- MANUAL

~c
oil= emenL
INSPECTOR’S
MANUAL

PORTLAND CEMENT ml
I ‘ ASSOCIATION
5420Old OrchardRoad,Skokie,Illinois 60077

0 PortlandCementAssociation1980
Reprinted1988
Reprinted1992
Reprinted1994
Reprinted1995
Contents

Foreword ......................... . . . . . .. 3

Anlntroductlon to Soil-Cement ..,.,,.,.,..,..,..,. 4

Chapterl Checklist ......................... . .. . 6

Chapter 2 Inspection of Site Preparation 8

identification of Soil Materials..,.,., ,.,,.,.,,.,..,. 8
Site PreparatiO n, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 8
Equipment Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,..,.,..,.,..,.11
Pulverization ....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . ...13

Chapter 3 Inspection of Processing Operations .,,.,. 15

Cement Application ,.,,..,,.,., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...15
Water Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...31
Uniformity of Mix: Depth and Width of Treatment .,44
Compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...46
Finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,,.,.,,.,.,,.,47
Joint Construction,....,.,..,,,.,,., .,,.,.,,.,.,,.,48
Degree of Compaction and Final Depth Check,..,,.49
Curing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,, . . . . . . . . . ...57
Opening to Traffic......,.,....,., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...57
Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...57

Appendix, ... ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...59

Equipment for Field Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...59

Form Shaats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...60
Foreword

This second edition of Soil-Cement Inspector’s Manual out-

lines and illustrates procedures for inspection of soil-cement
construction. Each step of proper inspection and control is
explained; sample problems are given to show how to com-
pute maleflal quantities and perform field tests. Tables and
charts to simplify these calculations are also included.
Other PCA publications of interest to the soil-cement in-
sDector are listed at the back of this manual.

3
An Introduction
to Soil-Cement

Soil-cement is a mixture of pulverized soil matetial and meas-

ured amounts of portland cement and water, compacted to
high density, Aa fhe cement hydratea, the mixture becomes a
hard, durable paving material, A bituminous wearing course
is placed on the soil-cement base to complete the pavement.
Only three basic ingredients are needed for soil-cement:
soil malerial, portland cement, and water. Tha soil in soil-
cement can be a wide vaflety of mateflala Hther in-place or
borrow matarial can be used. Old granular-base roads, with
or without their bituminous surfaces, can ba recycled to make
soil-cement.
Soil-cement iS SOmetimeS called cement-treated base or
cement-stabilized-aggregate baae. Regardless of what it is
called, the principles governing ita composition and construc-
tion are the same.
Before construction with soil-cement starts, the soil male-
tiala that will be treated with cement should have been identi-
fied and representative samples of each type tested. These
tests determine the minimum cement content required to
harden each material adequately and the approximate opti-
mum moisture content and density values for use in construc-
tion.
Soil-cament road construction involvas two steps–prepa-
ration and processing, Variation in these steps are dictated
by the type of mixing equipmant used. Regardless of the
equipment and methods used, it is essential to have an ade-
quately compacted, thorough mixture of soil matetial with the
proper amounts of cement and moisture. The completed soil-
cement must be adequately cured.
Soil, cement, and water can be (1 ) mixed in place using trav.
cling mixing machines, or (2) mixed in a central mixing plant,
The types of mixing equipment are
1. Traveling mixing machines
a. Flat-transverse-shaft type
Single-shaft mixer
Multiple-shaft mixer
b. Windrow-type pugmill
2, Central mixing plants
a. Continuous-flow-type pugmill
b, Batch-type pugmill
c. Rotary-drum mixers

Steps for construction with traveling mixing machines are

1, Preparation
a. Wth in-place soil material
Shape roadway to crown and grade.
Scarify roadway soil material.
Pulverize if necessary.
Prewet as needed.
Shape prepared soil material.

b. Wth borrow matetial

Shape subgrade to crown and grade.
Compact subgrade.
Place borrow matetial.
Shape borrow matetial.
2. Soil-cement processing
Spread portland cement and mix.
Apply water and mix.
Compact.
finish.
Cure.

Construction s[eps for central-mixing-plant construction

are
1, Preparation
Shape subgrade to crown and grade.
Compact subgrade.
2 Soil-cement processing
Mix soil mate flal, cement, and water in plant.
Haul mixed soil-cement to roadway and spread.
Compact.
hnish,
Cure
Compacted and finished soil-cement contains sufficient
moisture for adequate cement hydration. A moisture-retaining
cover is placed over the soil-cement soon after completion to
retain this moisture and permit the cement to hydrate. Most
soil-cement is cured with bituminous material, but other mate-
tials (see page 57) are satisfactory.

5
Chapter 1
Checklist

Field inspection of soil-cement construction involves the con-

trol of five factors:
Cement content
Moisture content
Mixing
Compaction
Curing
The inspector can easily control these factors by organiz-
ing the inspection sterm into a routine that fits in with the se-
q;ence of ‘construction operations
The following checklist covers the inspection steps required
to assure quality soil-cement:
1, Have soil surveys, laboratory reports, plans, and specifi-
cations been reviewed and correlated with job condi-
tions?
2. Have all soft subgrade areas been corrected? Has the
roadway been shaped 10 crown and grade? Have man-
hole covars and other obstacles been removed or low-
ered?
3. IS all of the construction equipment properly adjusted and
in good working condition?
4, Have’the soil mate fials been pulverized sufficiently, and
will their moisture contents allow them to mix readily with
cement ?
5, Has the proper quantity of cement been spread uniform-
ly’? Hasthecentral mixing plant been properly calibrated?
6, Is the soil-cement mixture between optimum moisture
and 2% above optimum moisture?
7. Is the mixture uniform and thoroughly mixed? Are the
width and depth of treatment according to the plans?
8. la the finished surface moist, dense, and free of compac-
tion planea?
9, ISthe soil-cement mixture at the transverse construction
joinl well mixed and compacted?
10, Are the specified density and deQth 01 treatment being
achieved+
t 1, Is sufficient curing material for complete coverage being
applied? Where subjected to traffic, haa the bitumi”Ous
material been sanded sufficiently to prevent pickup?

6
 12. Have any de feels been repaired ior full depth of
treatment?
The proper methods of controlling each of these 12 items are
desctibed in following chapters.

7
Chapter 2
Inspection of Site Preparation

Before processing begins, laboratory reports, soil surveys,

plans, and specifications are reviewed by the inspector. The
inspector should be thoroughly familiar with the specifications
and must insist upon compliance with them. The construction
site is inspected to make sure that the soil matetiala are at
proper grade and adequately pulverized, and that the sub-
grade is stable throughout the project

Identification of Soil Materiala

Cement requirements are determined in the Iaboratorybefore
construction and are tabulated in the laboratory reports along
with identification information for the soif (See Rg. 1.)
The soil mate flals to be processed inthefield are compared
with the identification data given in the laboratory report and
with information given in the planaand specifications. This will
assure the use of the proper amount of cement. If there is an
obvious difference between the matetials tested and the soil
matedals on the site, further testing may be necessary.

Site Preparation
Areas of unstable subgrade must be corrected before proc-
essing starts, since proper compaction of soil-cement will not
be possible if the subgrade cannot support fhe compaction
equtpment
Unstable subgrade soils, which usually contain excess
moisture, can generally be detected by observing their stabil-
ity under the wheels of the motor grader as it shapes the area
prior to soil-cement processing, Shallow wet spots can be im-
proved by aerating and drying. When deep unstable areas are
encountered, it is usually necessary to remove the underlying
soil and replace it with better material, An alternate metho~ of
correction is to treat the subgrade with cement.
When in-place soil materials are used, thegradeatthestart
of construction will influence the final cross section. There-
fore, before processing is started, the roadway should be
shaped to approximate crown and grada. Maintenance of

8
Fig. 1. Summary of soil and soil-cement tests on Soil No. C.

9
 crown and grade pm to soti-cement constructIon ~111permn
rapid runoff of water during heavy rains and ISgood insurance
against we, spots developing
Prewettmg of dry, in-place soil materials is common prac-
t~ce. Applying water dung preparaton saves time durmg
actual processing operations because most of the reqwed
water will already have been added to the soil material. In very
granular materials, prewetting prevents cement from slftlng to
the bottom of the rn~x by causng it to adhere more readily to
ihe sand and gravel particles
Guide stakes should be set 1 ii (0 3 m) beyond the proposed
pavement edges to control the width of treatment and toguide
the equipment operators dung construction.
Soil-cement street processmg is facilitated by remavlng
manhole cwers and frames and covering the holes with
heavy sheet metal or planks just below the depth to be proc-
essed, Th!s permtfs processing over manholes without diffi-
culty or delay. Manhole locations should be accurately refer.
enced with offset stakes. After final finishing but before the
soil-cement has hardened, manhole frames and covers are
raplaced. Soil-cement is then tam!.)ed (to maximum densitv)
around the Structures, or ready mixed concrete is placed ari~
finished to grade.

Equipment Check
All equipment necessary for construction must be at the job.
site and in good operating condition before processing begins,
A short ttial run is valuable in assuting proper operation and
adjustment of equipment,
ti$ted below are items that should be checked prior to proc.
essing,

Central Mixing
1. Cement feed. Is tha cement meter on tha central plant in
good condition and in an exposed location where it can
conveniently be calibrated? Does the plant include a surge
tank between the cement silo and the feeder to maintain a
constant head of cement for the feeder? Have air jets been
installed in the hoppers to produce a loose, uniform, accu-
rate flow of cement? Is there a positive connection between
the soil feed and cement feed apparatus so that if the ce-
ment feed stops, the soil supply will stop?
2. Mixer. Are the paddles all in place and in good condition?
Does the spray bar give a uniform, constant spray of water?
Can the required quantity of water be delivered through the
plant under maximum production?
3. Traneportlng equipment. Is the equipment of sufficient
capacity to meet the production requirements? Are protec-
tive covers provided for use during bad weather?
4. Spreeder. Is ii in good operating condition and adjusted 10
spread the mixed soil-cement to the proper loose depth and
width ?

Mixed in Place
1. Cement epreeder. fs the conveyor belt or chain on the
cement spreader in good condition? Does the spreader run

11
 smoothly? Are the proper gears and plates nitaIled? Is the
truck hitch operating properly?
2 Cement trucks. Are the cement trucks equipped wth spew
clal hitches for attaching the cement spreader? Are the
truck beds tight enough to prevent loss of cement? Are the
trucks equipped with tarpaulins for protecton aganst rain?
3 Mixing machines. Are the tines or paddles all in place and
I” good condltlon? Does the spraybar on each m,xer g,ve a
uniform, constant spray? Be sure that It does not leakwater
when turned off

Water Source and Equipment

Is there any chance that the water s,urce is con,am,nated?
If so. has the water been tested in the laboratory? Is the water
pump I” good working order7 Are all of the nozzles on the
spraybars unclogged? Have all leaks been ebmlnated?

Motor Grader
Is the motor grader blade I” good condltlon and no, worn ex~
cesslvely?
Compaction Equipment
Is the tamping rolier filled with water or sand? Are the tamping
feet the proper size, shape, and length for the type and thick-
ness of soli to be processed? Are the rubber-tire and steel-
wheel rollers of the proper weight?

Pulverization
Most soll matwals require little II any pulverization before
processing starts However, the heavier clayey souls do re-
qure some prel~mlnary work. The keys to pulverization of
clayey soils are proper mastwe control and proper equip-
men,
Most speclflcations reqwe that. at the completion of moist
rmxlng, 80% of the so+cement mixture pass the No 4 (4 7%
mm) sieve and 100% pass the 1-in (&mm) sx?ve, exclusive
of gravel or stone retalned on these seves This 1s checked
by maklng a pulver~rat~on test The test consists of screemng
a representative sample of solI-cement through a No 4 (4 75~
mm) swe. Any gravel or stone retaIned on the sieve IS plcked

13
out and discarded, The clay lumps retained and the pulverized
soil passing the No. 4(4,75-mm) sieve are weighed separately
and their dry weights determined. Tha degree of pulverization
is calculated as follows:
drv weioht of soil-cement mixture
passi;g No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve
0’” ‘U’ver’zatio” = dry weight of total sample exclusive x i 00
of gravel retained on No, 4 (4.75-mm)

For praclical purposes, wet weights of materials are often

used instead of the corrected dry waighta. The wet-weight
measurements are reasonably accurate and permit immedi.
ate adjuatmenta in pulverization and mixing procedures if
necessary.
Pulverization can be improved by
1. Slower torward speed of the mixing machine
2. :ac$~”~l passes, if using a multiple-pass mixing

3. Replacing worn mixer teeth

4, Presetting and premixing the soil before processing
begins
Soil mateflal that contains excessive mo(at”re will not mix
readily with cement therefore, the moisture content of the
material should be checked visually before cement is applied.
The percentage of moisture in the material at the lime of ce.
ment application should not excaed the optimum moisture
content,

14
Chapter 3
Inspection of Processing Operations
Soil-cement construction operations are well suited to an
orderly procedure of inspection and field control. This pro-
cedure is aimed at controlling the amouni of cement and
water, and the degree of mixing and compaction,
Daily processing is best carried out in saveral sections mth -
er than one long section, This permits more efficient use of
equipment and thus speeds up operations. It also permits
compliance with time limits for moist-mixing,compacting, and
finishing, as given in the specifications.
Cement Application
%ce cemant hydration practically ceases when tempera-
tures approach freezing, cement should not be applied when
air tamperatura is 40” F (4° C) or lower. Cement must not be
applied when the soil matetial or subgrade is frozen.
The amount of cement required is specified either as a per-
centage of cement by weight of oven-dry soil material, or in
pounds of cement per cubic foot (kilograms per cubic meter)
of compacted soil -cement.’ fig. 5can be used to convert from
one to the other if the maximum dry density of the compacted
soil-cement is known.
EXAMPLE 7.
Calculate the quantity of cement per cubic foot of compacted
soil-cement.
GIVEN: Maximum dry density of compacted soil-cement
121.2 lb per cubic foot (1941 kglrn~)
Specified cement content by dry waight of soil material 60/0
PROCEDURE: Calculate lhe weight of soil material by dividing
the weight of soil-cement by the quantity 1 plus the cement
contenl axpressed as a decimal:
1212
= 114,3 lb per cubic foot (1831 kg/m2)
(1 O + 0.06)
The quantity of cement in each cubic foot is
121.2 -114.3 = 6,9 lb per cubic foot (1 10 kg/m3)

.Pre”lous edilions d (his handbook used percentage of cement by

“ol. me as an alternate method of expressing cement content. This
was basedon a 94-lb (43.kg] U.S. bag of cement

15
TABLE 1. Normal Ranae of Cament Raauire-
rizon Soils’
Cement, Cement,
Cement, pounds per kilograms per
>erce”tage cubic foot of sum meter 01
AASHTO Y w:/Ohl of compacted cornPa. ted
SOI1GmuP so(l-cement soil. cement

Al-e 3-5 5-7 80-110

A. 1b 5-8 7-8 1,0. ?30
A-2-4
A-25
5-9 7-9 110-140
A-2-6 +
A-2-7 I
A-3 7-11 8-11 130-180
A-4 7-12 8-11 130-180
A.5 8-13 8-11 130-180
A-6 9-15 9-13 140-210
A-7 10-16 9-13 140-210

.Ahorizo” (Oow.lk)may contain OW.IG wc ?,nm,e,isl det.

,Ime”tal ,0 ,., m,cflo” and thus require h’ghc .“!. ”,factor,
For dark 9 o greYA-h.r;zonsoils,ina.me I above mm,”!
.0.,. ”,, 4 ,ent.Qe~o,”ts(4 lQIcuIt [60kglr of COmowted
,0’1.cemer ,,blackA-horizonsoils 6 Percent, P.1.ts (6 Iblcu
It [100 kg) ,1 Corn PaCted ,o,l-cemenl).

TABLE 2. Avera ! Cement

of Mi: )Ilaneous !ateriels
cement, Cement,
cement, Pounds w :llogrmns per
w..nta9. cubic foot of “tic meter 01
bY we,ght of com Pacted compacted
Material ,Otl ,0,1 -cement soil-cement

Callche 7 8 130
Chat 7 8 130
Chert i 8 130
Cinders 8 8 130
L,me$ lone screenings 5 110
Marl 11 10 160
Red dog 8 8 130
Scoria c.ntaim.g 01.s
No, 4 materiel 11 11
sccxa (rmnu$ No. 4
rna[er ia only) 8 130
Sh,;:(:r di.integrated
10 10 160
Shell soils 7 8 130
Slag (air-cooled) 7 8 130
S18. (water-cooled! 12 9 140

16
 ---

fig. 5. Cement factor conversion chart.

Cement Application for

Mixed-in-Place Construction
Bulk cement spreaders should be Operaledat a constant slow
rate of speed and a relatively constant level of cement kepf In
the hopper to obtain a uniform cement spread. A true line at
the edge of the pavement should bemaintained by usinga
stringline. There should be no skips be fween spreading lanes.
fig. 6 and Table 3 can be used 10 determine quantities of

17
Fig. 6. Quantity of cement per unit length for given depth and
width of treatment forspeclfied cement contems,

cement per square yard (square meier)of pavement or per

linear foot (meter). If Ihe soil-cement is mixed in windrows, fig,
7 can be used to determine cement quantities per linear foot
(meter) of windrow,

Check on Cement Spread

A check on the accuracy of the cement spread is necessary
to ensure that the proper quantity is actually being applied,
When bulk cement is being used, thecheck is made in two
ways:
1, Spot check, Place a canvas, usually 1 sq yd (1 mz) in area,

18
TABLE 3. Cement Sp l Requirement, Pounds
per Square d per Inch of Compactad
Thickness I n2 psr 10 mm)
cement,Dre.c Cemenl smad,
cement ..”(.”1 m“nd,D,, q“ amen, .0”,. ”,, ‘Ioq, am,persquare
pound, P.< yard w mch t kilogram w melw perIomrr
.“,,. f.., of ,,’., ”.,. .! ,. b’. “,8,,,0{ of ,hickne,,of
CLmlpa,led cmnwc[ed COrnm.t.d compacted
m l-cement SO1l-cem,., soil-cement ,011 -cemml

,5 3.38 72 0.72
50 3.75 80 0.80
55 4.13 88 0.88
60 4.50 0.96
65 4.88 ,H ,04
7,0 5.25 112 ,.,2
75 563 120 ,20
80 ,0 ,28 1,28
8.5 6,38 136 1.36
9.0 675 144 , ,4
9.5 7,13 152 1,52
10.0 7,50 160 1,60
,0.5 7,88 168 ,,68
110 8,25 1,6 176
115 863 184 1.84
,20 90 1’32 ,.92
12,5 9,38 200 2.00
13,0 9.75 208 2.08
,35 10.13 2,6 2.16
1,0 ,0.50 224 ,.2,
145 10.88 232 2.32
150 11.25 240 2.40
155 ,1.63 248 2,8
160 ,2.0 256 2.56
—

on the roadway ahead of the cement spreader. After the

spreader has passed, carefully pick up the canvas and
weiah the cement colleciedon it.
2. Ov&all check. Check the distance of area over which a
truckload of cement of known weight is spread,

EXAMPLE 2.
Determine the linear distance a truckload of cement should
travel to spread the required amount of cement.
GIVEN: Required cement content . . . . . 6.9 lb per cubic foot
(11 Okg/m?)
Depth of compacted soil-cement . . . . . . . ...6 in. (150 mm)
Wdth of spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..6 ft(2.4m)
Weight of truckload of cement 15,400 lb (6990 kg)

19
 s

I
8

,.~~., ~m....
,0,,,,0. ,,,, ,,,.”,”. ,, ,”,,,. ,, ,“,”,,, ,“,,,,,

Fig, 7, Quantity of Cement perunit length ofwindrow for specified

cement content,

PROCEDURE: Enter Hg. 6 on the top edge at 6.9 lb of cement

per cubic foot (110 kg/m3) and proceed vertically to the 6-in,
(1 50-mm) depth line proceed horizontally to intersection with
line representing 8-ft (2,4 -m) width of spread: then proceed

20
Fig. 8. Weighing cement collected on a square yard (m’) of
Canvas Is a check on the quantify of cement spread.

vert~ally to the bottom edge and read the quantity of cement

per ml length required. 27 6 lb per foot (41 1 kg/m).
The required dlsiance of travel for the 15.400.lb (6990.kg)
truckload Of cement to obtain fhe specified cement spread
equals the total wetght of cement on the truck diwded by the
pounds (kllograms) per linear foot (meter) required.
15,400
-=556ft(170m)
27.6
Ii the truck traveled only 530ft (161 m), more than the required
quanllty of cement was applied and the spreader should be
adjusted to spread slightly less cement The quantity of ce~
men, actually spread I” ihis case is.
15.400 lb + 530 ft = 29 1 lb/fool (43.3 kg/m)
or
29 1 lb/f1 + 4 cu ilift’ = 7 3 lb per cubic foot (117 kg/md)
This IS compared to 6 9lb percublcfoot (1 lOkg/m’)requ~red
 Bulk cement that IS spread mechanically on the top o, a
windrow of soil may be checked by formlng a trough in thetop
of the windrow and placing a piece of canvas in the trough
Cement spread IS checked by pushing two metal plates Into
the top of the wlndrow exactly 1 11or 1 m apart All cement beg
lween the plates IS carefully collected and welghed This IS a
dwect method of finding thequantltyof cement spread per unit
length
Generally, the spreader IS first adlusted al the starl of con-
struction by checking the cement spread per unit length of
windrow or per square yard (m2) Then, when the proper ad-
]ustments have been made. a continuous checkofthespread
IS easily made by determinmg the distance over which each
truckload 8s spread. Bag cement IS checked by counting the
number 01 bags placed per 100-H (30-m) station. It IS import
tant to keep a continuous check oncement-spreadingopera-
tions

22
Bagged-Cement Spread for
Mixed-in-Place Construction
When bags of cement are ueed on small jobe, a simple but ~
exact method for proparly placing the bags is necessary. The
bags should be spaced at approximately equal transverse and
longitudinal intervals that will ensure the proper percentage
of cement. Positions can be spotted by flags or markers fas-
tened to chains at proper intervals to mark the transvarseand
longitudinal rows.

Calibrating Central Mixing Plants

When borrow materials are specified, central plants with pug-
mill-lype mixers or rotary-drum mixers are often used to mix
soil-cement. Use of such equipment makes it necessary to
proportion the cement and the soil aggregate before they
enter the mixing chamber, Central mixing plants can be cali.
brated as explsined below,

Continuous-Flow Mixing Plant

The soil matefial alone is run through the plant for a give”
period of time and collected in struck. This should badonefor
specific periods of time, such as t, 2, and 3 minutes, to deter-
mine the uniformity of flow and the quantity of soil material go-
ingthrough the plant. The amount of moist soil parhourdivided
by the quantify 1 plus the moisture contant (expressed as a
decimal) will give the quantity of dry soil per hour,

EXAMPLE 3.
Find the hourly delivery rate of dry soil matetial,
GIVEN: Moist soil maletial going through the plant per hour
,., .,.,,. ,., ,., .,, ., 500 ions (454 t)’
Moisture content of material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...5.50A
PROCEOURE: Delivery rate of dry soil matedal is
500
— = 474 tons per hour (430 tlh)
(1.0 + 0.055)

Cement is calibrated in a similar mannar by dive fling it di.

.It=l tonne .loookg=l Mg

23
Fig. 11. Rate 01 cement feed is calibrated to revoIut~ons of the ce-
ment feeder.

rectly from the cement feeder ~“to airuck or sultable conta~ne,

whrle soil material is goingthrough the plant. A diversion chute
directs the cement from the cement meter to the container
The plant IS run at full capacity duringcalibration sothat oper-
abons will be comparableto those of actual running condihons
and power drawdown wrll not affect calibration results during
cement trials Generally, periods of 15, 30, and sometimes 45
seconds are used to determlne the unrformity of feed and the
quantrty of cement delivered.

24
EXAMPLE 4.
DetermIne the amount 01 cement requred per minute
GIVEN Specified cement content by weight of dry so11mate-
rlal 6%
PROCEDURE 474 tons per hour (430 t/h) (from Example 3)
of dry so11material reqwes 474 x 0 06 = 28 4 tons of cement
per hour (25 8 t/h), or
28 4 x 2000
= 948lbofcementperminute(430kg/m~n~
60

Rather than arbltrarlly adjusting the cement leeder unt~i the

correct amount of cement IS being dlscharged.firstdetermine
the relationship between varxx~s leeder gate openings or
revolutions per minute (depending on type of feeder) and
amount of cement discharged. Plot thls relationshiptoflnd the
gate opening 01 revolutions per ml”“te (RPM) for the requred
amount of cement.
A second method ISto operate the plant wtth only so11aggre~
gate material feedIng onto the main conveyor belt The mate-
rlal on a selected length of canveyor belt IS collected and ,,s
dry weight determlned. The plant IS then operated with only
cement feeding onto the Mann conveyor bell If a variable-
speed screw 0, vane cement feeder IS being used, severa,
trials are made at different revolutions-per-minute (RPM) set-

25
tin~s on the cement feeder. If a belt cement feeder is beirm
us;d, triala are mada at different cement feeder gate open=
. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ings. I ne cemem on me selectea tengm or conveyor oe[[ IS
collected and weighed for each tflal run. A calibration graph
can then be drawn by plotting the RPM setting or gate open-
ing on the cemant feeder on the horizontal scale andthecom -
puted percent of cement by dry weight of soil material on the
vertical scale. Thus, for a constant supply of soil matetial, the
setting on the cement feeder for the required quantity of ce-
ment can be determined from the graph.

EXAMPLE 5.
Determine cement meter setting
GIVEN: Specified cement content by weight of dry soil mate-
rial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...60/0
Moisture content ofmatetial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...5.5%
PROCEDURE: Determine the weight of soil matetial on the
main conveyor belt at vatious feeder gate openings.

m
Calculate the weight of dry soil matetial by dividing the quan-
tity of moist soil matetial by the quantity 1 plus tha moisture
content expressed as a decimal:
Moist soil material
(1.0 + 0055)
Dry soil material
per unit length
of belt
lb/ft (kg/m)
42,6 (63.5)
36.2 (539)
* 29,6 (440)
5 (i25j I 115 (51 .zj 23.0 (34.1 )

26
Determine weight of cement on main conveyor belt at various

m
RPM settings of feeder:

For prod~ction, the main feeder belt is set al 8 in. (200 mm).
Calculate the cement content by weight of dry soil material at
8-in. (200-mm) soil-aggregate feeder belt setting for each
cement feeder setting.
Example for RPM sefting of 14:
2,87 lb cement

m
x 100 = 6.70/Qcement
426 lb dry soil matetial

An RPM setting of 12 will give the required cement contenl

of 60/. by weight of dry soil material.

EXAMPLE 6.
hnd the production of the plant with the 8-in. (200 -mm) feeder
gate opening and 12-RPM cement feeder setting
GIVEN: Total length of main feeder belt 165.0 ft
(50.29 m)
Average time for one revolution of belt . . . ...26.7 seconds
PROCEDURE: Calculate average belt speed:
165.0 /26.7 = 6.f8 It/second (1.88 m/s)
Dry soil matetial plus cement going through plant:

27
 /

41” I , 1

8 10 14
Cementfeeder setting, RPM

Fig, 13, Example of calibration curve for a COntral-mixin9 -plant

cement feeder.

Soil: 42.6 lb x 6.18ft/sec x 3600 sec+2000 lb = 474.0

Cement: 2.55 lb x 6,16ft/sec x 3600 sec+2000 lb = 26.4
502.4
tons per hour (455.8 t/h)

Once the plant is properly calibrated, only one check a day

is usually frecessary, A cement batch weigherbetween the silo
and holding hopper will keap track of cement used. Occasion-
ally, thesilo should beemptied completely tochecktheam0unt
of cement used against bulk transport weights.
Water is calibrated by weighing the amount discharged for
one minute and compating it with the watef meter that meas-
ures rate 01flow on the mixer.
To determine the quantity of water needed for the mixture,
the moisture content in the soil matetial and the percent of
moisture required must be known.

EXAMPLE 7.
Determine the amount of water needed per minute.
GIVEN: Optimum moisture content .. . . . . . . . 11.5%

28
Add forevaporation loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...20/0
Moisture insoilmatetial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,5.50/0
From previous example, dry soil matarial used . . . . . . ...474
tons per hour (43o I/h)
From previous example, cemen! used . . . . 28.4 tons per hour
(25. Stlh)
PROCEDURE: Water in soil matefial: 474 x 0.055 = 26.1 Ions
per hour (23.7 t/h)
Soil matetial and cement: 474+ 28.4= 502.4 tons per hour
(455,8 t/h)
Water required: 502.4 x 0,1 35’= 67.8tons per hour (61.5 t/h) ~
Water to add: 67.6 -26.1 = 41.7 tons per hour (378 I/h)

or -.= 167 U.S. gal per minute (632 L/rein)

or 139 impeflal gallons per minute

Batch-Type Mixing Plant

When soil-cemant is mixed in a ba[ch-fype pugmill or rotary-
drum mixing plant, the proper quantities of soil Matefial, ce-
ment, and water for each batch are weighed before being
transferred to the mixer,

EXAMPLE 8.
Calculate [he correct proportionsfora 2000-lb (907 -kg) batch
of soil-cament to be mixed in a batch-type pugmill or rotary-
drum mixing plant.
GIVEN: Cement contant by weight of soil matetial 6°/0
Optimum moisture content by weight of soil matarial Plus
cement, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1150/0
Moisture content of raw soIl material .5.50/0
PROCEDURE:
1. Weight of dry soil matetial plus cement per batch:

~1,0~~3Y) = 17621b (600kg)

‘Percentage of moisture required equals the optimum moisture

content (11,5%) plus 2°h for e.sporatlon.
W U.S. gal weighs a.33 lb
1 imperial gallon (imp gal) weighs 10.0 lb.

29

—
2 WeIghI of dry so,, ma,er,a,
1762
= 1662lb (754kg)
(1 o+ 006)

3 Weight of ceme”,
1762. 1662=100lb(45kg,

4 Weight of moist solI matewi

1662 x (1 0 + 0.055) = 1753 lb (795 kg,

5 WeIghI of water I” soil mater~a,

1753. 1662=91 lb(41 kg)

6 Weight 01 water needed

ZOOO- i762= 238 lb (106 kg,

7 Weighi of water to add

238 91 = 147 lb (67 kg)
or 17 6 U.S gal (67 L, (14 7 ,mp gaij
6 Batch welghts corrected for mo,sture I” soli maternal
Cement 1OOlb (45kg)
Water 147 lb (67 kg)
Malst solI material 1753 lb (795 kg)
2000 lb (907 kg)
Water Application
One of the five control factors for soli-cement IS proper mo,s~
ture content. The optimum moisture contentdeterm~ned ~nthe
laboratory IS used as a guide when starting construction. At
the conclusion of moist-mixing. a moisture-derwty test
AASHTO T134 or ASTM D558, IS made on a representative
sample of the mixture taken from the roadway This test deters
mines the optimum moisture and mawnum densltyto be used
for field control of the sectlon under con~twct~on These rep
suits may differ from laboratory values due to rn~nor varlatlons
in the sotl material or due to the effects of pamal hydration of
the cement during the mlxrng period
In the moelure-density test, the xl-cement mixture IS
compacted in three layers of approximately equal thickness
in a l/30-cu.ft (943.cm3) mold with collar attachment. some-
times called a Proctor mold. The mold should be on a rlgld. unto
form foundation
Each layer is compacted by25 uniformly dlstnbuted vertical
blows of a 5%.lb (2.5-kg) rammer wtth a free fall of 12 I”. (305
mm) The thickness of the layers IS controlled so that the third
layer extends above the top of the mold about % in. (13 mm)
nto the collar extension. After the collar IS removed, the soils
cement is trimmed to the exact height of the mold: then the
assembly IS welghed The net wet weight of the compacted

Fig. 15. Running a fldd moisture-density test.

 MOISTURE.
DENSITY
RELATIONS

STATE DA,,,p
mu,,: COUNIY PRcmc,NO.,
_
STAT(ON R,MARKS:

..,,.,. DW,,l,y

& (.,. n

0,!,.”. .0,,,.,.

—%

I“,*.,

Fig. 16, Typical field moisture-density data and curve in U.S.

customary units, I

material at different moisture contents is determined in this

manner.
For each trial, the moisture content is determined and the

32
PR’m, c, —_... .— — m.,,., No, —._

s,AT(oN .._. ._ _ .._ REMARKS... .

Mar’... ,,,s,,,
-2— W.,

0,,.”. w,..,.
—. ,,,L— %

.0,s,”,. ,’0.,,.,, %

fig, 17, Typical field moisture-density data and curve in S1“nits

dry weight calculated and plotted against it Ioform a moisture-

density curve (Figs. 16 and f 7). The optimum moisture content
IS that at which the greatest dry density is obtained, This den-

33

—..._—.
 sity is referred to as the “maximum density, ” and represents
approximately the density to be at fained in soil-cement CO”.
sfrucflon
Many engineers have devised shortcuts in making field
moisture-density tests. For insfance, the field sample, which
is near optimum moisture, is split in Ihreeparts andone portion
is used to establish a point near the peak of the moisture-den-
sity curve (fig, f 8), A second portion of malerial with theaddi-
tion of a Small inCreMent of water is then used to esfablish a
point on the wet side of the curve. The third part of theorigim?d
field sample, which has dried slightly in the interim, is used to
establish a dry point on the curve.
With a little expedience, an inspector can accumfely judge
when a soil-cemenf mixture is at optimum moisture by ifs feel
and by the way it packs into the mold Such shortcuts de-
crease fhe time required to make a moisture-densif ytest and

I 950
120 -&
I900 =?
E
. z
g 115 1850 j
~
Iew
9
I& ,,0

5 10 15
MOISTURE
CONTENT%

Fig. 18, field moisture-density curve for soil-cement mixture at

or near optimum moisture ccm be established by mming the test
in the order indicated.

34
 Field motsture-density tests are important and should be
conducted regularly lo control construction variables and
assure sal~sfactory results Figs A-l and A-2 in the Appendix
are typical form sheets used for moisture-densny determlna~
t~ons in the lIeId

Moisture Test
In order to estimate mlmng-water reqwements. representa-
We mmture samples are obtalned from the raw soil prior to
m,x,ng and water appllcat~on.
The moist samples are welghed, then dried and rewelghed
The moisture content IS computed as follows

Percent mO,St,,re = we’we’gh’ drywe’gh’ x , o.

dry weight
For field teang, samples contalnlng gravel retained on the
No. 4 (4.75.mm) swe should weigh at least 750 g Samples
containing no gravel should weigh al least 400 g Tables 4 and
5 can be used to determlne moisture contents for mast sam-
ples weighing etther 750 or 400 g when their dry weights are
known
TABLE 4. Moisture Contents of Samples Weighing 750 g Wet and Having
Final Dry Weight Sh( n

Dfy weight, 3W weight, Dry weight, Dry weight,

9 % moisture 9 % moisture 9 % moisture 9 % moisture

749.0 0.1 729.0 2.9 71X.O 5.8 689.0 8.9

747.0 0.3 728.0 3.0 708.0 5.9 6S8.0 9.0
747.0 0.4 727.0 3.2 707.0 6.1 687.0 9.2
746.0 0.5 726.0 3.3 7C6.O 6.2 68&O 9.3
745.0 0.7 725.0 3.4 705.0 6.4 6850 9.5
744.0 0.8 724.0 3.6 7rMo 6.5 684.0 9.6
743.0 0.9 723.0 3.7 703.0 6.7 683.0 9.8
742.0 1.1 722.0 3.9 702.0 6.8 8a2.o 10.0
741.0 1.2 721.0 4.0 701.0 7.0 681.0 10.1
740.0 1.4 720.0 4.2 703.0 7.1 680.0 10.3
739.0 1.5 719.0 4.3 6W.O 7.3
73&o 1.6 718.0 4.5 698.0 7.5
737.0 1.8 717.0 4.6 697.0 7.6
736.0 1.9 718.0 4.7 696.0 7.8
735.0 2.0 715.0 4.9 695.0 7.9
7340 2.2 714.0 5.0 6940 6.1
73S.0 2.3 713.0 5.2 693.0 8.2
732.0 2.5 712.0 5.3 692.0 8.4
731.0 2.6 711.0 5.5 691.0 8.5
730.0 2.7 710.0 5.6 6SM.O 8.7
Dry weight, Dry weight, Dry weight, Dry weight,
Q % moisture a % moisture 9 % moisture 9 % moisture

669.o 12.1 649.0 15.6 629.0 19.2 6C9.O 23.2

668.o 12.3 6480 15.7 628.0 19.4 808.0 23.4
667.0 12.4 647.0 15.9 627.0 19.6 607.0 23.6
666.0 12.6 846.o 16.1 626.0 19.8 606.0 23.8
6650 12.8 645.o 16.3 625.0 20.0 605.0 24.0
6840 13.0 6440 16.5 624.0 20.2 604.0 24,2
683.0 13.1 6430 16.6 623.0 20.4 603.0 24.4
662.0 13.3 642.0 16.8 622.0 20.6 602.0 24.6
661.0 13.5 641.0 17.0 621.0 20.8 601.0 24.8
6W.O 13.6 64o.o 17.2 620.0 21.0 600.0 25.o
659.0 13.8 639.0 17.4 619.0 21.2 599.0 25.2
658.0 14.0 638.0 17.6 618.0 21,4 598.0 25,4
657.0 14.2 637.0 17.7 617.0 21.6 597.0 25.6
656.0 14.3 63&O 17.9 616.0 21.8 53’60 25.8
655.0 14.5 635.0 18.1 615.0 22.0 595.0 26.0
654.0 14.7 6340 18.3 614.0 22.1 5840 26.3
653,0 14.9 633.0 18.5 613.0 22.3 593.0 26.5
652.0 15.0 632,0 18.7 612.0 22.5 592.0 26.7
651.0 15.2 631.0 18.9 611.0 22.7 591.0 26.9
650.0 15.4 630.0 19.0 610.0 23.0 58C.O 27,1
. TABLE 5. Moisture Contents of Samples Weighing 400 g Wet and Having
m
Final Dry Weight Show
Dry weight, )ry weight, MYweight, )ry weight,
9 % moisture 9 % moisture 9 % moisture 9 % moisture

39V.5 0.1 389.5 2.7 379.5 5.4 369,5 8.3

399.0 0.3 3s9.0 2.8 379.0 5.5 369.0 8.4
398.5 0.4 38&5 3.0 378.5 5.7 368.5 8.5
3VS.O 0.5 33s.0 3.1 378.0 5.8 38&o 8.7
397.5 0.6 387.5 3.2 377.5 6.o 367.5 8.8
397.0 0.8 387.0 3.4 367.0 9.0
3V8.5 0.9 36&5 3.5 386.5 9.1
39&o 1.0 336.0 3.6 366.0 9.3
395.5 1.1 3m.5 3.8 385.5 9.4
395.0 1.3 385.0 3.9 365.0 9.6
3845 4.0 374.5 6.8 364.5 9.7
3640 4.2 374.0 7.0 3640 9.9
3s3.5 4.3 373.5 7.1 363.5 10.0
3630 4.4 373.0 7.2 363.0 10.2
382.5 4.6 372.5 7.4 362.5 10.3
382.0 4.7 372.0 7.5 362.0 10.5
381.5 4.8 371.5 7,7 361.5 10.7
381.0 5.0 371.0 7.8 361.0 10.8
380.5 5.1 370.5 8.0 350.5 11.0
3s0.0 5.3 370.0 8.1 3S00 11.1
 Dry weight, Dry weight, W weight, Dry weight,
9 ‘A moist. re 9 % moisture 9 ‘h moisture 9 0/0moisture
359.5 lt.3 349.5 14.4 339.5 17.8 329.5 21.4
359.0 11.4 349.0 14.6 339.0 18.0 329.0 21.6
358.5 11.8 348.5 14.8 338.5 18.2 328.5 21.8
358.0 11.7 348.o 14.9 338.0 18.3 328.0 22.0
357.5 11.9 347.5 15.1 337.5 18.5 327.5 22.1
357.0 12.0 347.0 15.3 337.0 18.7 327.0 22.3
356.5 12.2 346.5 15.4 336.5 18.9 326.5 22.5
358.0 12.4 346.0 15.6 336.0 19.0 326.0 22.7
355.5 12.5 345.5 15.8 335.5 19.2 325.5 22.9
355.0 12.7 3450 15.9 335.0 19.4 325.0 23.1
354.5 12.8 344.5 16.1 334.5 19.6 324,5 23.3
354.0 13,0 344,0 16,3 3340 19.8 324.0 23.5
353.5 13.2 343.5 16.4 333.5 19.9 323.5 23.6
353.0 13.3 343.0 16.6 333.0 20.1 323.0 23.8
352.5 13.5 342.5 t6.8 332.5 20.3 322.5 24.0
352.0 13,6 342.0 17.0 332.0 20.5 322.0 24.2
351.5 13.6 341.5 17.1 331.5 20.7 321.5 24.4
351.0 14.0 341.0 17.3 331.0 20.8 321.0 24.6
350.5 14.1 340.5 17.5 330.5 21.0 320.5 24.6
350.0 14,3 340.0 17.6 330.0 21.2 320.0 25.0

%
 Some agencies use the large calcium carMde/acetylene
gas pressure moisture tester for determining moisture con-
tent. It can be used only formaterialsthat pass the No.4 (4.75-
mm) sieve, and the sample size is very limited.

Mixing-Water Requirements for

Mixed-in-Place Construction
The approximate percentage of mixing water required is equal
to the difference between the optimum moisture content and
the moisture content of the soil matetialas determined above.
About 2% additional moisture must be added to account for
the dry cement added to the soil and for evaporation that nor-
mally occurs duting processing. The quantity of water re-
quired per unit length or per minute for I% moisture can be
determined by using Fig. 20.

EXAMPLE 9,
Determine water required.
GIVEN:
k-place moisture content of raw soil material 5.50/0
Optimum moisture content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1150/0
Maximum density . . . . 121.2 lb per cubic foot (1941 kg/ins)
Compacted depth ..,..,...,.,,.,,.,.6 in, (150 mm)
Mxing width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ft (2.4 m)
Mixing rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30ft per minute (9,1 m/min)
PROCEDURE:
1. The approximate percentage of moisture required equals
the difference between the optimum moisture content
and the moisture content of the raw soil material, Plus
2°/, of the total mixtura(forevaporation):l 1.5-5.5+2=80h.
2. Enter Hg. 20 at the left edge al 8-ft (2.4-m) width of proc-
essing and proceed horizontally to the 6-in. (150-mm)
depth line; then proceed downward until the 121 .2-lb/
cu ft (1 941 -kg/m3) density line is intersected. Proceed
horizontally to the right and read gallons per foot (L/m)
tor In/o moisture: approximately 0,58 U.S. gal per foot, or
0.48 imp gal per foot (7,2 L/m).
3. Multiply gallons per loot (L/m) by the 80/0moisture re-
quired: 6 x 0.58= 4.6 US gal per foot, or 3.8 imp gal per
foot (8 x 7.2 = 58 L/m),
 9
\ \
\
#

\
. .
.
.

w ,
86”0,, ,,”,,,0..,0, m, q, fi”a, ,,”” ,., ,,,0. ,. ,,,, ”o.~
“,,/,.6 s“ t

mg. 20, Quantity of water required to raise the mOl~ture content

of soil-cement mixture one percentage point,

4. Continue on Fig, 20 horizontally from gallons par foot

(L/m) for 1°/0moisture until the travel-speed line of 30 ft
per minute (9,1 mlmin) is intersected. Then proceed
 downward and read gallons per minute (Llmin) for 1°/0
moisture change: 17.4 U.S. gal or 14.5 imp gal (65.9 L).
5, Multiply gallons per minute (L/rein) for I“{o moisture
change by the 80/omoisture required: 17.4 x 8 = 139 U.S.
gal per minute or116 imp gal per minute (526 L/rein).
If the soil-cement is being processed in windrows, the ap-
proximate mixing water requirements are based on the quan-
tity of soil material and cement per unit length of windrow.

EXAMPLE 10.
Calculate quantity of water required.
GIVEN: Weight of soil matetial at field moisture content per
unit length of windrow . . . . . . . . . 460 lb per foot (685 kgJm)
Moisture content of in-place raw soil material . . . . . 550/0
Optimum moisture content of soil-cement mixture 11 .50/0
Forward speed of mixing machine, approximately 12 ft per
minute (3.7 mlmin)

PRoCEDURE:
1, Convart weight of soil matetial per unit length of windrow
at its in-place moisture content to weight of the ovendry
soil material:
460
= 436 lb ovendry soil material
(1.0 + 0.055)
per linear foot (649 kg/m)
2, Quanfity of cement required per unit Iengthof windrow:
436 x 0.06 = 26.2 lb per foot (39 kg/m)
3. Quantity of dry soil material Plus cement per unit length
of windrow
436+ 26,2 =462.21 bper loot (688 kg/m)
4, Quantity of water in soil material per unit length of wind-
row:
460-436 = 24 lb per foot (35.7 kglm)

5, Estimate quantity of water required par unit length of

windrow to bring mixture to required moisture (optimum
moisture content, 11.5% plus 20/0for evaporation):
462.2 x 0.135= 62.4 lb per loot (92.9 kg/m)

6. Subtract water in the soil mateflal:

42
 62 4 24 = 36 4 lb per foot (57 1 kg/m)
38.4/E 33 = 4.6 U S gal per foot or 3 8 imp gal per fool
(57 L/m)
This IS the quantity of water to be added per un,t length 01
wlndrow
7. Ouanttty 01 water to be added per wxt 01 tome
4 6 x t 2 ft per rmnute (forward speed of mxer) = 55 2 ” S
gal per minute or 46 0 imp gal per minute (209 L/m(n)

Mixing-Water Requirements for

Central Mixing Construction
The quantity of water required I” central mixing plants tobr~ng
the %I-cement mixture to optimum moisture is based on the
quantity of soll material and cement entering the plant The
calculations for the quantity 01 water required are Included I”
the examples in the section “Calibrating Central Mlxlng
Plants ”
Hand-Squeeze Test for Moisture Content
Wllh a little experience, an inspector can es,,“,.& the mo,s-
ture content of a soll-cement m!xture by observation and feel
A mixture near or at optimum moisture content is just mast
enough to dampen the hands when it IS squeezed in a ttght
cast. Mixtures above optimum will leave excess water on the

Fq 21. Sol-cement at o~tlm”m moisture casts read,ly when

squeezed I” the hand and can be broke” Into two p,eces Wltho”,
crumbling.
hands, while mixtures below optimum will tend to crumble
easily. If the mixture is near optimum moisture content, the
cast can be broken into two pieces with little or no crumbling.
The hand-squeeze test is not a replacement for the stand-
ard moisture-content test, but it does reduce the number of
these tests required duting construction. The moisture-deter-
mination test validates what has been determined by visual
inspection and the hand-squeeze test.

Moisture for Compaction and Flnishhsg

At the start of compaction, the moisture content of the soil-

cement mixture must be at slightly above optimum. A final
check of moisture is madeat this time. Proper moisture is nec-
essary for proper compaction and for hydration of the cement.
Because of evaporation, it is better to have a slight excess of
moisture than a deficiency when compaction begins.
During compaction and finishing, the surface of the soil-
cement mixture may become dry, as evidenced by greying of
the surface. When this occurs, very light applications of water
are made to bting the moisture contenf back to optimum. A
pressure distributor is used to make these fog applications
of water. Proper moisture in the compacted soil-cement isevi-
denced by a smooth, moist, tightly knit surface free of checks,
cracks, or tidges.

Uniformity of Mix: Depth

and Width of Treatment
A thorough mixture of pulverized soil, cement, and water is
necessary to make quality soil-cement. The uniformity of mix
is checked by digging trenches or a series of holes at regular
intervals for the full depth of treatment and then inspecting the
color of the exposed material. The area between mixing lanes
should also be checked. When the mixture is of uniform color
and texture from top to bottom, the mix is satisfactory. A mix-
ture that has a streaked appearance has not been mixed suf-
ficiently,
Depth of mixing is usually checked at the same time as uni-
formity. Usually 8 to 9 in. (200 to 230mm)0f loose mix will prO-
duce about a 6-in. (t 50-mm) compacted thickness. This rela-

44
llonshlp varies slightly wth the type of soil being processed
Routine depth checks should be made during mlxlng operas
t,ons to assure that the specified thickness IS attaned.
LIFE stakes set 1 11 (0 3 m) outsIde the dewed roadway
edge are used to control wtdth of processing It IS nportani
that a uniform mix be obtalned at the edges
 In street construction, special attention should be given to
the mixing of soil-cement adlacent to curbs and gutters. All
soil and cement should be moved away hom the gutter sec-
tion for the full depth of processing using the point of the
motor-grader blade, a plow, or other devices. After mixing is
performed, the material is bladed back and compacted.

Compaction
The principles governing compaction of soil-cement are the
same as those for compacting the same soil mate fials without
cement treatment. The soil-cement mixture at optimum mois-
ture should be compacted and finished immediately. Moisture
loss by evaporation during compaction and finishing, indica-
ted by a greying of the surface, should be replaced with light
applications of water.
Tamping (sheepsfoot) rollers are generally used for initial
compaction excapt for tha more granular soils. To obtain ade-
quate compaction, it is sometimes necessary to operete the
rollers with ballast to give greater unit pressure. The general
rule is to use the greatest contact pressure that will not excaed
the beating capacity of tha soil-cement mixture and that will
still “walk out” in a reasonable numbar of passes.
When tamping rollers ara used for initial compaction, the
mixed material must be loose so that the feat will pack the bot-
tom material and gradually walkout on each succeeding pass.
If penetration is not being obtained, the scatifier on a motor
grader or a traveling mixer can be used to loosen the mix dur-
ing start of compaction, thus allowing the feet to penetrate.
Vibratory-steel-wheel rollers, gtid rollers, and segmented
rollers can be used satisfactorily to compact soil-cement
made of granular soil matetials. Vibratory-plate compactors
are used on nonplastic granular materials.
Pneumatic-tire rollers can be used to compact coarse sand
and gravel soil-cement mixtures with very little plasticity and
very sandy mixturas such as dune, beach, or blow sand, which
have little or no binder material. Some rollers permit rapid infla-
tion and deflation of the tires while compacting,
Pneumatic-tire rollers pulled by track-type tractors equip-
ped with street plates can be used to compact cohesionless
sand mixtures, The weight and vibration of the tractor aid in
compaction.

48
 Heavy three-wheel steel rollers can be used lo compact
coarse granular materials contalnlng Mile or no binder. Gravy
elly solIs that have low plasticity are best sutted for compac
tton with these rollers
For best results. compaction should start lmmed~alely after
the solI maternal. cement. and water have been mlxed Fe
qulred densltles are then obtalned m”re readily, there IS less
water evaporation. and dally productton is increased.

Finishing
There are severai acceptable methods for t~n~shiny b”,i
cement The exact procedure depends on equipment. lob
conditions, and SONIcharacteristics Regardless of method
the fundamental requwments of adequate compaction
and optimum moisture must be met lo produce a high-quality
surface The surface should be smooth, dense and free “i
ruts, ridges. or cracks

47
 r...= . ..- .“, . ---- ––. .. ---,

such as tire imprints and blade marka, should be lightly

scratched with a weeder, nail drag, coil spdng, or spikatooth
harrow to remove cleavage or compaction planes from the
surface. The raason for this is that a thin layer of soil-cement
placed on top of these compaction planea may not adhere
properly and in time may fracture, Ioosan, and span. For good
bond, the area must beroughand damp. Scratching should be
done on all soil-cement mixtures except those containing
appreciable quantifies of gravel.
The surface should be kept damp duting finishing opera-
tions, Steel-wheel rollers can be used to smooth out ridges left
by the initial pneumatic-tire rolling. Steel-wheel rollers are
particularly advantageous when rock is present in the surface.
A broom drag can sometimes be used advantageously to pull
binder material in and around piaces of graval that have been
aet by the steel-wheal roller. Instead of using a steel-wheel
roller, surfaces can be shaved with the motor grader and than
rerolled with a pneumatic-tire roller to seal the suriace. Shav-
ing consi ata of lightly cutting off any small ridgea left by the fin-
ishing equipment, Only a very thin depth is cut and all material
removed is bladecf to the edge of the road and should not be
used. The final operation usually consists of a light application
of water and rolling with a pnaumatic-tire rolferto aealtheaur-
face. The finished soil-cement is then cured.
Regard leas of the method used, the surface should be main-
tained at not Iesa than optimum moisture content during finish-
ing and the compacted surface should be smooth, dense, and
free of compaction planes and cracks.
A complete discussion of finishing of soil-cement, including
a suggested step-by-step procedure to be used for various
soil types, can be found in the PCA publication Soil-Cemem
Construction Handbook, EBO03.

Joint Construction
At the end of each day’s construction, a transverse construc-
tion joint is formed by cutting back into the completed soil-
cement, using the toe of the motor-grader blade or axes. The
resulting joint should be verticel and firm.
Duting processing of the abutting section, it is important that
the matetial next to the joint be mixed well. The joint is cleaned
of all dry and unmixed material and retrimmed if necessary.
Then the mixed moist material is bladed back to the joint. The

4s
material next to the joint must be thoroughly compacted, The
joint should be left slightly high; then during final blading it is
trimmed to grade with the motor grader and rerolled,

Degree of Compaction
and Final Depth Check
The most common density tesl methods are
1. Nuclear method
2. Sand-cone method
3. Balloon method
If the test is performed with care, these and other methods
can be used to determine the degrae of compaction obtained.
Various types of appamtusare available for all thasemethods.
A comparison of dry densities is used todetermine the degree
of compaction obtained; however, a rough check on the
degree of compaction can be made quickly by comparing wet
densities,
Densities should be determined al several locations on the
first few sections completed the tests are made immediately
after final rolling. Comparison of these densities with the re-
sults of the field moisture-density tast indicates any ad@st-
ments in compaction procedures that may ba required to en-
sure compliance with job specifications. Specifications gen-
erally require that the density obtained not be less than 960/,
as dalermined by the field moisture-density test. After com-
paction procedures have been adjusted, only routine daily
density chacks are required.
In street construction, special attention to compaction ad-
jacent to the curb, gutter, and utility structures is necessary.
The wheels of a motor gradar can be used to obtain additional
compaction along the gutter line.

Nuclear Method
Many agencies that are engaged in compaction control on a
tairly regular basis use the nuclear method in the direct trans.
mission mode of operation (ASTM D2922 and D3017,
AASHTO T238 and T239). Many of these nondestructive tests
can be run in a short time. Proper calibration, operation, and
maintenance of the equipment are essential, A license is re-
quired and oparator instructions and safety precautions must
be adhered to.

40
Fig 25 DenSlty Of compacted SOll-Cementtmng determined by
the ““clear method I” the directtransmIssIon mOdeofoperatl0”

Sand-Cone Method
The sand-cone method, AASHTO T191 or ASTM D1556. IS
one of the most common for determining in-place densities
Fig 26 shows the apparatus used.
The sand should be clean, dry, umform. uncemenied, dw
able, and free-flowing The sand should be comprised 01
natural subrounded or rounded particles. The maximum-size
particle should pass the No. 10 (2.0.mm) Steve with less than
3% passing the No 60 (0.25.mm) sieve The sand must be air-
dry both at the time its bulk density IS determined and when it
is used for in-place density determlnallons
The procedure for calibrating the sand and funnel and for
maklng the test follows
Calibration of Sand and Apparatus
1 Determine the weight of the density apparatus
2 Pour the air-dry sand Into the inverted apparatus through
the open valve until the jug and the pycnometer top are
full. During thlsoperat,on the funnel shall beapproxlmate-
ly half-full of sand at all times. AvoId ]amng or vibrating
the density apparatus while the sand ~sflcwng When the
sand stops flowing, close the valve and remove the ex-
 cess sand I” the funnel Weigh the apparatus and sand
and determine the net weight 01 sand Remove the sand
from the density apparatus
3. DetermIne the volume of the lug and pycnometertop wth
water Pour water Into the werted density apparatus
through the open valve unit1 water appears I” the funnel
Close the valve, remove excess water, and drythelunnel
and outslde surfaces of the apparatus Weigh the appa~
ratus and the water and determine the net weight of water
Remove the water and dry the apparatus.
EXAMPLE 11.
Determine ““I, weight of sand and calibrate lunnel
PROCEDURE
1. Weight of apparatus filled with sand 17 91 Ib
(6 124 kg)
2 Weight Of apparatus 4.20 lb (1 905 kgj
3 Weight of sand, (1) (2) ._....... 13.71 lb (6219 kg)
4 Weight of apparatus filled wth water.. 12 75 lb
(5 763 kg)
 5. Weight of water, (4) - (2) . . . . . . . . . . 8.55 lb (3.878 kg)
6. Volume of apparatus, (5) / 62.4’ . . . . . . . . . 0.137 cu fl
(0.00388 m3)””
7. Unif weighf of sand, (3) / (6) . . . . . . . . ..’100.1 lb/ci fl
(1603 kg/m3)

Calibration of Funnel
To determine the weight of sand required to fill the funnel, in-
vert the density apparatus full of sand on the metal basa plate
on a smooth, flat surfaca; then open the valve unti the sand
stops flowing. Closa the valve and remove the apparatus and
unused sand.

EXAMPLE 12.
Calculate the amount of aand needed to fill the funnel and
baae plate.
PROCEDURE:
1. Weight of apparatus and sand at start . . . . . . . 17.9t lb
(8,124 kg)
2. Weight of apparatua and unused sand . . . . ...13.98 lb
(6.341 kg)
3. Weight of sand to fill funnel and base plata, (1) - (2)..
3.93 lb (1 .783 kg)

Density Teat
1. Level the surface of the test area Using the base plate as
a guide, dig a hole approximately 5 in, (125 mm) in diam-
eter almost through the depth of treatment, using a ham-
mer and chisel or soil auger. To avoid enlargement of the
hole by praaaure of tha excavating tools, material should
be Iooaened in the test hole by cutting. Carefully remova
all loosened material in the test hole and place it in a tight-
ly covered container. Clean the hole with a brush and re-
move all loose particl ea. Uae cara during tha test to avoid
Ioaing any matetial removed from the test hole.
2. Determine the volume of the teat hole by the uae of the
density apparatus andcalibrated aand, Rllthe jug with
Ihesand andwaigh theapparatus and sand. Invert the

V cuftof waler weighs 62.41b.

“1 m’ofwater has amass of looo kg,

52
 apparatus and plaCe the tunnel rim over the hole and in
the groove provided in the base plate. Open the valve and
allow the sand to fill the test hole and funnel. Avoid jarring
or vibrating the density apparatus during the test. After
the sand has atopped flowing, close the valve and weigh
the apparatus and remaining sand. The sand used to fill
the test hole is the weight of sand released in the test
minus the weight of sand in the upper cone.
3. Determine the moist weight of all material removed from
the test hole. Mix the material thoroughly, then takea rep-
resentative sample and determine its moisture content.
Using this moisture content, calculate the dry weight of
material removed from the test hole.
4. For gravelly soils, determine the percentage of gravel re-
tained on the No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve of the material re-
moved from the test hole.

Calculations
1. The moisture content and the ovendry weight of matetial
removed from the test hole are calculated as follows:
% moisture of representative sample
_ wet weight -dry weight ~ , ~0
dry weight
Dry weight of matetial from test hole
wet weight
1.0 + (oh moisturell 00)
’10retained on No, 4 (4.75-mm) sieve
_ weight relained on No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve ~ , ~.
total dry weight of sample
2. The volume of the test hole, in cubic feet (ms), is calcu-
lated as follows
weight of sand used minus sand in upper cone, lb (kg)
unit weight of the sand, Iblcu ft (kg/m’)
3. The in-place, ovendry density, in pounds per cubic foot
(kg/m3) of the soil-cement equals
dry weight of material removed from hole, lb (kg)
volume of hole, cu ft (m3)

53
Rubber-Balloon Method
As with the sand-cone method, the denslfy hole IS dug and all
the matem removed IS placed in a container and Its dry
welght determined. The volume of the hole~sthendetermlned
dwctly us,ngacallbratedapparat”scontalnlng water Apres~
sure bulb exerts pressure on the waier and a rubber balloon
contalnlng water IS forced unto the conf~nesofthedensity hole
(ASTM D2167, AASHTO 7205) The difference between the
mttal and fInal water volume readmgs IS the volume 01 the
hole Like other methods, the rubber-balloon method has limi&
tations and care must be taken in running the test

Record of Field Density Tests

A record of density and depth data should be kepl The proce~
dun? for keeping records is Illustrated on the form sheet (Fig
A-3) I” the Appendix

Correcting for Differences in Gravel Content

Occasionally, fleid densltles of solI-cement contalnlng large
percentages of gravel do not agree with the moisture-density
test results The percentage of gravel in the material taken
from the density hole may be different from that !n the sample
used in the field moisture-density test Thls difference I” den-
sly can be corrected by using Fig. 28 A similar chart IS given
I” AASHTO T224
 ,w16 ,.>6 d, ,,”s

%+=+-=+

Rg, 28. Density correction chart fordlfferences in gravel content

55
EXAMPLE 13.
Find density corrected for gravel content,
GIVEN:
Percentage of gravel larger than No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve infield
moisture-density test sample, .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...180/0
Percentage of gravel larger than No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve in
sample from field density hole... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...11%
Bulk specitic gravity of gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.50”
Maximum density from field moisture-density curve deter-
mined on sample containing 180/0 gravel 120.0 lb per
cubic foot (1922 kg/m3)
PROCEDURE:
On the gtid (fig. 28) locate the intersection of t20.O lb per
cubic foot (1 922 kg/m3) dry density and 18% gravel. With a
straightedge, intersect this point and the specific gravity of
2,50, then extend this line until it intersects the vertical line on
the grid representing 110/0gravel. Project this point horizontal-
ly to the dry density scale on the left edge: 118.2 lb per cubic
foot (1893 kg/m3)
ANSWER:
The density of 118,2 lb per cubic foot (1893 kg/m3) isthecor-
rected theoretical maximum dry density of the field moisture-
density test fora sample containing 11 %gravel instead of 18°/0
gravel. The in-place dry density of the material tested should
be compared to this corrected density.
After the density determination is made, the compacted
depth ismeasured. The depth of treatment is usually quite
apparent because of the difference in color between the sub-
grade and the soil-cement mixture. However, it is sometimes
difficult to distinguish the bottom of treatment by color, in
which case water is poured into the density hole and allowed
to stand. The subgrade will be softened while the full depth of
treatment will remain firm. The bottom of treatment can then

‘Bulk specific gravity of grswe (pycnometer method) . &

A = ovendry weight of gravel, grams
B = saturated surface-dry weight of gravel, grams
Y = weight of pycnometer filled with water, grams
Z = weight of pycnometer and saturated surface-dry gravel, filled
with wafer, grams
be determined by prohng with a pointed inalrument.
A phenolphthalein solution can be squirted down the side of
a freshly cut face of newly compacted soil-cement, The soil-
cement will turn pinkish-red while the untreated subgrada
material will retain its natural color.

Curing
Soil-cement at optimum moisture contains sufficient moisture
for adequate cement hydration. After final compaction, a
moisture-retaining cover is placed over the soil-cement to
permit the cement to hydrate. Moist soil-cement ia cured with
bituminous material, but other materials such as waterproof
paper or plastic sheets, wet straw or sand, fog-type water
spray, and wet burlap or cotton mats are entirely satisfactory,
The bituminous materials most Commonly used areemulsilied
asphalt SS-1, RC-250, MC-250, and RT-5.
The rate of application varies from 0.15 to 0.30 gal per
square yard (0.7 to 1.4 L/mz). Before the bituminous material
is applied, the surface of the soil-cement should be moist and
free of dry, loose mateflai. In most cases a light application of
water precedes the bituminous cure.
When the air temperature is expected to reach the freezing
point, the soil-cement should be protected from freezing for 7
days after its construction and until it has hardened.

Opening to Traffic
Completed potiions of soil-cement can be opened immedi-
ately to local traffic and to construction equipment providing
the soil-cement has hardened sufficiently to prevent marting
or distorting of the surface, and providing the curing material
is not impaired. If the bituminous moiature-retaining cover has
not dried sufficiently to prevent pick-up, sufficient sand or
granular cover should be applied.

Maintenance
Specifications require that the contractor maintain the soil-
cement in good condition until all work has been completed
and accepted. Any defects that occur should be repaired im-

57
mediately by replacing the soil.cement for the full dapth of
treatment. Areas deficient in thicknaaa should also be
remedied by replacing the material for full depth of treat.
ment rather than by adding a thin layer of soil. cement to the
complated work.

6e
Appendix

Equipment for Field Tests

1.Field laboratory.
2. Two-burner field stove.
3. Split moisture-density mold and rammer (1 /30-cu-ft [943-
cms] mold: sleeved 5Y2-lb [2.5-kg] rammer).
4. Balance with weights, 750-g capacity.
5. Scale with weights, 20-lb (9-kg) capacity.
6. Three 3x3-ft (1 xl -m) pieces of canvas.
7, Spring scale, 100-lb (45-kg) capacity.
8. Set of 8-in. -diameter (200-mm) sieves: 2 in. (5o mm), % in,
(19 mm), and No. 4 (4.75 mm).
9. Sand-cone density apparatus with supply of dry sand of
known unit weight.
10. A 5-in. -diameter (1 25-mm) soil auger and No. 2 short-
handed square-pointed shovel.
11. Hammer and two 1-in. (25-mm) maaon’s chisels.
12, Six tin pie plates and six Y,-gal (2-L) container with lids.
13, Two 10-in.-diameter (250-mm) frying pans.
14, A 100-ml glass graduafed cylinder.
15A 10-in. (250-mm) butcher knife, 12-in. (300-mm) steel
straightedge, and 10-in (250-mm) trowel.
16. Two 12-qt(11 -L) pails, two large spoons, and a 2-in. (50-
mm) paint brush,
17, A 5x5-ft (1 .5x1 .5-m) canvas sample cloth.
18. Ruler and 50-ft (15-m) tape.

59
 Moisture-Density Relations
(US. Customary Units)

,mlE OAT, —

ROUTE co”... ,K.Ec, NO —

STATION RHA4RKs—

TEST NUMBER ~ * ~. . ..!–..

[11 w.! “@mlsm.... ml, I,

(2) $+s(9,, .,..,, ,,

~~.~.~wa,ght s$ao!mm ,, ) c ,,
,4) ml... m ..,, c“ “
151 w O.., It, 131-141 ,.,. “

[6) wet weim mm.. Cmla’”e< o

171 W WS’,ht 8s.,1s + co.talner ,

_w Ww MM.’ u,. (e) (7) ,

191 VWhl .1 CoMatn.r , —

~0) Net we19h! dr, w“,Is (7) (0) – ,

.(1 s) .01s1”,. content [(8, -m, 100 94

112) DWdmmlsl - 1? + 111?1 (WC” “

,Em. r. . ..4-..

.,,,”,”. 0.”,,!,

—_ (..” “

0,!,,””. ..’,,.,.

—— %

l.wee,.r

ng. A-1. Form sheet for recording field moisture-density data

(U.S. customary units).

60
 Moisture-Density Relations
(S1 Units)

LOCATION DA,,_
,,0,,., ,,.,,.. NO.,
—
S,A,(ON: REMARKS:

m,, NUMBER –2- ._?._ _L

111Wm.nss$,8.1......1, ,9
(*)..ss., “’Old @
(3) .:: :MF883 8Pdm.. (?, -,2, k,
(4, w“.. ., “,.,6 ,“’,

(6) W.! dms’t” (3) ~ (4) ,,,,”,

(6, w.! “’.,s ,O”,le + ,0.,al”sr ,

,7, 0,, “’ass ,8.,,. +,.”,,,”., Q
181 ass d ..’$t”r. <61-171 Q -— -— — —----
191 M*8s d c.”,., ”., ,
(,0, NM “,8,8 ,.,,”,,,8 (,) {,) ,
(, I) M.mt”rs e.”ts”l [,8) + <?0,1 ?W %

(!2, Dry ,.”,’,, (6) .,, + (0,,,, k;,.,

.,.,”,”. Mm,,

—- W.,

‘W.”. Mom!”r.

..— %

,“mec,.r __

MOIST”., CONTENT .%

Rg. A-2. Form sheet for recording field moisture-density data

(S1 units),

61
LOCATION mm

PROJECT Wcmm NO.,

w w,,. 0! am. fm T.” ml.

(1, w, w,!,,, of *IO . w“ _(t —k,
m w....,*. _lt _k,
(3 w, W@OMd SWWQ ,,0.7-, “018 ,!) (2, _,b _“,

Wlu”m C.1.rmltitim 0! l“, “.1.

(4, ,“,,,, w,,”, d #$g,ra,”s . %,d — lb — k,
(,, .“,, mm, d war.!”, . *“, _lt _k9
,8, V.wm d *d “M (4) [6) _lt —k
(7) ,ss, w,,”,. s,ti 1“F“”ml _(t —kc
,8) w,,”! o, s,”, “SW. ,,,1 ,,s! “d. (6) (7) _lt _*,
,,, u.,!web”,. S@ (., Cd’b,aed, _ ,.0. “ _ km

(!0, Ml”., 0, Tel “,,8 (8). ,9) —O”m —0.,

US,,,”!, ml.”! M1.rml”olb

(,!, w! w.. 0, sm’,,e . m,,,”., —,
1121 0. we’,. 01saw. + Cmlelnar —,
,!,, wag”,., can,,”,, —,
,,4, w.”, d .04,,”. (! 1) (O*, —0
(m m w,,”,., same,,,, ,(s, —0
(,,, Ml,,”r. ,,.,.. ,(M, . (,,,, ma —%

C.”,ny
(07, 0. Wd+m d S8rw. !.. m.! “.1. (?, -,, . (!$,, — lb — m
,08, .,, W“*V (on . (00, _ (.,. “ _ w“’,

109) MM”w. CU~C-~V _ lb,,” “ _ km

,,!0. ,,., ., ,,1,!0.,)
(m, m,., 0( cmmcl.n ,((8, . ,!9,, Wa —%

mm
m, Wm d T,..!.,”, —!. — . .

as.,..,.. -.

I“*,

fig. A-3. Form sheet for In-place density test—sand-cone

method.

62
 Field Density

mcmm m,,:.. .

mm,..: _ ,,’0,,., NO

.,.,,.5

w.! w,,”, .’-,”0,. ,m. r.,! ...

,0, w, .s,,”, 0,,,,”04, . Pa” ,- lb —“,
(2, w.,, .! Pa” AL lb .,.+,, k,
,,, $./,”.,(,”! ., S,.,!, . . . m.! Ml.,!, (2, — 1. —-. k,

%Ium. Wmlndm ., T.,, ..1.

(,, ,.,,,, wk.,, .4$, wa,.s , a., ,Z.fl. lb — k,
(,, ,,”., w,,,,,, A,WWS . SW A(t —.
(m .,’9”! .! ,Wm ..* ,4) (5, J..,.. !t .—”,
(7, ,s8. w,”!., S,*!. ●m”., —(t —M
,., *,,”,., S,”, US*. .!!1ma! Ml. ,6, {m A lb –ML,.. k,
,,, ““,! w.,,”,., SWm ,.8 C4brmd, ,00., 1.0”!! A “91C”,
,,,, w,... of m,, “,1. ,8, .,9, —- .“ . . ..2.1.- C.,

..,,.. cam,”, C.1.rml””!m

,, !, V&! w.,,”,., S..,,, . co.%.,.., —.
(,,) .,,.,,,”, .! ,..,,s ! COl!,!”sr .“- ,
(,,) WSl,ht or CO.!e! mar ,,s ,
(!4) ..,,”,.! w,,.,. (>!, ,!2, —9
(m . . we,,”, d %,,. (m (0,) ..-,

(m MO!mr. Crr!a.t ,<!4, . (>5,, !m —%

cm,”,
(,7) .,, !.7.,9,, d sample ,,.. ,.s, ..,.,,, -,, ! ,!,, , — lb . . . .. k,

,,,, my 0..,,.(17, ,!0, w— 1..”“ ma. k..,

,,,, ..”,... m m“,!.
(,,.. ,,. h..,,1,,1,.,, w— lb,.”
“ ,s22 k,.,

(20) OV- 0!C4moa!!m ,,(8, (00!@ —3.–%

C.plh
(*, , ml” 0,,,,,,..”, -L,- !“ .. . . .

,.,..,,. -.,

Fig, A-4, Example of in-place density test data—sand-cone

method.

63
Related Publications
The following publications are available for purchase
from the Portland Cement Association,

SOii*Cement Construction Handbook, EBO03S

Soil-Cement Laboratory Handbook, EB052S
Suggested Specifications for Soil-Cament Base
Course, 1S008S

The publications Iiated above can be obtainad by writing or

calling Order Processing, Portland Cement Association,
5420 Old Orchard Road, Skokie, Illinois 60077-1083,
708/966-6200, ext. 564, after January 1996 647/966-6200,

A complete listing of PCA materials can be found in the

Catalog of Publications and Audiovisual Materials
(MS254G). The catalog is free and available upon request,

a4
 Tfls p.blcation is intended SOLELYfor useby PROFESSIONAL
PERSON-
NELwhoarecompetentto evaluatethesignificanceandfimifationsofthe infor-
mationprovidedherein,andwhowillaccepttotalresponsimtyW the aPPhca-
tion o{ tNs information.The PortlandCementAssociationDISCLAIMSanYand
all RESPONSIBILITY and LIASILITYfortheaccuracyO{andthe applcaf
ion of
Ihe Infomn.ti.n mntd.ed in W. publicationto the1.11
BKI.Mpermittedby law.

Caution:contact with wet (unhardened) concrete, mortar, cement, or cement

mixtures cm ,.”S. SKIN IRRITATION,SEVERE CHEMICAL BURNS, or SE-
RIOUS EYE DAMAGE. Wear waterproof gloves, a long-sleeved stdd lull-length
trousers, and proper eye protection when worti.g with these materials. If You
ha”. to stand in wet concrete, use waterproof boots that me high enough to
keep c~”crete from flowing Into them. Wash wet concrete, mortar, cement, or
cement mixl.rm from you, ski” immediately. Flush eyes with clean water im-
nwdielely alter contact, I“dre.t contact thm.gh clothlng cm be as ..40.s as
direct confect, so promptly rinse out wet concrete, mortar, cement, or cement
mixtures from clotting. Seek immedate medcal attention if Youhave persistent
or severe dkcom fort

;-------- -------------------- ----------------------- r

~ KEYWOROS calibration, ct?ment application, compaction, curing

i densty, equipment, finishing, Inspection, m.antenance, mixing plants
; moisture, moisture density, pulverization, site preparation, soil-cement
: soil-cement processing, soil idenliOcation, soil materials, uniformity
~ water application
~ ABSTRACT Describes procedures for inspecting soil-cement com
; struct ion, Sample problems are given that show typical calculations
I required for computing material quantities, and for field test. Tables
~ and charts to simplify these calculations are included.
{ REFERENCE: Soi/-Cemenf inspector’s Manual (PA05002S), Port-
: land Cement Association, f 980. Reprinted (n 1984.
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Printed in U.S.A. PA050,02S