Practical 1

Complex Number Representation

◼ Write the following in the form of a + ib & find real,

imaginary, argument, absolute value, polar form, and
conjugate. Also give graphical representation of them.

1
3-i
Q1 : z1 = 2 +i -

z1 = 2 + I -
1
3-I
17 9 
+
10 10

Re[z1]
17
10

Im[z1]
9
10

Arg[z1]


9
ArcTan
17

Abs[z1]

37
10

r = Abs[z1]

37
10
2 P1Q1.Q2.nb

θ = Arg[z1]


9
ArcTan
17

polarform = r * Exp[I * θ]


37  ArcTan 179 
10

ComplexExpand[%]
17 9 
+
10 10

ListLinePlot[{{0, 0}, {Re[z1], Im[z1]}}, AxesLabel  {x, y},

AxesOrigin  {0, 0}, PlotStyle  {Blue, Thick}, PlotLegends  {"z1"}]

0.8

0.6

z1
0.4

0.2

x
0.5 1.0 1.5

z1 = Conjugate[z1]
17 9 
-
10 10
 P1Q1.Q2.nb 3

ListLinePlot{{0, 0}, {Re[z1], Im[z1]}}, {0, 0}, Re[z1 ], Im[z1 ],

AxesLabel  {x, y}, AxesOrigin  {0, 0},
PlotStyle  {Blue, Green, Thick}, PlotLegends  "z1", "z1 "
y
1.0

0.5

z1
x
0.5 1.0 1.5 z1

-0.5

-1.0

ClearAll
ClearAll

5i
2+3 i
Q2: z2 =

5*I
z2 =
2+3*I
15 10 
+
13 13

Re[z2]
15
13

Im[z2]
10
13

Arg[z2]

ArcTan 
2
3

Abs[z2]
5
13

r = Abs[z2]
5
13
4 P1Q1.Q2.nb

θ = Arg[z2]

ArcTan 
2
3

polarform = r * Exp[I * θ]

5  ArcTan 3 
2

13

ComplexExpand[%]
15 10 
+
13 13

ListLinePlot[{{0, 0}, {Re[z2], Im[z2]}}, AxesLabel  {x, y},

AxesOrigin  {0, 0}, PlotStyle  {Blue, Thick}, PlotLegends  {"z2"}]
y
0.8

0.6

0.4 z2

0.2

x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

z2 = Conjugate[z2]
15 10 
-
13 13
 P1Q1.Q2.nb 5

ListLinePlot{{0, 0}, {Re[z2], Im[z2]}}, {0, 0}, Re[z2], Im[z2 ],

AxesLabel  {x, y}, AxesOrigin  {0, 0},
PlotStyle  {Blue, Green, Thick}, PlotLegends  "z2", "z2"
y

0.5

z2
x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 z2

-0.5

ClearAll
ClearAll

1+i
2 - 5*i
Q3: z3 =

1 +I
z3 =
2 - 5*I
7
- +
3
29 29

Re[z3]

-
3
29

Im[z3]
7
29

Abs[z3]

2
29

Arg[z3]

π - ArcTan 
7
3
6 P1Q1.Q2.nb

r = Abs[z3]

2
29

θ = Arg[z3]

π - ArcTan 
7
3

polarform = r * Exp[I * θ]

 π-ArcTan 3 
2 7

29

ComplexExpand[%]
7
- +
3
29 29

ListLinePlot[{{0, 0}, {Re[z3], Im[z3]}}, AxesLabel  {x, y},

AxesOrigin  {0, 0}, PlotStyle  {Blue, Thick}, PlotLegends  {"z3"}]
y
0.25

0.20

0.15
z3
0.10

0.05

-0.10 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02

x

z3 = Conjugate[z3]
7
- -
3
29 29
 P1Q1.Q2.nb 7

ListLinePlot{{0, 0}, {Re[z3], Im[z3]}}, {0, 0}, Re[z3], Im[z3 ],

AxesLabel  {x, y}, AxesOrigin  {0, 0},
PlotStyle  {Blue, Green, Thick}, PlotLegends  "z3", "z3"
y

0.2

0.1
z3

-0.10 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02

x
z3

-0.1

-0.2

ClearAll
ClearAll

Q4 : z4 = (1+3*I)*(2 +I)
3-I

(1 + 3 * I) * (2 + I)
z4 =
3-I
-1 + 2 

Re[z4]
-1

Im[z4]
2

Abs[z4]
5

Arg[z4]
π - ArcTan[2]

r = Abs[z4]
5

θ = Arg[z4]
π - ArcTan[2]
8 P1Q1.Q2.nb

polarform = r * Exp[I * θ]
5  (π-ArcTan[2])

ComplexExpand[%]
-1 + 2 

ListLinePlot[{{0, 0}, {Re[z4], Im[z4]}}, AxesLabel  {x, y},

AxesOrigin  {0, 0}, PlotStyle  {Blue, Thick}, PlotLegends  {"z4"}]
y

2.0

1.5

z4
1.0

0.5

-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2

x

z4 = Conjugate[z4]
-1 - 2 

ListLinePlot{{0, 0}, {Re[z4], Im[z4]}}, {0, 0}, Re[z4], Im[z4], AxesLabel  {x, y},
AxesOrigin  {0, 0}, PlotStyle  {Blue, Green, Thick}, PlotLegends  "z4", "z4"
y

z4

-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2

x z4

-1

-2

Q1: z1 = 2 + 3i, z2 = 3 - 5i
z1 = 2 + 3 * I
2+3
In[1]:=

Out[1]=
 P1Q1.Q2.nb 9

z2 = 3 - 5 * I
3-5
In[2]:=

Out[2]=

w1 = z1 + z2
5-2
In[3]:=

Out[3]=

ListLinePlot[{{{0, 0}, {Re[z1], Im[z1]}}, {{0, 0}, {Re[z2], Im[z2]}},

{{0, 0}, {Re[w1], Im[w1]}}}, AxesLabel  {x, y}, AxesOrigin  {0, 0},
In[17]:=

PlotStyle  {Blue, Green, Red, Thick}, PlotLegends  {"z1", "z2", "w1 = z1+z2"}]
y

x
1 2 3 4 5

-1
z1
Out[17]= -2 z2
w1 = z1+z2
-3

-4

-5

w2 = z1 - z2
-1 + 8 
In[4]:=

Out[4]=

ListLinePlot[{{{0, 0}, {Re[z1], Im[z1]}}, {{0, 0}, {Re[z2], Im[z2]}},

{{0, 0}, {Re[w2], Im[w2]}}}, AxesLabel  {x, y}, AxesOrigin  {0, 0},
In[18]:=

PlotStyle  {Blue, Green, Red, Thick}, PlotLegends  {"z1", "z2", "w2 = z1-z2"}]
y

4 z1
z2
w2 = z1-z2
Out[18]= 2

-1
x
1 2 3

-2

-4

w3 = z1 * z2
21 - 
In[5]:=

Out[5]=
10 P1Q1.Q2.nb

ListLinePlot[{{{0, 0}, {Re[z1], Im[z1]}}, {{0, 0}, {Re[z2], Im[z2]}},

{{0, 0}, {Re[w3], Im[w3]}}}, AxesLabel  {x, y}, AxesOrigin  {0, 0},
In[19]:=

PlotStyle  {Blue, Green, Red, Thick}, PlotLegends  {"z1", "z2", "w3 = z1*z2"}]
y

x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-1
z1
Out[19]= -2 z2
w3 = z1*z2
-3

-4

-5

w4 = z1 / z2
19 
In[6]:=

- +
9
Out[6]=
34 34

ListLinePlot[{{{0, 0}, {Re[z1], Im[z1]}}, {{0, 0}, {Re[z2], Im[z2]}},

{{0, 0}, {Re[w4], Im[w4]}}}, AxesLabel  {x, y}, AxesOrigin  {0, 0},
In[20]:=

PlotStyle  {Blue, Green, Red, Thick}, PlotLegends  {"z1", "z2", "w4 = z1/z2"}]
y

x
0.5 1.0 1.5

-1
z1

-2 z2
w4 = z1/z2
Out[20]=

-3

-4

-5

Q2: z3 = 1/ (1 - i), z4 = 2 + 3i
z3 = 1 / (1 - I)
1 
In[8]:=

Out[8]= +
2 2

z4 = 2 + 3 * I
2+3
In[9]:=

Out[9]=
 P1Q1.Q2.nb 11

w5 = z3 + z4
5 7
In[13]:=

Out[13]= +
2 2

ListLinePlot[{{{0, 0}, {Re[z3], Im[z3]}}, {{0, 0}, {Re[z4], Im[z4]}},

{{0, 0}, {Re[w5], Im[w5]}}}, AxesLabel  {x, y}, AxesOrigin  {0, 0},
In[22]:=

PlotStyle  {Blue, Green, Red, Thick}, PlotLegends  {"z3", "z4", "w5 = z3+z4"}]
y

3.5

3.0

2.5
z3
2.0
z4
w5 = z3+z4
Out[22]=

1.5

1.0

0.5

x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

w6 = z3 - z4
3 5
In[14]:=

Out[14]= - -
2 2

ListLinePlot[{{{0, 0}, {Re[z3], Im[z3]}}, {{0, 0}, {Re[z4], Im[z4]}},

{{0, 0}, {Re[w6], Im[w6]}}}, AxesLabel  {x, y}, AxesOrigin  {0, 0},
In[23]:=

PlotStyle  {Blue, Green, Red, Thick}, PlotLegends  {"z3", "z4", "w6 = z3 - z4"}]
y

z3
1
z4
w6 = z3 - z4
Out[23]=

-1.5 -1.0 -0.5

x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

-1

-2

w7 = z3 * z4
1 5
In[15]:=

Out[15]= - +
2 2
12 P1Q1.Q2.nb

ListLinePlot[{{{0, 0}, {Re[z3], Im[z3]}}, {{0, 0}, {Re[z4], Im[z4]}},

{{0, 0}, {Re[w7], Im[w7]}}}, AxesLabel  {x, y}, AxesOrigin  {0, 0},
In[24]:=

PlotStyle  {Blue, Green, Red, Thick}, PlotLegends  {"z3", "z4", "w7 = z3 * z4"}]
y

3.0

2.5

2.0 z3
z4
w7 = z3 * z4
Out[24]=
1.5

1.0

0.5

-0.5
x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

w8 = z3 / z4

In[16]:=

-
5
Out[16]=
26 26

ListLinePlot[{{{0, 0}, {Re[z3], Im[z3]}}, {{0, 0}, {Re[z4], Im[z4]}},

{{0, 0}, {Re[w8], Im[w8]}}}, AxesLabel  {x, y}, AxesOrigin  {0, 0},
In[25]:=

PlotStyle  {Blue, Green, Red, Thick}, PlotLegends  {"z3", "z4", "w8 = z3 / z4"}]
y

1.2

1.0
z3
0.8
z4
w8 = z3 / z4
Out[25]=
0.6

0.4

0.2

x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
 For n = 3,we have to find the roots nth roots of the equation z^3 = 1
In[4]:= Sol0 = ComplexExpand[z /. Solve[z ^ 3 ⩵ 1]]

1 ⅈ 3 1 ⅈ 3
Out[4]= 1, - - , - + 
2 2 2 2

In[13]:= ShowComplexListPlot{Sol0}, PlotStyle → Red, Thick, AxesLabel → "Re z", "Im z",
PlotMarkers → Automatic, 10, PlotRange → {- 1.1, 1.1}, - 1.1, 1.1,
GraphicsThick, Blend[{Purple, Black}, 0.2], Blend[{Green, Black}, 0.2], Circle[{0, 0}, 1],
1 1
Line{1, 0}, - , - (Sqrt[3] / 2), - , (Sqrt[3] / 2), {1, 0}
2 2
Out[13]=
Im z

1.0

0.5

Re z
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

-0.5

-1.0

For n = 4, we have to find the roots nth roots of the equation z^4 = 1
In[1]:= Sol1 = ComplexExpand[z /. Solve[z ^ 4 ⩵ 1]]
Out[1]= {- 1, - ⅈ , ⅈ , 1}
2

In[3]:= ShowComplexListPlot{Sol1}, PlotStyle → Red, Thick, AxesLabel → "Re z", "Im z",
PlotMarkers → Automatic, 10, PlotRange → {- 1.1, 1.1}, - 1.1, 1.1,
GraphicsThick, Blend[{Purple, Black}, 0.2], Blend[{Green, Black}, 0.2], Circle[{0, 0}, 1],
Line[{{0, 1}, {- 1, 0}, {0, - 1}, {1, 0}, {0, 1}}]
Im z

1.0

0.5

Out[3]=
Re z
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

-0.5

-1.0

n = 5, we have to find the roots nth roots of the equation z^5 = 1

In[5]:= Sol2 = ComplexExpand[z /. Solve[z ^ 5 ⩵ 1]]

1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5
Out[5]= 1, - - -ⅈ - , - + +ⅈ + ,
4 4 8 8 4 4 8 8

1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5
- + -ⅈ + , - - +ⅈ - 
4 4 8 8 4 4 8 8
 3

In[16]:= ShowComplexListPlot{Sol1}, PlotStyle → Red, Thick, AxesLabel → "Re z", "Im z",
PlotMarkers → Automatic, 10, PlotRange → {- 1.1, 1.1}, - 1.1, 1.1,
GraphicsThick, Blend[{Purple, Black}, 0.2], Blend[{Green, Black}, 0.2], Circle[{0, 0}, 1],

1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5
Line{1, 0}, - + , + , - - , - ,
4 4 8 8 4 4 8 8

1 5 5 5 1 5 5 5
- - , - - , - + , - + , {1, 0}
4 4 8 8 4 4 8 8
Out[16]=
Im z

1.0

0.5

Re z
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

-0.5

-1.0

n = 6, we have to find the roots nth roots of the equation z^6 = 1

In[6]:= Sol3 = ComplexExpand[z /. Solve[z ^ 6 ⩵ 1]]

1 ⅈ 3 1 ⅈ 3 1 ⅈ 3 1 ⅈ 3
Out[6]= - 1, 1, - - , + , - , - + 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4

In[17]:= ShowComplexListPlot{Sol1}, PlotStyle → Red, Thick, AxesLabel → "Re z", "Im z",
PlotMarkers → Automatic, 10, PlotRange → {- 1.1, 1.1}, - 1.1, 1.1,
GraphicsThick, Blend[{Purple, Black}, 0.2],
Blend[{Green, Black}, 0.2], Circle[{0, 0}, 1], Line[{{- 1, 0}, {- 1 / 2, Sqrt[3] / 2},
{1 / 2, Sqrt[3] / 2}, {1, 0}, {1 / 2, - Sqrt[3] / 2}, {- 1 / 2, - Sqrt[3] / 2}, {- 1, 0}}]
Out[17]=
Im z

1.0

0.5

Re z
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

-0.5

-1.0

n = 7, we have to find the roots nth roots of the equation z^7 = 1

In[7]:= Sol4 = ComplexExpand[z /. Solve[z ^ 7 ⩵ 1]]

π π 3π 3π π π
Out[7]= 1, - Cos -ⅈ Sin , ⅈ Cos  + Sin , - ⅈ Cos  - Sin ,
7 7 14 14 14 14
π π 3π 3π π π
ⅈ Cos  - Sin , - ⅈ Cos  + Sin , - Cos +ⅈ Sin 
14 14 14 14 7 7
 5

In[20]:= ShowComplexListPlot{Sol1}, PlotStyle → Red, Thick, AxesLabel → "Re z", "Im z",
PlotMarkers → Automatic, 10, PlotRange → {- 1.1, 1.1}, - 1.1, 1.1,
GraphicsThick, Blend[{Purple, Black}, 0.2], Blend[{Green, Black}, 0.2], Circle[{0, 0}, 1],

3π 3π π π π π
Line{1, 0}, Sin , Cos , - Sin , Cos , - Cos , Sin ,
14 14 14 14 7 7
π π π π 3π 3π
- Cos , - Sin  , - Sin , - Cos , Sin , - Cos , {1, 0}
7 7 14 14 14 14
Out[20]=
Im z

1.0

0.5

Re z
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

-0.5

-1.0

n = 8, we have to find the roots nth roots of the equation z^8 = 1

In[8]:= Sol5 = ComplexExpand[z /. Solve[z ^ 8 ⩵ 1]]
1+ⅈ 1+ⅈ 1-ⅈ 1-ⅈ
Out[8]= - 1, - ⅈ , ⅈ , 1, - , , , - 
2 2 2 2
6

In[21]:= ShowComplexListPlot{Sol1}, PlotStyle → Red, Thick, AxesLabel → "Re z", "Im z",
PlotMarkers → Automatic, 10, PlotRange → {- 1.1, 1.1}, - 1.1, 1.1,
GraphicsThick, Blend[{Purple, Black}, 0.2], Blend[{Green, Black}, 0.2], Circle[{0, 0}, 1],
Line[{{- 1, 0}, {- 1 / Sqrt[2], 1 / Sqrt[2]}, {0, 1}, {1 / Sqrt[2], 1 / Sqrt[2]},
{1, 0}, {1 / Sqrt[2], - 1 / Sqrt[2]}, {0, - 1}, {- 1 / Sqrt[2], - 1 / Sqrt[2]}, {- 1, 0}}]
Out[21]=
Im z

1.0

0.5

Re z
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

-0.5

-1.0
 PRACTICAL- 3
MAPPINGS
1. Show that the image of the open disk D_1(-1-i)={z:|z+1+i|<1} under the linear transformation
w=f(z)=(3-4i)z+6+2i is an open disk:
D_{5}(-1+3 i) = {w:|w+1-3i|<5} .

The disk of radius 1 unit centered at the point (-1-i) is represented by

D_1(-1-i) = {z:|z+1-i|<1}
For z=x+i y;
D= {x+i y:|(x+1)+i(y+1)|<1}
={x+iy:|(x + 1)2 +(y + 1)2 |<1}
The corresponding parametric equation of the circle is given by
x(t)= cos t-1,y(t)=sin t-1,0<t≤ 2π
Graph of the open disk of radius 1 unit centered at the point (-1-i) in complex plain is shown below:
Now we need to show that the image of the open disk
d_1(-1-i)={x:|z+1+i|<1} under the linear transformation
w=f(z)=(3-4 i)z+6+2i is open disk: D_{5}(-1+3 i) = {w:|w+1-3i|<5}
i.e., an open disk of radius 5 units centered at the point (-1+3i).
The corresponding mapping will be given by
w=f(z)=(3-4i)z+6+2i
⇒w=f(z(t))=(3-4i)((cos t-10+i(sin t-1)) +6+2i, 0<t≤ 2π
Graph of the open disk of radius 1 unit centered at the point (-1-i) and Graph of the open disk of radius 5 unit
centered at the point (-1+3i) in complex plain is shown below:

In[4]:= ClearAll
Out[4]= ClearAll

In[5]:= z = x+I*y
Out[5]= x+ⅈy
2 P3.nb

In[6]:= A1 = Show[RegionPlot[Abs[z + 1 + I] < 1, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, BoundaryStyle → {Dashed, Blue},
Axes → True, PlotStyle → Yellow], Graphics[Point[{- 1, 1}]]]

Out[6]=
0

-1

-2

-3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

In[7]:= A2 = ShowRegionPlotAbsz - 6 - 2 * I  3 - 4 * I + 1 + I < 1,

{x, - 8, 8}, {y, - 8, 8}, BoundaryStyle → {Dashed, Blue},
Axes → True, PlotStyle → Yellow, Graphics[Point[{- 1, 3}]]

Out[7]=
0

-5

-5 0 5
 P3.nb 3

In[11]:= A1 = Show[RegionPlot[Abs[z + 1 + I] < 1, {x, - 3, 3}, {y, - 3, 3}, BoundaryStyle → {Dashed, Blue},
Axes → True, PlotStyle → Yellow], Graphics[Point[{- 1, 1}]]];
A2 = ShowRegionPlotAbsz - 6 - 2 * I  3 - 4 * I + 1 + I < 1, {x, - 8, 8},
{y, - 8, 8}, BoundaryStyle → {Dashed, Blue}, Axes → True,
PlotStyle → Yellow, Graphics[Point[{- 1, 3}]];
GraphicsRow[{A1, A2}]

Out[13]=

2. Show that the image of right half plane: Re z=x>1,under the linear transformation
w=f(z)=(-1+i)z-2+3i is the half plane: v > u+7,where u=Re w and v=Im w. Also plot the map.
Given, domain, say D, is the right half plane
D={z=x+iy:Re z=x>1};
Graph of the given half plane is shown below:

In[15]:= Show[RegionPlot[{Re[z] > 1}, {x, - 1, 5}, {y, - 3, 3}, AxesLabel → {" Re z " , " Im z "},
Axes → True, PlotStyle → Yellow], Graphics[{Thick, Dashed, Line[{{1, - 3}, {1, 3}}]}]]
Im z
3

Out[15]= 0 Re z

-1

-2

-3
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Now we need to show that the image of right half plane: Re z=x > 1 under the linear transformation
w=f(z)=(-1+i)z-2+3i is the half plane: v > u+7.
The given linear transformation is f : D → C such that
w=(-1+i)(x+iy)-2+3i=-x-y-2+i(x-y+3)
Put u(x,y)=-x-y-2 and v(x,y)=x-y+3
i.e, w=u(x,y)+i v(x,y)

Graph of resultant half plane is shown below:

4 P3.nb

In[17]:= w = u+I*v
Out[17]= u+ⅈv

In[18]:= ShowRegionPlotRew + 2 - 3 * I  - 1 + I > 1, {u, - 10, 5}, {v, - 5, 10},

AxesLabel → {" Re w" , " Im w "}, Axes → True, PlotStyle → Yellow,
Graphics[{Thick, Dashed, Line[{{- 10, - 3}, {3, 10}}]}]
Im w
10

Out[18]=
2

0 Re w

-2

-4

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4

Graph of the given half plane v > u+7,where u is Re(w) and v is Im(w), shown below.
It can be easily verified that both the graphs represent same region of image of right half plane: Re z=x
>1 .
 P3.nb 5

In[19]:= Show[RegionPlot[{Im[w] > Re[w] + 7}, {u, - 7, 1}, {v, 10, - 3},
AxesLabel → {" Re w" , " Im w "}, Axes → True, PlotStyle → Yellow],
Graphics[{Thick, Dashed, Line[{{- 7, 0}, {1, 8}}]}]]
Im w
10

4
Out[19]=

0 Re w

-2

-6 -4 -2 0

3. Show that the image of right half plane A={z:Re z ≥ 0.5} under the linear transformation
1
w = f (z) = z
is the closed disc D1 (1)={w:|w-1|⩽1} in the w-plane.
Given, domain, is the right half plane
1
A={z:Re z ≥ 2 };
Graph of the given half plane is shown below:

In[21]:= z = x+I*y
Out[21]= x+ⅈy
6 P3.nb

In[22]:= Show[RegionPlot[{Re[z] > 0.5}, {x, - 1, 1}, {y, 3, - 3}, AxesLabel → {" Re z " , " Im z "},
Axes → True, PlotStyle → Yellow], Graphics[{Thick, Dashed, Line[{{0.5, - 3}, {0.5, 3}}]}]]
Im z
3

Out[22]= 0 Re z

-1

-2

-3
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Now we need to show that the image of right half plane A={z: Re ≥0.5} under the linear transformation
1
w= f(z)= z
is the closed disk
D1 (1)={w:|w-1| ≤ 1} in the w- plane.
1
the given linear transformation is f:A→C is the inversion map such that w = f(z)= z
∀ z ∈ A.
Since Re z ≥ 0.5,
1
w= z
1
⇒ z= w .
Now,
1
Re z=Re( w )
1 Re z
⇒ Re( z ) = z 2
.
So,
1 Re w
Re( w ) = w 2
= Re(z) ≥ 0.5

Re w
⇒ w 2
≥ 0.5
2
⇒ w ≤ 2 Re w.
For, w=u+iv, we have
⇒ u 2 + v2 ≤ 2 u
⇒ u2 -2u+ v2 ≤ 0
⇒ u2 -2u+1+ v2 ≤ 1
⇒ ( u-1)2 + v2 ≤ 1
 P3.nb 7

This represents a closed disc with the center(0,1) and radius 1 unit in w-plane.
Graph of resultant disc is given below:
In[23]:= z = u+I*v
Out[23]= u+ⅈv

In[24]:= Show[RegionPlot[{Abs[w] ≤ Sqrt[2 * Re[w]]}, {u, - 2, 2}, {v, - 2, 2},

AxesLabel → {" Re z " , " Im z "}, Axes → True, PlotStyle → Yellow],
Graphics[{Black, PointSize[0.015], Point[{1, 0}]}, {Thick, Circle[{1, 0}, 1]}]]
LessEqual: Invalid comparison with 0. + 1.99989 ⅈ attempted.
Im z
2

Out[24]= 0 Re z

-1

-2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Practical 4
Plotting of Grid under the Inversion Map

◼ Question 1: Make a plot of vertical lines x = a for a =

-1, -12
, 12 , 1 and the horizontal lines y = b for b =
-1, -1 , 1
2 2
, 1. Find the plot of this grid under the
mapping w = f(z) = 1
z
.

-1 1
Print"The vertical lines x = a for a = -1, , , 1 and the horizontal
2 2
-1 1
lines y = b for b = -1, , , 1 are given by the figure: ";
2 2

-1 1
The vertical lines x = a for a = -1, , , 1 and the
2 2
-1 1
horizontal lines y = b for b = -1, , , 1 are given by the figure:
2 2
-1 1
grid := - 1, , , 1 ;
2 2
xcolor := {Red, Blue, Green, Yellow};

ycolor := {Magenta, Brown, Purple, Orange};

2 P4.nb

Show[Table[ContourPlot[Re[x + I * y] ⩵ grid[[i]], {x, - 2, 2},

{y, - 2, 2}, ContourStyle → {Thick, xcolor[[i]]}, Axes → True], {i, 1, 4}],
Table[ContourPlot[Im[x + I * y] ⩵ grid[[i]], {x, - 2, 2}, {y, - 2, 2},
ContourStyle → {Thick, ycolor[[i]]}, Axes → True], {i, 1, 4}]]
f[
z_] =
1
z;
2

-1

-2
-2 -1 0 1 2

w = u + I * v;

root = z /. ComplexExpand[Solve[f[z] ⩵ w, z]];

-1 1
Print"The image of the vertical lines x = a for a = -1, , , 1 and the
2 2
-1 1
horizontal lines y = b for b = -1, , , 1 under the function f(z) = ",
2 2
f[z], " are given by thye figure: ";
-1 1
The image of the vertical lines x = a for a = -1, , , 1 and the horizontal lines y =
2 2
-1 1 1
b for b = -1, , , 1 under the function f(z) = are given by thye figure:
2 2 z

Show[Table[ContourPlot[Re[root[[1]]] ⩵ grid[[i]], {u, - 2, 2},

{v, - 2, 2}, ContourStyle → {Thick, xcolor[[i]]}, Axes → True], {i, 1, 4}],
Table[ContourPlot[Im[root[[1]]] ⩵ grid[[i]], {u, - 2, 2}, {v, - 2, 2},
ContourStyle → {Thick, ycolor[[i]]}, Axes → True], {i, 1, 4}]]
 P4.nb 3

-1

-2
-2 -1 0 1 2

Conclusion: The mapping f[z] = 1/z maps horizontal and vertical line to circle
with center over real and imaginary axes passing through origin. Also, note that
right and left half plane is mapped to right and left half plane under inversion map.
Upper and lower half plane is mapped to lower and upper half plane respectively
under this map.
Practical 5
Polygonal Path

◼ Question 1: Find the parametrization of the polygonal

path c = c1 + c2 + c3 from -1 + i to 3 - 1, where c1 is the
line from
-1 + i to -1, c2 is the line from -1 to 1+i and c3 is the line
from 1 + i to 3 - i. Make a plot of this path.
Here, the parametrization of c1 (which is a line passing from -1 + i to -1) is given
by

c1(t) : z(t) = ( -1 + i) (1 - t) + (-1)t, 0≤t≤1

= -1 + i + t - i t - t
= -1 + i (1 - t), 0≤t≤1

Now, the parametrization of c2 (which is a line passing from -1 to 1 + i) is given

by

c2(t) : z(t) = (-1) (1 - t) + (1 + i) t, 0≤t≤1

= t -1 + t + i t
= (2t - 1) + i t, 0≤t≤1

Now, the parametrization of c3 (which is a line passing from 1 + i to 3 - i) is given

2 P5.nb

by

c3(t) : z(t) = (1 + i) (1 - t) + (3 - i) t, 0≤t≤1

=1-t+i-it+3t-it
= (1 + 2t) + i (1 - 2t), 0≤t≤1

The required parametrization of the polygonal path c = c1 + c2 + c3 is given by

c(t) = c1(t) + c2(t) + c3(t)

where,

c1(t) : z(t) = ( -1 + i) (1 - t) + (-1)t, 0≤t≤1

c2(t) : z(t) = (-1) (1 - t) + (1 + i) t, 0≤t≤1
c3(t) : z(t) = (1 + i) (1 - t) + (3 - i) t, 0≤t≤1

Thus, c(t) = c1(t) + c2(t) + c3(t)

= -1 + i(1 - t) + (2t - 1) + i t + ( 1 + 2t) + i (1 - 2t)
= (4t - 1) + i ( 2 - 2t), 0≤t≤1

Parametric plot of c1(t)

c1[t_] = ComplexExpand- 1 + I * 1 - t + - 1 * t
- 1 + ⅈ 1 - t
 P5.nb 3

P1 = Show[ParametricPlot[ReIm[c1[t]], {t, 0, 1}, PlotStyle → {Red, Thick},

AxesLabel → {"Re(z)", "Im(z)"}], Graphics[{Red, Arrow[{{- 1, 0.75}, {- 1, 0}}]}]]
Im(z)

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Re(z)
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5

Parametric plot of c2(t)

c2[t_] = ComplexExpand- 1 * 1 - t + 1 + I * t
- 1 + 2 + ⅈ t

P2 = Show[ParametricPlot[ReIm[c2[t]], {t, 0, 1}, PlotStyle → {Blue, Thick},

AxesLabel → {"Re(z)", "Im(z)"}], Graphics[{Blue, Arrow[{{- 1, 0}, {0.7, 0.85}}]}]]
Im(z)

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Re(z)
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0

Parametric plot of c3(t)

c3[t_] = ComplexExpand1 + I * 1 - t + 3 - I * t
1 + ⅈ 1 - 2 t + 2 t
4 P5.nb

P3 = Show[ParametricPlot[ReIm[c3[t]], {t, 0, 1}, PlotStyle → {Green, Thick},

AxesLabel → {"Re(z)", "Im(z)"}], Graphics[{Green, Arrow[{{1, 1}, {2, 0}}]}]]
Im(z)

1.0

0.5

Re(z)
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

-0.5

-1.0

Parametric plot of the polygonal path c(t) = c1(t) + c2(t) + c3(t)

Show[ParametricPlot[{ReIm[c1[t]], ReIm[c2[t]], ReIm[c3[t]]},
{t, 0, 1}, PlotStyle → {{Red, Thick}, {Blue, Thick}, {Green, Thick}},
PlotLegends → {"c1", "c2", "c3"}, AxesLabel → {"Re(z)", "Im(z)"}],
Graphics[{Red, Arrow[{{- 1, 0.75}, {- 1, 0}}]}],
Graphics [{Blue, Arrow[{{- 1, 0}, {0.7, 0.85}}]}],
Graphics[{Green, Arrow[{{1, 1 }, {2, 0}}]}]]
Im(z)

1.0

0.5
c1
c2
Re(z)
-1 1 2 3
c3
-0.5

-1.0
Practical 6
Contour Integral

◼ Question 1. Plot line segment L joining A = 0 to B = 2 +

π
4
i and give an exact calculation of ∫ L
e z
ⅆz.

Line segment passing through zo to z1 is parametrized by

z(t) = (1 - t)zo + tz1, 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1
Here, z0 = 0 and z1 = 2 + π
4
i
z(t) = t (2 + π
4
i), 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1.

Now, f(z) = ez
z(t) = t (2 + π
4
i)
f[z_] := Exp[z]

z[t_] := t * 2 + Pi * I / 4

Plotting of L
2 P 6.nb

ShowParametricPlot[{Re[z[t]], Im[z[t]]}, {t, 0, 1}, PlotStyle → {Thick, Green},

AxesLabel → {"Re z", "Im z"}, PlotLabel → L, LabelStyle → Directive[Bold, Black]],
Graphics[{Green, Arrow[{{0, 0}, {1, 0.39}}]}],
GraphicsGreen, PointSize[0.02], Point2, Pi  4
L
Im z
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Re z
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Now, we need to calculate ∫Lez ⅆz over the line segment

L joining A = 0 to B = 2 + π
4
i when the parametrization of
z is z(t) given by z(t) = t (2 + π
4
i), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Then,
∫Cf[z] ⅆz over the curve C is given by
∫ f[z[t]] z'[t] ⅆz, where z(t) is the parametrization
over the curve C.
Here, f(z) = ez and z(t) = t (2 + π
4
i), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
1 1+i
∫Lez ⅆz over L is ∫0 et (2+ 4 i ⅆt = -1 + e2 .
π i)
2 + π
√
4 2

ComplexExpand[Integrate[f[z[t]] * z '[t], {t, 0, 1}]]

1 + ⅈ ⅇ2
-1 +
2

ClearAll
ClearAll
 P 6.nb 3

◼ Ques 2. Plot the semicircle C with radius 1 centered at z

= 2 and evaluate the contour integral ∫C z -1 2 ⅆz over C.

Parametrization of z over circle of radius r at zo is given by

z = z o + r e iθ , 0 ⩽ θ ⩽ 2 π
then

f[z_] = 1  z - 2
1
-2 + z

z[t_] = 2 + Exp[I * t]
2 + ⅇⅈ t

Plotting of C

Show[ParametricPlot[{Re[z[t]], Im[z[t]]}, {t, 0, Pi}, PlotStyle → {Thick, Purple},

AxesLabel → {"Re z", "Im z"}, PlotLabel → C, LabelStyle → Directive[Bold, Black]],
Graphics[{Gray, PointSize[0.02], Point[{2, 0}]}],
Graphics[{Purple, Arrow[{{2, 0.999}, {1.995, 0.999}}]}]]
C
Im z

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Re z
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Now, we need to calculate ∫C z -1 2 ⅆ z over semi circle C with radius, r = 1

centered at zo= 2
where, the parametrization of z is z(t) given by z(t) = 2 + e it, 0 ≤ t ≤ π.
Then, ∫Cf[z] ⅆ z over the curve C is given by ∫ f[z[t]] z '[t] ⅆ z, where z(t)
4 P 6.nb

is the parametrization of z over the curve C.

1
Here, f(z) = z-2
and z(t) = 2 + eit, 0 ≤ t ≤ π.
π
Thus, ∫C z -1 2 ⅆ z = ∫0 e-it.i eit ⅆ t = iπ

ComplexExpand[Integrate[f[z[t]] * z '[t], {t, 0, Pi}]]

ⅈπ

◼ Ques 3. Show that ∫c z ⅆz =∫c z ⅆz = 4 + 2i where c1 is

1 2

the line segment from -1 - i to 3 + i and c2 is the portion

of the parabola x = y 2 + 2y joining -1 -i to 3 + i. Make
plots of two contours c1 and c2 joining -1 - i to 3 + i.
Here, f(z) = z,
c1is the line segment from -1 -i to 3 + i.
Parametrization of z over c1 is given by
z1(t) = (1 - t)(- 1 - i) + t(3 + i), 0⩽t⩽1
= (- 1 + 4t) + i(-1 + 2t)

c2 is the portion of the parabola x = y2 + 2y joining -1 -i to 3 + i.

Parametrization of z over c2 is given by
z2(t) = t2 + 2t + it, -1 ⩽ t ⩽ 1

f[z_] = z
z

z1[t_] = ComplexExpand1 - t * - 1 - I + t * 3 + I

- 1 + 4 t + ⅈ - 1 + 2 t
 P 6.nb 5

z2[t_] = ComplexExpandt ^ 2 + 2 * t + I * t
2 + ⅈ t + t2

Plotting of c1 and c2

Show[{ParametricPlot[ReIm[z1[t]], {t, 0, 1}, PlotStyle → {Thick, Green},

AxesLabel → {"Re z", "Im z"}], Graphics[{Green, Arrow[{{1, 0}, {2, 0.5}}]}]},
{ParametricPlot[ReIm[z2[t]], {t, - 1, 1}, PlotStyle → {Thick, Red},
AxesLabel → {"Re z", "Im z"}], Graphics[{Red, Arrow[{{0.3, 0.14}, {0.41, 0.194}}]}]}]
Im z

1.0

0.5

Re z
-1 1 2 3

-0.5

-1.0

Now, we need to calculate ∫c z ⅆ z, where c1 is the line segment joining -1 -i to 3

1

+ i and the parametrization of z to z1(t) given by z1(t) = (-1 + 4t) + i(-1 + 2t), 0 ⩽ t
⩽ 1.
Then ∫c f (z) ⅆ z
1
Practical 8
Path Integral of the principal branch of the
function 1
1
2*z 2

1
◼ Question 1: Evaluate the integral ∫c ⅆ z, over c
upper

1
2* z 2
where C is the line segment joining 4 to 8 + 6i. Also plot
the path of integration.
1
Here, f(z) = 1
1 , where z 2 is the principal branch of the square root function.
2*z 2
Line segment C passing through 4 to 8 + 6i is parametrized by

z(t) = (1 - t) 4 + t(8 + 6i), (0 ≤ t ≤ 1)

= 4 + 4t + i6t, (0 ≤ t ≤ 1)

For z(t) = rⅇit, (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π)

f(z(t)) = 1
2 r ⅇ)it
= 1 ⅇ-it2, (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π)
2 r

where, (0 ≤ t ≤ 2π) is the principal branch of the square root function

1
f[z_] = 1
2 * z2
1
2 z

z[t_] = ComplexExpand1 - t * 4 + t * 8 + 6 * I

4 + 4 + 6 ⅈ t
2 P 8.nb

z '[t]
4+6ⅈ

f[z[t]]
1
2 4 + 4 + 6 ⅈ t

Integrate[f[z[t]] * z '[t], {t, 0, 1}]

1+ⅈ

Show[ParametricPlot[ReIm[z[t]], {t, 0, 1},

AxesLabel → {"Re z", "Im z"}, AxesOrigin → {0, 0}, PlotStyle → {Purple, Thick}],
Graphics[{Purple, Arrow[{{4, 0}, {6, 3}}]}],
Graphics[{Black, PointSize[0.020], Point[{4, 0}], Point[{8, 6}]}]]
Im z

Re z
2 4 6 8
Practical 9
Laurent Series Expansion

◼ Question 1: Find and plot three different Laurent series

representations for the function f(z) = 3/(2+z - z^2),
involving powers of z
f[z_] := 3  2 + z - z ^ 2;

Print["The given function is f(z) = "; f[z]];

Print"The roots fo the denominator 2 + z - z2 == 0 are",
z /. Solve[2 + z - z ^ 2 ⩵ 0, z];
3
2 + z - z2
The roots fo the denominator 2 + z - z2 == 0 are{-1, 2}

Print[
"The Taylor series expansion of the function f is valid in the disk |z| < 1 and Laurent
series expansion of the function f is valid in the annulus 1 < |z| < 2 and |z| > 2.
These three domains are illustrated in the following figure: "]
Show [ParametricPlot[{r * Cos[t], r * Sin[t]},
{r, 0, 1}, {t, 0, 2 * Pi}, PlotStyle → Red, Mesh → None],
ParametricPlot[{r * Cos[t], r * Sin[t]}, {r, 1, 2}, {t, 0, 2 * Pi}, PlotStyle → Yellow,
Mesh → None], ParametricPlot[{r * Cos[t], r * Sin[t]}, {r, 2, 6},
{t, 0, 2 * Pi}, PlotStyle → Blue, Mesh → None], PlotRange → 4]
Print["The Taylor series expansion of the function f is the
disk |z| < 1 is given by f(z) = ", Series[f[z], {z, 0, 10}]];
Print["The partial fraction gives f(z) = ", Apart[f[z]]];
Print"The Laurent series expansion of the
function f in the annulus 1 < |z| < 2 is given by f(z) = ",
Series1  2 - z, {z, 0, 10} + Series1  1 + z, {z, Infinity, 10};
Print["The Laurent series expansion of the function f in the annulus
|z| > 2 is given by f(z) = ", Series[f[z], {z, Infinity, 10}]];
The Taylor series expansion of the function f is valid in the disk |z| < 1 and Laurent
series expansion of the function f is valid in the annulus 1 < |z| < 2 and |z| > 2.
These three domains are illustrated in the following figure:
2 P 9.nb

-2

-4

-4 -2 0 2 4

The Taylor series expansion of the function f is the disk |z| < 1 is given by f(z) =
3 3 z 9 z2 15 z3 33 z4 63 z5 129 z6 255 z7 513 z8 1023 z9 2049 z10
- + - + - + - + - + + O[z]11
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048
1 1
The partial fraction gives f(z) = - +
-2 + z 1 + z

Series: Series in z to be combined have unequal expansion points 0 and ∞.

The Laurent series expansion of the function f in the annulus 1 < |z| < 2 is given by f(z) =
1 z z2 z3 z4 z5 z6 z7 z8 z9 z10
+ + + + + + + + + + + O[z]11 +
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048
1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 10 1 11
 -   +   -   +   -   +   -   +   -   + O  
z z z z z z z z z z z
The Laurent series expansion of the function f in the annulus |z| > 2 is given by f(z) =
3 3 9 15 33 63 129 255 513 1 11
- 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 + O 
z z z z z z z z z z
 P 9.nb 3

Plot of Laurent Series

Plot[Evaluate[Table[Normal[Series[f[z], {z, - 1, n}]], {n, 3}]],
{z, - 1, 6}, PlotStyle → {Blue, Red, Green}]
6

-1 1 2 3 4 5 6

Plot[Evaluate[Table[Normal[Series[f[z], {z, 2, n}]], {n, 3}]],

{z, 2, 10}, PlotStyle → {Blue, Red, Green}]
2

4 6 8 10

-1

-2

-3

-4

Plot[Evaluate[Table[Normal[Series[f[z], {z, 2, n}]], {n, 3}]],

{z, 2, 4}, PlotStyle → {Blue, Red, Green}]

2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6
Practical 10
Poles

◼ Question: Locate the poles of f(z) = 1

5 * z +26*z2 + 5
4 and
specify their order
1
f[z_] = ;
5 * z4 + 26 * z2 + 5
Print["The given function is f(z) = " , f[z]];
1
The given function is f(z) =
5 + 26 z2 + 5 z4

roots = z /. Solve5 * z4 + 26 * z2 + 5 ⩵ 0, z;

Print"The roots of the denominator 5 * z4 +26*z2 + 5 are ", roots;

ⅈ ⅈ
The roots of the denominator 5 * z4 +26*z2 + 5 are - , , -ⅈ 5,ⅈ 5
5 5

Table [Print["The minimum power of ", z - roots[[j]],

" in the laurent series of the function f about tge point ", roots[[j]], " is ",
Exponent[Series[f[z], {z, roots[[j]], 5}], z - roots[[j]], Min]], {j, 1, 4}];
Print["The function f has simple poles at ", roots]
ⅈ ⅈ
The minimum power of + z in the laurent series of the function f about tge point - is -1
5 5
ⅈ ⅈ
The minimum power of - + z in the laurent series of the function f about tge point is -1
5 5
The minimum power of ⅈ 5 +z
in the laurent series of the function f about tge point -ⅈ 5 is -1

The minimum power of -ⅈ 5 +z

in the laurent series of the function f about tge point ⅈ 5 is -1
ⅈ ⅈ
The function f has simple poles at - , , -ⅈ 5,ⅈ 5
5 5

TransferFunctionPoles[TransferFunctionModel[{f[z]}, z]]

- ⅈ , ⅈ , -ⅈ 5,ⅈ 5 

5 5
2 P 10.nb

T[z_] = TransferFunctionModel[{f[z]}, z]

1 
 
5 + 26 z2 + 5 z4

RootLocusPlot[T[z], {k, 0, 3}, PlotRange → {- 5, 5}]

-4 -2 2 4

-2

-4
Practical 11
Residue

◼ Question 1: Locate the zeroes and poles of g(z) =

Pi*Cot[Pi*z] and determine their order. Also justify the
z2
Res(g, 0) = - Pi^2/3.
Pi * Cot[Pi * z]
g[z_] =
z2
π Cot[π z]
z2

Pi * Cot[Pi * z]
zeroes = z /. Reduce ⩵ 0
z2
+ π C[ 1]
π
2
ReplaceAll: C[1] ∈ Integers && z ≠ 0 && z ⩵  is neither a list of replacement rules nor a valid dispatch table, and so
π
cannot be used for replacing.
π + π C[1]
z /. C[1] ∈ Integers && z ≠ 0 && z ⩵ 2
π

Now, g(z) has poles wherever z = 0 or sin(Pi*z) = 0, so at z = n belongs to Z, n is not equal to 0. About
these points we have
For z = 0,
Series[g[z], {z, 0, 10}]
1 - π2 - π4 z - 2 π6 z3 - π8 z5 - 2 π10 z7 - 1382 π12 z9 + O[z]11
z3 3 z 45 945 4725 93 555 638 512 875

Residue[g[z], {z, 0}]

2
-π
3

Print["The given function is g[z]= ", g[z]]

π Cot[π z]
The given function is g[z]=
z2
2 P11.nb

Print["The minimum power of ", z,

" in the Laurent series of the function g about the point ",
0, "is", Exponent[Series[g[z], {z, 0, 10}], z, Min]];
Print["z=0 is a pole of order 3"]
The minimum power of z in the Laurent series of the function g about the point 0is-3

z=0 is a pole of order 3

For z = n belongs to Z, n ≠ 0
Series[Cot[Pi * z], {z, n, 5}]
Cot[n π] + - π - π Cot[n π]2  (z - n) + π2 Cot[n π] + π2 Cot[n π]3  (z - n)2 +
1 - π3 - 4 π3 Cot[n π]2 - 3 π3 Cot[n π]4  (z - n)3 +
3
1 2 π4 Cot[n π] + 5 π4 Cot[n π]3 + 3 π4 Cot[n π]5  (z - n)4 +
3
1 - 2 π5 - 17 π5 Cot[n π]2 - 30 π5 Cot[n π]4 - 15 π5 Cot[n π]6  (z - n)5 + O[z - n]6
15

Series[Cot[Pi * z], {z, n = 1, 5}]

1 - 1 π z - 1 - 1 π3 z - 13 - 2 π5 z - 15 + O[z - 1]6
π z - 1 3 45 945

g[z]
π Cot[π z]
z2

Series[g[z], {z, n = 1, 5}]

1 - 2 + 3 - π2 z - 1 + - 4 + 2 π2 z - 12 + 5 - π2 - π4 z - 13 +
z-1 3 3 45
2 - 135 + 30 π2 + π4  z - 14 + 1 6615 - 1575 π2 - 63 π4 - 2 π6  z - 15 + O[z - 1]6
45 945

Print["The give function is g[z] = ", g[z]]

π Cot[π z]
The give function is g[z] =
z2

Print["The minimum power of ", z,

" in the Laurent series of the function g about the point ",
1, " is ", Exponent[Series[g[z], {z, n = 1, 5}], z, Min]];
Print["z = 1 is a pole of order 1"]
The minimum power of z in the Laurent series of the function g about the point 1 is 0

z = 1 is a pole of order 1

Residue[g[z], {z, 1}]

1
 P11.nb 3

Print["The given function is g[z] = ", g[z]]

Print["The minimum power of ", z,
" in the Laurent series of the function g about the point ",
2, " is ", Exponent[Series[g[z], {z, n = 2, 5}], z, Min]];
Print["z = 2 is a pole of order 1"]
π Cot[π z]
The given function is g[z] =
z2
The minimum power of z in the Laurent series of the function g about the point 2 is 0

z = 2 is a pole of order 1

Residue[g[z], {z, 2}]

1
4

Print" Res(g (z))= -Pi/3 and Res(g (z))= 1/ n^2, for z = n belongs to Z, n ≠ 0 "
z=0 z=n
Print ["Therefore, g[z] = Pi Cot(Pi*z)/ z^2
has simple poles at z = n ≠ 0 and pole of order 3 at z = 0"]
Res(g (z))= -Pi/3 and Res(g (z))= 1/ n^2, for z = n belongs to Z, n ≠ 0
z=0 z=n

Therefore, g[z] = Pi Cot(Pi*z)/ z^2 has simple poles at z = n ≠ 0 and pole of order 3 at z = 0
Practical 12
Contour Integration through residue

◼ Question 1: Evaluate ∫c+(0)exp(2 / z) ⅆ z, where c+3 (0)

3

denotes the circle {z: |z| = 3} with positive orientation.

Similarly, evaluate ∫c+(0) z4+z31+-2 z2 ⅆ z
3

In[1]:= j[z_] = Normal[Series[Exp[z], {z, 0, 10}]];

k[z_] = j2  z

Out[2]= 1+ 4 + 4 + 2 + 8 + 4 + 4 + 2 + 4 + 2 +2
14 175 z10 2835 z9 315 z8 315 z7 45 z6 15 z5 3 z4 3 z3 z2 z

In[3]:= Res = Residue[k[z], {z, 0}]

Out[3]= 2

Hence, by Residue Theorem,

Integration = 2(Pi)i * Res f(z)
z = z0

In[4]:= Print["Integration is ", 2 * Pi * I * (Res)]

Integration is 4 ⅈ π

In[5]:= M[z_] = NormalSeries1  z ^ 4 + z ^ 3 - 2 * z ^ 2, {z, 0, 10}

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Out[5]= - 3 - 1 2 - 1 - 5 z - 11 z - 21 z - 43 z - 85 z - 171 z - 341 z - 683 z - 1365 z - 2731 z
8 2z 4 z 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192

In[6]:= t[z_] = 1  z ^ 4 + z ^ 3 - 2 * z ^ 2;

In[7]:= TransferFunctionPoles[TransferFunctionModel[{{t[z]}}, z]]

Out[7]= {{{- 2, 0, 0, 1}}}
2 P12.nb

- 2, 1 are simple poles and 0 is a pole of order 2

In[9]:= t1[z_] = TransferFunctionModel[{{t[z]}}, z]

1 
Out[9]=  
- 2 z 2 + z3 + z4

In[17]:= Res1 = Residue[t[z], {z, - 2}]

Out[17]= - 1
12

In[18]:= Res2 = Residue[t[z], {z, 0}]

Out[18]= -1
4

In[15]:= Res3 = Residue[t[z], {z, 1}]

Out[15]=
1
3

Hence, by Residue Theorem,

Integration = 2(Pi)i * Res f(z)
z = z0

In[19]:= Print"Integration is ", 2 * Pi * I * Res1 + Res2 + Res3

Integration is 0