‫حسن احمد السيد احمد عبدالباقي‬ 20220457

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 Water injection principle, operation, and
treatment
Assignment (1)

Dr. Waleed El-azab

Student's Name: Hassan Ahmed Elsaed AbdElBaqy

Student's ID: 20220457

Submission Date: 30 / 3 /2024

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 Content list (Task1)

 Introduction Page (5)

 Water sources that could be used in the water flooding system: Page (5-6)
1. Produced Water: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (5)
2. Surface water: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (5)
 Fresh water----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (5)
 Seawater--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (5)
3. Treated Industrial or Municipal Wastewater: --------------------------------------------------- (6)
4. Aquifer water: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (6)
When to use each source: Page (6)

 Water impurities that affect flooding Page (7-8)

Total Suspended Solids (TSS): ---------------------------------------------------------------------- (7)
Oil Content (OC): --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (7)
Total dissolved solids content (TDS): ------------------------------------------------------------- (7)
Salinity: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (7)
Specific Ionic Composition: -------------------------------------------------------------------------- (8)
Scaling Indexes: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (8)
Bacteria: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (8)

Content list (Task2)

 Role of water impurities and how to control it: Page (9-10)
Total Suspended Solids (TSS): ----------------------------------------------------------------------- (9)
Oil Content (OC): --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (9)
Total dissolved solids content (TDS): -------------------------------------------------------------- (9)
Salinity: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (10)
Specific Ionic Composition: -------------------------------------------------------------------------- (10)
Scaling Indexes: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (10)
Bacteria: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (10)

Reference Page (11)

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 Task 1
 Introduction :

Water injection is a fundamental technique in the oil and gas industry used to enhance oil recovery from
reservoirs. Also known as water flooding, this process involves injecting water into oil-bearing formations to
maintain reservoir pressure, displace oil towards production wells, and improve overall hydrocarbon extraction
efficiency. The principle behind water injection lies in the strategic placement of water to sweep and push oil
from the reservoir towards production wells, increasing ultimate oil recovery rates.
(M1)
Identify the different water sources that could be used in the water flooding system and
justify when to use each source.

Water sources that could be used in the water flooding system:

1. Produced Water:
It is the water that is separated from the oil and gas at the production facility.
This water can often be re-used for waterflooding purposes after treatment and purification.

2. Surface water:
Fresh water, sourced from surface water bodies such as rivers, lakes, or ponds, is another common
water source for injection purposes.
Seawater, taken directly from oceans and seas, can be treated and used for water injection into oil
wells.

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3. Treated Industrial or Municipal Wastewater:
In some cases, treated wastewater from industrial or municipal sources can be used for water injection
purposes.

4. Aquifer water:
Water from underground formations other than the oil reservoir can be a good source if it's clean and
chemically compatible.

Water sources: when to use each source

Typically used in mature fields where large volumes of produced water are
Produced Water: available.
Well-suited for waterflooding projects where the goal is to maintain reservoir
pressure and displace oil towards production wells.
Suitable for waterflooding projects in fields where fresh water sources are
Surface water: abundant.
( Fresh water/seawater) Often used in areas where produced water quality is not suitable for injection
without significant treatment.
Seawater widely used in offshore oil fields due to its availability.
Treated Industrial or Suitable for fields located near industrial or urban areas with access to treated
Municipal Wastewater: wastewater sources.
Subsurface water Freshwater from underground formations can be a good option if available
(Aquifer ): near the oil field. It's generally cleaner than seawater but requires careful
evaluation to ensure it's not a source of drinking water and is compatible with
the reservoir rock and fluids.

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Recognize briefly different water impurities that affect flooding. (D1)

Water impurities that affect flooding

 Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

These are particles suspended in water, such as

sediment, soil, and organic matter.
High levels can lead to increased water turbidity and
reduced water quality.

 Oil Content (OC):

Oil contamination in water, often resulting from spills or leaks,

can hinder the natural flow of water and cause blockages in
drainage systems. Oil can also reduce the permeability of soil,
exacerbating the risk of flooding

 Total dissolved solids content (TDS):

TDS refers to the concentration of dissolved substances in water, including minerals, salts, and other
organic compounds. Elevated TDS levels can affect the hydraulic efficiency of drainage systems and
impact the ability of water to flow freely, potentially contributing to flooding.

 Salinity:
Salinity is a measure of the total amount of dissolved salts in water. It is typically expressed in parts per
thousand (ppt) or milligrams per liter (mg/L).

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 Specific Ionic Composition:
Different types of ions present in water, such as chloride, sulfate, and nitrate, can influence its behavior
and impact flood risk. For example, high concentrations of certain ions may affect the permeability of soil
or increase water retention, contributing to flooding.

 Scaling Indexes:
Scaling indexes like Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) or Ryznar
Stability Index (RSI) assess the potential for mineral scaling
based on water chemistry.
Precipitation of minerals due to high concentrations of
calcium, magnesium, and carbonate ions can lead to scaling
in drainage systems and reduce their efficiency, potentially
exacerbating flooding.

 Bacteria:
Bacteria in water can include various types such as sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), acid-producing
bacteria (APB), and slime-producing bacteria.
Bacterial contamination can contribute to flooding by causing blockages and reducing the capacity of
drainage systems. Bacteria can form biofilms, clog waterways, and impede the flow of water during
heavy rainfall.

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 Task 2
For the recognized water impurities that mentioned in Task No. 1, identify the role of each
type and how to control it. (D2)

Role of water impurities and how to

control it

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Role (Effect) How to control
 Increase friction in the wellbore, hindering fluid  Filtration: Using filtration systems such as sand
flow during flooding. filters or multimedia filters to remove suspended
 Plug formation pores, reducing injectivity and solids before injection.
conformance of the flood.  Coagulation and Flocculation: Treating the water
 Damage downhole equipment like pumps and with chemicals to clump together suspended
valves. particles for easier removal.
 High levels of TSS can reduce water clarity,  Settling: Allowing the water to settle in tanks or
increase turbidity. basins to let solids settle out before injection.
Oil Content (OC)
Role (Effect) How to control
 The presence of oil in the injected water can coat  Gravity Separation: Allowing oil to separate
the rock particles within the reservoir, negatively naturally from water in settling tanks.
impacting their permeability.  Skimming: Using oil skimmers to physically
 This restricts the flow of fluids and traps oil remove oil from the water's surface.
underground, significantly hindering oil recovery  Chemical Demulsification: Adding demulsifying
efforts. agents to break down oil-water emulsions.
Total dissolved solids content (TDS)
Role (Effect) How to control
 High TSS levels can cause plugging of reservoir  Desalination (for severe cases): Techniques like
pore spaces, increased frictional resistance to reverse osmosis to remove dissolved solids.
fluid flow, and abrasion of equipment.  Water softening: Removal of hardness-causing
 This reduces the effectiveness of water injection minerals (calcium and magnesium) that
and hampers oil displacement during flooding contribute to scaling.
operations.  Chemical treatments: Adding scale inhibitors or
clay stabilizers to prevent formation problems.

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 Salinity
Role (Effect) How to control
 Corrosion of wellbore equipment.  Desalination (if necessary): For severe cases,
 Formation of emulsions (mixtures of oil and water remove salts using desalination techniques.
that are difficult to separate).  Water source selection: Choose lower salinity
 Affects the behavior of clay minerals, influencing water sources or implement upstream treatment
reservoir permeability. to reduce salinity.
 Water chemistry compatibility checks: Ensure
compatibility between injected saltwater and
formation fluids.
Specific Ionic Composition
Role (Effect) How to control
 Affects how the water interacts with reservoir  Conduct scaling index calculations based on
rock, impacting flood sweep efficiency (pushing oil water analysis results.
towards production) and oil recovery. Certain ions  Implement appropriate chemical treatment
can cause clays to swell, restricting flow paths. programs, such as scale inhibitors or pH
adjustment, to control scaling issues.
 Regularly monitor and optimize the chemical
treatment to prevent scaling and maintain
injection efficiency.
Scaling Indexes
Role (Effect) How to control
 Formation of scale deposits, reducing  Use of scale inhibitors based on scaling
permeability. indices.
 Increased equipment failure rates.  pH control to prevent mineral precipitation.
 Higher operational costs for maintenance and  Regular monitoring and cleaning of injection
cleaning. equipment.
Bacteria
Role (Effect) How to control
 Biocorrosion: Bacteria can promote the corrosion  Biocides: Use biocides to kill bacteria in the
of metal surfaces in wells and equipment, leading injected water.
to structural damage.  Pre-filtration: Implement pre-filtration to
 Plugging: Slime-producing bacteria can create remove bacteria from the water.
biofilms that clog pores in reservoir rock, reducing  Source water treatment: Manage bacterial levels
permeability. at the water source (e.g., disinfection).
 Souring: Sulfate-reducing bacteria produce
hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which can lead to souring
of the reservoir and increase corrosion rates.

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  Reference:
Techniques for improving the water-flooding of oil fields during the high water-cut stage | Oil & Gas
Science and Technology - Revue d'IFP Energies nouvelles

https://www.wef.org/globalassets/assets-wef/2-resources/online-education/webcasts/presentation-
handouts/presentation-handouts-25apr19.pdf

Waterflooding Management: Challenges and Solutions During the Injection Process to Obtain Effectively
and Environmentally Based Oil Recovery in Oil and Gas Industry - IOPscience

Treatment of produced water originated from oil and gas production wells: a pilot study and cost analysis |
Environmental Science and Pollution Research (springer.com)

Effects of floods on the oil, gas, and petrochemical industries: case study in Iran - ScienceDirect

Waterflooding Management: Challenges and Solutions During the Injection Process to Obtain Effectively
and Environmentally Based Oil Recovery in Oil and Gas Industry - IOPscience

What is Total Suspended Solids (TSS)? | Wastewater Digest (wwdmag.com)

Removal of total dissolved solids from oil-field-produced water using ceramic adsorbents integrated with
reverse osmosis - ScienceDirect

(PDF) Low Salinity Water Flooding: Evaluating the Effect of Salinity on Oil and Water Relative Permeability,
Wettability and Oil Recovery (researchgate.net)

Microbial H2S generation in hydrocarbon reservoirs: Analysis of mechanisms and recent remediation
technologies - ScienceDirect

Enhanced oil recovery efficiency of low-salinity water flooding in oil reservoirs including Fe2+ ions -
Yeonkyeong Lee, Hyemin Park, Jeonghwan Lee, Wonmo Sung, 2019 (sagepub.com)

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