Commentary Journal of Metabolic Syndrome
Volume 12:3, 2023
ISSN: 2167-0943 Open Access
The Role of Energy Homeostasis in Human Health and
Disease
Muhammed Hussain*
Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
POMC promotes satiety and increases energy expenditure. The gut-brain
Description axis is a bidirectional communication system that plays a vital role in energy
homeostasis. It involves signals from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain and
Energy homeostasis is a fundamental concept in biology, essential for vice versa. The release of gut hormones, such as ghrelin, Cholecystokinin
maintaining the stability of an organism's internal environment. It is a dynamic (CCK) and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1), influences appetite and food
process that regulates the balance between energy intake and expenditure to intake. Numerous hormones produced by peripheral tissues, including adipose
ensure that the body has the necessary resources to function optimally. In this tissue and the pancreas, contribute to energy homeostasis regulation [4].
article, we will explore the intricate mechanisms behind energy homeostasis, Adiponectin, for example, is an adipose tissue-derived hormone that enhances
its importance in human health and the various factors that influence this insulin sensitivity and promotes fatty acid oxidation. Genetics play a significant
delicate balance. Energy balance is the cornerstone of energy homeostasis. It role in energy homeostasis. Some individuals may be genetically predisposed
is defined as the equilibrium between energy intake and energy expenditure. to obesity or metabolic disorders due to variations in genes involved in appetite
When energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, the excess energy is stored regulation, fat metabolism and energy expenditure. The environment has a
as fat, leading to weight gain. Conversely, when energy expenditure surpasses profound impact on energy homeostasis. Access to nutrient-dense foods, food
energy intake, the body utilizes stored energy reserves, resulting in weight marketing and portion sizes can influence energy intake. Additionally, physical
loss. This delicate balance is maintained by an intricate network of regulatory activity opportunities, access to green spaces and climate can affect energy
systems within the body. Energy intake begins with appetite, a complex expenditure. Psychosocial factors, such as stress, emotional eating and sleep
interplay of physiological and psychological factors that drive us to eat. These patterns, can disrupt energy homeostasis. Stress-induced changes in appetite-
factors include hunger, satiety, taste preferences and social and environmental regulating hormones like cortisol and emotional eating can lead to overeating.
cues. Hormones such as ghrelin (the hunger hormone) and leptin (the satiety The gut microbiome has emerged as a crucial player in energy homeostasis.
hormone) play critical roles in regulating appetite [1]. Gut bacteria can affect nutrient absorption, energy extraction from food and
Nutrient sensing is the process by which the body detects and responds even influence the brain's response to appetite-regulating hormones [5].
to the macronutrient composition of food. For instance, the release of insulin
in response to elevated blood glucose levels helps regulate the utilization and Acknowledgement
storage of energy. BMR represents the energy expended at rest to maintain
essential bodily functions, such as breathing, circulating blood and maintaining None.
body temperature. It varies between individuals and is influenced by factors
like age, gender and muscle mass [2]. Physical activity is a significant
component of energy expenditure. Both voluntary activities like exercise and Conflict of Interest
involuntary activities like fidgeting contribute to daily energy expenditure.
Thermogenesis is the process of heat production within the body, primarily in None.
response to cold exposure or the thermogenic effect of food. Brown adipose
tissue plays a crucial role in this process. The hypothalamus, a small region
in the brain, serves as the central hub for energy homeostasis regulation. It References
contains distinct nuclei responsible for appetite control, thermoregulation and
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hormonal regulation. Key areas of interest within the hypothalamus include
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Leptin and insulin are two hormones that communicate energy status to the
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hormones interact with receptors in the hypothalamus to modulate food intake 3. Chaix, Amandine, Terry Lin, Hiep D. Le and Max W. Chang, et al. "Time-restricted
and energy expenditure [3]. feeding prevents obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice lacking a circadian
clock." Cell Metab 29 (2019): 303-319.
These neuropeptides play opposing roles in the regulation of appetite.
NPY stimulates food intake and decreases energy expenditure, while 4. Cheng, Huijun, Zenghui Liu, Guohuo Wu and Chi-Tang Ho, et al. "Dietary
compounds regulating the mammal peripheral circadian rhythms and modulating
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*Address for Correspondence: Muhammed Hussain, Department of Endocrinol- 5. Xu, Kanyan, Xiangzhong Zheng and Amita Sehgal. "Regulation of feeding and
ogy & Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India, metabolism by neuronal and peripheral clocks in Drosophila." Cell Metab 8 (2008):
E-mail: [email protected] 289-300.
Copyright: © 2023 Hussain M. This is an open-access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestrict-
ed use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author
and source are credited.
Received: 02 September, 2023, Manuscript No. jms-23-117439; Editor Assigned:
04 September, 2023, PreQC No. P-117439; Reviewed: 16 September, 2023,
QC No. Q-117439; Revised: 21 September, 2023, Manuscript No. R-117439; How to cite this article: Hussain, Muhammed. “The Role of Energy Homeostasis
Published: 28 September, 2023, DOI: 10.37421/2167-0943.2023.12.338 in Human Health and Disease.” J Metabolic Synd 12 (2023): 338.
