Zamboanga Peninsula Polytechnic State University

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

R.T. LIM Boulevard, Baliwasan, Zamboanga City

READING AND WRITING

Patterns of Development

I. Introduction of the Topic

A pattern of development is the way the essay is organized, from one paragraph to the next, in order
to present its thesis and the relevant, authoritative support for it, in a coherent and meaningful
fashion. The process of pattern development gives us the ability to take that visual representation
and actually create the object.

II. Content of the topic

Narration

A narrative is a story. As a method of development, storytelling can be very effective for the simple
reason that people love to hear stories and will tune in to a story when their eyes glaze ove ar other
styles of writing. Even when your purpose is to write an essay that is primarily to inform, analyze or
argue, a narrative paragraph can be effective at drawing the reader in and establishing your voice in
the essay. For instance, at the beginning of an essay on the problem caused by excessive instant
messaging by young teens, a writer might tell a brief story about the limited options she had for
socializing outside of school in the 1970's to illustrate how substantially socializing patterns have
changed.
(http://srjcwritingcenter.com/paragraphs/patterns development.html).

In developing a paragraph using narration sequential presentation of events is observed. It is

normally chronological although at times can use flashbacks. Narratives contain action words—verbs
and adverbs—that help move the story or process along and make it more interesting. They also use
transitions such as first, then, soon, after and suddenly, which maintain coherence and show
movement from one to the next.
Read this paragraph from Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.
It recalls a childhood incident when neighborhood children mocked her and her grandmother. Pay
attention to the action and transitions.
Before the girls got to the porch. I heard their laughter crackling and pooping like pine logs in a
cooking stovem They came finally to stand on the ground in front of Momma. At first they pretended
seriousness. Then one of the wrapped her right arm in the crook of her left, pushed out her mouth
and started to him. I realized that she was aping my grandmother.
(Source: http://highered.mheducation.com)
Narratives contain a 'story' component- characters, setting, conflict, climax, and resolution. It is not
simply listing the events, it is pointing in the direction of a story using specific details.
Now, identify the story component of this narrative.
Around 2 a.m something woke Charles Hanson up. He kay in the dark listening. Something felt
wrong. Outside, crickets sang, tree-frogs chirruped. A cross the distant forest floated two muffled hoots
from a barred owl. It was too quiet. At home in New Jersey, the nights are filled with the busy, comfort
linh sounds of traffic. You always have comforting knowledge that othe people are all around you. And
light: At home he can read in bed by the glow of the streetlight. It was too quiet
and much too dark. Even start light failed to penetrate the 80-foot canopy of trees the camper was
parked beneath. It was the darkest dark he had ever seen. He felt for the flashlight beside his hunk. It
was gone. he found where his pants were hanging and, as he felt the pockets for a box of matches,
something rustled in the leaves right outside the window, inches away from his face. He heard his
wide. Wanda, hold her breath; she was awake, too. Then, whatever was outside in the darkness also
breathed, and the huge silence of the night seemed to come inside the camper stifling them. It was
then he decided to pack up and move to a hotNarratives contain a 'story' component- characters,
setting, conflict, climax, and resolution. It is not simply listing the events, it is pointing in the direction
of a story using specific details.
Now, identify the story component of this narrative.
Around 2 a.m something woke Charles Hanson up. He kay in the dark listening. Something felt
wrong. Outside, crickets sang, tree-frogs chirruped. A cross the distant forest floated two muffled hoots
from a barred owl. It was too quiet. At home in New Jersey, the nights are filled with the busy, comfort
linh sounds of traffic. You always have comforting knowledge that othe people are all around you. And
light: At home he can read in bed by the glow of the streetlight. It was too quiet
and much too dark. Even start light failed to penetrate the 80-foot canopy of trees the camper was
parked beneath. It was the darkest dark he had ever seen. He felt for the flashlight beside his hunk. It
was gone. he found where his pants were hanging and, as he felt the pockets for a box of matches,
something rustled in the leaves right outside the window, inches away from his face. He heard his
wide. Wanda, hold her breath; she was awake, too. Then, whatever was outside in the darkness also
breathed, and the huge silence of the night seemed to come inside the camper stifling them. It was
then he decided to pack up and move to a hotel.

Description

When you need to elucidate the nature of people, places and things you use description. You could
start with the physical description- the details of how your subject looks, sounds, feels, smells or even
tastes like. The details can be arranged in any pattern you think is best. Your perspective will tell you
where to begin and where to end.
Description is a powerful tool in communication, allowing us to paint vivid pictures with words and
engage our audience's senses. Whether you're writing a story, presenting a product, or describing a
scene, mastering the art of description can captivate your audience and convey your message
effectively. It details what something looks like and its characteristics. Exemplification provides typical
cases or examples of something.

Read this paragraph from Maya Angelou's I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Angelou doesn't simply
describe her subjects' appearance; she uses description to explain their characters. She also uses it to
reveal her emotional reaction to their behavior.

There are two type of Description- subjective and objective. In a subjective description, the writer is
describing an impression of what is observed. Just like in the line "it was a dark and lonely night." This
help us imagine the kind of night it was. Description of characters, their appearance, mannerisms and
utterance help us imagine what they are like.There are two type of Description- subjective and
objective. In a subjective description, the writer is describing an impression of what is observed. Just
like in the line "it was a dark and lonely night."
This help us imagine the kind of night it was. Description of characters, their appearance, mannerisms
and utterance help us imagine what they are like. While subjective description is often used in fiction
objective description is usually employed in reportorial and scientific writing. The goal of the writer in
using the objective description is to represent an impartial and actual picture of an object or scene. The
writer has to stay away from emotional impressions or responses, bracketing his/her biases. Getting past
our biases can be difficult due to a numbers of Factors. It is important that a writer must be aware of
his/her own biases so as not to influence judgement. An example of this is when detectives cover crime
scenes and has to write clear reports of their observation. Similarly, news writers present thair report
objectively.
 Exemplification

Exemplification is a powerful method of illustration that uses specific examples to clarify and
support a general statement or idea. It serves as a concrete way to explain concepts and
make complex topics more accessible.

Exemplification relies on vivid, real-life instances to enhance understanding. It's like using
colorful stories to paint a clear picture. Through this method, abstract concepts become
tangible, making it easier for people to grasp the intended message.Exemplification relies on
vivid, real-life instances to enhance understanding. It's like using colorful stories to paint a
clear picture. Through this method, abstract concepts become tangible, making it easier for
people to grasp the intended message.

1. *Definition of Exemplification:*
- Understanding how exemplification works by providing real examples.
- Recognizing the role of exemplification in various forms of communication.

2. *Benefits of Exemplification:*
- Highlighting how it simplifies complex ideas.
- Enhancing engagement through relatable examples.

3. *Types of Exemplification:*
- Categorizing exemplification into different types, such as specific cases, anecdotes, or
scenarios.
- Exploring when to use each type for maximum impact.

4. *Examples in Everyday Life:*

- Identifying exemplification in everyday conversations, advertisements, and educational
materials.
- Discussing how relatable examples make information more memorable.

In coclusion, exemplification serves as a beacon of clarity by weaving relatable stories and

tangible examples into communication. This creates a robust bridge between abstract ideas and
audience understanding. Its undeniable power lies in simplifying complex concepts, infusing
discourse with reality, fostering engagement, and leaving a lasting impression. Embrace
exemplification as the catalyst that transforms the ordinary into the extraordinary in the realm of
understanding
 Comparison and Contrast

A paragraph that demonstrate comparison and/or contrast examines how given subjects are either similar
or different.

Comparison examines how the subjects are the same.

Contrast examines how the subjects are different.

Central to the development using this pattern is the effective use of appropriate transitional words and
phrase that signal comparison and contrast.

The following are helpful signal words for effective writings:

For comparison For contrast

a. in the same way a. yet
b. by the same token b. and yet
c. similarly c. nevertheless
d. in the manner d. nonetheless
e. likewise e. after all
f. in similar fashion f. but
g. however
i. though
j. otherwise
k. on the contrary
l. In contrast
m. notwithstanding
n. on the other hand

Cause and Effect

A cause is a reason for,or events leading up to. An effect is the results of a cause or causes.Having the
skill to think in the mode of cause and effect is a key to victory in daily situations.

The cause and effect as a method in developing a paragraph is useful in explaining why something
happens. A paragraph emphasizing the ‘cause’, normally starts with an effect. The goal of this is to
explore how a particular paragraph is to explore how such an effect came to be. Similarity, a paragraph
emphasizing the ‘effect’ begins with a particular cause then explains the consequences of effects of this
cause. Notice how the causes of the avalanche are explained in the paragraph below.

An avalanche is a huge snowslide that rushes down the side of a mountain carrying large trees, rocks,
and other debris in its path. Avalanches are similar to landslides but can be more dangerous and
destructive. Avalanches can occur when huge amounts of new snow fall on layers of snow and ice that
have become unstable because of melting. They can be triggered by explosions or earthquakes.

It is essential when writing a paragraph that shows cause and/or effect, and determine the reason for
discussing the cause and/or effect. Like any other pattern of development, transitional words help to
emphasize cause and/or effect relationships.
 Process Analysis
A process analysis essay explains how to do something, how something works, or both. The process
analysis essay opens with a discussion of the process and a thesis statement that states the outcome of
the process. The organization of a process analysis essay typically follows a chronological sequence.

There are two kinds of process analysis:

1.Directional
A directional process tells the reader how to do or make something, in other words, it gives
directions.

2. Informative
An informative process tells the reader how something is or was made or done, or how something
works.

Example 1:
Hello, my name is Joe and I'm going to give you a few simple lessons on how to make a wep page. I
must warn you though, this is for "all wet behinda the ears" newbies. If you're at all experienced at this
sort of thing, you'll probably find this tutorial a bit of a yawner.
You'll be happy to learn that it's really pretty simple. The basic idea is this... A web page is nothing
more than a file, a HTML file to be exact. It's called HTML because web page documents have the file
extension. HTML or .htm.. HTML stands for Hyper text Mark-up Language. +If you are unclear about
this file extension stuff, then you really are newbie!! Take a quick detour for a few rumblings on the
subject).

Example 2:
There are basically two ways to make a webpage. The first way is to create the page offline and
then upload them to your internet service provider, (ISP) via FTP. The second way is to create your
web page(s) online using a Talnet program by accessing your UNIX account. If you have one.
if you are creating your web page(s) offline, do so in any text editing or word processing document.
Make sure that when you save your document, you save it as a text, "plain text" or text only document.
Otherwise, it will not be read properly by a web browser. Once you have created your page(s) you will
need to contact your ISP about how to go about uploading them to your server.
Division and Classification
 Problem - Solution

The problem-solution pattern is a common structure used in writing paragraphs. It involves presenting
a problem or issue and then offering a solution or resolution to that problem. This pattern helps to
organize information and make it easier for readers to understand and follow along.

Problem solution pattern consist of two parts: a problem and a solution. The writer presents the
problem and some facts or reasons why it is a problem. Naturally, readers look for a solution for the
problem. The closing statement or conclusion highlights the connection between the problem and the
solution.
.
Problem-solution paragraph are best when you can effectively address the questions- what is the
problem, why it is a problem and how can a problem be solved

Example of problem solution essay

Jackie Kersee overcame asthma and extreme poverty to become a famous athlete How could this
happen? At first, Jackie denied that she had a problem as a competitor in the seven-event heptathlon,
she was used to being in complete control of her body. She felt it showed her strength and
determination. Her asthma problem changed all that. After many disappointing competitions, she found
ways to work with her problem rather than against it. She was the most dominant woman in track and
field competition at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul. Eventually, the little girl became the first lady of
American sports.

1. What is the problem?

---The problem is Jackie Kersee's asthma condition.
2. Why is it a problem?
---It is a problem because asthma affects the airways, making it difficult to breathe properly. This can
significantly impact an athlete's performance, especially in high-intensity sports like track and field.

3. How can the problem be solved?

---The problem can be solved by finding ways to manage and work with the asthma condition. This
may involve developing a personalized treatment plan with medications, learning breathing techniques,
and making lifestyle adjustments to minimize triggers that can worsen asthma symptoms.

Persuasion

Persuasion means to convince someone that your opinion on a subject is the right one. There are many
forms of persuasion, you might not even know you are being persuaded. For example advertisements
are persuading you to buy a certain product. Or family is always trying to convince you to do
something or that they are always right.

It is important to consider the audience as your write persuasively. Directing your paragraph toward a
particular audience can be helpful. Consider what kind of evidence this audience would respond to.
When you take your audience into consideration, you will make your persuasive paragraph more
convincing.
Methods of Persuasion

Facts- A statement of what is.

Referring to authority- An expert who can be relied on to give unbiased facts and information.
Examples- An example should clearly relate to the argument and should be typical enough to
support it.
Predicting the consequence- Helps the reader visualize what will occur if something does or does not
happen.
Answering the opposition- Answering possible critics shows you are aware of the opposing opinion
and are able to respond to it.

Transitional Expressions for Persuasion Paragraphs

Give Reasons
first (second, third)
another, next
last, finally
because, since, for
although

Answer the Opposition

of course
some may say
nevertheless
on the other hand

Draw Conclusions
therefore
thus
hence

Consequently Laughter the Medicine

Laughter is one of the greatest healing devices known to man. Laughter is powerful and can help
people in many different ways. It has the power to cure something as little as a bad day or to heal
the wounds of a terminally ill person. Laughing has helped create the smile which is the universal
sign of well being. Generally, individuals who do not laugh live miserably and have unhappy lives. Dr.
Robert Holden found out that smiling and laughing releases endorphins in the brain which gives
people a overall happy well being. Using comedy, many doctors have stimulated the healing process
in manic depressants and fatally ill patients giving them hope and ambition. In many clinics laughter
is being used in replacing anti depressants and reduces the need for pain killers.(Dr. Gael Crystal).
Take comedians for example, they usually live long and happy lives. Putting a smile on faces and
laughs in souls is what makes life complete. Laughter helps heal people and brightens spirits for a
better and healthier life . Laughing is a sign of joy and hope and keeps people normal and the world
happy. Using the techniques of laughter and happiness is the best medicine known to man. Laughter
is the universal sign of well being and happiness within health. Laughing brightens the spirit and
heals the mind and body of people who allow it to overcome them. So try a smile and laugh on for
size and live a longer happier life with loved ones.