 cm ⋅mol
P 115 bar

The density is then

−1
28.05 g⋅mol −3 −3
3 −1
= 0.2479 g⋅cm = 247.9 kg⋅m
113.1 cm ⋅mol

So, a 0.24 m3 cylinder contains 0.24 m

3
× 247.9 kg⋅m
−3
= 59.5 kg of ethylene.

The mass of ethylene is 59.5 kg.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Hard

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

The characteristic properties of ethane are given in the following table:

Estimate the following for ethane.

References

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

26. Award: 1.16 points

The mass of ethane contained in a 0.15 m3 vessel at 60°C and 14,000 kPa.

To get the value of Z, use the Lee/Kesler generalized-correlation table given below.

The values of the ideal gas constant (R) are given below.

The mass of ethane is 49.57 ± 2% kg.

Explanation:

For ethane, Tc = 305.3 K, Pc = 48.72 bar, and w = 0.100.

We know that

T P
Tr = and Pr =
Tc Pc

At 60°C (333.15 K) and 14000 kPa (140 bar),

we have

333.15 K
Tr = = 1.091
305.3 K

140 bar
and Pr =
48.72 bar
= 2.874

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

Glancing at Figure A, which shows the Lee/Kesler correlation for Z0, we see that these conditions correspond to a fairly dense supercritical fluid, and the
compressibility should be in the ballpark of 0.4. This is far outside the region shown in Figure B, where the Pitzer virial coefficient correlation works well. So,
we use the full Lee/Kesler correlation.

The final value of Z can be obtained from the following table:

Returning to the question at hand, a vessel of volume 0.15 m3 = 150000 cm3 will contain
3
150000 cm
3 −1
= 1648.35 mol of ethane at these conditions.
91 cm ⋅mol

Multiplying by the molecular weight of ethane (30.070 g·mol-1 = 0.030070 kg·mol-1) gives

−1
1648.35 mol × 0.030070 kg⋅mol = 49.57 kg

The mass of ethane is 49.57 kg.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Medium

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

A size D compressed gas cylinder has an internal volume of 2.40 liters. Estimate the pressure in a size D cylinder if it contains 454 g of the following
semiconductor process gas at 20°C. The values of R are given in the following table:

References

Section Break Difficulty: Medium

27. Award: 1.16 points

Consider nitrogen trifluoride, NF3, for which Tc = 234 K, Pc = 44.6 bar, and ω = 0.120.

The pressure in the size D cylinder is 51.245 ± 2% bar.

Explanation:

−1
M WNF = 71.00 g⋅mol
3

mass 454 g
Total number of moles of NF3 = = −1
= 6.394 mol
M WNF 71 g⋅mol
3

3 3
Total volume 2.40 L 2.4 × 10 cm 3 −1
Molar volume = = = = 373.35 cm ⋅mol
moles of NF3 6.394 mol 6.394 mol

Also,

T
Tr = = 1.2521
Tc

The Redlich/Kwong equation of state is

RT a(T )
P = −
V − b V (V + b)

with

−0.5 3 -1 -1 2 2
−0.5 2 2 (1.2521) × (83.14 bar⋅cm ⋅mol ⋅K ) × (234 K)
T R Tc
r 6 -2
a(T ) = 0. 42748 = 0. 42748 = 3244902.631 bar⋅cm ⋅mol
Pc 44.6 bar

and
3 -1 -1
RTc (83.14 bar⋅cm ⋅mol ⋅K ) × 234 K
3 -1
b = 0. 08664 = 0. 08664 = 37.795 cm ⋅mol
Pc 44.6 bar

Therefore,
3 −1 −1 6 −2
83.14 bar⋅cm ⋅mol ⋅K × 293 K 3244902.631 bar⋅cm ⋅mol
P = 3 −1 3 −1
- 3 −1 3 −1 3 −1
= 51.2455 bar
375.35 cm ⋅mol - 37.795 cm ⋅mol 375.35 cm ⋅mol × (375.35 cm ⋅mol + 37.795 cm ⋅mol )

The pressure in the size D cylinder is 51.2455 bar.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Medium

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

Estimate the mass of the following substance contained in the size D cylinder at 20°C and 25 bar. The values of R are given in the following table:

A size D compressed gas cylinder has an internal volume of 2.40 liters.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Medium

28. Award: 1.16 points

Consider arsine, AsH3, for which Tc = 373 K, Pc = 65.5 bar, and ω = 0.011.

The mass of AsH3 is 260.54 ± 2% g.

Explanation:

T
Tr = = 0.7855
Tc

P
Pr = = 0.38168
Pc

0 0.422
B = 0. 083 − 1.6
= − 0. 5379
T
r

1 0.172
B = 0. 139 − 4.2
= − 0. 3351
T
r

BP c
0 1
= B + ωB = − 0. 5379 + 0. 011 × (−0. 3351) = − 0. 5416
RTc

BP c Pr 0.38168
Z = 1 + ( ) = 1 − 0.5416 × = 0.7368
RTc Tr 0.7855

−1
M WAsH = 77.945 g⋅mol
3

V = 2.4 L = 2400 cm3

Using this,
3
PV −1 25 bar × 2400 cm
mass = MWAsH × = 77.945 g⋅mol × 3 −1 −1
= 260.54 g
3 ZRT 0.7368 × 83.14 bar⋅cm ⋅mol ⋅K × 293 K

The mass of AsH3 is 260.54 g.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Medium

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

The figure given below suggests that the isochores (paths of constant volume) are approximately straight lines on a P-T diagram.

Does the following model imply linear isochores.

References

Section Break Difficulty: Medium

29. Award: 1.16 points

Consider Constant-β, κ equation for liquids.

Yes, the given equation implies linear isochores.

Explanation:

An isochore requires that

∂P
( ) = constant
∂T
V

because it is the intercept.

We know that

dV
= βdT - kdP
V

Using the above equation at constant volume implies

∂P β
( ) =
∂T k
V

Yes, the given equation implies linear isochores.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Medium

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3/12/24, 11:48 AM Assignment Print View

30. Award: 1.36 points

Storage is required for 35,000 kg of propane, which is received as a gas at 10°C and 1 atm. Two proposals have been made:

(a) Store it as a gas at 10°C and 1 atm.

(b) Store it as a liquid in equilibrium with its vapor at 10°C and 6.294 atm. For this mode of storage, 90% of the tank volume is occupied by liquid.

Which proposal is reasonable?

The proposal (b) is more reasonable.

Explanation:

Let's first determine the amount of volume needed to hold each proposal.

(a) So, for this problem, estimate the volume using the RK equation:
−0.5 2 2
T R Tc −2
r 6
a(T ) = 0.42748 = 4026200 bar⋅cm ⋅mol
Pc

RTc 3 −1
b = 0.08664 = 36.18 cm ⋅mol
Pc

RT a(T )(V - b)
3
V = + b - = 18084.02 m
P P V (V + b)

18084.02 m3 would require a propane cylinder with a 10 m height and a 46 m diameter, which is very large. This probably is not feasible.

(b) Use the rackett equation to determine the liquid volume (90%) and then the RK to determine the gas (only 10% is gas). This is at 6.249 atm or 6.377 bar
and 283.16 K.
−0.5 2 2
T R Tc −2
r 6
a(T ) = 0.42748 = 108711885 bar⋅cm ⋅mol
Pc

RTc 3 −1
b = 0.08664 = 62.71 cm ⋅mol
Pc

RT a(T )(V - b)
3
V = + b - = 3308.27 cm of gas
P P V (V + b)

For the liquid,

2 2

(1 - Tr ) 7
3 −1 (1 - 0.766) 7 3 −1
sat
V = Vc Z c = 200.0 cm ⋅mol × 0.276 = 85.45 cm ⋅mol

To determine the total volume needed to house all of the propane,

0.9 Vtank 0.1 Vtank

n mol = +
Vliq Vvap

Solving for Vtank gives a required volume of 72.73 m3. This would need a cylinder with a 5 m height and 4.3 m diameter. This is more reasonable; however
the tank would have to be able to hold the propane at 10°C and 6.294 atm.
The proposal (b) is more reasonable.

References

Worksheet Difficulty: Medium

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