QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE

(ADVANCE)
 I NTRODUCTION
N TR

"Somet
"Sometimes we are tested not to show our weakness, but to discover our
strengths."
stre
strenn -Anonymous

Dear Student,
D

Quantitative Aptitude: Advance covers the entire mathematics course of student up

till Class XII. It is a logical book rather than a mathematical one as it focusses on
solving questions so you need to learn very few formulas.

Salient Points of the book:

a) Concept Puzzle – Mathematics can be fun. Enjoy racking your brains on these fun
concepts. Side effect of this enjoyment would be an indepth analysis of the
concepts of mathematics.

b) Shortcuts – Every student loves shortcuts. In this book you would find 100+
shortcuts.

c) Graded Questions – Exercises from easy to complicated ensure that you are
sufficiently tested. Besides the exercise you would find the theory section enriched
by number of examples solved in detail.

d) Test LAB – The entire content is designed based on extensive research of

student’s performance. We credit Test LAB for such valuable inputs.

e) Online Practice - The book does not end on the last question of the exercise, but
is followed by even more practice online. So be ambitious and score more.

Lastly, do not be intimidated by the questions of this book as the questions are like
Golliath, looks scary, but easy to kill.

[1]
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PRINTED BY:
EduMENTOR Educational Services
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[2]
 Table of Content

EduMentor
Chapters Pages

1 Trigonometry & Inverse Trigo 1-6

2 Sequence and Series 7 - 12

3 Equations & Inequalities 13 - 18

4 Complex Number 19 - 23

5 Logarithm 24 - 25

6 Sets, Relations and Functions 26 - 32

7 Permutation and Combination 33 - 38

8 Probability 39 - 50 Educational services

9 Coordinate Geometry 51 - 55

10 Statistics 56 - 59

11 Graphs 60 - 66

12 Conic Sections 67 - 73

13 Answer Key 74
 Chapter 1
TRIGONOMETRY and
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY

1. TRIGONOMETRY

Meaning: dŚĞǁŽƌĚ͚dƌŝŐŽŶŽŵĞƚƌLJ͛ŝƐĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĨƌŽŵƚǁŽ'ƌĞĞŬǁŽƌĚƐ͗;ŝͿƚƌŝŐŽŶŽŶĂŶĚ͕;ŝŝͿŵĞƚƌŽŶ͘dŚĞǁŽƌĚ
ƚƌŝŐŽŶŽŶŵĞĂŶƐĂƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞĂŶĚƚŚĞǁŽƌĚŵĞƚƌŽŶŵĞĂŶƐĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞ͘/ƚĚĞĂůƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐŝĚĞƐĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞĂŶŐůĞƐŽĨĂƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽďůĞŵƐĂůůŝĞĚǁŝƚŚĂŶŐůĞƐ͘

௣௘௥௣௘௡ௗ௜௖௨௟௔௥ ௣
ܵ݅݊ߠ ൌ ൌ  VARIATION OF VARIOUS CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS IN
ு௬௣௢௧௘௡௨௦௘ ௛
௕௔௦௘ ௕ DIFFERENT QUADRANTS:
‘•Ʌ ൌ  ൌ 
ு௬௣௢௧௘௡௨௦௘ ௛
௣௘௥௣௘௡ௗ௜௖௨௟௔௥ ௣
‫ ߠ݊ܽݐ‬ൌ ൌ 
௕௔௦௘ ௕
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƚǁŽƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŽĨŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐĂŶĂŶŐůĞ

(i) Degree System:

hŶĚĞƌƚŚŝƐƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨĂŶĂŶŐůĞŝƐƚĂŬĞŶŝŶ
ĚĞŐƌĞĞƐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞĂĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĂŶŐůĞ;ĂĐŝƌĐůĞͿŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽϯϲϬι
ůƐŽ͕ϭι ൌ ͸Ͳᇱ ሺ͸Ͳ݉݅݊‫ݏ݁ݐݑ‬ሻ 
Θϭ͛ൌ ͸Ͳ̶;ϲϬƐĞĐŽŶĚƐͿ
 
(ii) Radian system
hŶĚĞƌƚŚŝƐƐLJƐƚĞŵŽĨŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ͕ϭϴϬι ൌ ߨƌĂĚŝĂŶ͘ 
గ
Ö ͳι ൌ ƌĂĚŝĂŶƐŽ͕
ଵ଼଴
గ
Ö ϵϬι ൌ ƌĂĚŝĂŶ
ଶ
గ
Ö Ͷͷι ൌ ƌĂĚŝĂŶ
ସ
గ
Ö ϲϬι ൌ ƌĂĚŝĂŶ
ଷ
గ
Ö ϯϬι ൌ ƌĂĚŝĂŶ
଺
 BASIC FORMULA
1.1 BASIC FORMULAS గ
ଵ x •‹ ቀ െ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ ‘• ‫ݔ‬
ŝ͘ ܿ‫ ߠܿ݁ݏ݋‬ൌ  ଶ
గ
௦௜௡ఏ
ଵ x ‘• ቀ െ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ •‹ ‫ݔ‬
ŝŝ͘ •‡ ߠ ൌ  ଶ
ୡ୭ୱ ఏ గ
ŝŝŝ͘ ‘– ߠ ൌ
ଵ
 x –ƒ ቀ െ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ ‘– ‫ݔ‬
ଶ
୲ୟ୬ ఏ గ
ŝǀ͘ –ƒ ߠ ൌ
ୱ୧୬ ఏ
 x ‘– ቀ െ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ –ƒ ‫ݔ‬
ଶ
ୡ୭ୱ ఏ గ
ǀ͘ ‘– ߠ ൌ 
ୡ୭ୱ ఏ x •‡ ቀ െ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ ‘•‡ ‫ݔ‬
ଶ
ୱ୧୬ ఏ
గ
ǀŝ͘ •‹ଶ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‘• ଶ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳ x ‘•‡ ቀ െ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ •‡ ‫ݔ‬
ଶ
ǀŝŝ͘ •‡ ଶ ‫ ݔ‬െ –ƒଶ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳ ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ
ǀŝŝŝ͘ ܿ‫ ܿ݁ݏ݋‬ଶ ‫ ݔ‬െ ‘– ଶ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳ 
 గ

x •‹ ቀ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ ‘• ‫ݔ‬
ଶ

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϭ
x
గ
‘• ቀ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ െ•‹ ‫ݔ‬ x •‹ሺʹ݊ߨ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ •‹ ‫ ݔ‬ǡ ݊ ‫ א‬
ଶ
x
గ
–ƒ ቀ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ െ ‘– ‫ݔ‬
x ‘•ሺʹ݊ߨ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‘• ‫ ݔ‬ǡ ݊ ‫ א‬
ଶ
గ x –ƒሺʹ݊ߨ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ –ƒ ‫ ݔ‬ǡ ݊ ‫ א‬
x ‘– ቀ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ െ–ƒ ‫ݔ‬
ଶ x ‘–ሺʹ݊ߨ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‘– ‫ ݔ‬ǡ ݊ ‫ א‬
గ
x •‡ ቀ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ െ ‘•‡ ‫ݔ‬
ଶ
x •‡ ሺʹ݊ߨ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ •‡ ‫ ݔ‬ǡ ݊ ‫ א‬
x
గ
‘•‡ ቀ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ •‡ ‫ݔ‬ x ‘•‡ ሺʹ݊ߨ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‘•‡ ‫ ݔ‬ǡ ݊ ‫ א‬
ଶ
ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ

1.2 SUM AND DIFFERENCE FORMULAE
x •‹ሺߨ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ •‹ ‫ݔ‬ x •‹ሺ ൅ ሻ ൌ •‹  ‘•  ൅ ‘•  •‹ 
x ‘•ሺߨ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െ ܿ‫ݔݏ݋‬
x –ƒሺߨ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െ–ƒ ‫ݔ‬ x •‹ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൌ •‹ ‫ ܤ •‘ ܣ‬െ ‘• ‫ܤ ‹• ܣ‬
x ‘–ሺߨ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െ ‘– ‫ݔ‬ x ‘•ሺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൌ ‘• ‫ ܤ •‘ ܣ‬െ •‹ ‫ܤ ‹• ܣ‬
x •‡ ሺߨ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െ•‡ ‫ݔ‬
x ‘•‡ ሺߨ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‘•‡ ‫ ݔ‬ x ‘•ሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൌ ‘• ‫ ܤ •‘ ܣ‬൅ •‹ ‫ܤ ‹• ܣ‬
୲ୟ୬ ஺ା୲ୟ୬ ஻
ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ x –ƒሺ‫ ܣ‬൅ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൌ
ଵି୲ୟ୬ ஺ ୲ୟ୬ ஻


୲ୟ୬ ஺ି୲ୟ୬ ஻
x •‹ሺߨ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െ•‹ ‫ݔ‬ x –ƒሺ‫ ܣ‬െ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൌ
ଵା୲ୟ୬ ஺ ୲ୟ୬ ஻

x ‘•ሺߨ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െ ‘• ‫ݔ‬ ଵା୲ୟ୬ ஺
x –ƒሺߨ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ –ƒ ‫ݔ‬ x –ƒሺͶͷι ൅ ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ
ଵି୲ୟ୬ ஺

x ‘–ሺߨ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‘– ‫ݔ‬ x –ƒሺͶͷι െ ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ
ଵି୲ୟ୬ ஺

ଵା୲ୟ୬ ஺
x •‡ ሺߨ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െ•‡ ‫ݔ‬
x ‘•‡ ሺߨ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െ ‘•‡ ‫ݔ‬ x •‹ሺ ൅ ሻ ൈ •‹ሺ െ ሻ ൌ •‹ଶ ‫ ܣ‬െ •‹ଶ ‫ܤ‬
ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ
x ‘•ሺ ൅ ሻ ൈ ‘•ሺ െ ሻ ൌ ‘• ଶ ‫ ܣ‬െ •‹ଶ ‫ܤ‬

ଷగ
x •‹ ቀ
ଶ
െ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ െ ‘• ‫ݔ‬
Formulae for the transformation of a product of two
ଷగ circular functions into algebraic sum of two circular
x ‘• ቀ
ଶ
െ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ െ •‹ ‫ݔ‬
functions and vice – versa
ଷగ
x –ƒ ቀ
ଶ
െ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ ‘– ‫ݔ‬
AB FORMULAE
ଷగ
x ‘– ቀ
ଶ
െ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ –ƒ ‫ݔ‬
x ʹ •‹  ‘•  ൌ •‹ሺ ൅ ሻ ൅ •‹ሺ െ ሻ
ଷగ x ʹ ‘•  •‹  ൌ •‹ሺ ൅ ሻ െ •‹ሺ െ ሻ
x •‡ ቀ െ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ െ ‘•‡ ‫ݔ‬
ଶ x ʹ ‘•  ‘•  ൌ ‘•ሺ ൅ ሻ ൅ ‘•ሺ െ ሻ
ଷగ x ʹ •‹  •‹  ൌ ‘•ሺ െ ሻ െ ‘•ሺ ൅ ሻ
x ‘•‡ ቀ
ଶ
െ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ െ •‡ ‫ݔ‬

ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ CD FORMULAE
 
ୋୈ େିୈ
x •‹ ቀ
ଷగ
൅ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ െ ‘• ‫ݔ‬ x •‹  ൅ •‹  ൌ ʹ •‹ ‘• 
ଶ ଶ ଶ
ୋୈ େିୈ
x ‘• ቀ
ଷగ
൅ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ •‹ ‫ݔ‬ x •‹  െ •‹  ൌ ʹ ‘• •‹ 
ଶ ଶ
ଶ
ୋୈ େିୈ
ଷగ x ‘•  ൅ ‘•  ൌ ʹ ‘• ‘• 
x –ƒ ቀ
ଶ
൅ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ െ ‘– ‫ݔ‬ ଶ ଶ
ୋୈ ୈିେ
ଷగ x ‘•  െ ‘•  ൌ ʹ •‹ •‹ 
x ‘– ቀ
ଶ
൅ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ െ –ƒ ‫ݔ‬ ଶ ଶ

ଷగ
x •‡ ቀ
ଶ
൅ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ ܿ‫ݔܿ݁ݏ݋‬ Formulae for t-ratio of multiple and sub-multiple angles.
ଷగ 
x ‘•‡ ቀ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ቁ ൌ െ•‡ ‫ݔ‬ ଶ ୲ୟ୬ ୅
ଶ x •‹ ʹ  ൌ ʹ •‹  ‘•  ൌ మ  ଵା୲ୟ୬ ஺
ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ
ͳ െ ʹ •‹ଶ ‫ܣ‬
 ଵି୲ୟ୬మ ஺
x ‘• ʹ  ൌ ቐ ‘• ଶ ‫ ܣ‬െ •‹ଶ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ 
x •‹ሺʹߨ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െ •‹ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ •‹ሺെ‫ݔ‬ሻ ଵା୲ୟ୬మ ஺

x ‘•ሺʹߨ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‘• ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‘•ሺെ‫ݔ‬ሻ ʹ ‘• ଶ ‫ ܣ‬െ ͳ

x –ƒሺʹߨ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െ –ƒ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ –ƒሺെ‫ݔ‬ሻ ଵିୡ୭ୱ ଶ஺
x ‘–ሺʹߨ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െ ‘– ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‘–ሺെ‫ݔ‬ሻ x •‹ଶ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ 
ଶ
x •‡ ሺʹߨ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ •‡ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ •‡ ሺെ‫ݔ‬ሻ ଵାୡ୭ୱ ଶ஺
x ‘• ଶ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ 
x ‘•‡ ሺʹߨ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െܿ‫ ݔܿ݁ݏ݋‬ൌ ‘•‡ ሺെ‫ݔ‬ሻ ଶ

ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ ଶ ୲ୟ୬ ஺
x –ƒ ʹ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ 
ଵି୲ୟ୬మ ஺

WĂŐĞϮ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
x •‹ ͵‫ ܣ‬ൌ ͵ •‹ ‫ ܣ‬െ Ͷ •‹ଷ ‫ܣ‬ More Solved Examples
x ‘• ͵ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ Ͷ ‘• ଷ ‫ ܣ‬െ ͵ ‘• ‫ܣ‬ 1. Find the value of the expression ૛ሺ‫ ܛܗ܋‬૝ ૟૙ι ൅ ‫ܖܑܛ‬૝ ૜૙ιሻ
ଷ ୲ୟ୬ ஺ି୲ୟ୬య ஺
െሺ‫ܖ܉ܜ‬૛ ૟૙ι ൅ ‫ ܜܗ܋‬૛ ૝૞ιሻ ൅ ૜ ‫ ܋܍ܛ‬૛ ૜૙ι
x –ƒ ͵‫ ܣ‬ൌ  Solution: ʹሺ ‘• ସ ͸Ͳι ൅ ‫݊݅ݏ‬ସ ͵Ͳιሻ െ ሺ–ƒଶ ͸Ͳι ൅
ଵିଷ ୲ୟ୬మ ஺
‘– ଶ Ͷͷιሻ ൅ ͵ •‡ ଶ ͵Ͳι
ଵ ସ ଵ ସ ଶ ଶ ଶ
Range of values of T ratios ൌ ʹ ൤ቀ ቁ ൅ ቀ ቁ ൨ െ ቂ൫ξ͵൯ ൅ ሺͳሻଶ ቃ ൅ ͵ ቀ ቁ 
ଶ ଶ ξଷ

FUNCTION RANGE ͳ ͳ Ͷ
ൌ ʹ ൤ ൅ ൨ െ ሾ͵ ൅ ͳሿ ൅ ͵ ൈ 
•‹ ߠ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ െͳ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ͳ ͳ͸ ͳ͸ ͵
‘• ߠ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ െͳ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ͳ ͳ ͳ
–ƒ ߠ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ ‫܀‬ ൌʹൈ െͶ൅Ͷൌ
ͺ Ͷ
‘– ߠ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ ‫܀‬
•‡ ߠ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ ܀‬െ ሺെͳǡͳሻ 
‘•‡ ߠ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ ܀‬െ ሺെͳǡͳሻ 2. What is the value of
‫ܖܑܛ‬૟ ࣂ ൅ ‫ ܛܗ܋‬૟ ࣂ ൅ ૜ ‫ܖܑܛ‬૛ ࣂ ‫ ܛܗ܋‬૛ ࣂ?
Solution:•‹଺ ߠ ൅ ‘• ଺ ߠ ൅ ͵ •‹ଶ ߠ ‘• ଶ ߠ
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY
ൌ •‹଺ ߠ ൅ ‘• ଺ ߠ ൅ ͵ •‹ଶ ߠ ‘• ଶ ߠ ሺ•‹ଶ ߠ ൅ ‘• ଶ ߠሻ
‫כ‬Note:
ଵ ‫ ׵‬ሾ•‹ଶ ߠ ൅ ‘• ଶ ߠ ൌ ͳሿ
•‹ିଵ ‫ ് ݔ‬ሺ•‹ ‫ݔ‬ሻିଵ ‫ݎ݋‬ ͘ ൌ ሺ•‹ଶ ߠሻଷ ൅ ሺ ‘• ଶ ߠሻଷ ൅͵ሺ•‹ଶ ߠሻሺ ‘• ଶ ߠሻሺ•‹ଶ ߠ ൅
ୱ୧୬ ௫
^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƚƌŝŐŽŶŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ͘ ‘• ଶ ߠሻ
/Ĩ‫ ݕ‬ൌ •‹ିଵ ‫ ݕ ‹• ֜  ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬ ൌ ሺ•‹ଶ ߠ ൅ ‘• ଶ ߠሻଷ  ൌ ͳଷ 
 ൌ ͳሾ‫ ׶‬ሺܽ ൅ ܾሻଷ ൌ ܽଷ ൅ ܾ ଷ ൅ ͵ܾܽሺܽ ൅ ܾሻሿ
Properties of Inverse trigonometric functions: Or
>Ğƚߠ ൌ Ͷͷι
ଵ
•‹ିଵ ൌ ‘•‡ ିଵ š ܵ݅݊଺ Ͷͷι ൅ ܿ‫ ଺ ݏ݋‬Ͷͷι ൅ ͵‫݊݅ݏ‬ଶ Ͷͷιܿ‫ ݏ݋‬ଶ Ͷͷι
୶ ଵ ଺ ଵ ଺ ଵ ଵ
‘•ିଵ 1୶ ൌ • ‡ ିଵ š ቀ ቁ ൅ ቀ ቁ ൅ ͵ሺ ሻଶ ሺ ሻଶ 
ξଶ ξଶ ξଶ ξଶ
ଵ
–ƒିଵ ୶ ൌ ‘ – ିଵ š ଵ ଵ
ൌ ൅ ൅ ͵ ቀ ቁ ൌ ൅ ൌ ͳ
ଵ ଵ ଷ
଼ ଼ ସ ସ ସ
 
•‹ିଵሺെšሻ ൌ െ • ‹  š  3. What is the maximum value of sin࢞ ൅ cos࢞ ?
–ƒିଵ (-š ) ൌ െ – ƒ  š  ଵ ଵ
Solution: ‫ ݔ݊݅ݏ‬൅ ܿ‫ ݔݏ݋‬ൌ ξʹ ቀ ‫ ݔ݊݅ݏ‬൅ ܿ‫ݔݏ݋‬ቁ
‘•‡ ିଵ(-š) ൌ െ ‘•‡ ିଵš ξଶ ξଶ
గ గ
 ൌ ξʹ ቀ ‘• •‹ ‫ ݔ‬൅ •‹ ‘• ‫ݔ‬ቁ
ସ ସ
‘•ିଵ -‫ ݔ‬ൌ ߨ െ ‘ • ିଵ ‫ݔ‬ గ
ൌ ξʹ •‹ ቀ‫ ݔ‬൅ ቁ͘
•‡ ିଵ -‫ ݔ‬ൌ ߨ െ • ‡ ିଵ ‫ݔ‬ ସ
గ
‘–ିଵ -‫ ݔ‬ൌ ߨ െ ‘ – ିଵ ‫ ݔ‬ Ɛെͳ ൑ •‹ ቀ‫ ݔ‬൅ ቁ ൑ ͳǡ
ସ

ିଵ ିଵ గ ‫ ׵‬െξʹ ൑ ‫ ݔ݊݅ݏ‬൅ ܿ‫ ݔݏ݋‬൑ ξʹĨŽƌĂůů‫͘ݔ‬

•‹ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‘• ‫ ݔ‬ൌ 
ଶ
గ

–ƒିଵ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‘– ିଵ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ  4. When the length of the shadow of a pole is equal to the
ଶ
గ
ܿ‫ି ܿ݁ݏ݋‬ଵ ‫ ݔ‬൅ •‡ ିଵ
‫ ݔ‬ൌ  height of the pole, then the elevation of source of light is
ଶ
 Solution: /ĨߠŝƐƚŚĞĂŶŐůĞŽĨĞůĞǀĂƚŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞŶ
௛௘௜௚௛௧௢௙௧௛௘௣௢௟௘
–ƒିଵ ‫ ݔ‬േ –ƒିଵ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ –ƒିଵ ቀ
௫േ௬
ቁ –ƒ ߠ ൌ ൌ ͳ͘
௟௘௡௚௧௛௢௙௧௛௘௦௛௔ௗ௢௪
ଵ‫ט‬௫௬
ିଵ ିଵ ଶ௫ ‫ ߠ݊ܽݐ‬ൌ ͳ͕֜ ߠൌ Ͷͷι
ʹ –ƒ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ –ƒ ቀ ቁ
ଵି௫ మ 
ଶ௫
ʹ –ƒିଵ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ •‹ିଵ ቀ మ ቁ
5. The angles of depression of the top and bottom of a 7 m
ଵା௫
ିଵ ିଵ ଵି௫ మ tall building from the top of a tower are 45ι and ૟૙ι
ʹ –ƒ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‘• ቀ ቁ
ଵା௫ మ respectively. The height of the tower is
 ௉ ௫
Solution: /ŶοƚĂŶͶͷιс ֜ ͳ ൌ  ֜ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬
஻ ஻
Range ௉ ଻ା௫ ଻൫ξଷାଵ൯
/ŶοƚĂŶ͸Ͳι ൌ ൌ ൌ ξ͵ ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ൌ ͻǤͷ͸
Functions Domain (Principal Value ஻ ௫ ଶ
Branches)
ߨ ߨ
‫ିܖܑܛ‬૚ ࢞ ሾെͳǡͳሿ ቂെ ǡ ቃ
ʹ ʹ
‫ି ܛܗ܋‬૚ ࢞ ሾെͳǡͳሿ ሾͲǡ ߨሿ
ߨ ߨ
ࢉ࢕࢙ࢋࢉି૚ ࢞ ࡾ െ ሺെͳǡͳሻ ቂെ ǡ ቃ െ ሼͲሽ
ʹ ʹ
ି૚ ሾͲǡ ߨሿ െ ሼͲሽ
‫܋܍ܛ‬ ࢞ ࡾ െ ሺെͳǡͳሻ
ߨ ߨ 
‫ܖ܉ܜ‬ ି૚
࢞ ࡾ ቀെ ǡ ቁ ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͻǤͷ͸݉
ʹ ʹ ,ĞŝŐŚƚŽĨƚŽǁĞƌсн‫ݔ‬сϳ൅ϵ͘ϱϲсϭϲ͘ϱϲŵ
‫ି ܜܗ܋‬૚ ࢞ ࡾ ሺͲǡ ߨሻ 

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϯ
6. The shadow of a flag staff is three times as long as the Solution: ĂŶĚĂƌĞƚŚĞƚǁŽƉŽŝŶƚƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞϮŬŵĂƉĂƌƚ
shadow of the flag staff when the sun rays meet the ŝƐƚŚĞŚĞŝŐŚƚŽĨďƵƌũŬŚĂůŝĨĂ
஽஼ ஽஼
ground at an angle of ૟૙ι. Find the angle between the /Ŷȟ‫݊ܽݐܦܥܣ‬Ͷͷι ൌ ֜ ͳ ൌ 
஺஼ ஺஻ା஻஼
sun rays and the ground at the time of longer shadow ஽஼
ͳൌ ֜ ‫ ܥܦ‬ൌ ʹ ൅ ‫ܥܤ‬
Solution: ďĞƚŚĞĨůĂŐƐƚĂĨĨĂŶĚɅďĞƚŚĞĂŶŐůĞĂŶĚ ଶା஻஼
ĂŶĚĂƌĞƐŚĂĚŽǁƐ ֜сʹϮ ͙͘;ϭͿ
сϯ 
‫ ܥܦ‬൅ ‫ ܤܥ‬ൌ ͵‫ܤܥ‬
сϮ
/Ĩ‫ ܤܥ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬ĂŶĚ‫ ܥܦ‬ൌ ʹ‫ݔ‬



/Ŷȟ‫ܦܥܤ‬
஽஼ ஽஼
‫݊ܽݐ‬͸Ͳι ൌ ֜ ξ͵ ൌ 
஻஼ ஽஼ିଶ
ξ͵ሺ‫ ܥܦ‬െ ʹሻ ൌ ‫ܥܦ‬
 ξ͵‫ ܥܦ‬െ ʹξ͵ ൌ ‫ܥܦ‬
‫݊ܫ‬ο
୦ ൫ξ͵ െ ͳ൯‫ ܥܦ‬ൌ ʹξ͵
–ƒ ͸Ͳι ൌ ൌ ξ͵ ଶξଷ
௫ с 
Š ൌ ξ͵‫ݔ‬ ξଷିଵ

ο
Š ξ͵‫ݔ‬ ͳ ϭϬ͘ The length of the shadow of a tree is ૚૙ξ૜ m, when the
–ƒ Ʌ ൌ ൌ ൌ  angle of elevation of the sun is ૟૙ι. What is the length of
͵‫ݔ‬ ͵‫ݔ‬ ξ͵
ଵ the shadow of the tree when the angle of elevation of
‫ ׵‬Ʌ ൌ ૜૙ι ;‫ Ͳ͵݊ܽݐ ׶‬ൌ ሻ
ξଷ the sun is 30ι?
Solution: /Ŷȟ‫ܥܤܣ‬ŝƐƚŚĞŚĞŝŐŚƚŽĨƚƌĞĞ͕ŝƐƚŚĞ
7. In ઢ࡭࡮࡯ǡ ‫ ࡭ס‬ൌ ૢ૙ι࡭ࡰ is perpendicular to BC and ůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚŚĞƐŚĂĚŽǁǁŚĞŶĂŶŐůĞŽĨĞůĞǀĂƚŝŽŶŝƐ͸Ͳι
‫ ࡮ס‬ൌ ૝૞ι. If AB = ࢞ find AD in terms of ࢞. ŶĚŝƐƚŚĞƐŚĂĚŽǁǁŚĞŶĂŶŐůĞŽĨĞůĞǀĂƚŝŽŶŝƐϯϬι
C
/Ŷȟ‫ܥܤܣ‬
஺஻ ௛
–ƒ ͸Ͳι ൌ ֜ ξ͵ ൌ ൌ ݄ ൌ ͵Ͳ݉
஻஼ ଵ଴ξଷ
஺஻
/Ŷȟ‫ܦܤܣ‬ǡ –ƒ ͵Ͳι ൌ ‫ ܤܦ‬ൌ ͵Ͳξ͵ŵ
 ஽஻

11. A man from the top of a 100 m high tower sees a car
45ι
A B moving towards the tower at an angle of depression of
30ι. After sometime the angle of depression becomes
Solution: 60ι. What is the distance (in m) travelled by the car
஺஽
ൌƐŝŶͶͷι during this time?
஺஻
Solution: ŝƐƚŚĞŝŶŝƚŝĂůƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶŽĨĐĂƌ
ଵ ஺஽ ௫ ŝƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶŽĨĐĂƌĂĨƚĞƌƐŽŵĞƚŝŵĞ
ൌ ͕‫ ܦܣ‬ൌ 
ξଶ ௫ ξଶ
ŝƐƚŚĞŚĞŝŐŚƚŽĨƚŚĞƚŽǁĞƌ

8. A kite is flying with a thread 150m long. If the thread
makes an angle of 30ι with horizontal, find the height of
the kite from ground.
Solution: ŝƐƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĂĚĂŶĚŝƐƚŚĞŬŝƚĞ
‫׵‬ŝƐƚŚĞŚĞŝŐŚƚŽĨŬŝƚĞ
஻஼ ଵ ஻஼
‫Ͳ͵݊݅ݏ‬ι ൌ ͕֜ ൌ 
஺஻ ଶ ଵହ଴
ଵହ଴ 
‫ ܥܤ‬ൌ ൌ ͹ͷŵ ஽஼
ଶ /Ŷȟ‫ܦܥܤ‬ǡ –ƒ ͸Ͳι ൌ 
஻஼
‫׵‬,ĞŝŐŚƚŽĨŬŝƚĞŝƐϳϱŵ ଵ଴଴ ଵ଴଴
ξ͵ ൌ ஻஼
֜с
ξଷ

஽஼ ଵ ଵ଴଴ ଵ଴଴
/Ŷȟ‫Ͳ͵ ƒ–͕ܦܥܣ‬ι ൌ ൌ ൌ ൌ 
భబబ
஺஼ ξଷ ஺஻ା஻஼ ஺஻ା
ξయ
ଵ଴଴
н ൌ ͳͲͲξ͵
ξଷ
ଵ଴଴ ଶ଴଴ξଷ
 сͳͲͲξ͵ െ ൌ 
ξଷ ଷ

9. The angles of elevation of Burj Khalifa as observed from
12. A man on the top of a lighthouse observe a boat coming
two consecutive points 2 km apart (lying on the same
towards it. If it takes 10 minutes for the angle of
side and same line) are ૝૞ι and ૟૙ι. The height of Burj
Khalifa is:

WĂŐĞϰ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
 ா஼
depression to change from 30ι to 60ι, how soon will the /Ŷȟ‫ܧܥܤ‬ǡ–ƒ ͸Ͳι ൌ 
஻஼
boat reach the lighthouse?
Solution: ŝƐŝŶŝƚŝĂůƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŽĂƚ ா஽ା஽஼ ௛ା଺଴ ୶ା଺଴
ξ͵ ൌ ௫
с
௫
ൌ
௫

ŝƐƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďŽĂƚĂĨƚĞƌϭϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ
ŝƐƚŽƉŽĨƚŚĞůŝŐŚƚŚŽƵƐĞǁŚĞƌĞŵĂŶŝƐƐŝƚƚŝŶŐ
 ξ͵‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͸Ͳ
஽஼ ௛
/Ŷȟ‫ ƒ–͕ܦܥܤ‬͸Ͳι ൌ ֜ ξ͵ ൌ  ൫ξ͵ െ ͳ൯‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͸Ͳ
஻஼ ஻஼
݄ ൌ ‫ܥܤ‬ξ͵
଺଴ ξଷାଵ
‫ݔ‬ൌ ൈ ൌ ͵Ͳ൫ξ͵ ൅ ͳ൯
ξଷିଵ ξଷାଵ

14. If tan A + sin A = ࢞ and tan A – sin A = ࢟, then ࢞૛ െ ࢟૛ ൌ

Solution: –ƒ ‫ ܣ‬൅ •‹ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫;͙͘ݔ‬ŝͿ
–ƒ ‫ ܣ‬െ •‹ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ݕ‬ ͙͘;ŝŝͿ
 LJĂĚĚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ;ŝͿĂŶĚ;ŝŝͿ
஽஼
/Ŷȟ‫Ͳ͵ ƒ–͕ܦܥܣ‬ι ൌ  ʹ –ƒ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬ ͙͘;ŝŝŝͿ
஺஼

ଵ ௛ ஻஼ξଷ ଵ ஻஼ξଷ LJƐƵďƚƌĂĐƚŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ;ŝŝͿĨƌŽŵ;ŝͿ

ൌ ൌ ֜ ൌ  ʹ •‹ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ ͙͘;ŝǀͿ
ξଷ ஺஻ା஻஼ ஺஻ା஻஼ ξଷ ஺஻ା஻஼

‫ ܤܣ‬൅ ‫ ܥܤ‬ൌ ͵‫ܥܤ‬Žƌ‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ ʹ‫ܥܤ‬ DƵůƚŝƉůLJŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ;ŝŝŝͿďLJ;ŝǀͿ

Ͷ –ƒ ‫ ܣ ‹• ܣ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ  ͙͘;ǀͿ
஺஻
‫ ܥܤ‬ൌ  –ƒଶ ‫ ܣ‬െ •‹ଶ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ‫ݕݔ‬
ଶ

dŝŵĞƚĂŬĞŶƚŽĐŽǀĞƌĂĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŝƐϭϬŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ ࢞૛ ି࢟૛
஺஻ 15. If sin ࣂ ൌ ǡ determine the value of tan ࣂ
࢞૛ ା࢟૛
‫׵‬dŝŵĞƚĂŬĞŶƚŽĐŽǀĞƌĂĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞсቀ ቁŝƐ
ଶ ௫ మ ି௬ మ ௫ మ ା௬ మ
ϱŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ Solution: •‹ ߠ ൌ ֜ĐŽƐĞĐߠ ൌ
௫ మ ା௬ మ ௫ మ ି௬ మ
 ^ƋƵĂƌŝŶŐďŽƚŚƐŝĚĞƐ
ଶ
13. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower as observed ௫ మ ା௬ మ
ܿ‫ ܿ݁ݏ݋‬ଶ ߠ ൌ ቀ ቁ 
from the bottom and top of a building of height 60 m are ௫ మ ି௬ మ
60ι and 45ι respectively. The distance of the base of the ‘– ଶ ߠ ൌ ܿ‫ ߠ ܿ݁ݏ݋‬െ ͳ ଶ
ଶ మ
tower from the base of the building is: ௫ మ ା௬ మ ൫௫ మ ା௬ మ ൯ି൫௫ మ ି௬ మ ൯
‘– ଶ ߠ ൌ ቀ ቁ െͳൌ 
௫ మ ି௬ మ ሺ௫ మ ି௬ మ ሻమ 
Solution: ŝƐƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ͕ŝƐƚŚĞƚŽǁĞƌ ସ௫ మ ௬ మ
ଶ
ссϲϬŵ ‘– ߠ ൌ 
ሺ௫ మ ି௬ మ ሻమ 
͕ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶďƵŝůĚŝŶŐĂŶĚƚŽǁĞƌൌ š ௫ మ ି௬ మ
ଶ
௫ మ ି௬ మ
஽ா ௛ ֜ –ƒଶ ߠ ൌ ቀ ቁ Žƌ–ƒ ߠ ൌ
/Ŷȟ‫ ƒ–͕ܧܦܣ‬Ͷͷι ൌ ͕ͳ ൌ ͕݄ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ ଶ௫௬ ଶ௫௬
஺஽ ௫





PRACTICE QUESTIONS

ଵ
ϭ͘ /ĨƚĂŶсϭĂŶĚƐŝŶс ͕ĨŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ ϰ͘ /ĨƚĂŶϭϱΣсϮെξ͵͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ
ξଶ
ĐŽƐ;нͿǁŚĞƌĞĂŶĚĂƌĞďŽƚŚĂĐƵƚĞĂŶŐůĞƐ͘ ĐŽƚϮϳϱΣŝƐ
ଵ ;ĂͿϳнξ͵  ;ďͿϳെϮξ͵
;ĂͿ    ;ďͿϬ
ଶ
ଵ ;ĐͿϳെϰξ͵  ;ĚͿϳнϰξ͵
;ĐͿ    ;ĚͿϭ 
ξଶ
 ϱ͘ ƚĂŶϵΣпƚĂŶϮϳΣпƚĂŶϲϯΣпƚĂŶϴϭΣс
Ϯ͘ /ĨƐŝŶɅʹĐŽƐɅсϬĂŶĚϬфɅфϵϬΣ͕ĨŝŶĚɅ͘;/ŶĞŐƌĞĞͿ ;ĂͿϰ   ;ďͿϯ
;ĂͿϯϬ   ;ďͿϰϱ ;ĐͿϮ   ;ĚͿϭ
;ĐͿϲϱ   ;ĚͿϲϬ
ଵଵ
ϲ͘ /ĨƐŝŶɅс ͕ƚŚĞŶĐŽƐɅс
ୡ୭ୱସଷι ୱୣୡଷଶι ଵହ
ϯ͘ ǀĂůƵĂƚĞ н  ଶξଶ଺ ଵହξଶ଺
ୡ୭ୱସ଻ι ୡ୭ୱୣୡହ଼ι ;ĂͿ    ;ďͿ 
ଵହ ଶ
;ĂͿϬ   ;ďͿϭ ଵହ ଵଵ
;ĐͿ    ;ĚͿ 
ଵଵ ଵହ
;ĐͿϮ   ;ĚͿϰ



YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϱ
 

ଶ୲ୟ୬ଷ଴ι ϭϴ͘ /ĨƚĂŶ‫ݔ‬сƐŝŶϰϱΣĐŽƐϰϱΣнƐŝŶϯϬΣ͕ƚŚĞŶ‫ݔ‬ŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽ

ϳ͘ &ŝŶĚ 
ଵା୲ୟ୬మ ଷ଴ι
;ĂͿϯϬΣ   ;ďͿϰϱΣ
;ĂͿƐŝŶϲϬΣ  ;ďͿĐŽƐϲϬΣ
;ĐͿϲϬΣ   ;ĚͿϭϱΣ
;ĐͿƚĂŶϲϬΣ  ;ĚͿƐŝŶϯϬΣ

ϭϵ͘ ‘• ଶ ͷιн ‘• ଶ ͳͲιн ‘• ଶ ͳͷιǤ Ǥ Ǥ ǤǤн ‘• ଶ ͺͷιн
ϴ͘ ^ŝŶϮсϮƐŝŶŝƐƚƌƵĞǁŚĞŶс
‘• ଶ ͻͲιŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽ
;ĂͿϬΣ   ;ďͿϯϬΣ ଵଽ
;ĐͿϰϱΣ   ;ĚͿϲϬΣ ;ĂͿϭϬ   ;ďͿ 
ଶ
ଽ ଵ଻
 ;ĐͿ    ;ĚͿ 
ଵ ଵ ଶ ଶ
ϵ͘ 'ŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚ•‹Ƚс ĂŶĚ ‘•Ⱦс ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ;Ƚ 
ଶ ଶ
нȾͿŝƐ ϮϬ͘ /ŶƚŚĞĂĚũŽŝŶŝŶŐĨŝŐƵƌĞ͕ƚŚĞůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨŝƐ
;ĂͿϬΣ   ;ďͿϯϬΣ
;ĐͿϲϬΣ   ;ĚͿϵϬΣ

ϭϬ͘ ϵƐĞĐϮʹϵƚĂŶϮс
;ĂͿϭ   ;ďͿϵ
;ĐͿϴ   ;ĚͿϬ

 ;ĂͿϮξ͵Đŵ  ;ďͿϯξ͵Đŵ
ϭϭ͘ ;ƐĞĐнƚĂŶͿ;ϭʹƐŝŶͿс
;ĐͿϰξ͵Đŵ  ;ĚͿϯĐŵ
;ĂͿƐĞĐ  ;ďͿƐŝŶ

;ĐͿĐŽƐĞĐ  ;ĚͿĐŽƐ
Ϯϭ͘ ƚĂŶϳΣƚĂŶϮϯΣƚĂŶϲϬΣƚĂŶϲϳΣƚĂŶϴϯΣс
 ଵ
ϭϮ͘ tŚŝĐŚŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉŝƐƚƌƵĞ͍ ;ĂͿ    ;ďͿϭ
ξଷ
ୱ୧୬୅ ୱ୧୬୅
;ĂͿ сĐŽƚ  ;ďͿ сƚĂŶ ;ĐͿϬ   ;ĚͿξ͵
ୡ୭ୱୣୡ୅ ୡ୭ୱ୅
ୡ୭ୱ୅ ୡ୭ୱୣୡ୅ 
;ĐͿ сƐĞĐ  ;ĚͿ сĐŽƐ ஠
ୱ୧୬୅ ୱ୧୬୅ ϮϮ͘ /ĨϬ൑Ʌ൑ ĂŶĚƐĞĐϮɅнƚĂŶϮɅсϳ͕ƚŚĞŶɅŝƐ
ଶ
 ହ஠ ஠
ୱ୧୬୅ ሺƒሻ ƌĂĚŝĂŶ  ;ďͿ ƌĂĚŝĂŶ
ϭϯ͘ sĂůƵĞŽĨ нĐŽƐŝƐ ଵଶ
஠
ଷ
஠
୲ୟ୬୅
;ĐͿ ƌĂĚŝĂŶ  ;ĚͿ ƌĂĚŝĂŶ
;ĂͿϮƐĞĐ  ;ďͿƐĞĐ ହ ଺
;ĐͿϮĐŽƐĞĐ  ;ĚͿϮĐŽƐ 
஠ ஘
 Ϯϯ͘ /Ĩ–ƒ ቀ െ ቁсξ͵ǡǀĂůƵĞŽĨĐŽƐɅŝƐ͗
ଶ ଶ
ϭϰ͘ /ĨĐŽƐ;ϰϬΣн‫Ϳݔ‬сƐŝŶϯϬΣ͕ƚŚĞŶ‫ݔ‬ŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽ ଵ
;ĂͿϬ   ;ďͿ 
;ĂͿϮϬΣ   ;ďͿϯϬΣ ξଶ
ଵ
;ĐͿϲϬΣ   ;ĚͿϬΣ ;ĐͿ    ;ĚͿϭ
ଶ
 
ଵ ଵ
ϭϱ͘ /Ĩ•‹ሺ െ ሻс ƒ† ‘•ሺ ൅ ሻс ͕ƚŚĞŶ Ϯϰ͘ tŚŝĐŚŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝƐƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůǀĂůƵĞďƌĂŶĐŚŽĨ
ଶ ଶ
;ĂͿсϲϬΣ͕сϰϱΣ ;ďͿсϯϬΣ͕сϭϱΣ ‘• ିଵ ‫͍ݔ‬
గ గ
;ĐͿсϰϱΣ͕сϭϱΣ ;ĚͿсϲϬΣ͕сϯϬΣ ;ĂͿቂെ ǡ ቃ  ;ďͿሺͲǡ ߨሻ
ଶ ଶ
గ
ୡ୭ୱ଻଴ι ୡ୭ୱହଽι
;ĐͿሾͲǡ ߨሿ  ;ĚͿሺͲǡ ߨሻ െ ቄ ቅ
ଶ
ϭϲ͘ sĂůƵĞŽĨ н െϴ•‹ଶ ͵ͲιŝƐ 
ୱ୧୬ଶ଴ι ୱ୧୬ଷଵι
;ĂͿϭ   ;ďͿʹϭ Ϯϱ͘ dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ
;ĐͿϬ   ;ĚͿϮ ିଵ ଵ
ʹ •‡ ʹ ൅ •‹ିଵ ቀ ቁŝƐ
 ଶ
ଵ ;ĂͿߨȀ͸   ;ďͿͷߨȀ͸
ϭϳ͘ /ĨƐŝŶɅс ĂŶĚɅŝƐĂĐƵƚĞ͕ƚŚĞŶ;ϯĐŽƐɅʹϰĐŽƐϯɅͿŝƐ ;ĐͿ͹ߨȀ͸   ;ĚͿϭ
ଶ
ଵ
;ĂͿϬ   ;ďͿ  
ଶ
ଵ 
;ĐͿ    ;ĚͿʹϭ
଺



 NOTE: For Practice Questions Refer to Online Study Portal


END OF CHAPTER


WĂŐĞϲ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
 Chapter 2
SEQUENCE AND
SERIES 

1. SEQUENCE
Meaning: dŚŝƐĐŚĂƉƚĞƌŝƐĚĞǀŽƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐƚƵĚLJŽĨƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐĂŶĚƐĞƌŝĞƐ͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐĂŶĚ'ĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐ
ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌĂƉƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƐƚŽďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͘dŚĞƚŚĞŽƌLJĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞƵƐĞĚƚŽĨŝŶĚŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ
ĞĂƌŶĞĚ͕ĚĞƉƌĞĐŝĂƚŝŽŶĂĨƚĞƌĂĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨƚŝŵĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůƐƵŵŽŶƌĞĐƵƌƌŝŶŐĚĞƉŽƐŝƚƐ͘

E.g., ϮͿ ϭϱ͕ ϭϯ͕ ϭϭ͕ ϵ͕ ϳ͕ ϱ͕ ϯ͕ ϭ͕Ͳϭ͕ ŝƐ ĂŶ ͘W͘ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ
1) A sequence of even positive integers < 12 is 2, ĂсϭϱΘĚсͲϮŝƐƚŚĞĐŽŵŵŽŶĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͘
4, 6, 8, 10.
2) A sequence of odd positive integers <11 is 1, 3, Explanation:
5, 7, 9. ,ĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ Ă ƚĞƌŵ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞĐĞĚŝŶŐ
ůůƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞĂƌĞĨŝŶŝƚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ͘ ƚĞƌŵŝƐƐĂŵĞƚŚĂƚŝƐĂůǁĂLJƐĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ͘
dŚŝƐĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĐŽŵŵŽŶĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͘
1.1 SERIES EŽǁŝŶŐĞŶĞƌĂůĂŶ͘W͘ƐĞƌŝĞƐĐĂŶďĞǁƌŝƚƚĞŶĂƐ
ܽǡ ܽ ൅ ݀ǡ ܽ ൅ ʹ݀ǡ ܽ ൅ ͵݀ǡ ܽ ൅ Ͷ݀ǡ ǥ ǥ ǥǤ
>Ğƚܽଵ ǡ ܽଶ ܽଷ ͙ďĞƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞƐƵŵĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ ǁŚĞƌĞ ǭ ܽ ͛ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ϭƐƚ ƚĞƌŵ ĂŶĚ ǭ ݀ ͛ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ
ĂƐĂϭнĂϮнĂϯн͙͘ŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƐĞƌŝĞƐ͘ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͘
ƐĞƌŝĞƐŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĨŝŶŝƚĞƐĞƌŝĞƐŝĨŝƚŚĂƐŐŽƚĨŝŶŝƚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨ dŚƵƐͳ‫݉ݎ݁ݐݐݏ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ଵ ሻ  ൌ ܽ ൌ ܽ ൅  ሺͳȂ ͳሻ݀
ƚĞƌŵƐ͘ ʹ݊݀‫݉ݎ݁ݐ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ଶ ሻ  ൌ ܽ ൅ ݀ ൌ ܽ ൅  ሺʹȂ ͳሻ݀
͵‫݉ݎ݁ݐ݀ݎ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ଷ ሻ  ൌ ܽ ൅ ʹ݀ ൌ ܽ ൅  ሺ͵ െ ͳሻ݀
E.g., Ͷ‫݉ݎ݁ݐ݄ݐ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ସ ሻ  ൌ ܽ ൅ ͵݀ ൌ ܽ ൅  ሺͶ െ ͳሻ݀
(i) 1+3+5+7+,… is a series in which 1st term =1, 2nd ݊‫݉ݎ݁ݐ݄ݐ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬௡ ሻ  ൌ ܽ ൅  ሺ݊ െ ͳሻ݀ ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞ Ŷ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ
term=3, and so on. ƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌŵ͘
(ii) 2-4+8-16+,…is also a series in which 1st term =2, hƐŝŶŐƚŚŝƐĨŽƌŵƵůĂǁĞĐĂŶŐĞƚ
2nd term= -4, and So on. ͷͲ‫ ݉ݎ݁ݐ݄ݐ‬ൌ ‫ݐ‬ͷͲ ൌ ܽ ൅  ሺͷͲȂ ͳሻ݀ ൌ ܽ ൅ Ͷͻ݀

Example A:Find the 7th term of the A.P. 8, 5, 2, -1, -4 …….
1.2 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (A.P.) Solution:,ĞƌĞܽ ൌ ͺǡ ݀ ൌ ͷ െ ͺ ൌ  െ͵
EŽǁ‫  ଻ݐ‬ൌ ͺ ൅  ሺ͹ െ ͳሻ݀
Ŷ ĂƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ ;͘W͘Ϳ ŝƐ Ă ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ൌ ͺ ൅  ሺ͹ െ ͳሻሺെ͵ሻ
ƚĞƌŵƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŽƌĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƌĞŐƵůĂƌůLJďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ ൌ ͺ ൅ ͸ሺെ͵ሻ
ǀĂůƵĞ͘ ൌ ͺȂ ͳͺ ൌ  െͳͲ
dŚŝƐ ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ ŝƐ ĐĂůůĞĚ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ͘W͘
hƐƵĂůůLJ͕ ǁĞ ĚĞŶŽƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĨŝƌƐƚ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ͘W͘ ďLJ ͚͕ܽ͛ ƚŚĞ ૜ ૝ ૞ ૚ૠ
Example B: Which term of the AP , , ……...is ?
ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ďLJ ͚݀͛ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ůĂƐƚ ƚĞƌŵ ďLJ ͚‫ ͛͘ܫ‬dŚĞ ξૠ ξૠ ξૠ ξૠ
ଷ ସ ଷ ଵ ଵ଻
ŐĞŶĞƌĂůƚĞƌŵŽƌƚŚĞŶƚŚƚĞƌŵŽĨƚŚĞ͘W͘ŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďLJ Solution:Ăс ͕Ěс Ͳ с ͕ƚŶс 
ξ଻ ξ଻ ξ଻ ξ଻ ξ଻
ଵ଻ ଷ ଵ
ܶ௡ ൌ ܽ ൅ ሺ݊ െ ͳሻ݀ tĞŵĂLJǁƌŝƚĞ с н;ŶͲϭͿൈ Žƌ͕ϭϳсϯн;ŶͲϭͿ
ξ଻ ξ଻ ξ଻
ܽଶ െ ܽଵ ൌ ܽଷ െ ܽଶ 
Žƌ͕ŶсϭϳʹϮсϭϱ
ܽсĨŝƌƐƚƚĞƌŵ ଵ଻
݀сŽŵŵŽŶĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ,ĞŶĐĞ͕ϭϱƚŚƚĞƌŵŽĨƚŚĞ͘W͘ŝƐ ͘
ξ଻
݊сŶŽ͘ŽĨƚĞƌŵ 
E.g.,: Ϯ͕ ϱ͕ ϴ͕ ϭϭ͕ ϭϰ͕ ϭϳ ͙͙͘ ŝƐ ĂŶ ͘W͘ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ Example C: If 5th and 12th terms of an A.P. are 14 and 35
ĂсϮ͕ĚсϯŝƐƚŚĞĐŽŵŵŽŶĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͘ respectively, find the A.P. 

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϳ

Solution: >Ğƚ Ă ďĞ ƚŚĞ ϭƐƚ ƚĞƌŵ Θ Ě ďĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ Solution: dŚŝƐŝƐĂƉƌŽďůĞŵŝŶƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘dŚĞ
ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŽĨ͘W͘ ĨŝƌƐƚƚĞƌŵĂŶĚƚŚĞůĂƐƚƚĞƌŵŝƐŐŝǀĞŶ͘tĞŚĂǀĞƚŽĨŝŶĚƚŚĞ
ƚϱсĂнϰĚсϭϰ ǁŚŽůĞƐƵŵ͘KďǀŝŽƵƐůLJ͕ŚĞƌĞ
ƚϭϮсĂнϭϭĚсϯϱ ݀ ൌ ͳǡ ܽ ൌ ʹͶǡ κ ൌ ͸͘dŽĨŝŶĚŶ͕ǁĞƉƌŽĐĞĞĚĂƐ
KŶƐŽůǀŝŶŐƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞƚǁŽĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ͗ ʹͶ ൅  ሺ݊Ȃ ͳሻሺെͳሻ  ൌ ͸
ϳĚсϮϭсŝ͘Ğ͕͘Ěсϯ ሺ݊Ȃ ͳሻ  ൌ ʹͶȂ ͸ ൌ ͳͺ
ĂŶĚĂсϭϰͲ;ϰΎϯͿсϭϰͲϭϮсϮ ݊ ൌ ͳͻ
௡
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ͘W͘ŝƐϮ͕ϱ͕ϴ͕ϭϭ͕ϭϰ͕͙͙͙͙͘͘ EŽǁܵ௡ ൌ ሺܽ ൅ κሻ
ଶ
ଵଽ
ൌ ሺʹͶ ൅ ͸ሻ ൌ ͳͷ ‫ ͻͳ כ‬ൌ ʹͺͷ͘
ଶ
1.3 SUM OF AN A.P 
 ݊ 1.4 SELECTION OF TERMS IN AN A.P.
 ܵ௡ ൌ ሼʹܽ ൅ ሺ݊ െ ͳሻ݀ሽ
ʹ
 /ŶĐĂƐĞŽĨĂŶŽĚĚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚĞƌŵƐ͕ƚŚĞŵŝĚĚůĞƚĞƌŵŝƐ͚Ă͛
௡
Kƌܵ௡ ൌ ሾܽ ൅ ݈ሿ ĂŶĚĐŽŵŵŽŶĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŝƐ͚Ě͕͛ǁŚŝůĞŝŶĐĂƐĞŽĨĞǀĞŶ
ଶ
Note: dŚĞĂďŽǀĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂŵĂLJďĞƵƐĞĚǁŚĞŶƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƚĞƌŵ ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚĞƌŵƐƚŚĞŵŝĚĚůĞƚĞƌŵƐĂƌĞĂʹĚ͕
Ă͕ĐŽŵŵŽŶĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĚĂŶĚƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĂŶ ĂнĚĂŶĚĐŽŵŵŽŶĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŝƐϮĚ͘^ŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ
͘W͘ĂƌĞŐŝǀĞŶ͘ ĐĂƐĞƐĂƌĞŐŝǀĞŶďĞůŽǁ͘

EƵŵďĞƌ ŽŵŵŽŶ
IMPORTANT FORMULAE  dĞƌŵƐ
ŽĨƚĞƌŵƐ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ

ϯ ĂʹĚ͕Ă͕ĂнĚ Ě
;ŝͿ^ƵŵŽĨϭƐƚŶŶĂƚƵƌĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
 ϰ ĂʹϯĚ͕ĂʹĚ͕ĂнĚ͕ĂнϯĚ ϮĚ
 ݊ሺ݊ ൅ ͳሻ ϱ ĂʹϮĚ͕ĂʹĚ͕Ă͕ĂнĚ͕ĂнϮĚ Ě
ܵൌ 
 ʹ

Example F: Divide 20 into 4 parts which are in arithmetic
;ŝŝͿ^ƵŵŽĨϭƐƚ݊ŽĚĚŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͕^ŽĚĚс ŶϮ progression such that the product of the first and fourth
is to be the product of the second and third in the ratio
;ŝŝŝͿ^ƵŵŽĨƚŚĞƐƋƵĂƌĞƐŽĨƚŚĞϭƐƚ͕݊ŶĂƚƵƌĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐŝƐ 2:3.
Solution: >ĞƚĨŽƵƌƉĂƌƚƐŝŶ͘W͘ďĞ
 n(n  1)(2n  1) ‫ݔ‬Ȃ ͵݀ǡ ‫ݔ‬Ȃ ݀ǡ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ݀ǡ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵݀
6 ^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞŝƌƐƵŵŝƐϮϬ͕ 
 ‫ݔ‬Ȃ ͵݀ ൅ ‫ݔ‬Ȃ ݀ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ݀ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵݀ ൌ ʹͲ݅Ǥ ݁Ǥ ǡ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͷ͘
௡ሺ௡ାଵሻሺଶ௡ାଵሻ
ŝ͘Ğ͘ͳଶ ൅ ʹଶ ൅ ͵ଶ ൅Ǥ Ǥ ൅݊ଶ ൌ ͘ WƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨϭƐƚĂŶĚϰƚŚƉĂƌƚƐŝƐ
଺
ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵݀ሻሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵݀ሻ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͻ݀ ଶ ĂŶĚ
Ɛƚ
^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕ƐƵŵŽĨƚŚĞĐƵďĞƐŽĨϭ ݊ŶĂƚƵƌĂůŶƵŵďĞƌĐĂŶďĞ WƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨϮŶĚĂŶĚϯƌĚƉĂƌƚƐŝƐሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ݀ሻሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ݀ሻ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ݀ ଶ 
௡ሺ௡ାଵሻ ଶ ௫ మ ିଽௗ మ ଶ
ĨŽƵŶĚŽƵƚĂƐቀ ቁ ͘ LJƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶ మ మ ൌ 
ଶ ௫ ିௗ ଷ
 Kƌ͕͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ʹ͹݀ ଶ ൌ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ʹ݀ ଶ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ʹͷ݀ ଶ 
݊ሺ݊ ൅ ͳሻ
ଶ ^ƵďƐƚŝƚƵƚŝŶŐ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͷ͕ǁĞŐĞƚʹͷ ൌ ʹͷ݀ ଶ
ଷ ଷ ଷ ଷ
 ͳ ൅ ʹ ൅ ͵ ൅Ǥ Ǥ ൅݊ ൌ ቆ ʹ
ቇ  ݀ ଶ ൌ ͳ݅Ǥ ݁Ǥ ݀ ൌ േͳ
,ĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƉĂƌƚƐĂƌĞʹǡ Ͷǡ ͸ǡ ͺ‫ݎ݋‬ͺǡ Ͷǡ ͸ǡ ʹǤ

Example D: The third term of an Arithmetic progression 1.5 INSERTION OF ARITHMETIC MEAN
is 7 and its seventh term is 2 more than thrice of its third
term. Find the first term, common difference and the >Ğƚܽǡ ܾďĞƚǁŽŐŝǀĞŶƋƵĂŶƚŝƚŝĞƐĂŶĚ݊ďĞƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨ
sum of first 20 terms of the progression. ĂƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐŵĞĂŶƐƚŽďĞŝŶƐĞƌƚĞĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŵ͘
Solution: >Ğƚ ͚ܽ͛ ďĞ Ă ĨŝƌƐƚ ƚĞƌŵ͕ ĂŶĚ ͚݀͛ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ >Ğƚ‫ܣ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ܣ‬ଷ ǡ ǥ ǡ ‫ܣ‬௡ ďĞƚŚĞ݊ĂƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐŵĞĂŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ W ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶ͕‫ݐ‬ଷ ൌ ͹ ܽĂŶĚܾ͘dŚĞŶܽǡ ‫ܣ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ܣ‬ଷ ǡ ǥ ǡ ‫ܣ‬௡ ǡ ܾĂƌĞŝŶ͘W͘dŚŝƐƐĞƌŝĞƐ
݅Ǥ݁Ǥǡܽ൅ሺ͵ െ ͳሻ݀ ൌ ͹Žƌ͕ĂнϮĚсϳ͙͘;ŝͿ ŚĂƐ;݊ ൅ ʹͿƚĞƌŵƐǁŚŽƐĞĨŝƌƐƚƚĞƌŵŝƐܽĂŶĚƚŚĞůĂƐƚƚĞƌŵ
ĂŶĚ‫ ଻ݐ‬ൌ ʹ ൅ ͵‫ݐ‬ଷ ֜ ʹ ൅ ʹͳ ൌ ʹ͵ ŝƐܾ͘
ܽ ൅ ͸݀ ൌ ʹ͵͙͘͘;ŝŝͿ[ƵƐŝŶŐ;ŝͿ]Žƌ͕;ŝŝͿ 
;ŝŝͿʹ;ŝͿŐŝǀĞƐ͕ϰĚсϭϲŝ͘Ğ͕͘Ěсϰ͘ Example G: Insert 4 Arithmetic Means between 3 and 23.
^ƵďƐƚŝƚƵƚŝŶŐƚŚŝƐǀĂůƵĞŽĨĚ͕ŝŶ;ŝͿ͕ǁĞĨŝŶĚĂсͲϭ͘ Solution: >Ğƚ‫ܣ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ܣ‬ଷ ǡ ‫ܣ‬ସ ďĞƚŚĞĨŽƵƌĂƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐŵĞĂŶƐ
ůƐŽ͕ƐƵŵƚŽϮϬƚĞƌŵƐ͘ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶϯĂŶĚϮϯ
ଶ଴
ܵଶ଴ ൌ ሼʹ ൈ ሺെͳሻ ൅ ሺʹͲ െ ͳሻ ൈ Ͷሽ ‫͵ ׵‬ǡ ‫ܣ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ܣ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ܣ‬ଷ ǡ ‫ܣ‬ସ ǡ ʹ͵ĂƌĞŝŶ͘W͘ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐϲƚĞƌŵƐǁŚŽƐĞ
ଶ
ൌ ͳͲሺെʹ ൅ ͹͸ሻ ൌ ͳͲ ൈ ͹Ͷ ൌ ͹ͶͲ ĨŝƌƐƚƚĞƌŵŝƐϯĂŶĚůĂƐƚƚĞƌŵŝƐϮϯ͘
ŝ͘Ğ͕ܶ͘଺ ൌ ܽ ൅ ͷ݀ ൌ ʹ͵͕
Example E:A pile of bricks is stacked so that there are 24 tŚĞƌĞ݀ŝƐƚŚĞĐŽŵŵŽŶĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞĂŶĚܽƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƚĞƌŵ͘
bricks in the bottom layer and each successive layer Kƌ͵ ൅ ͷ݀ ൌ ʹ͵ ֜ ݀ ൌ ͶǤ
contains one brick less. The top layer contains 6 bricks. ‫ܣ ׵‬ଵ ൌ ܶଶ ൌ ܽ ൅ ݀ ൌ ͵ ൅ Ͷ ൌ ͹Ǣ
How many bricks are there in the whole pile. ‫ܣ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݐ‬ଷ ൌ ܽ ൅ ʹ݀ ൌ ͵ ൅ ͺ ൌ ͳͳǢ
‫ܣ‬ଷ ൌ ܶସ ൌ ܽ ൅ ͵݀ ൌ ͵ ൅ ͳʹ ൌ ͳͷ͖
WĂŐĞϴ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ

‫ܣ‬ସ ൌ ܶହ ൌ ܽ ൅ Ͷ݀ ൌ ͵ ൅ ͳ͸ ൌ ͳͻǢ ƚŚƵƐϭƐƚ'͘DсϭͬϵΎϯсϭͬϯ
,ĞŶĐĞϳ͕ϭϭ͕ϭϱ͕ϭϵĂƌĞƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĨŽƵƌĂƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐ ϮŶĚ'͘DсϭͬϯΎϯсϭ
ŵĞĂŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶϯĂŶĚϮϯ͘ ϯƌĚ'͘DсϭΎϯсϯ
 
2.1 GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (G.P.) Example K:Find the G.P where 4th term is 8 and 8th term
is 128/625
 ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ ŝƐ ƐĂŝĚ ƚŽ ďĞ Ă ŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ͕ ŝĨ ƚŚĞ Solution:ůĞƚĂďĞƚŚĞϭƐƚƚĞƌŵĂŶĚƌďĞƚŚĞĐŽŵŵŽŶƌĂƚŝŽ͘
ƌĂƚŝŽ ŽĨ ĂŶLJ ƚĞƌŵ ƚŽ ŝƚƐ ƉƌĞĐĞĚŝŶŐ ƚĞƌŵ ŝƐ ƐĂŵĞ LJƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƚϰсϴĂŶĚƚϴсϭϮϴͬϲϮϱ
ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ͘ dŚŝƐ ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ ĨĂĐƚŽƌ ŝƐ ĐĂůůĞĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ଶళ
^ŽĂƌϯсϴсϮϯĂŶĚĂƌϳсϭϮϴͬϲϮϱс ర 
ହ
ƌĂƚŝŽ͘hƐƵĂůůLJ͕ǁĞĚĞŶŽƚĞƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚƚĞƌŵŽĨĂ'͘W͘ďLJ͚Ă͛ĂŶĚ ଵଶ଼
dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞĂƌϳͬĂƌϯс схƌϰсϭϲͬϲϮϱс;цϮͬϱͿϰсхƌсϮͬϱ
ŝƚƐ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ƌĂƚŝŽŶ ďLJ ͚ƌ͛͘ dŚĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů Žƌ ƚŚĞ ŶƚŚ ƚĞƌŵ ŽĨ ଺ଶହ‫଼כ‬
'͘W͘ŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďLJ͘‫ݐ‬௡ ൌ ܽ‫ ݎ‬௡ିଵ  ŽƌͲϮͬϱ
E.g., EŽǁĂƌϯсϴ֜ĂΎ;ϮͬϱͿϯсϴсхĂсϭϮϱ
ଶ
;ŝͿ/Ŷϱ͕ϭϱ͕ϰϱ͕ϭϯϱ͙͘ŽŵŵŽŶƌĂƚŝŽŝƐϭϱͬϱсϯ dŚƵƐƚŚĞ'͘WŝƐϭϮϱ͕ϱϬ͕ϮϬ͕ϴ͕ϭϲͬϱ͕͙͙͘&Žƌƌс 
ହ
൫ଵൗ ൯
;ŝŝͿϭ͕ͳൗʹ͕ͳൗͶ͕ͳൗͺ͕͙͘ŽŵŵŽŶƌĂƚŝŽŝƐ ଶ ൌ 
ଵ tŚĞŶ ƌ сͲϮͬϱ͕ Ăс ͲϭϮϱ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ '͘W ŝƐ ͲϭϮϱ͕ ϱϬ͕ ͲϮϬ͕ ϴ͕ Ͳ
ଵ ଶ
ϭϲͬϱ͕͙͙͘͘
;ŝŝŝͿ/ŶϮ͕Ͳϲ͕ϭϴ͕Ͳϱϰ͙͘͘ĐŽŵŵŽŶƌĂƚŝŽŝƐ;ͲϲͿͬϮсͲϯ


Example L: Find the geometric mean between 3 and 27
Example H:which term of progression 1, 2, 4, 8…. Is 256?
Solution: ,ĞƌĞĂсϯ͕ďсϮϳ͘
Solution:Ăсϭ͕ƌсϮͬϭсϮ͕Ŷс͍͕ƚŶсϮϱϲ
‫׶‬ƚŶсĂƌŶͲϭ dŚĞŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐŵĞĂŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂĂŶĚďŝƐ ab 
ŽƌϮϱϲсϭΎϮŶͲϭŝ͘Ğ͕͘ϮϴсϮŶͲϭŽƌ͕ŶͲϭсϴŝ͘Ğ͕͘Ŷсϵ
dŚƵƐϵƚŚƚĞƌŵŽĨƚŚĞ'͘W͘ŝƐϮϱϲ  dŚĞŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐŵĞĂŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶϯĂŶĚϮϳŝƐ 3*27 9 

2.2 SUM OF A G.P. 3. SUM OF INFINITE GEOMETRIC
 SERIES
^ŶсĂ;ϭͲƌŶͿͬ;ϭͲƌͿǁŚĞŶƌфϭ
^ŶсĂ;ƌŶͲϭͿͬ;ƌͲϭͿǁŚĞŶƌхϭ dŚƵƐ
 ܽ
Example I:Find the sum of 1+ 2+ 4+ 8+….. to 8 term.,  ‫ݏ‬ஶ  ൌ ǡ ȁ‫ݎ‬ȁ ൏ ͳ
ଶ ͳെ‫ݎ‬
Solution:,ĞƌĞܽ ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ݎ‬ൌ ൌ ʹǡ ݊ ൌ ͺ
ଵ
>Ğƚ‫ ݏ‬ൌ ͳ ൅ ʹ ൅ Ͷ ൅ ͺ ൅ ‫݋ݐ ڮ‬ͺƚĞƌŵ Example M: Find the sum to n terms of the series
 сϭ;ϮϴͲϭͿͬ;ϮͲϭͿсϮϴͲϭсϮϱϱ  3+33+333+…………………………
 Solution:>ĞƚƐĚĞŶŽƚĞƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƐƵŵ͘
2.3 SELECTION OF TERMS IN G.P. /͘Ğ͘ ^Ŷсϯнϯϯнϯϯϯн͙͙͙͙͘͘ƚŽŶƚĞƌŵƐ
 сϯ;ϭнϭϭнϭϭϭн͙͙͙͘͘ƚŽŶƚĞƌŵƐͿ
Number of Terms Common ଷ
 с ;ϵнϵϵнϵϵϵн͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ƚŽŶƚĞƌŵƐͿ
ଽ
terms ratio ଷ
ܽ с ΂;ϭϬͲϭͿн;ϭϬϮͲϭͿн;ϭϬϯͲϭͿн͙͙͘н ;ϭϬŶͲϭͿ΃
ϯ ǡ ܽǡ ܽ‫ݎ‬ ƌ ଽ
ଷ
‫ݎ‬  с ΂;ϭϬнϭϬϮнϭϬϯн͙͙͘͘нϭϬŶͿͲŶ΃
ϰ ܽ ܽ ƌϮ ଽ
ǡ ǡ ܽ‫ݎ‬ǡ ܽ‫ ݎ‬ଷ   с ቂ
ଷ ଵ଴ሺଵ଴೙ ିଵሻ
െ ݊ቃ
‫ݎ‬ଷ ‫ݎ‬ ଽ ଵ଴ିଵ
ϱ ܽ ܽ ƌ ଷ
ǡ ǡ ܽǡ ܽ‫ݎ‬ǡ ܽ‫ ݎ‬ଶ   с ;ϭϬ െϭϬͲϵŶͿ
Ŷнϭ
‫ݎ‬ଶ ‫ݎ‬ ଼ଵ
ଵ
 с ;ϭϬŶнϭെϵŶെϭϬͿ
ଶ଻

2.4 INSERTION OF GEOMETRIC MEAN
4. CONCEPT OF ARITHMETIC
/ĨĂ͕ď͕ĐĂƌĞŝŶ'͘WǁĞŐĞƚďͬĂсĐͬď֜ďϮсĂĐ͕ďŝƐĐĂůůĞĚ
ƚŚĞŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐŵĞĂŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂĂŶĚĐ
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE
ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ
/ĨŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐŵĞĂŶƐĂƌĞŝŶƐĞƌƚĞĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂĂŶĚď͕ƚŚĞŶ ܽǡ ሺܽ ൅ ݀ሻ‫ݎ‬ǡ ሺܽ ൅ ʹ݀ሻ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ǡ ሺܽ ൅ ͵݀ሻ‫ ݎ‬ଷ ǡ ǥ
ܽǡ ‫ܩ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ܩ‬ଶ ǡ ǥ Ǥ ‫ܩ‬௡ ͕ďĨŽƌŵĂ'W͕dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚĞƌŵƐŝŶƚŚŝƐ dŚŝƐ ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ ŝƐ ŶĞŝƚŚĞƌ ĂŶ ͘W͘ ŶŽƌ Ă '͘W͘ ďƵƚ ŝƚ ŐŝǀĞƐ
ĐĂƐĞǁŽƵůĚďĞ݊ ൅ ʹ͕ǁŚĞƌĞܽଵ ൌ ܽ‫ݎ‬ଵ  ƚŚĞůŽŽŬŽĨďŽƚŚĂŶ͘W͘ĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĂ'͘W͘/ĨǁĞŽǀĞƌůŽŽŬ
ܽଶ ൌ ܽ‫ ݎ‬ଶ  ݀ǡ ʹ݀ǡ ǥĞƚĐ͕ƚŚĞŶŝƚŝƐĂ'͘W͘ĂŶĚŝĨǁĞŽǀĞƌůŽŽŬ‫ݎ‬ǡ ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ǡ ǥǡ
ܾ ൌ ܽ‫ ݎ‬௡ାଵ  ƚŚĞŶŝƚŝƐĂŶ͘W͘dŚĞƐĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐĂƌĞŬŶŽǁŶĂƐ
ĂƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐŽͲŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ͘
Example J:Insert 3 geometric means between 1/9 and 9. 
Solution: ϭͬϵ͕'ϭ͕'Ϯ͕'ϯ͕ϵ
Example N: Sum of the series ૚ ൅ ૜࢞ ൅ ૞࢞૛ ൅ ૠ࢞૜ ൅ ‫ڮ‬
Ăсϭͬϵ͕ŶсϮнϯсϱ͕ƚŶсϵ
to࢔terms
΀ŶсŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚĞƌŵƐ΁
Solution: dŚĞŐŝǀĞŶƐĞƌŝĞƐŝƐĂŶĂƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐͲŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐ
ǁĞŬŶŽǁƚŶсĂƌŶͲϭ
௥ర
ƐĞƌŝĞƐǁŚŽƐĞĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐ͘W͘ĂŶĚ'͘W͘ĂƌĞϭ͕ϯ͕ϱ͕ϳ͕͙
ŽƌϭͬϵΎƌϱͲϭсϵс 
ଽ
ĂŶĚϭ͕‫ ݔ͕ݔ‬ଶ ǡ͙ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͘
Žƌƌϰсϴϭсϯϰсхƌсϯ dŚĞ݊‫݄ݐ‬ƚĞƌŵŽĨ͘W͘ŝƐሾͳ ൅ ሺ݊ െ ͳሻ ‫ʹ כ‬ሿ ൌ ሺʹ݊ െ ͳሻǢ

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϵ
 
dŚĞ݊‫݄ݐ‬ƚĞƌŵŽĨ'͘W͘ŝƐሾͳ ‫ ݔ כ‬௡ିଵ ሿ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬௡ିଵ  the end of which his total savings will be a perfect
^Ž͕ƚŚĞ݊‫݄ݐ‬ƚĞƌŵŽĨƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶƐĞƌŝĞƐŝƐ square.
ሺʹ݊ െ ͳሻ‫ ݔ‬௡ିଵ  Solution: ݊;݊ н ϭͿͬϮ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĂƉĞƌĨĞĐƚ ƐƋƵĂƌĞ͘ dŚĞ ĨŝƌƐƚ
>Ğƚ‫ݏ‬௡ ĚĞŶŽƚĞƚŚĞƐƵŵŽĨ݊ƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶƐĞƌŝĞƐ͘ ǀĂůƵĞ ŽĨ݊ ǁŚĞŶ ƚŚŝƐ ŽĐĐƵƌƐ ǁŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĨŽƌ݊ с ϴ͘ dŚƵƐ͕ ŽŶ
dŚĞŶ͕
ƚŚĞϴƚŚŽĨDĂƌĐŚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶǁŽƵůĚĐŽŵĞƚƌƵĞ͘
ܵ௡ ൌ ͳ ൅ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬൅ ሺʹ݊ െ ͵ሻ‫ ݔ‬௡ିଶ ൅
ሺʹ݊ െ ͳሻ‫ ݔ‬௡ିଵ   ͙;ŝͿ 
DƵůƚŝƉůLJŝŶŐďŽƚŚƐŝĚĞƐďLJ‫͕ݔ‬ǁĞŐĞƚ 3. A man arranges to pay off a debt of Rs.3,600 in 40 annual
‫ܵݔ‬௡ ൌ ͳ ൅ ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬Ǥ ൅ሺʹ݊ െ ͵ሻ‫ ݔ‬௡ିଵ ൅ instalments which form an AP. When 30 of the
ሺʹ݊ െ ͳሻ‫ ݔ‬௡   ͙͘;ŝŝͿ instalments are paid, he dies leaving one-third of the
^ƵďƚƌĂĐƚŝŶŐ;ŝŝͿĨƌŽŵ;ŝͿ debt unpaid. Find the value of the first instalment.
ܵ௡ െ ‫ܵݔ‬௡ ൌ ͳ ൅ ሾʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݔ‬௡ିଵ ሿ െ Solution: ^Ƶŵ ŽĨ ϰϬ ŝŶƐƚĂůŵĞŶƚƐ с SϰϬ с ϯϲϬϬ с ϮϬ ;Ϯa н
ሺʹ݊ െ ͳሻ‫ ݔ‬௡  ϯϵdͿŽƌϮa нϯϵd сϭϴϬ͘͘͘;ϭͿ
ଵି௫ ೙షభ
֜ܵ௡ ሺͳ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ͳ ൅ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ቀ ቁ െ ሺʹ݊ െ ͳሻ‫ ݔ‬௡  ^ƵŵŽĨϯϬŝŶƐƚĂůŵĞŶƚƐсSϯϬсϮϰϬϬсϭϱ;Ϯa нϮϵdͿŽƌϮa н
ଵି௫
ଵ ሺଵି௫ ೙షభ ሻ ሺଶ௡ିଵሻ௫ ೙ Ϯϵd сϭϲϬ͘͘͘;ϮͿ
֜ ܵ௡ ൌ ൅ ʹ‫ݔ‬ ሺଵି௫ሻమ
െ 
ଵି௫ ଵି௫ &ƌŽŵ;ϭͿĂŶĚ;ϮͿ͕ǁĞŐĞƚa сϱϭĂŶĚd сϮ
 dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨĨŝƌƐƚŝŶƐƚĂůŵĞŶƚсZƐ͘ϱϭ͘
5. SOME SPECIAL SEQUENCES 
4. A number 15 is divided into three parts which are in AP
dŚŝƐ ƌĞůĂƚĞƐ ƚŽ ƐƵŵ ƚŽ Ŷ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ƐŽŵĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƉĞĐŝĂů and the sum of their squares is 83. Find the smallest
ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐǀŝnj͘ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͕ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ number.
ŽĨ ƐƋƵĂƌĞ ŽĨ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͕ ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ ŽĨ ĐƵďĞƐ ŽĨ Solution: dŚĞƚŚƌĞĞƉĂƌƚƐĂƌĞϯ͕ϱĂŶĚϳƐŝŶĐĞ͵ଶ нͷଶ н͹ଶ 
ŶĂƚƵƌĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐĞƚĐ͘
с ϴϯ͘ ^ŝŶĐĞ͕ ǁĞ ǁĂŶƚ ƚŚĞ ƐŵĂůůĞƐƚ ŶƵŵďĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ĂŶƐǁĞƌ
ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐͳǤʹ ൅ ʹǤ͵ ൅ ͵ǤͶ ǥ ݊ƚĞƌŵƐ
ܶ௡ ൌ ݊ሺ݊ ൅ ͳሻ ǁŽƵůĚďĞϯ͘
ܵ௡ ൌ ȭܶ௡ ൌ ȭ݊ଶ ൅ ȭ݊ 
 5. What is the sum of all the two-digit numbers which
Example O: Find the sum of n terms of the series when divided by 7 gives a remainder of 3?
૚Ǥ ૛૛ ൅ ૛Ǥ ૜૛ ൅ ૜Ǥ ૝૛ ൅ ‫ڮ‬ Solution: dŚŝƐƐĞƌŝĞƐŝƐůŝŬĞ՜ϭϬ͕ϭϳ͕ϯϭ͕͘͘͘͘͘ϵϰ͘
Solution: >Ğƚܶ௡ ďĞƚŚĞnthƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶƐĞƌŝĞƐ͘ ,ĞƌĞŶ сϭϯ͕Ě сϳĂŶĚĂ сϭϬ
dŚĞŶ͕ hƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌƚŚĞƐƵŵ
ܶ௡ ൌ ሺ݊‫݄ݐ‬ƚĞƌŵŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞĨŽƌŵĞĚďLJĨŝƌƐƚĚŝŐŝƚƐŝŶ ୬
ܵŶс ΀ϮĂн;ŶͲϮͿĚ΁͕ƐƵŵсϲϳϲ
ĞĂĐŚƚĞƌŵͿൈ;ŶƚŚƚĞƌŵŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞĨŽƌŵĞĚďLJ ଶ
ůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞůLJ͕ƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞŵĞƚŚŽĚ͕
ƐĞĐŽŶĚĚŝŐŝƚƐŝŶĞĂĐŚƚŝŵĞͿ
ĂǀĞƌĂŐĞс;ϭƐƚŶƵŵďĞƌнůĂƐƚŶƵŵďĞƌͿͬϮ
с;ŶƚŚƚĞƌŵŽĨϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ͕͙Ϳൈ;ŶƚŚƚĞƌŵŽĨʹଶ ǡ ͵ଶ ǡ Ͷଶ ǥͿ ଵ଴ାଽସ
с݊ሺ݊ ൅ ͳሻଶ ൌ ݊ଷ ൅ ʹ݊ଶ ൅ ݊ ǀĞƌĂŐĞс сϱϮ
ଶ
>Ğƚܵ௡ ĚĞŶŽƚĞƚŚĞƐƵŵƚŽŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶƐĞƌŝĞƐ͘ ^Ž͕ƚŚĞƐƵŵсĂǀĞƌĂŐĞпŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
dŚĞŶ͕ сϱϮпϭϯсϲϳϲ͘
ܵ௡ ൌ  σ௡௞ୀଵ ܶ௞ ൌ σ௡௞ୀଵሺ݇ ଷ ൅ ʹ݇ ଶ ൅ ݇ሻ 
ൌ σ௡௞ୀଵ ݇ ଷ ൅ ʹ σ௡௞ୀଵ ݇ ଶ ൅ σ௡௞ୀଵ ݇  6. If the ࢓th term of an AP is 1/࢔ and ࢔th term is 1/࢓,
௡ሺ௡ାଵሻ ଶ ௡ሺ௡ାଵሻሺଶ௡ାଵሻ ௡ሺ௡ାଵሻ then find the sum to ࢓࢔ terms.
ൌቄ ቅ ൅ ʹ ቄ ቅ൅ቄ ቅ
ଶ ଺ ଶ (a) (mn – 1)/4 (b) (mn + 1)/4
௡ሺ௡ାଵሻ ௡ሺ௡ାଵሻ ଶ
ൌ ቄ ൅ ሺʹ݊ ൅ ͳሻ ൅ ͳቅ (c) (mn + 1)/2 (d) (mn –1)/2
ଶ ଶ ଷ
௡ሺ௡ାଵሻ ൛ଷ௡మ ାଷ௡ା଼௡ାସା଺ൟ Solution: dŚĞ͘W͘ǁŝůůďĞĐŽŵĞ͗ϭͬϲ͕ϭͬϯ͕ϭͬϮ͕Ϯͬϯ͕ϱͬϲ͕ϭ
ൌ 
ଶ ଺ ŽƌŝŶĚĞĐŝŵĂůƚĞƌŵƐ͕Ϭ͘ϭϲϲ͕Ϭ͘ϯϯϯ͕Ϭ͘ϱ͕Ϭ͘ϲϲϲ͕Ϭ͘ϴϯϯ͕ϭ
௡ሺ௡ାଵሻ ଷ௡మ ାଵଵ௡ାଵ଴
ൌ ቄ ቅ ^ƵŵƚŽϲƚĞƌŵƐсϯ͘ϱ
ଶ ଺
௡ሺ௡ାଵሻሺ௡ାଶሻሺଷ௡ାହሻ ŚĞĐŬ ƚŚĞ ŽƉƚŝŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ŵ с Ϯ ĂŶĚ Ŷ с ϯ͘ KŶůLJ ŽƉƚŝŽŶ ;ĐͿ
ൌ  ŐŝǀĞƐϯ͘ϱ͘
ଵଶ
 
More Solved Examples 7. Find the value of 1– 2 – 3 + 2 – 3 – 4 + ... + upto 100
terms.
1. Find the sum of all numbers in between 10–50 excluding
Solution: dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚϭϬϬƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞƌŝĞƐĐĂŶďĞǀŝĞǁĞĚ
all those numbers which are divisible by 8. ( include 10
ĂƐ͗;ϭʹϮʹϯͿн;ϮʹϯʹϰͿн͘͘͘͘н;ϯϯʹϯϰʹϯϱͿнϯϰ͘dŚĞ
and 50 for counting.) ĨŝƌƐƚ ϯϯ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂďŽǀĞ ƐĞƌŝĞƐ ;ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĚ ŝŶƐŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ
Solution: dŚĞĂŶƐǁĞƌǁŝůůďĞŐŝǀĞŶďLJ͗ ďƌĂĐŬĞƚƐͿǁŝůůŐŝǀĞĂŶ͘W͗ʹϰ͕ʹϱ͕ʹϲ͘͘͘ʹϯϲ
΀ϭϬнϭϭнϭϮн͘͘͘͘͘͘͘нϱϬ΁ʹ΀ϭϲнϮϰн͘͘͘нϰϴ΁ ^ƵŵŽĨƚŚŝƐ͘W͘сϯϯпʹϮϬсʹϲϲϬ
сϰϭпϯϬʹϯϮпϱ ŶƐǁĞƌсʹϲϲϬнϯϰсʹϲϮϲ͘
сϭϮϯϬʹϭϲϬсϭϬϳϬ͘ 
 8. There are 4 terms in an A.P. such that the sum of two
2. On March 1st 2016, Sherry saved Re.1. Everyday starting means is 110 and product of their extremes is 2125. The
from March 2nd 2016, he save Rs.1 more than the 3rd term is
previous day. Find the first date after March 1st 2016 at

WĂŐĞϭϬ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
 
௡ ଵ ୬
Solution: >ĞƚƚŚĞϰƚĞƌŵƐŝŶ͘WĂƌĞĂʹϯĚ͕ĂʹĚ͕ĂнĚ͕Ăн с݊ െ ሺ  ൅ ͳሻ΀‫׵‬сŶƚŚƚĞƌŵƐ= сϭ΁
ଶ ୬ ୬
ϯĚ͕ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶ ୬ାଵ ଵ
с݊ െ ൌ ;ŶെϭͿ
ଶ ଶ
ĂʹĚнĂнĚсϭϭϬ͘͘͘;ϭͿ

;ĂʹϯĚͿ;ĂнϯĚͿсϮϭϮϱ͘͘͘;ϮͿ
12. If ૚૜ + ૛૜ +..... + ૢ૜ = 2025, then the value of
&ƌŽŵĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ;ϭͿ
ሺ૙Ǥ ૚૚ሻ૜ + ሺ૙Ǥ ૛૛ሻ૜ + ..... + ሺ૙Ǥ ૢૢሻ૜ is close to:
ĂʹĚнĂнĚсϭϭϬ
Solution: ሺͲǤͳͳሻଷ нሺͲǤʹʹሻଷ н͘͘͘нሺͲǤͻͻሻଷ
ϮĂсϭϭϬ֜Ăсϱϱ
сሺͲǤͳͳሻଷ ;ͳଷ нʹଷ н͘͘͘нͻଷ Ϳ
&ƌŽŵĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ;ϮͿ
сϬ͘ϬϬϭϯϯϭпϮϬϮϱсϮ͘ϲϵϱϮϳϱсϮ͘ϲϵϱ͘
;ĂʹϯĚͿ;ĂнϯĚͿсϮϭϮϱ

֜ƒଶ ʹϵ†ଶ сϮϭϮϱ
13. If the sum of the first 2࢔ terms of the AP 2, 5, 8 ....is

9. Each of the series 13 + 15 + 17 +.... and 14 + 17 + 20 + ... equal to the sum of first ࢔ terms of the AP 57, 59, 6 ...,
is continued to 100 terms. Find how many terms are then what is the value of ࢔?
identical between the two series? Solution: dŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶĐĂŶďĞǁƌŝƚƚĞŶĂƐ͗
ଶ୬ ୬
Solution: dŚĞƚǁŽƐĞƌŝĞƐƚŝůůƚŚĞŝƌŚƵŶĚƌĞĚƚŚƚĞƌŵƐĂƌĞϭϯ͕ ΀ϰн;ϮŶെϭͿϯ΁с ΀ϭϭϰн;ŶെϭͿϮ΁
ଶ ଶ
ϭϱ͕ϭϳ͘͘͘͘ϮϭϭĂŶĚϭϰ͕ϭϳ͕ϮϬ͘͘͘ϯϭϭ͘dŚĞĐŽŵŵŽŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨ ‫׵‬Ŷсϭϭ
ƚŚĞƐĞƌŝĞƐǁŽƵůĚďĞŐŝǀĞŶďLJƚŚĞƐĞƌŝĞƐϭϳ͕Ϯϯ͕Ϯϵ͘͘͘͘ϮϬϵ͘ 
14. If the positive real numbers ࢇ, ࢈ and ࢉ are in Arithmetic
dŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƚĞƌŵƐ ŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ƐĞƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ƚĞƌŵƐ
ଵଽଶ
Progression, such that ࢇ࢈ࢉ = 4, then minimum possible
ǁŽƵůĚďĞ  ൅ ͳ ൌ ͵͵Ǥ value of ࢈ is
଺
 Solution: WƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨƚŚƌĞĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͕ܾܽ ĂŶĚܿ ŝŶ͘W͘ŝƐϰ
10. What is the maximum sum of the terms in the arithmetic i.e., ܾܽܿ с ϰ͕ Ă ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ͘ ,ĞŶĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ
progression 25, 24½, 24, ..............? భ మ
ǀĂůƵĞŽĨܾ сሺͶሻయ сሺʹሻయ ͘
Solution: dŚĞ ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵ ƐƵŵ ǁŽƵůĚ ŽĐĐƵƌ ǁŚĞŶ ǁĞ ƚĂŬĞ

ƚŚĞƐƵŵŽĨĂůůƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƌŝĞƐ͘
15. After striking a floor a rubber ball rebounds (7/8)th of
dŚĞ ƐĞƌŝĞƐʹͷǡʹͶǤͷǡʹͶǡʹ͵Ǥͷǡʹ͵ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ǤͳǡͲǤͷǡͲŚĂƐͷͳƚĞƌŵƐ͘
the height from which it has fallen. Find the total
dŚĞƐƵŵŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƌŝĞƐǁŽƵůĚďĞŐŝǀĞŶďLJ͗Ŷ пĂǀĞƌĂŐĞсϱϭ
пϭϮ͘ϱсϲϯϳ͘ϱ͘ distance that it travels before coming to rest, if it is
 gently dropped from a height of 420 meters?
૚ ૛ ૜ Solution: dŚĞƐƵŵŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŝƚƚƌĂǀĞůƐǁŽƵůĚďĞ
11. (1െ ) + (1െ ) + (1െ ) + ……. upto ࢔ terms ?
࢔ ࢔ ࢔
ଵ ଶ ŐŝǀĞŶďLJƚŚĞŝŶĨŝŶŝƚĞƐƵŵŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƌŝĞƐ͗
Solution: 'ŝǀĞŶƐƵŵс;ϭнϭнϭн͘͘͘ƚŽŶ ƚĞƌŵƐͿȂ; н н ଼ ଼
ଷ
୬ ୬ ͶʹͲ ൈ ൅ ͵͸͹Ǥͷ ൈ ൌ ͵͵͸Ͳ ൅ ʹͻͶͲ ൌ ͸͵ͲͲ 
ଵ ଵ
н͙͘͘ƚŽŶƚĞƌŵƐͿ
୬



PRACTICE QUESTIONS

ϭ͘ dŚĞŶĞdžƚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϯ͕ϱ͕ϵ͕ϭϳ͕ϯϯ͘͘͘͘͘ŝƐ͗ ;ĂͿϭϱ   ;ďͿϮϬ
;ĂͿϲϱ   ;ďͿϲϬ ;ĐͿϮϵ   ;ĚͿϰϬ
;ĐͿϱϬ   ;ĚͿϰϵ 
 ϳ͘ ϭнϮнϯн͘͘͘͘͘нϰϵнϱϬнϰϵнϰϴн͘͘͘͘͘͘нϯнϮнϭŝƐĞƋƵĂů
ଵ ଵ ଷ
Ϯ͘ dŚĞŶĞdžƚƚĞƌŵŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ ǡ ͵ ǡ ͸ǡ ͺ ͙͘ŝƐ͗ ƚŽ
ଶ ସ ସ
ଵ ଷ ;ĂͿϭϮϱϬ   ;ďͿϮϱϬϬ
;ĂͿͳͲ    ;ďͿͳͲ 
ସ ସ ;ĐͿϮϱϮϱ   ;ĚͿϱϬϬϬ
ଵ ଵ
;ĐͿͳͳ    ;ĚͿͳͳ  
ସ ଶ
 ϴ͘ dŚĞŶĞdžƚŶƵŵďĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϮ͕ϴ͕ϭϴ͕ϯϮ͕ϱϬ͕͘͘͘͘ŝƐ͗
ϯ͘ &ŝŶĚƚŚĞŵŝƐƐŝŶŐŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ͗ϯ͕ϭϰ͕Ϯϱ͕ϯϲ͕ ;ĂͿϲϴ   ;ďͿϳϮ
ϰϳ͕͍ ;ĐͿϳϲ   ;ĚͿϴϬ
;ĂͿ59   ;ďͿ57 
;ĐͿ56   ;ĚͿ58 ϵ͘ EĞdžƚƚĞƌŵŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϴ͕ϭϮ͕ϵ͕ϭϯ͕ϭϬ͕ϭϰ͕͕͘͘͘͘͘ŝƐ
 ;ĂͿϭϭ   ;ďͿϭϱ
ϰ͘ dŚĞŶĞdžƚƚĞƌŵŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϭ͕Ϯ͕ϱ͕Ϯϲ͕͍ ;ĐͿϭϲ   ;ĚͿϭϳ
;ĂͿϲϳϳ   ;ďͿϰϳ 
;ĐͿϱϬ   ;ĚͿϭϱϮ ϭϬ͘ dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚĞƌŵƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƌŝĞƐϭнϯнϱнϳ͘͘͘нϳϯнϳϱ
 ŝƐ
ϱ͘ dŚĞŵŝƐƐŝŶŐƚĞƌŵŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϬ͕ϯ͕ϴ͕ϭϱ͕Ϯϰ͕͕͕͘͘͘͘ϰϴŝƐ ;ĂͿϮϴ   ;ďͿϯϬ
;ĂͿϯϱ   ;ďͿϯϬ ;ĐͿϯϲ   ;ĚͿϯϴ
;ĐͿϯϲ   ;ĚͿϯϵ 
 ϭϭ͘ /ŶƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨŶƵŵďĞƌϬ͕ϳ͕Ϯϲ͕ϲϯ͕͕͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϭϱ͕ϯϰϮƚŚĞ
ϲ͘ /ŶƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨŶƵŵďĞƌƐϱ͕ϴ͕ϭϱ͕ϮϬ͕Ϯϵ͕ϰϬ͕ϱϯ͕ŽŶĞ ŵŝƐƐŝŶŐƚĞƌŵŝƐ
ŶƵŵďĞƌŝƐǁƌŽŶŐ͘dŚĞǁƌŽŶŐŶƵŵďĞƌŝƐ ;ĂͿϭϭϱ   ;ďͿϭϮϰ

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϭϭ
 
;ĐͿϭϮϱ   ;ĚͿϭϯϱ ;ĐͿϭϮϱ   ;ĚͿϯϰϯ
 
ϭϮ͘ tŚĂƚǁŝůůĐŽŵĞŝŶƚŚĞƉůĂĐĞŽĨƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶͲŵĂƌŬ;͍ͿŝŶƚŚĞ Ϯϰ͘ dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϱϲ͕ϳϮ͕ϵϬ͕ϭϭϬ͕ϭϯϮ͕ϭϱϰ͕
ƐĞƌŝĞƐ͞Ϯ͕ϳ͕ϭϰ͕Ϯϯ͕͍͕ϰϳ͍͟ ĨŽƌŵĂƉĂƚƚĞƌŶ͘tŚŝĐŚŽĨƚŚĞŵŝƐĂŵŝƐĨŝƚŝŶƚŚĞƉĂƚƚĞƌŶ͍
;ĂͿϮϴ   ;ďͿϯϰ ;ĂͿϳϮ   ;ďͿϭϭϬ
;ĐͿϯϭ   ;ĚͿϯϴ ;ĐͿϭϯϮ   ;ĚͿϭϱϰ
 
ϭϯ͘ dŚĞŵŝƐƐŝŶŐŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϬ͕Ϯ͕ϴ͕ϭϴ͕Ͷ͕ϱϬŝƐ͗ Ϯϱ͘ dŚĞǁƌŽŶŐŶƵŵďĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϯ͕ϱ͕ϳ͕ϵ͕ϭϯ͕ϭϳ͕ϭϵŝƐ
;ĂͿϮϴ   ;ďͿϯϬ ;ĂͿϭϳ   ;ďͿϭϯ
;ĐͿϯϮ   ;ĚͿϯϲ ;ĐͿϵ   ;ĚͿϳ
 
ϭϰ͘ dŚĞŶĞdžƚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϮ͕ϱ͕ϭϬ͕ϭϰ͕ϭϴ͕Ϯϯ͕Ϯϲ͕ Ϯϲ͘ dŚĞǁƌŽŶŐŶƵŵďĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϭ͕ϴ͕Ϯϳ͕ϴϰ͕ϭϮϱ͕Ϯϭϲ͕
ϯϮ͕͘͘͘ŝƐ͗ ϯϰϯŝƐ
;ĂͿϯϯ   ;ďͿϯϰ ;ĂͿϭ   ;ďͿϮϳ
;ĐͿϯϲ   ;ĚͿϯϳ ;ĐͿϴϰ   ;ĚͿϮϭϲ
 Ϯϳ͘ dŚĞŶĞdžƚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϱ͕ϭϬ͕ϭϯ͕Ϯϲ͕Ϯϵ͕ϱϴ͕
ϭϱ͘ dŚĞŶĞdžƚƚĞƌŵŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞʹϭ͕ϲ͕Ϯϱ͕ϲϮ͕ϭϮϯ͕Ϯϭϰ͕͘͘͘ ϲϭ͕͘͘͘ŝƐ
ŝƐ ;ĂͿϭϮϮ   ;ďͿϭϮϬ
;ĂͿϯϰϯ   ;ďͿϯϰϮ ;ĐͿϵϯ   ;ĚͿϲϰ
;ĐͿϯϰϭ   ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ 
 Ϯϴ͘ tŚŝĐŚŶƵŵďĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϰϭ͕ϰϯ͕ϰϳ͕ϱϯ͕ϲϭ͕ϳϭ͕ϳϯ͕
ϭϲ͘ dŚĞǁƌŽŶŐƚĞƌŵŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϳ͕Ϯϴ͕ϲϯ͕ϭϮϰ͕Ϯϭϱ͕ϯϰϮ͕ ϴϭŝƐǁƌŽŶŐůLJǁƌŝƚƚĞŶ͍
ϱϭϭŝƐ ;ĂͿϲϭ   ;ďͿϳϭ
;ĂͿϳ   ;ďͿϮϴ ;ĐͿϳϯ   ;ĚͿϴϭ
;ĐͿϭϮϰ   ;ĚͿϮϭϱ 
 Ϯϵ͘ dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϱϮ͕ϱϭ͕ϰϴ͕ϰϯ͕ϯϰ͕Ϯϳ͕ϭϲ
ϭϳ͘ dŚĞƐŝdžƚŚƚĞƌŵŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϭϭ͕ϭϯ͕ϭϳ͕ϭϵ͕Ϯϯ͕ʹ͕ϮϵŝƐ ĨŽƌŵĂƉĂƚƚĞƌŶ͘tŚŝĐŚŽĨƚŚĞŵŝƐŵŝƐĨŝƚŝŶƚŚĞƉĂƚƚĞƌŶ͍
;ĂͿϮϰ   ;ďͿϭϵ ;ĂͿϮϳ   ;ďͿϯϰ
;ĐͿϮϱ   ;ĚͿϮϮ ;ĐͿϰϯ   ;ĚͿϰϴϱ
 
ϭϴ͘ 'ŝǀĞŶďĞůŽǁŝƐĂĨŝŶŝƚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨŶƵŵďĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂŶ ϯϬ͘ dŚĞŶĞdžƚƚĞƌŵŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϭ͕ϵ͕Ϯϴ͕ϲϱ͕ϭϮϲ͕͘͘͘ŝƐ
ƵŶŬŶŽǁŶdž͗Ϭ͕ϭ͕ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ͕ϱ͕ϴ͕ϭϯ͕dž͕ϯϰ͕dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨdžŝƐ ;ĂͿϭϵϵ   ;ďͿϮϬϱ
;ĂͿϮϭ   ;ďͿϮϬ ;ĐͿϮϭϲ   ;ĚͿϮϭϳ
;ĐͿϭϵ   ;ĚͿϭϳ 
 ϯϭ͘ dŚĞǁƌŽŶŐŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϯϲ͕ϴϭ͕ϭϰϰ͕ϮϮϱ͕Ϯϱϲ͕
ϭϵ͘ dŚĞŶĞdžƚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϮ͕ϲ͕ϭϮ͕ϮϬ͕ϯϬ͕ϰϮ͕ϱϲ͕ ϰϰϭŝƐ
ͺͺͺŝƐ ;ĂͿϯϲ   ;ďͿϴϭ
;ĂͿϲϬ   ;ďͿϲϰ ;ĐͿϮϮϱ   ;ĚͿϮϱϲ
;ĐͿϳϬ   ;ĚͿϳϮ 
 ϯϮ͘ dŚĞŶĞdžƚƚĞƌŵŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϮ͕ϯ͕ϲ͕ϳ͕ϭϰ͕͘͘͘͘͘ŝƐ
ଵ ଵ ଵ
ϮϬ͘ dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϮϳ͕ϵ͕ϯ͕͕ ǡ ǡ ŝƐ ;ĂͿϭϱ   ;ďͿϭϳ
ଷ ଽ ଶ଻
;ĂͿϬ   ;ďͿϭ ;ĐͿϭϴ   ;ĚͿϮϬ
;ĐͿʹϭ   ;ĚͿʹϯ 
 ϯϯ͘ dŚĞŶĞdžƚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϯ͕ϳ͕ϭϱ͕ϯϭ͕ϲϯ͕͍ŝƐ
Ϯϭ͘ dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨdžŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϭ͕Ϯ͕ϲ͕Ϯϰ͕džŝƐ ;ĂͿϵϱ   ;ďͿϭϭϭ
;ĂͿϰϲ   ;ďͿϱϲ ;ĐͿϭϮϯ   ;ĚͿϭϮϳ
;ĐͿϵϲ   ;ĚͿϭϮϬ 
 ϯϰ͘ dŚĞǁƌŽŶŐŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϰ͕ϵ͕Ϯϱ͕ϰϵ͕ϭϮϭ͕ϭϰϰ
ϮϮ͘ dŚĞŵŝƐƐŝŶŐƚĞƌŵŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϵ͕ϭϮ͕ϭϭ͕ϭϰ͕ϭϯ͕ͺͺ͕ϭϱ ŝƐ
ŝƐ ;ĂͿϭϰϰ   ;ďͿϭϮϭ
;ĂͿϭϮ   ;ďͿϭϲ ;ĐͿϰϵ   ;ĚͿϰ
;ĐͿϭϬ   ;ĚͿϭϳ 
 ϯϱ͘ dŚĞŶĞdžƚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϬ͕ϯ͕ϴ͕ϭϱ͕Ϯϰ͕ϯϱ͕͘͘͘ŝƐ͗
Ϯϯ͘ tŚŝĐŚŶƵŵďĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞϴ͕Ϯϳ͕ϲϰ͕ϭϬϬ͕ϭϮϱ͕Ϯϭϲ͕ ;ĂͿϰϲ   ;ďͿϰϳ
ϯϰϯŝƐǁƌŽŶŐůLJǁƌŝƚƚĞŶ͍ ;ĐͿϰϴ   ;ĚͿϱϬ
;ĂͿϮϳ   ;ďͿϭϬϬ


NOTE: For Practice Questions Refer to Online Study Portal



END OF CHAPTER


WĂŐĞϭϮ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
 Chapter 3
EQUATIONS & INEQUALITIES


1. QUADRATIC EQUATION
Meaning: dŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƌŵŽĨĂƋƵĂĚƌĂƚŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŝƐĂdžϮнďdžнĐсKǁŚĞƌĞĂ͕ď͕ĐĂƌĞƌĞĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͕Ă്ϬĂŶĚdžŝƐ
ĂǀĂƌŝĂďůĞ͘
For example͗‫ ݔ‬ଶ Ȃ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ ൌ ͲǢ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͹‫ ݔ‬൅ ͸ ൌ Ͳ
 ,ĞƌĞ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƋƵĂĚƌĂƚŝĐƉŽůLJŶŽŵŝĂůĂŶĚ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ ൌ ͲŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƋƵĂĚƌĂƚŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ

2. INEQUALITIES
Meaning: /ŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚŝĞƐĂƌĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚďLJƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐLJŵďŽů͚ф͛ĨŽƌůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶĂŶĚ͚х͛ĨŽƌŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚĂŶ͘&Žƌ
ĞdžĂŵƉůĞdžŝƐƐŵĂůůĞƌƚŚĂŶ͵‫ ݕ‬൅ ͻŽƌLJŝƐůĂƌŐĞƌƚŚĂŶͻ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷ
ĐĂŶďĞǁƌŝƚƚĞŶĂƐ‫ ݔ‬൏ ͵‫ ݕ‬൅ ͻĂŶĚ‫ ݕ‬൐ ͻ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷ

1.1 ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC (i) /Ĩ ܾ ଶ െ Ͷܽܿ ൐ Ͳǡ ;ǁĞ ŐĞƚ ƚǁŽ ĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚ
 ƌĞĂůƌŽŽƚƐͿ 
EQUATION ௕ ඥ௕మ ିସ௔௖ ௕ ඥ௕మ ିସ௔௖
 െ ൅ Ƭെ െ 
ଶ௔ ଶ௔ ଶ௔ ଶ௔
dŚĞ ƌŽŽƚƐ ŽĨ Ă ƋƵĂĚƌĂƚŝĐ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ŽĨ dž͕ 
ǁŚŝĐŚ ƐĂƚŝƐĨLJ ƚŚĞ ŐŝǀĞŶ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ͘  ƋƵĂĚƌĂƚŝĐ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ (ii) /Ĩܾ ଶ െ Ͷܽܿ ൌ Ͳ͕;ǁĞŐĞƚƚǁŽĞƋƵĂůƌŽŽƚƐͿ
ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ŚĂǀĞ ŵŽƌĞ ƚŚĂŶ ƚǁŽ ĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚ ƌŽŽƚƐ͘ ି௕
dŚĞŶ‫ ݔ‬ൌ േ Ͳ
ଶ௔
 ି௕ ି௕
ŝ͘Ğ͕͘‫ ݔ‬ൌ ‫ݎ݋‬ 
1.2 FINDING THE ROOTS OF A ଶ௔ ଶ௔

QUADRATIC EQUATION: ^Ž͕ ƚŚĞ ƌŽŽƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ
ି௕
Ă‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൌ ͲĂƌĞďŽƚŚ ͘
1. LJ ŵĞƚŚŽĚ ŽĨ ĨĂĐƚŽƌŝnjĂƚŝŽŶ ͬLJ ^ƉůŝƚƚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŵŝĚĚůĞ ଶ௔

ƚĞƌŵ
(iii) /Ĩܾ ଶ െ Ͷܽܿ ൏ Ͳ͕ǁĞĚŽŶŽƚŐĞƚƌĞĂůƌŽŽƚƐ;ǁĞŐĞƚ
ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ &ĂĐƚŽƌŝnjĞ
ĐŽŵƉůĞdžƌŽŽƚƐͿ
ƚŚĞ ƚĞƌŵ ͚ܾ͛ ƐƵĐŚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƐƵŵ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚǁŽ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ŝƐ

ĞƋƵĂůƚŽܾĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĞƋƵĂůƐൈ ܿ͘
 Example A:  džϮ ʹ ϴdž н ϭϬ с Ϭ͘ &ŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƌŽŽƚƐ
eg.
 Solution:Ăсϭ͕ďсͲϴ͕ĐсϭϬ
(i) ‫ ݔ‬ଶ Ȃ ͹‫ ݔ‬൅ ͸ ൌ Ͳ
ିሺି଼ሻേඥሺି଼ሻమ ିସ୶ଵ୶ଵ଴
Ăсϭ͕ďсͲϳĂŶĚĐсϲ͖ĂĐсϲ  džс 
ଶ୶ଵ
dŚĞĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽĨͲϳǁŚŽƐĞƐƵŵŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽͲϳĂŶĚ ଼േξ଺ସିସ଴ ଼േξଶସ ଼േଶξ଺
 с с с 
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĞƋƵĂůƐϲĂƌĞെϲĂŶĚെͳǡ ‫ ݋ݏ‬െ ͹‫ݔ‬ĐĂŶďĞ ଶ ଶ ଶ
ଶሺସേඥ଺ሻ
ƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚǁŝƚŚെ͸‫ݔ‬ĂŶĚȂ ‫ݔ‬  с сϰേξ͸
ଶ
 džϮʹdžെϲdžнϲсϬ
 ‫׵‬džсϰнξ͸ŽƌdžсϰͲξ͸
 dž;džͲϭͿͲϲ;džͲϭͿсϬ
 ‫׵‬dŚĞƚǁŽƌŽŽƚƐŽĨdžϮʹϴdžнϭϬĂƌĞ;ϰнξ͸Ϳ
 ;džͲϲͿ;džͲϭͿсϬ
 ֜džсϲ͕ϭ   ĂŶĚ ;ϰͲξ͸Ϳ
 
2. LJƵƐŝŶŐĨŽƌŵƵůĂ͗  Note:dŚĞĨĂĐƚŽƌŝnjĂƚŝŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚŽŶůLJ
ࡰሺࡰ࢏࢙ࢉ࢘࢏࢓࢏࢔ࢇ࢔࢚ሻ ൌ ࢈૛ െ ૝ࢇࢉ 
ŝĨ ƚŚĞ ŵŝĚĚůĞ ƚĞƌŵ ŝƐ ĞĂƐŝůLJ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ ďĞ
dŚĞƚǁŽƌŽŽƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƚŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďLJdž 
ĨĂĐƚŽƌŝnjĞĚ͕ǁŚĞƌĞĂƐƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂĨŽƌƚŚĞƌŽŽƚƐĐĂŶ
ିୠേඥୠమ ିସୟୡ ି௕േξ஽ 
с ൌ ͕  ďĞƵƐĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞĂŶLJĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ͘
ଶୟ ଶ௔

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϭϯ
1.3 RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS AND 2. INTRODUCTION
COEFFICIENTS ŶŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJĂƐƚŚĞŶĂŵĞƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐ͕ŝƐĂƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉƚŚĂƚ
ŝĨƚŚĞƚǁŽƌŽŽƚƐŽĨĂƋƵĂĚƌĂƚŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ ƐƚĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚƚǁŽƋƵĂŶƚŝƚŝĞƐĂƌĞŶŽƚĞƋƵĂů͘
ĂdžϮнďdžнĐсϬĂƌĞߙΘߚ͕ƚŚĞŶ /ŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJĐĂŶďĞĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƐLJŵďŽůƐ͗
^ƵŵŽĨƌŽŽƚƐ ‫ݕ ് ݔ‬ŵĞĂŶƐdžŝƐŶŽƚĞƋƵĂůƚŽLJ
ିୠ େ୭ୣ୤୤୧ୡ୧ୣ୬୲୭୤୶ ‫ ݔ‬൐ ‫ݕ‬ŵĞĂŶƐdžŝƐŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚĂŶLJ
 сߙ нߚс сെ 
ୟ େ୭ୣ୤୤୧ୡ୧ୣ୬୲୭୤୶మ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ‫ݕ‬ŵĞĂŶƐdžŝƐůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶLJ
 WƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨƌŽŽƚƐ ‫ ݔ‬൒ ‫ݕ‬ŵĞĂŶƐdžŝƐŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚĂŶŽƌĞƋƵĂůƚŽLJ͕ŽƌdžŝƐŶŽƚůĞƐƐ
௖ ௖௢௡௦௧௔௡௧௧௘௥௠
сߙ ൈ ߚ ൌ ൌ మ
 ƚŚĂŶLJ
௔ ௖௢௘௙௙௜௖௜௘௡௧௢௙௫
‫ ݔ‬൑ ‫ݕ‬ŵĞĂŶƐdžŝƐůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶŽƌĞƋƵĂůƚŽLJ͕ŽƌdžŝƐŶŽƚŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ
Example B:͘ϮdžϮʹϱdžнϲсϬ ƚŚĂŶLJ
Solution:
ିୠ ହ
^ƵŵŽĨƌŽŽƚƐс с  2.1 INEQUALITIES
ୟ ଶ
ୡ ଺ E.g͕ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚ͞dŚĞƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞ
 WƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨƌŽŽƚƐсߙdžߚс с сϯ
ୟ ଶ ;WͿĂƚĂƚŝŵĞŝŶƐŝĚĞƚŚĞ͚ŝƚLJWůĂnjĂDĂůů͛ƐŚŽƵůĚŶŽƚĞdžĐĞĞĚ
 ϭϱϬϬ͘͟dŚŝƐƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶďĞĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƚŝĐĂůůLJ
ࢉ
Product of roots ൌ ࢻࢼ ൌ ൌ ૚ ĂƐ ൑ ͳͷͲͲ͘
ࢇ
/ĨĐсĂ͕ƚŚĞƌŽŽƚƐĂƌĞƌĞĐŝƉƌŽĐĂůƐŽĨĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ EqualitiesŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐŽĨƚĞŶŐŝǀĞƵƐĞdžĂĐƚǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨ
࢈
Sum of roots ൌ െ ൌ ૙ ƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐďƵƚinequalitiesŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐŽĨƚĞŶ
ࢇ
/Ĩ ď с Ϭ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌŽŽƚƐ ĂƌĞ ĞƋƵĂů ŝŶ ŵĂŐŶŝƚƵĚĞ ďƵƚ ŐŝǀĞĂƌĂŶŐĞŽĨǀĂůƵĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ͘
ŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞŝŶƐŝŐŶ͘ E.g͕ŝĨ͵‫ ݔ‬൐ ͻǡƚŚĞŶ‫ ݔ‬൐ ͵ǡǁŚŝĐŚŵĞĂŶƐĂůůƌĞĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚĂŶϯƐĂƚŝƐĨLJƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶ͘

1.4 NATURE OF THE ROOTS OF A
2.2 PROPERTIES OF INEQUALITIES
QUADRATIC EQUATION dŚĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƚŝĞƐŽĨŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚŝĞƐĂƌĞďĞƚƚĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚŝĨ
ଶ
dŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨƌŽŽƚƐĚĞƉĞŶĚƐŽŶƚŚĞĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂŶƚܾ Ȃ Ͷܽܿ
ŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂƌĞƐƵďƐƚŝƚƵƚĞĚŝŶƉůĂĐĞŽĨǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐ͘/ƚŝƐ
ĨŽƌĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ  ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿсϬ
ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽƚĞƐƚŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚŝĞƐĨŽƌƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ

ŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͘
Equation Condition Nature of 
roots
ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͺ ൌ Ͳ ďϮʹϰĂĐфϬ ŽŵƉůĞdž
2.2A TRANSITIVITY
ĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞͬ &ŽƌƌĞĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂ͕ďĂŶĚĐ͕
ŶŽƌĞĂů /Ĩܽ ൐ ܾĂŶĚܾ ൐ ܿǡƚŚĞŶܽ ൐ ܾ ൐ ܿĂŶĚܽ ൐ ܿ
ƌŽŽƚƐ /Ĩܽ ൏ ܾĂŶĚܾ ൏ ܿǡƚŚĞŶܽ ൏ ܾ ൏ ܿĂŶĚܽ ൏ ܿ
ŶƵŵďĞƌƐ 
͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ Ͷξ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷ ďϮʹϰĂĐсϬ ZĞĂůĂŶĚ 2.2B SUM AND DIFFERENCE
ĞƋƵĂů Example A: If ࢇ ൐ ࢈, then a + c > b + c
ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͸‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ ďϮʹϰĂĐхϬ ZĞĂůĂŶĚ ĂŶĚĂʹĐхďʹĐ
ƵŶĞƋƵĂů Solution:/ĨĂсϭϮ͕ďсϭϬĂŶĚĐсϱ
͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͳͲ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ ďϮʹϰĂĐхϬΘŝƐĂ ZĂƚŝŽŶĂů ĂнĐсϭϳĂŶĚďнĐсϭϱ
ƉĞƌĨĞĐƚƐƋƵĂƌĞ ĂŶĚ ‫ ܽ ׵‬൅ ܿ ൐ ܾ ൅ ܿ
ƵŶĞƋƵĂů ܽ െ ܿ ൌ ͹ĂŶĚܾ െ ܿ ൌ ͷ
͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͳͲ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷ ďϮʹϰĂĐхϬΘŝƐŶŽƚ /ƌƌĂƚŝŽŶĂů ‫ ܽ ׵‬െ ܿ ൐ ܾ െ ܿ
ĂƉĞƌĨĞĐƚƐƋƵĂƌĞ ĂŶĚ 
ƵŶĞƋƵĂů Example B:If ࢇ ൐ ࢈ and ࢉ ൐ ࢊǡ then ࢇ ൅ ࢉ ൐b + d
Solution:/ĨĂнĐсϭϰ͕
 ďнĚсϭϭ
Try to solve the above equation & find out the desired
ĂсϭϮ͕ďсϭϬ͕ĐсϮĂŶĚĚсϭ
results
‫׵‬ĂнĐхďнĚ
/Ĩܽ ൌ ͳʹǡ ܾ ൌ ͳͲǡ ܿ ൌ ͷǡ ݀ ൌ െ͸
1.5 FORMING A QUADRATIC ܽ ൅ ܿ ൌ ͳ͹ǡ ܾ ൅ ݀ ൌ Ͷ
EQUATIONS ‫ ܽ ׵‬൅ ܿ ൐ ܾ ൅ ݀
/Ĩ^ŝƐƚŚĞƐƵŵŽĨƌŽŽƚƐĂŶĚWŝƐƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨŝƚƐƌŽŽƚƐƚŚĞ dŚŝƐƌƵůĞĐĂŶďĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůŝnjĞĚĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ͘
ƋƵĂĚƌĂƚŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŝƐ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ܵ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݌‬ൌ Ͳ ŝĨĂхď͕ĐхĚ͕ĞхĨ͕ĂŶĚƐŽŽŶ͕ƚŚĞŶ
ĂнĐнĞн͙хďнĚнĨн͙
Example C:&ŽƌŵƚŚĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƚŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶǁŚŽƐĞƌŽŽƚƐĂƌĞ 
ϯĂŶĚϰ͘ Note:/ĨĂхďĂŶĚĐхĚ͕ƚŚĞŶĂʹĐхďʹĚŝƐŶŽƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůLJ
Solution: ^ƵŵŽĨƌŽŽƚƐсϯнϰсϳ͘ ƚƌƵĞ͘
WƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨƌŽŽƚƐс͵ ‫ כ‬Ͷ ൌ ͳʹ͘
Required equation is : ࢞૛ െ ሺSum of rootsሻ࢞ ൅ Product 2.2C MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION
of root = 0 ֜ ࢞૛ െ ૠ࢞ ൅ ૚૛ ൌ ૙. Example C: If a > b and c > 0 then ࢇ ‫ ࢉ כ‬൐ ࢈ ‫ ࢉ כ‬and a/c >
b/c

WĂŐĞϭϰ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
Solution: /ĨĂсϭϮ͕ďсϭϬ͕Đсϱ͕ĂĐсϲϬĂŶĚďĐсϱϬ Žƌ‫א ݔ‬ሿܽǡ ܾሾ
‫ ܿܽ ׵‬൐ ܾܿ ;ŝŝͿܽ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ܾ ֞ ‫ א ݔ‬ሾܽǡ ܾሻŽƌ‫ א ݔ‬ሾܽǡ ܾሾ
ĂͬĐсϮ͘ϰĂŶĚďͬĐсϮ ;ŝŝŝͿܽ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ܾ֞ ‫ א ݔ‬ሺܽǡ ܾሿ‫א ݔݎ݋‬ሿܽǡ ܾሿ
‫׵‬ĂͬĐхďͬĐ ;ŝǀͿܽ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ܾ ֞ ‫ א ݔ‬ሾܽǡ ܾሿ
 
Example D: If a > b and c < 0 then ࢇ ‫ ࢉ כ‬൏ ࢈ ‫ ࢉ כ‬and a/c < 2.5 WAVY CURVE
b/c
ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƐŽůǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJ
Solution: /ĨĂсϭϮ͕ďсϭϬ͕ĐсͲϱ
ܽܿ ൌ  െ͸Ͳǡ ܾܿ ൌ  െͷͲ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷሻሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͷሻ ൐ ͲǤdŚŝƐŝƐŽĨƚŚĞƚLJƉĞܽ ‫ ܿ כ ܾ כ‬൐
‫ ܿܽ׵‬൏ ܾܿ ͲǤdŚŝƐŝƐƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŝĨĂůůƚŚƌĞĞŽĨĂ͕ďĂŶĚĐŝƐƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞKZŝĨ
dŚŝƐƌƵůĞĐĂŶďĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůŝnjĞĚĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ͘
ĂͬĐсͲϮ͘ϰĂŶĚďͬĐсͲϮ ŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŝƐƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƚǁŽĂƌĞŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ͘ZĂƚŚĞƌ
/ĨĂ͕ď͕Đ͕Ě͕Ğ͕Ĩ͕͙͙ĂƌĞĂůůƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĂŶĚŝĨ
‫׵‬ĂͬĐфďͬĐ ƚŚĂŶ ƚƌLJŝŶŐ Ăůů ƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚŝĞƐ͕ Ă ƐŝŵƉůĞ ǁĂLJ ĂůƐŽ ĞdžŝƐƚƐ͘
ܽ ൐ ܾǡ ܿ ൐ ݀ǡĞхĨ͕ĂŶĚƐŽŽŶ͕
/ƚĨŽůůŽǁƐƚŚĂƚŝĨĂхď͕ƚŚĞŶʹĂфʹď ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻǁŝůů ďĞ ƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ ŝĨ‫ ݔ‬൐ ʹĂŶĚ ŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ ŝĨ‫ ݔ‬൏ ʹǤ
ƚŚĞŶĂĐĞ͙͘хďĚĨ͙͘
/ĨĂхďĂŶĚĐхĚ͕ĂŶĚĂ͕ď͕Đ͕ĚхϬ͕ƚŚĞŶĂĐхďĚ
^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͶሻǁŝůůďĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞŝĨ‫ ݔ‬൐ െͶĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞŝĨ
/Ĩܽ ൐ ܾĂŶĚܽǡ ܾǡ ݊ ൐ ͲǡƚŚĞŶܽ௡ ൐ ܾ ௡ 
>ĞƚĂсϭϮ͕ďсϭϬ͕ĐсϱĂŶĚĚсϰ
ĂĐсϲϬĂŶĚďĚсϰϬ ‫ ݔ‬൏ െͶ͘ůƐŽ;džʹϱͿǁŝůůďĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞŝĨ‫ ݔ‬൐ ͷĂŶĚŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ
/Ĩܽ ൐ ܾĂŶĚܽǡ ܾǡ ݊ ൐ ͲǡƚŚĞŶܽଵΤ௡ ൐ ܾ ଵΤ௡ 
‫ ܿܽ׵‬൐ ܾ݀ ௡ ௡ ŝĨ‫ ݔ‬൏ ͷ͘
/Ĩܽ ൐ ܾĂŶĚܽǡ ܾǡ ݊ ൐ ͲǡƚŚĞŶͳΤܽ ൏ ͳΤܾ Žƌ
 ି௡ ି௡
ŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞ͕ǁĞǁŝůůŚĂǀĞ
ܽ ൏ܾ 
/Ĩ‫ ݔ‬൐ ͷǡĂůůƚŚƌĞĞሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻǡ ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͶሻĂŶĚሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͷሻǁŝůůďĞ
/ƚĨŽůůŽǁƐƚŚĂƚŝĨĂхď͕ƚŚĞŶϭͬĂфϭͬď
ƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚǁŝůůďĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ͘
Example E: Find the range of solution for x for the in /Ĩʹ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ͷǡ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻĂŶĚሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͶሻǁŝůůƌĞŵĂŝŶƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞďƵƚ
equation ૠ࢞ ൅ ૟ ൏ ૚ૡǤ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͷሻǁŝůůďĞĐŽŵĞŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞĂŶĚŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚǁŝůůďĞ
Solution: ͹‫ ݔ‬൅ ͸ ൏ ͳͺ ŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ͘
‫ ׵‬͹‫ ݔ‬൏ ͳʹ /ĨെͶ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ʹǡŽŶůLJሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͶሻǁŝůůďĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƚǁŽ
‫ ݔ ׵‬൏ ͳʹΤ͹ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻĂŶĚሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͷሻǁŝůůďĞŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ͘dŚƵƐƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ
ůůǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨdžůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶͳʹΤ͹ǁŝůůƐĂƚŝƐĨLJƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶ
ǁŝůůďĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ͘
ŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͘
&ŝŶĂůůLJŝĨ‫ ݔ‬൏ െͶ͕ĂůůƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐǁŝůůďĞŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞĂŶĚƚŚĞ
2.3 INEQUALITIES AND ABSOLUTE ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚǁŝůůĂůƐŽďĞŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ͘
VALUES ^ŝŶĐĞǁĞŶĞĞĚƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƚŽďĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ͕ƚŚĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶǁŝůů
dŚĞabsolute valueŽƌmodulusŽĨĂŶƵŵďĞƌ‫͕ݔ‬ĚĞŶŽƚĞĚ ďĞ‫ ݔ‬൐ ͷŽƌെͶ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ʹ
ďLJͮ‫ͮݔ‬ŝƐĚĞĨŝŶĞĚĂƐŝƚƐĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĨƌŽŵnjĞƌŽŽŶƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌ ZĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶǁƌŝƚŝŶŐĂůůƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞ͕ǁĞĐĂŶƐŝŵƉůLJƉůŽƚƚŚĞ
ůŝŶĞ͘^ŝŶĐĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĐĂŶŶŽƚďĞŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ͕ƚŚĞĂďƐŽůƵƚĞǀĂůƵĞ ƉŽŝŶƚƐǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐǁŝůůĐŚĂŶŐĞƚŚĞƐŝŐŶƐ͕ŽŶĂ
ŽĨĂŶLJŶƵŵďĞƌŝƐĂůǁĂLJƐƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ͘DĂƚŚĞŵĂƚŝĐĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌůŝŶĞĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ͗
ĂďƐŽůƵƚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ‫ݔ‬ŝƐĚĞĨŝŶĞĚĂƐ͕ 
/Ĩȁ‫ݔ‬ȁ  ൏ ‫݌‬ƚŚĞŶƚŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐ‫ ݔ‬൏ ‫݌‬ĂŶĚ‫ ݔ‬൐  െ‫݌‬ǡǁŚŝĐŚ
ĐĂŶďĞǁƌŝƚƚĞŶĂƐȂ ‫ ݌‬൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ‫݌‬ǡĂŶĚĐĂŶďĞƐƚĂƚĞĚĂƐǮ‫ݔ‬ െ  ൅ െ ൅
ůŝĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞƉĂŶĚƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ‫݌‬ǯ͘
/Ĩȁ‫ݔ‬ȁ  ൐ ‫݌‬ǡƚŚĞŶƚŚŝƐĐĂŶďĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĞĚĂƐ‫ ݔ‬൐ ‫ ݔݎ݋݌‬൏  Ͳϰ Ͳϯ ͲϮ Ͳϭ Ϭ ϭ Ϯ ϯ ϰ ϱ
െ‫݌‬ǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞƐƚĂƚĞĚĂƐǮ‫ݔ‬ŝƐĞŝƚŚĞƌŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚĂŶ
ƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ‫݌‬Žƌ‫ݔ‬ŝƐůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ‫݌‬ǯ͘ dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌůŝŶĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂůůƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨ‫ݔ‬ĨƌŽŵെλ

ƚŽ൅λ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝƚŝƐŶŽǁďƌŽŬĞŶŝŶǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƌĞŐŝŽŶƐ͕ĨŽƵƌ
2.4 BRACKETS ƌĞŐŝŽŶƐĨŽƌƚŚŝƐŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͘EŽǁǁĞŚĂǀĞƚŽŝĚĞŶƚŝĨLJƚŚŽƐĞ
tĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƌĂŶŐĞŽƌĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨĂǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨ‫ݔ‬ƚŚĂƚƐĂƚŝƐĨLJƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͕ŶĂŵĞůLJ
ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐďƌĂĐŬĞƚƐ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷሻሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͷሻ ൐ ͲǤ
;֜EŽƚŝŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞŝ͘Ğ͕͘EƵŵďĞƌŝƐŶŽƚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞ &ŽƌƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚŵŽƐƚƌĞŐŝŽŶŝ͘Ğ͕͘‫ ݔ‬൐ ͷ͕ĂůůƚĞƌŵƐǁŝůůďĞ
΀֜/ŶĐůƵƐŝǀĞŝ͘Ğ͕͘EƵŵďĞƌŝƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞ ƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĂŶĚŚĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚǁŝůůďĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ͘&ŽƌƚŚĞ
For example:  ƐĞĐŽŶĚƌĞŐŝŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚ͕ŽŶĞƚĞƌŵǁŝůůƚƵƌŶŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ
ϭ͘;Ϳ‫;ؠ‬ϭ͕ϮͿ֜ϭф‫ݔ‬фϮ ĂŶĚƚŚƵƐƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚǁŝůůďĞŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞŝŶƚŚŝƐƌĂŶŐĞŽĨ‫͘ݔ‬
 ;ĐĂŶďĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚĂƐ;ϭ͕ϮͿ &ŽƌƚŚĞƚŚŝƌĚƌĞŐŝŽŶĨƌŽŵƌŝŐŚƚƐŝĚĞ͕ƚǁŽƚĞƌŵƐǁŝůůƚƵƌŶ
Ϯ͘;΁‫;ؠ‬ϭ͕Ϯ΁֜ϭф‫ݔ‬൑Ϯ ŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞŵĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƌĂŶŐĞŽĨ‫͘ݔ‬
 ;ĐĂŶďĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚĂƐ;ϭ͕ϮͿ ŶĚƐŽŽŶ͘
ϯ͘΀Ϳ‫΀ؠ‬ϭ͕ϮͿ֜ϭ൑ ‫ݔ‬фϮ ሺ࢞ି૛ሻ૛ ሺ૚ି࢞ሻሺ࢞ି૜ሻ૜ ሺ࢞ି૝ሻ૛
Example F: ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ  ൑ ૙. Find the
 ;ĐĂŶďĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚĂƐ;ϭ͕ϮͿ ࢞ା૚
value of ࢞.
ϰ͘΀΁‫΀ؠ‬ϭ͕Ϯ΁֜ϭ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑Ϯ ሺ௫ିଶሻమ ሺଵି௫ሻሺ௫ିଷሻయ ሺ௫ିସሻమ
 ;ĐĂŶďĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚĂƐ;ϭ͕ϮͿ Solution: ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ൑ Ͳ
௫ାଵ
ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻଶ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ሻଶ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ Ͷሻଶ ŝƐĂůǁĂLJƐƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ
Points to Remember Ăƚ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ʹǡ͵ǡͶሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻଶ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ሻଶ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ Ͷሻଶ ŝƐnjĞƌŽ
/Ĩ‫ݔ‬ŝƐĂƌĞĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚ ƐŽdžсϮ͕ϯ͕ϰŝƐĂƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ
;ŝͿܽ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ܾ͕ŝƚŝƐĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽƐĂLJŝŶŐ‫ א ݔ‬ሺܽǡ ܾሻ

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϭϱ
 ሺଵି௫ሻሺ௫ିଷሻ
ŶŽǁĨŽƌ  ൑ Ͳ 6. If ࢻǡ ࢼ are the roots of the equation ࢞૛ ൅ ૠ࢞ ൅ ૚૛ ൌ ૙ǡ
௫ାଵ
ሺ௫ିଵሻሺ௫ିଷሻ then Find the equation whose roots are ሺࢻ ൅ ࢼሻ૛ and
Žƌ  ൒ Ͳ ሺࢻ െ ࢼሻ૛ is
௫ାଵ
Solution: ,ĞƌĞ͕ߙ ൅ ߚ ൌ െ͹ܽ݊݀ߙߚ ൌ ͳʹ
ƌŝƚŝĐĂůƉŽŝŶƚƐĂƌĞെͳǡ ͳǡ ͵ ‫ ׵‬ሺߙ ൅ ߚሻଶ ൅ ሺߙ െ ߚሻଶ 
ൌ ሺߙ ൅ ߚሻଶ ൅ ሺߙ ൅ ߚሻଶ െ Ͷߙߚ
ͲǀĞ  нǀĞ ͲǀĞ нǀĞ ൌ Ͷͻ ൅ Ͷͻ െ Ͷሺͳʹሻ ൌ ͷͲ
ܽ݊݀ሺߙ ൅ ߚሻଶ ሺߙ െ ߚሻଶ 
ൌ ሺߙ ൅ ߚሻଶ ሼሺߙ ൅ ߚሻଶ െ Ͷߙߚሽ
 ൌ ሺെ͹ሻଶ ሼሺെ͹ሻଶ െ Ͷሺͳʹሻሽ ൌ Ͷͻ
 džсͲϭ  džсϭ džсϯ ‡ ‡ሺߙ ൅ ߚሻଶ ǡ ሺߙ െ ߚሻଶ ĂƌĞƚŚĞƌŽŽƚƐŽĨƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ
ƐŽƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶŝƐ;Ͳϭ͕ϭ΁ĂŶĚ΀ϯ͕λͿ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͷͲ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷͻ ൌ Ͳ
ƐŽĨŝŶĂůƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ;Ͳϭ͕ϭ΁ĂŶĚ΀ϯ͕λͿĂŶĚϮ 
*NOTE:െͳĐĂŶ ŶĞǀĞƌ ďĞ ƚŚĞ ƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ ĂƐ ŝƚ ŝƐ Ă ƉŽŝŶƚ 7. Ram and Sham solved a quadratic equation. In solving it,
ǁŚĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŶŽŵŝŶĂƚŽƌ с Ϭ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ Ram made a mistake in the constant term only and got
ĞdžŝƐƚ͘dŚŝƐŝƐƐŚŽǁŶďLJĂŶŽƉĞŶďƵďďůĞĂƚ‫ ݔ‬ൌ െͳ the roots as 8 and 2, while Sham, made a mistake in the
 coefficient of ࢞ only and obtained – 9 and – 1 as roots.
More Solved Examples Find the correct roots of the equation
1. If ࢻǡ ࢼ are the roots of the equation ૜࢞૛ ൅ ૝࢞ ൅ ૠ ൌ ૙ǡ Solution: SƵŵŽĨƚŚĞƌŽŽƚƐсϴнϮсϭϬĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨƚŚĞ
૚ ૚
then the value of ൅ is ƌŽŽƚƐс;ͲϵͿ;ͲϭͿсϵ͘
ࢻ ࢼ
Solution: hƐŝŶŐƐƵŵŽĨƌŽŽƚƐĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨƌŽŽƚƐ ,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŝƐ
ଵ ଵ ఈାఉ ቀି ቁ
ర
ସ
‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͳͲ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͻ ൌ Ͳ
 ൅ ൌ ൌ ళ
య
ൌെ  ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳǡͻ 
ఈ ఉ ఈఉ ቀ ቁ ଻
య
 
2. For what value of ࢖, the difference of the roots of the ϴ͘ For what value of ǡ ሺͶ െ ݇ሻ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ሺʹ݇ ൅ Ͷሻ‫ ݔ‬൅ ሺͺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ ൌ
equation ࢞૛ െ ࢖࢞ ൅ ૡ ൌ ૙ is 2? Ͳ , is a perfect square.
Solution: /ĨƚŚĞƌŽŽƚƐĂƌĞߙƒ†ߚǡ –Š‡ Solution:dŚĞŐŝǀĞŶĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŝƐሺͶ െ ݇ሻ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ሺʹ݇ ൅ Ͷሻ‫ ݔ‬൅
ȁߙ െ ߚȁ ൌ ʹ ሺͺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ
֜ ሺߙ െ ߚሻଶ ൌ Ͷ ֜ ሺߙ ൅ ߚሻଶ െ Ͷߙߚ ൌ Ͷ dŚĞŐŝǀĞŶĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŝƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵŽĨܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൌ
֜ ሺ‫݌‬ሻଶ െ ͶǤͺ ൌ Ͷሺ‫ ߙ ׶‬൅ ߚ ൌ ‫ ߚߙ݀݊ܽ݌‬ൌ ͺሻ Ͳ‫݋ݏ‬ǡ ܽ ൌ Ͷ െ ݇ǡ ܾ ൌ ʹ݇ ൅ Ͷǡ ܿ ൌ ͺ݇ ൅ ͳ
ܲଶ ൌ ͵͸ ֜ ܲ േ ͸ ‫ ܦ‬ൌ  ܾ ଶ െ Ͷܽܿ ൌ  ሺʹ݇ ൅ Ͷሻଶ െ ͶሺͶ െ ݇ሻሺͺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ
 ൌ Ͷ݇ ଶ ൅ ͳ͸ ൅ Ͷ݇ െ Ͷሺ͵ʹ ൅ Ͷ െ ͺ݇ ଶ െ ݇ሻ
3. If ࢻǡ ࢼ are the roots of ࢇ࢞૛ ൅ ࢈࢞ ൅ ࢉ ൌ ૙ǡ ࢇࢉ ് ૙ǡ then ൌ Ͷሺ݇ ଶ ൅ Ͷ ൅ ݇ െ ͵ʹ െ Ͷ ൅ ͺ݇ ଶ ൅ ݇ሻൌ Ͷሺͻ݇ ଶ െ ʹ͹݇ሻ
roots of ࢉ࢞૛ ൅ ࢈࢞ ൅ ࢇ ൌ ૙ are ^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƉĞƌĨĞĐƚƐƋƵĂƌĞ
Solution: ܿ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽ ൌ ͲĐĂŶďĞǁƌŝƚƚĞŶĂƐ dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ‫ ܦ‬ൌ Ͳ ൌ Ͷሺͻ݇ ଶ െ ʹ͹݇ሻ  ൌ Ͳ
ܾ ܽ ൌ  ሺͻ݇ ଶ െ ʹ͹݇ሻ  ൌ Ͳൌ ͵݇ሺ݇ െ ͵ሻ  ൌ Ͳ
ܿ ൅ ൅ ଶ ൌ Ͳ ݄ܶ݁‫ ݇͵݁ݎ݋݂݁ݎ‬ൌ Ͳ
‫ݔ ݔ‬
ଵ ଶ ଵ ‫ ܭ‬ൌ Ͳܱ‫ݎ‬ǡ ݇ െ ͵ ൌ Ͳ
Kƌܽ ቀ ቁ ൅ ܾ ቀ ቁ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ ‫ ܭ‬ൌ ͵
௫ ௫
ଵ
ŝ͘Ğܽ͘‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݕ‬൅ ܿ ൌ ͲǁŚĞƌĞ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨŬƐŚŽƵůĚďĞϬŽƌϯƚŽďĞƉĞƌĨĞĐƚƐƋƵĂƌĞ
௫
/ƚƐƌŽŽƚƐĂƌĞŐŝǀĞŶďLJLJсߙǡ ߚ 
ଵ ଵ ଵ ૛ ૚
ŝ͘Ğ͘ ൌ ߙǡ ߚŽƌ‫ ݔ‬ൌ  ǡ  9. What are the roots of the equation ࢟૜ ൅ ࢟૜ െ ૛ ൌ ૙?
௫ ఈ ఉ
మ భ
 Solution: ‫ ݕ‬య ൅ ‫ ݕ‬య െ ʹ ൌ Ͳ
4. If ࢻǡ ࢼ are the roots of the equation ࢞૛ െ ࢖࢞ ൅ ૜૟ ൌ ૙ భ

and ࢻ૛ ൅ ࢼ૛ ൌ ૢǡ then ࢖ ൌ >Ğƚ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬

య

Solution: ,ĞƌĞߙ ൅ ߚ ൌ ‫݌‬ĂŶĚߙߚ ൌ ͵͸ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ ൌ Ͳ

‫ ߙ ׵‬ଶ ൅ ߚଶ ൌ ͻ ֜ ሺߙ ൅ ߚሻଶ െ ʹߙߚ ൌ ͻ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ ൌ Ͳ
֜ ‫݌‬ଶ െ ʹ ‫͵ כ‬͸ ൌ ͻ ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሻሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻ െ ʹ ൌ Ͳ
֜ ܲଶ ൌ ͺͳ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ‫ ݔݎ݋‬ൌ െʹ
‫ ܲ ׵‬ൌ േͻ భ భ

 ‫ ݕ‬య ൌ ͳ‫ ݕݎ݋‬య ൌ െʹ

5. If the roots of the equation ૡ࢞૛ െ ૟࢞ ൅ ࢇ ൌ ૙ are of the ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͳଷ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ሺെʹሻଷ 
form ࢻ and ࢻ૛ then the value of ࢇ is ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͳ‫ ݕ‬ൌ െͺ
ଷ
Solution: ߙ ൅ ߙ ଶ ൌ ǡĐƵďŝŶŐďŽƚŚƐŝĚĞƐ͕ǁĞŐĞƚ 
ସ
ଶ଻ ϭϬ͘ Solution set of the inequality
ߙ ଷ ൅ ߙ ଺ ൅ ͵ߙߙ ଶ ሺߙ ൅ ߙ ଶ ሻ ൌ 
଺ସ
ଶ଻
࢞૛ ൅  ȁ࢞ȁ െ ࢞ ൅ ૚ ൏ ૙ܑ‫ܛ‬
ଷ ሺߙ ଷ ሻଶ ଷ ሺߙ ଶሻ
֜ߙ ൅ ൅ ͵ߙ ൅ߙ ൌ  Solution: ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ȁ‫ݔ‬ȁ െ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ ൏ Ͳ
଺ସ
௔ ௔మ ௔ ଷ ଶ଻ ֜ ȁ‫ݔ‬ȁ ൏  െሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻ
֜ ൅ ൅͵ ቀ ቁൌ 
଼ ଺ସ ଼ ସ ଺ସ ଵ ଶ ଷ
ଶ ଷ ୟ ֜ ȁ‫ݔ‬ȁ ൏  െ ൬ቀ‫ ݔ‬െ ቁ ൅ ൰͘
ቀ‫ ߙߙ ׶‬ൌ Ƚ ’”‘†— –‘ˆ”‘‘–• ൌ ቁ ଶ ସ
଼
ଵ ଶ ଷ
֜ ܽଶ ൅ ʹ͸ܽ െ ʹ͹ ൌ Ͳ Ƶƚቀ‫ ݔ‬െ ቁ ൅ ൐ ͲĨŽƌĂůů‫͕ݔ‬ƐŽǁĞŚĂǀĞȁ‫ݔ‬ȁ ൏ െǀĞ͕
ଶ ସ
‫ ܽ ׵‬ൌ ͳǡ െʹ͹ ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͘

WĂŐĞϭϲ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
 ,ĞŶĐĞƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJŚĂƐŶŽƌĞĂůƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ͘ Solution: >ĞƚƚŚĞĚŝŐŝƚĂƚƚĞŶ͛ƐƉůĂĐĞďĞ‫ݔ‬
Shortcut:WƵƚ‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ͘KƉƚŝŽŶƐĂƌĞĞůŝŵŝŶĂƚĞĚ ŝŐŝƚĂƚƵŶŝƚ͛ƐƉůĂĐĞďĞLJ
 ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶ͕
11. If ࢞ǡ ࢟ ‫ ܀ א‬and ࢞ ൐ ࢟ ֜ ȁ࢞ȁ ൐ ȁ࢟ȁǡ ‫ܖ܍ܐܜ‬
‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͷ   ͙͘͘ϭ
Solution: ‫ ݔ ׶‬൐ ‫ ֜ ݕ‬ȁ‫ݔ‬ȁ ൐ ȁ‫ݕ‬ȁŝ͘Ğ͘‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൐ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ
ͳͲ‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫ ݔ‬െ ሺͳͲ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ͻ
ďŽƚŚ‫ݔ‬ĂŶĚ‫ݕ‬ƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĂŶĚ‫ ݕ‬൐ ͲŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞƐƚŚĂƚ ͻ‫ ݕ‬െ ͻ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͻ
ďŽƚŚ‫ݔ‬ĂŶĚ‫ݕ‬ĂƌĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ െ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͳ   ͙͘͘Ϯ
Shortcut:/ŶĂůůƐƵĐŚƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƐƵƐĞǀĂůƵĞƐ͘ ĚĚĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶϭĂŶĚĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶϮ
Ő͕͘‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͷǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͵EŽǁ͕ƚĂŬĞ‫ ݔ‬൏ Ͳ ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͷ ൅ ͳ
‫ ݔ‬ൌ െ͵ǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ െͶ ʹ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͸
‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͵
12. The length of a field is twice its breadth. If the length is ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ʹ
reduced by 5 km & breadth is increased by 3m the area ‫׵‬EƵŵďĞƌŝƐϮϯ
remains asbefore. The length of thefield is
Solution: >ĞƚƚŚĞůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚŚĞĨŝĞůĚďĞ‫ݔ‬
௫ 15. A swimming pool is fitted with three pipes with uniform
ďƌĞĂĚƚŚŽĨƚŚĞĨŝĞůĚс
ଶ flow. The first two pipes operating simultaneously fill the
ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶ pool in the same time during which the pool is filled by
௫ ௫
‫ݔ‬Ǥ ൌ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͷሻ ቀ ൅ ͵ቁ the third pipe alone. The second pipe fills the pool five
ଶ ଶ
௫మ ௫మ ହ௫ hours faster than the first pipe and four hours slower
ൌ െ ൅ ͵‫ ݔ‬െ ͳͷ
ଶ ଶ ଶ than the third pipe. Find the time required by each pipe
଺௫ିହ௫
ͳͷ ൌ ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͵Ͳ to fill the pool individually.
ଶ
 Solution: >ĞƚsďĞƚŚĞǀŽůƵŵĞŽĨƚŚĞƉŽŽůĂŶĚůĞƚdžďĞƚŚĞ
13. A group of students decide to collect as many rupees ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŚŽƵƌƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚďLJƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƉŝƉĞĂůŽŶĞƚŽĨŝůů
from each member as is the number of members. If the ƚŚĞƉŽŽů͘dŚĞŶƚŚĞƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƉŽŽůĨŝůůĞĚďLJƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚ͕
total collection was Rs. 2209, then the number of
ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚŝƌĚƉŝƉĞƐŝŶŽŶĞŚŽƵƌĂƌĞƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͗
members is
ܸ ܸ ܸ
Solution: >ĞƚƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŵĞŵďĞƌƐďĞ‫ݔ‬ ǡ ƒ† 
‫ݔ‬൅ͷ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬െͶ
֜DŽŶĞLJĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚĨƌŽŵĞĂĐŚŵĞŵďĞƌŝƐZƐ‫ݔ‬ ௏ ௏ ௏
/ƚŝƐŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚ ൅ ൌ 
‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ʹʹͲͻ ௫ାହ ௫ ௫ିସ
^ŝŶĐĞ ് Ͳǡ ™‡Šƒ˜‡
‫ ݔ‬ൌ ξʹʹͲͻ ͳ ͳ ͳ
сϰϳ ൅ ൌ 
‫ݔ‬൅ͷ ‫ݔ ݔ‬െͶ
Kƌ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹͲ ൌ Ͳ
14. In a two digit number the sum of the digit is 5. If the Kƌሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳͲሻሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሻ ൌ Ͳ
number is subtracted from the number obtained by dŚŝƐŐŝǀĞƐ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳͲŽƌ‫ ݔ‬ൌ െʹǡďƵƚ‫͕ݔ‬ďĞŝŶŐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨ
ŚŽƵƌƐ͕ĐĂŶŶŽƚďĞŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳͲǤ
interchanging the digit the result is 9. What is the
dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚ͕ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚŝƌĚƉŝƉĞƐĨŝůůƚŚĞƉŽŽůŝŶϭϱ͕ϭϬĂŶĚ
number? ϲŚŽƵƌƐƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞů



PRACTICE QUESTIONS

ϭ͘ tŚŝĐŚŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝƐŶŽƚĂƋƵĂĚƌĂƚŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ͍ ;ĚͿሺʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻሺ͵‫ ݔ‬െ Ͷሻ  ൌ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ  ൅ ͵
;ĂͿ‫ ݔ‬ଶ Ȃ ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሺ͵Ȃ ‫ݔ‬ሻ  ൌ Ͳ 
ଵ ଵ
;ďͿ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻ  ൅ ͳ ൌ  ሺ‫ݔ‬Ȃ ʹሻሺ‫ݔ‬Ȃ ͷሻ ϱ͘ ^ŽůǀĞ‫ ݔ‬െ ൌ ͳ 
௫ ଶ
;ĐͿሺʹ‫ݔ‬Ȃ ͳሻሺ‫ݔ‬Ȃ ͵ሻ  ൌ  ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͷሻሺ‫ݔ‬Ȃ ͳሻ ଵ ଵ
;ĂͿെ ǡ ʹ  ;ďͿ ͕ʹ
;ĚͿ‫ ݔ‬ଷ Ȃ Ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଶ Ȃ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ ൌ  ሺ‫ݔ‬Ȃ ʹሻଷ  ଶ
ଵ ଶ
ଶ
 ;ĐͿ ǡ    ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
ଶ ଷ
Ϯ͘ /Ĩa‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൌ ͲŚĂƐĞƋƵĂůƌŽŽƚƐ͕ƚŚĞŶc с
௕ ௕
;ĂͿെ  ;ďͿ ϲ͘ /Ĩ ƚŚĞ ƌŽŽƚƐ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ĂŶĚ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĂĚƌĂƚŝĐ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ
ଶ௔ ଶ௔
௕మ ௕మ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ Ȃ ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൌ ͲĂůƐŽ ƐĂƚŝƐĨLJ ƚŚĞ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ͹‫ݔ‬ଶ Ȃ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ଵ  ൌ
;ĐͿെ  ;ĚͿ
ସ௔ ସ௔ Ͷ͹͕ƚŚĞŶǁŚŝĐŚŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝƐƚƌƵĞ͍
;ĂͿܿ ൌȂ ͳͷ  ;ďͿ‫ݔ‬ଵ  ൌȂ ͷǡ ‫ݔ‬ଶ  ൌ ͵
ϯ͘ /Ĩ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅Ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ ݇ ൌ ͲŚĂƐƌĞĂůƌŽŽƚƐ͕ƚŚĞŶ ;ĐͿ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ͶǤͷǡ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ൌȂ ʹǤͷ ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
;ĂͿ݇ ൒ Ͷ  ;ďͿ݇ ൑ Ͷ 
;ĐͿ݇ ൑ Ͳ  ;ĚͿ݇ ൒ Ͳ ϳ͘ /ĨƚŚĞƌŽŽƚƐŽĨ‫ ݔ‬ଶ Ȃ ݇‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ ൌ ͲĂƌĞŶŽŶͲƌĞĂů͕ƚŚĞŶ
 ;ĂͿȂ ͵ ൏ ݇ ൏ ͵  ;ďͿȂ ʹ ൏ ݇ ൏ ʹ
ϰ͘ tŚŝĐŚŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝƐĂƋƵĂĚƌĂƚŝĐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ͍ ;ĐͿ݇ ൐ ʹ  ;ĚͿ݇ ൏Ȃ ʹ
భ
;ĂͿ‫ ݔ‬మ ൅ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ ൌ Ͳ 
;ďͿሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷሻ  ൌ  ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳ ϴ͘ /Ĩܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൌ ͲŚĂƐƌĞĂůĂŶĚĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƌŽŽƚƐ͕ƚŚĞŶ
;ĐͿ‫ ݔ‬ସ െ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͷ ൌ Ͳ ;ĂͿܾ ଶ Ȃ Ͷܽܿ ൌ Ͳ ;ďͿܾ ଶ Ȃ Ͷܽܿ ൐ Ͳ

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϭϳ
 ;ĐͿܾ ଶ Ȃ Ͷܽܿ ൏ Ͳ ;ĚͿܾ ଶ Ȃ Ͷܽܿ ൑ Ͳ ;ĐͿZĞĂůĂŶĚĞƋƵĂů ;ĚͿ/ŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJ
 
ϵ͘ /ĨƚŚĞƌŽŽƚƐŽĨƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ‫ ݔ‬ଶ Ȃ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൌ ͲĚŝĨĨĞƌďLJʹ͕ ϭϴ͘ /Ĩ ŽŶĞ ƌŽŽƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ  ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൌ ͲŝƐ ƚŚƌĞĞ
ƚŚĞŶǁŚŝĐŚŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝƐƚƌƵĞ͍ ƚŝŵĞƐƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞŶ
;ĂͿܿ ଶ  ൌ Ͷሺܿ ൅ ͳሻ ;ďͿܾ ଶ  ൌ Ͷܿ ൅ Ͷ ;ĂͿܾ ଶ  ൌ ͳ͸ܽܿ  ;ďͿܾ ଶ  ൌ ܽܿ
;ĐͿܿ ଶ  ൌ ܾ ൅ Ͷ  ;ĚͿܾ ଶ  ൌ Ͷሺܿ ൅ ʹሻ ;ĐͿ͵ܾ ଶ  ൌ ͳ͸ܽܿ  ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ

ϭϬ͘ dŚĞƐƵŵŽĨĂŶƵŵďĞƌĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞĐŝƉƌŽĐĂůŝƐŽŶĞͲĨŝĨƚŚŽĨʹ͸͘ ϭϵ͘ tŚŝĐŚŝƐŶŽƚƚƌƵĞ͍
tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞƐƵŵŽĨƚŚĂƚŶƵŵďĞƌĂŶĚŝƚƐƐƋƵĂƌĞ͍ ;ĂͿ ǀĞƌLJ ƋƵĂĚƌĂƚŝĐ ƉŽůLJŶŽŵŝĂů ĐĂŶ ŚĂǀĞ Ăƚ ŵŽƐƚ ƚǁŽ
;ĂͿ͵   ;ďͿͶ njĞƌŽƐ͘
;ĐͿͷ   ;ĚͿ͸ ;ďͿ^ŽŵĞƋƵĂĚƌĂƚŝĐƉŽůLJŶŽŵŝĂůƐĚŽŶŽƚŚĂǀĞĂŶLJnjĞƌŽ͘
 ΀ŝ͘Ğ͘ƌĞĂůnjĞƌŽ΁
ϭϭ͘ dŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ‫ ݔ‬൅  ξ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ  ൌ ͶŚĂƐ ;ĐͿ ^ŽŵĞ ƋƵĂĚƌĂƚŝĐ ƉŽůLJŶŽŵŝĂůƐ ŵĂLJ ŚĂǀĞ ŽŶůLJ ŽŶĞ njĞƌŽ͘
;ĂͿdǁŽƌĞĂůƌŽŽƚƐĂŶĚŽŶĞŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJƌŽŽƚ ΀ŝ͘Ğ͘ŽŶĞƌĞĂůnjĞƌŽ΁
;ďͿKŶĞƌĞĂůŽŶĞŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJ ;ĚͿEvery quadratic polynomial which has two zeros.
;ĐͿdǁŽŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJƌŽŽƚƐ 
ଶ௫ାସ
;ĚͿKŶĞƌĞĂůƌŽŽƚ ϮϬ͘ Solve the following inequalitiy͗ ௫ିଵ  ൒ ͷ
;ĂͿ΀ϭ͕ϯ΁   ;ďͿ;ϭ͕ϯ΁
ϭϮ͘ /Ĩ݈‫݃݋‬ଵ଴ ሺ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ Ȃ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͸ሻ  ൌ ͳ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ‫ ݔ‬ŝƐ ;ĐͿ;ϭ͕ϯͿ   ;ĚͿ΀ϭ͕ϯͿ
;ĂͿͳͲ‫ʹݎ݋‬  ;ďͿͶ‫ݎ݋‬Ȃ ʹ 
;ĐͿͶ‫ݕ݈݊݋‬  ;ĚͿͶ‫ݎ݋‬Ȃ ͳ ଶିଷ௫
Ϯϭ͘ ^ŽůǀĞ͗െͷ ൑  ൑ ͻ
 ସ
ଷସ ଶଶ ଷସ ଶଶ
ϭϯ͘ dŚĞƌŽŽƚƐŽĨƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹξ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ ൌ ͲĂƌĞ ;ĂͿቂെ ǡ ቁ  ;ďͿቀെ ǡ ቃ
ଷ ଷ ଷ ଷ
;ĂͿZĞĂůĂŶĚĞƋƵĂů ;ďͿZĂƚŝŽŶĂůĂŶĚĞƋƵĂů ଷସ ଶଶ ଷସ ଶଶ
;ĐͿቀെ ǡ ቁ  ;ĚͿቂെ ǡ ቃ
ଷ ଷ ଷ ଷ
;ĐͿZĂƚŝŽŶĂůĂŶĚƵŶĞƋƵĂů ;ĚͿ/ŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJ

ϮϮ͘ ^ŽůǀĞ͗ȁ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ȁ ൒ Ͷ
ϭϰ͘ dŚĞ ƌŽŽƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ  ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳǁŝůů ďĞ
;ĂͿሺെλǡ െͳሿ ‫ ׫‬ሾ͹ǡ λሻ ;ďͿሺെλǡ Ͳሿ ‫ ׫‬ሾ͹ǡ λሻ
ƌĞĐŝƉƌŽĐĂůŝĨ
;ĐͿሺെλǡ െͳሿ ‫ ׫‬ሾ͸ǡ λሻ ;ĚͿሺെλǡ െͳሿ ‫ ׫‬ሾͳǡ λሻ
;ĂͿܽ ൌ ܾ  ;ďͿܽ ൌ ܾܿ

;ĐͿܿ ൌ ܽ  ;ĚͿܾ ൌ ܿ
Ϯϯ͘ ^ŽůǀĞ͵ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷሻ ൅ ͳ ൏ ʹሺ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻ ൅ ͳͷ
 ସ ସ
ϭϱ͘ &ŽƌǁŚĂƚǀĂůƵĞŽĨďĂŶĚĐǁŽƵůĚƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ‫ ݔ‬ଶ  ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ;ĂͿ‫ ݔ‬൐ െ   ;ďͿ‫ ݔ‬൏ െ 
ଷ ଷ
ସ ସ
ܿ ൌ ͲŚĂǀĞƌŽŽƚƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽďĂŶĚĐ͘ ;ĐͿ‫ ݔ‬ൌ െ   ;ĚͿ‫ ് ݔ‬െ 
ଷ ଷ
;ĂͿͲǡ Ͳ  ;ďͿͳǡ Ȃ ʹ 
;ĐͿͳǡ ʹ  ;ĚͿŽƚŚ;ĂͿĂŶĚ;ďͿ Ϯϰ͘ /ĨͲ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ͷĂŶĚͳ ൏ ‫ ݕ‬൏ ʹ͕ ƚŚĞŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ
ŝƐƚƌƵĞ͍
ͳ͸Ǥ KŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ Ͷξ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ  ൅
;ĂͿ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬൏ Ͳ  ;ďͿെ͵ ൏ ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵‫ ݕ‬൏ Ͷ
ͷ‫ݔ‬Ȃ ʹξ͵ŝƐ͗ ;ĐͿെ͸ ൏ ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵‫ ݕ‬൏ ͹ ;ĚͿെ͵ ൏ ͵‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬൏ ʹ
;ĂͿͶ‫ ݔ‬൅  ξ͵  ;ďͿͶ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ 
;ĐͿͶ‫ݔ‬Ȃ ͵  ;ĚͿͶ‫ݔ‬Ȃξ͵ Ϯϱ͘ tŚŝĐŚŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝƐƚŚĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶƐĞƚŽĨȁʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ȁ ൏ ͹ǫ
ϭϳ͘ dŚĞ ĚŝƐĐƌŝŵŝŶĂŶƚ ŽĨܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ  െ ʹξʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൌ ͲǁŝƚŚܽǡ ܿĂƌĞ ;ĂͿ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬൏ Ͳ  ;ďͿሼ‫ݔ‬ǣ െͷ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ͷሽ
ƌĞĂůĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐŝƐnjĞƌŽ͘dŚĞƌŽŽƚƐŵƵƐƚďĞ ;ĐͿሼ‫ݔ‬ǣ െʹ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ͷሽ ;ĚͿሼ‫ݔ‬ǣ ‫ ݔ‬൏ െͷ‫ ݔݎ݋‬൐ ʹሽ
;ĂͿƋƵĂůĂŶĚŝŶƚĞŐƌĂů ;ďͿZĂƚŝŽŶĂůĂŶĚĞƋƵĂů


NOTE: For Practice Questions Refer to Online Study Portal



END OF CHAPTER


WĂŐĞϭϴ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
Chapter 4
COMPLEX NUMBER


1. COMPLEX NUMBERS
Meaning:ŽŵƉůĞdžŶƵŵďĞƌŝƐĂŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƌŵܽ ൅ ܾ͕݅ǁŚĞƌĞĂĂŶĚďĂƌĞƌĞĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂŶĚ݅ŝƐƚŚĞŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJ
ƵŶŝƚǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐƚŚĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJ݅ ϮсͲϭ͘
/ŶĂĐŽŵƉůĞdžܽ ൅ ܾ͕݅ĂŝƐĐĂůůĞĚŝƚƐƌĞĂůƉĂƌƚĂŶĚďŝƚƐŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJ͕ƉĂƌƚ͘
ଵ
 Ğ͘Ő͘ξ͵Ͳŝ͘Ϯ͕ϰн݅ϳ͕െ н͕͙݅
ହ


Example A: tƌŝƚĞƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĂƐĐŽŵƉůĞdžŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͗ dŚĞŶ 
;njϭнnjϮͿнnjϯсnjϭн;njϮнnjϯͿ͘

;ŝͿξെͳ͸  ;ŝŝͿϰͲξെͻ 
(iii) Additive Identity
Solution;ŝͿξെͳ͸сξെͳšͳ͸сξെͳξͳ͸сͶ‹
dŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞdžŶƵŵďĞƌ KсϬнŝϬ
 ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŝĚĞŶƚŝƚLJ
 ;ŝŝͿ Ͷ െ ξെͻ с ϰ െξെͳ ‫ ͻ כ‬с ϰ െξെͳξͻ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶŝ͘Ğ͘‫ ݖ‬൅ ܱ ൌ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ܱ ൅ ‫ݖ‬ĨŽƌĂůů‫͘ܥ א ݖ‬
ൌ Ͷ െ ͵݅͘ 
(iv) Additive Inverse
1.1 ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX &ŽƌĂŶLJĐŽŵƉůĞdžŶƵŵďĞƌ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ͕݅ƚŚĞƌĞĞdžŝƐƚƐ
NUMBERS  Ȃ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ሺെܽሻ ൅ ݅ሺെܾሻ
 ƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚ 
tĞ ƐŚĂůů ŶŽǁ ůĞĂƌŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶ͕ 
ƐƵďƚƌĂĐƚŝŽŶ͕ ŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ‫ ݖ‬൅ ሺെ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ ൌ ሺെ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ݖ‬ ͘
ŶƵŵďĞƌ͘
 1.3 SUBTRACTION OF COMPLEX
1.2 ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS NUMBERS 
dŚĞƐƵŵnjϭнnjϮŽĨƚǁŽĐŽŵƉůĞdžŶƵŵďĞƌƐnjϭсĂϭнŝďϭĂŶĚnjϮ >Ğƚ ‫ݖ‬ଵ ൌ ܽଵ ൅ ܾ݅ଵ ĂŶĚ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ൌ ܽଶ ൅ ܾ݅ଶ ďĞ ƚǁŽ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž
сĂϮнŝďϮŝƐĚĞĨŝŶĞĚĂƐƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞdžŶƵŵďĞƌ;ĂϭнĂϮͿнŝ;ďϭ ŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͘ dŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƵďƚƌĂĐƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ‫ݖ‬ଶ ĨƌŽŵ‫ݖ‬ଵ ŝƐ ĚĞŶŽƚĞĚ
нďϮͿ͕ ďLJ‫ݖ‬ଵ െ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ĚĞĨŝŶĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ‫ݖ‬ଵ ĂŶĚ

i.e., z1 + z2 = (a1 + ib1) + (a2 + ib2) െ‫ݖ‬ଶ ͘ 
 = (a1 + a2) + i(b1 + b2). 
dŚƵƐ͕‫ݖ‬ଵ െ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݖ‬ଵ ൅ ሺെ‫ݖ‬ଶ ሻ ൌ ሺܽଵ ൅ ܾ݅ଵ ሻ ൅

ሺെܽଶ െ ܾ݅ଶ ሻ ൌ ሺܽଵ െ ܽଶ ሻ ൅ ݅ሺܾଵ െ ܾଶ ሻ
1.2A PROPERTIES OF ADDITION OF 
COMPLEX NUMBER 
Example B: /Ĩ‫ݖ‬ଵ ൌ െʹ ൅ ͵݅ĂŶĚ‫ݖ‬ଶ ൌ Ͷ ൅ ͷ݅ǡƚŚĞŶ
(i) The Cumulative Law &ŝŶĚ‫ݖ‬ଵ െ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ͘ 
&Žƌ ƚǁŽ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ŶƵŵďĞƌƐ njϭс Ă н ŝď ĂŶĚ njϮ с Đ н ŝĚ͕ 
dŚĞŶ njϭнnjϮс;ĂнŝďͿн;ĐнŝĚͿс;ĂнĐͿнŝ;ďнĚͿ Solution: ‫ݖ‬ଵ െ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ൌ ሺെʹ ൅ ͵݅ሻ ൅ ሺെͶ െ ͷ݅ሻ ൌ
 njϮнnjϭс;ĐнŝĚͿн;ĂнŝďͿс;ĐнĂͿнŝ;ĚнďͿ͘ ሺെʹ െ Ͷሻ ൅ ݅ሺ͵ െ ͷሻ ൌ െ͸ െ ʹ݅
 
 njϭнnjϮсnjϮнnjϭ 1.4 MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX
 NUMBERS
(ii) Associative Law
njϭсĂнŝď͕njϮсĐнŝĚ͕njϯсĞнŝf͘

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϭϵ
/ĨnjϭсĂнŝď͕͛njϮсĐнŝĚ  ଵ ୸ത ଶି୧ξଷ ଶ ξଷ
с с с ʹŝ 
njϭnjϮс;ĂнŝďͿ;ĐнŝĚͿсĂĐнŝĂĚнŝďĐнŝϮďĚ ୸ ȁ୸ȁమ ଻ ଻ ଻

сƌĞĂůнŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJ͘ 1.6 CONJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

с;ĂĐെďĚͿнŝ;ĂĚ൅ďĐͿ >Ğƚ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ݅ďĞĂĐŽŵƉůĞdžŶƵŵďĞƌ͘dŚĞŶƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ
ŽĨ‫ݖ‬ŝƐĚĞŶŽƚĞĚďLJ‫ݖ‬ҧĂŶĚŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽܽ െ ܾ݅͘
1.4A PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION
dŚƵƐ͕‫ ݖ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ݅ ֜ ‫ݖ‬ҧ ൌ ܽ െ ܾ݅
(i) Commutative Law /ƚĨŽůůŽǁƐĨƌŽŵƚŚŝƐĚĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞŽĨĂ
njϭnjϮс;ĂнŝďͿ;ĐнŝĚͿс;ĂĐͲďĚͿнŝ;ĂĚнďĐͿ ;ϭͿ ĐŽŵƉůĞdžŶƵŵďĞƌŝƐŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚďLJƌĞƉůĂĐŝŶŐ݅ďLJȂ ݅͘E.g.,/Ĩ
njϮnjϭс;ĐнŝĚͿ;ĂнŝĚͿс;ĐĂͲĚďͿнŝ;ĐďнĚĂͿ ;ϮͿ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͵ ൅ Ͷ݅ǡ ‫ݖ݄݊݁ݐ‬ҧ ൌ ͵ െ Ͷ݅͘
ƚŚĞŶ  njϭnjϮсnjϮnjϭ
1.6A PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE (For
(ii) Associative Law Practice)
dŚƌĞĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ŶƵŵďĞƌ njϭ с Ă н ŝď͕njϮ с Đ н ŝĚ͕ njϯ
сĞнŝf /Ĩ‫ݖ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ĂƌĞĐŽŵƉůĞdžŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞŶĚĞƌŝǀĞƐ͘
;njϭnjϮͿnjϯсnjϭ;njϮnjϯͿ
;ŝͿ ሺ‫ݖ‬ҧሻҧ ൌ ‫ݖ‬
(iii) Distributive Law ;ŝŝͿ ‫ ݖ‬൅ ‫ݖ‬ҧ ൌ ʹܴ݁ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ
;ŝŝŝͿ ‫ ݖ‬െ ‫ݖ‬ҧ ൌ ʹ݅ ሺœሻ
ŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝǀĞ ůĂǁ ŽĨ ŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ ŽǀĞƌ ĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶ͕ ŝ͘Ğ͘
;ŝǀͿ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ݖ‬ҧ ֞ ‫ݖ‬ŝƐƉƵƌĞůLJƌĞĂů
njϭ;njϮнnjϯͿсnjϭnjϮнnjϭnjϯ͕;njϭнnjϮͿnjϯсnjϭnjϯнnjϮnjϯ
;ǀͿ ‫ ݖ‬൅ ‫ݖ‬ҧ ൌ Ͳ ֜ ‫ݖ‬ŝƐƉƵƌĞůLJŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJ

;ǀŝͿ ‫ݖݖ‬ҧ ൌ ሼܴ݁ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻሽଶ ൅ ሼ‫݉ܫ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻሽଶ 
Example C:&ŝŶĚƚŚĞƐƵŵĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞdž
;ǀŝŝͿ തതതതതതതതത
‫ݖ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݖ‬ഥଵ ൅ ‫ݖ‬ഥଶ 
ŶƵŵďĞƌƐͲξ͵нξെʹĂŶĚϮξ͵Ͳŝ͘ ;ǀŝŝŝͿ ‫ݖ‬ଵ െ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݖ‬ഥଵ െ ‫ݖ‬ഥଶ 
തതതതതതതതത
Solution:>Ğƚ njϭсͲξ͵нξെʹсͲξ͵нŝξʹ ;ŝdžͿ ‫ݖ‬ଵ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݖ‬ഥଵ ‫ݖ‬ഥଶ 
തതതതതത
ĂŶĚ  njϮсϮξ͵Ͳŝ͘ തതത
௭ തതത
௭
;džͿ ቀ௭భ ቁ ൌ തതത
௭
భ
ǡ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ് Ͳ͘
dŚĞŶ njϭнnjϮс;Ͳξ͵нŝඥʹሻн;Ϯξ͵ͲŝͿ మ మ

 с;Ͳξ͵нϮξ͵ሻнŝ;ξʹͲϭͿсξ͵нŝ;ξʹͲϭͿ
1.7 MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
ĂŶĚ njϭnjϮс;Ͳξ͵нŝඥʹሻ;Ϯξ͵ͲŝͿ
 с;Ͳϲнξʹሻнŝ;ξ͵нϮඥ͸ሻǤ dŚĞŵŽĚƵůƵƐŽĨĂĐŽŵƉůĞdžŶƵŵďĞƌ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ݅ŝƐĚĞŶŽƚĞĚ
ďLJͮ‫ͮݖ‬ĂŶĚŝƐĚĞĨŝŶĞĚĂƐ
Example D:tƌŝƚĞƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞdžŶƵŵďĞƌ
ଶା୧
njсሺଵା୧ሻሺଵି୧ଶሻŝŶdžнŝLJĨŽƌŵ͘ ȁ‫ݖ‬ȁ ൌ ξܽଶ ൅ ܾ ଶ ൌ ඥሼܴ݁ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻሽଶ ൅ ሼ‫݉ܫ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻሽଶ ͘
Solution:tĞŚĂǀĞ
ଶା୧ ଶା୧ ሺଶା୧ሻሺଷା୧ሻ ůĞĂƌůLJ͕ȁ‫ݖ‬ȁ ൒ ͲĨŽƌĂůů‫͘ܥ א ݖ‬
njсሺଵା୧ሻሺଵି୧ଶሻс сሺଷି୧ሻሺଷା୧ሻ
ଷି୧
ହା୧ହ ଵ ଵ
с с ൅ ‹  1.7A PROPERTIES OF MODULUS
ଵ଴ ଶ ଶ
(For Practice)
1.5 MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE
/Ĩ‫ݖ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ‫ܥ א‬ǡƚŚĞŶĚĞƌŝǀĞ͘
 ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ŶƵŵďĞƌ ǁ ŝƐ ĐĂůůĞĚ ŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĐĂƚŝǀĞ ŝŶǀĞƌƐĞ ŽĨ
ĐŽŵƉůĞdžŶƵŵďĞƌnjŝĨnjǁсϭ͘dŚĞŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĐĂƚŝǀĞŝŶǀĞƌƐĞ͕ǁ͕ ȁ‫ݖ‬ȁ ൌ Ͳ ֞ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ Ͳ݅Ǥ ݁Ǥ ܴ݁ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ ‫݉ܫ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ
;ŝͿ
ŽĨnjŝƐĚĞŶŽƚĞĚďLJnjͲϭ ;ŝŝͿ ȁ‫ݖ‬ȁ ൌ ȁ‫ݖ‬ҧȁ ൌ ȁ െ ‫ݖ‬ȁ
௭ҧ ;ŝŝŝͿ െȁ‫ݖ‬ȁ ൑ ܴ݁ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൑ ȁ‫ݖ‬ȁǢ െȁ‫ݖ‬ȁ ൑ ‫݉ܫ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൑ ȁ‫ݖ‬ȁ
DƵůƚŝƉůŝĐĂƚŝǀĞŝŶǀĞƌƐĞс
ȁ௭ȁమ
͘ ;ŝǀͿ ‫ݖݖ‬ҧ ൌ ȁ‫ݖ‬ȁଶ 
;ǀͿ ȁ‫ݖ‬ଵ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ȁ ൌ ȁ‫ݖ‬ଵ ȁȁ‫ݖ‬ଶ ȁ
௭ ȁ௭ ȁ
Example E:&ŝŶĚƚŚĞŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĐĂƚŝǀĞŝŶǀĞƌƐĞŽĨͲϯнϰŝ ;ǀŝͿ ቚ భቚ ൌ భ Ǣ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ് Ͳ
௭మ ȁ௭మ ȁ

Solution:>ĞƚnjсͲϯнŝϰ͘dŚĞŶ‫ݖ‬ҧ ൌ െ͵ െ ݅Ͷ
1.8 DIVISION OF COMPLEX NUMBER
୸ ିଷି୧ସ ିଷ ସ
njͲϭс с с Ͳŝ ͘ dŚĞ ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ŶƵŵďĞƌ ‫ݖ‬ଵ ďLJ Ă ŶŽŶͲnjĞƌŽ
ȁ୸ȁమ ଽାଵ଺ ଶହ ଶହ
ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ŶƵŵďĞƌ‫ݖ‬ଶ ŝƐ ĚĞĨŝŶĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ‫ݖ‬ଵ 
௭
Example F:&ŝŶĚƚŚĞŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĐĂƚŝǀĞŝŶǀĞƌƐĞŽĨϮнŝξ͵͘ ďLJƚŚĞŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĐĂƚŝǀĞŝŶǀĞƌƐĞŽĨ‫ݖ‬ଶ ĂŶĚŝƐĚĞŶŽƚĞĚďLJ భ͘
௭మ

Solution:>ĞƚnjсϮнŝξ͵͘dŚĞŶ‫ݖ‬ҧсϮͲŝξ͵ƐŽƚŚĂƚ dŚƵƐ͕ ‫ݖ‬ଵ ͳ

ൌ ‫ݖ‬ଵ Ǥ ൬ ൰ ൌ ‫ݖ‬ଵ Ǥ ‫ݖ‬ଶିଵ 
ͮnjͮ ϮсϮϮн;ξ͵ͿϮсϳ͘ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ܼଶ

dŚƵƐ͕ƚŚĞŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĐĂƚŝǀĞŝŶǀĞƌƐĞŽĨϮнŝξ͵ŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďLJ

WĂŐĞϮϬ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
 1.9 INTEGRAL POWERS OF IOTA (i) 
3. If ࢠ૚ and ࢠ૛ are non real complex numbers such that
WŽƐŝƚŝǀĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂůƉŽǁĞƌƐŽĨŝ͗tĞŚĂǀĞ͕ ࢠ૚ ൅ ࢠ૛ and ࢠ૚ ࢠ૛ are real numbers, then
Solution: >Ğƚ‫ݖ‬ଵ ൌ ܽ ൅ ܾ݅ǡ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ൌ ܿ ൅ ݀݅Ǣ ܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ݀ ‫א‬
(i) ݅ ൌ ξെͳ ܴǢ ܾǡ ݀ ് ͲǡƚŚĞŶ‫ݖ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ŝƐƌĞĂůĂŶĚ‫ݖ‬ଵ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ŝƐƌĞĂů
(ii) ݅ ଶ ൌ െͳ ֜ ܾ ൅ ݀ ൌ ͲĂŶĚܽ݀ ൅ ܾܿ ൌ Ͳ
(iii) ݅ ଷ ൌ ݅ ଶ ‫ ݅ כ‬ൌ െ݅ ֜ ܽ݀ െ ݀ܿ ൌ Ͳ
(iv) ݅ ସ ൌ ሺ݅ ଶ ሻଶ ൌ ሺെͳሻଶ ൌ ͳ ֜ ݀ሺܽ െ ܿሻ ൌ Ͳ ֜ ܽ ൌ ܿĂƐ݀ ് Ͳ͘
ଵ ௜య ůƐŽܾ ൌ െ͕݀ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕‫ݖ‬ଶ ൌ ܽ െ ܾ݅ ൌ ‫ݖ‬ഥଵ ͘
(v) ݅ ିଵ ൌ ൌ ൌ ݅ ଷ ൌ െ݅
௜ ௜ర
ିଶ ଵ ଵ 
(vi) ݅ ൌ ൌ ൌ െͳ 4. ࢠ ൅ ࢠത ് ૙ if and only if
௜మ ିଵ
ିଷ ଵ ௜
(vii) ݅ ൌ ൌ ൌ ݅ (a) ZĞ;njͿ് Ͳ  (b)/ŵ;njͿ് Ͳ
௜య ௜ర
ଵ ଵ (c) nj്Ϭ   (d) ͮnj്ͮϬ
(viii) ݅ ିସ ൌ ൌ ൌ ͳ
௜ర ଵ
Solution: >Ğƚ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫݅ݕ‬Ǣ ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫͕ܴ א ݕ‬ƚŚĞŶ‫ݖ‬ҧ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫݅ݕ‬
1.10 CUBE ROOTS OF UNITY ‫ ݖ ׵‬൅ ‫ݖ‬ҧ ് ͲŝĨĨʹ‫Ͳ ് ݔ‬ŝĨĨ‫Ͳ ് ݔ‬ŝĨĨ
ZĞ;njͿ് Ͳ͘
 ߱ଷ ൌ ͳĂŶĚͳ ൅ ߱ ൅ ߱ଶ ൌ Ͳ 
ିଵାξଷ௜ ିଵିξଷ௜
 ߱ൌ ǡ ߱ଶ ൌ  5. Simplify and find the result in the form ࢇ ൅ ࢏࢈
ଶ ଶ
૜ିξି૚૟
/ŶƚĞŐƌĂůƉŽǁĞƌŽĨ߱͘
૚ିξିૢ
(i) ߱ସ ൌ ߱ ଷିξିଵ଺ ଷିସ௜
(ii) ߱ହ ൌ ߱ଶ  Solution: tĞŚĂǀĞ͗ ൌ 
ଵିξିଽ ଵିଷ௜
(iii) ߱଺ ൌ ͳ ൌ
ଷିସ௜
‫כ‬
ଵାଷ௜

(iv) ߱଻ ൌ ߱ ଵିଷ௜ ଵାଷ௜
ሺ͵ ൅ ͳʹሻ ൅ ݅ሺെͶ ൅ ͻሻ ͳͷ ൅ ͷ݅
(v) ଼߱ ൌ ߱ଶ  ൌ ൌ 
(vi) ߱ଽ ൌ ͳ ͳ െ ͻ݅ ଶ ͳͲ
ͳͷ ͷ ͵ ͳ
(vii) ߱ଵ଴ ൌ ߱ ൌ ൅ ݅ ൌ ൅ ݅
 ͳͲ ͳͲ ʹ ʹ


ሺ૚ି࢏ሻ૜
6. What is the number equal to?
  ૚ି࢏૜
 ሺଵି௜ሻయ ሺଵି௜ሻሺଵି௜ሻమ
Solution: ൌ ሺଵି௜ሻሺଵା௜ା௜ మ 
 ଵି௜ య ሻ
ଵା௜ మ ିଶ௜ ିଶ௜
 ൌ ൌ ൌ െʹƒ•݅ ଶ ൌ െ૚
ଵା௜ା௜ మ ௜

ŽŵƉůĞdžŶƵŵďĞƌƐůŽŽŬĐŽŵƉůĞdž
 7. If ࢔ is any positive integer, then find the value of
ďƵƚŝƚƐƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƐĂƌĞƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚ
 ࢏૝࢔శ૚ Ȃ࢏૝࢔ష૚
ĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ͘ĞƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚǁŝƚŚĨŽƵƌ
 ૛
 ௜ ర೙శభ ି௜ ర೙షభ ௜ ర೙ ௜ ೗ି௜ ర೙ ௜ షభ
ƚŚŝŶŐƐ Solution: ൌ 
ଶ ଶ
 ݅ െ ݅ ିଵ ͳ ͳ ͳ െʹ െͳ
;ĂͿ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂůƉŽǁĞƌƐŽĨ;ŝͿΘ߱ 
 ൌ ൬݅ െ ൰ ൌ ൬ ൰ ൌ ൌ ݅
;ďͿZĂƚŝŽŶĂůŝnjŝŶŐǁŚĞƌĞǀĞƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžŶƵŵďĞƌ ʹ ʹ ݅ ʹ ݅ ݅
 ସ௡ ସ ௡ ௡
ሺ‫ ݅ ׶‬ൌ ሺ݅ ሻ ൌ ͳ ൌ ͳሻ

ŝƐŝŶĚĞŶŽŵŝŶĂƚŽƌ  

;ĐͿDŽĚƵůƵƐΘŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞŽĨ;ŝͿ  8. If ૚ǡ ࣓ǡ ࣓૛ are the three cube roots of unity, ሺ૚ െ ࣓ ൅

;ĚͿWƌŽƉĞƌƚLJŽĨƵŶŝƚLJŝ͘Ğ͕͘ͳ ൅ ߱ ൅ ߱ଶ ൌ Ͳ ࣓૛ ሻሺ૚ ൅ ࣓ െ ࣓૛ ሻ is equal to

Solution: ZĞĐĂůůƚŚĂƚͳ ൅ ߱ ൅ ߱ଶ ൌ ͲǤ

zŽƵǁŽƵůĚďĞĂďůĞƐŽůǀĞϵϵйŽĨƚŚĞ ͳ ൅ ߱ ൌ െ߱ଶ ĂŶĚͳ ൅ ߱ଶ ൌ െ߱Ǥ

ƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƐƵŶĚĞƌϭŵŝŶƵƚĞ ሺͳ െ ߱ ൅ ߱ଶ ሻሺͳ ൅ ߱ െ ߱ଶ ሻ

ൌ ሺͳ ൅ ߱ଶ െ ߱ሻሺͳ ൅ ߱ െ ߱ଶ ሻ

ൌ ሺെ߱ െ ߱ሻሺെ߱ଶ െ ߱ଶ ሻ
 ൌ Ͷ߱ଷ ൌ Ͷ;‫߱ ׶‬ଷ ൌ ͳͿ
More Solved Examples 
1. Let ࢞ǡ ࢟ ‫ࡾ א‬, then ࢞ ൅ ࢟࢏ is a non-real complex number ૚
൅
૚
9. The value of
૚ା࣓૛ ൌ ૚ା࣓
if ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
(a) džсϬ   (b)LJсϬ Solution: ൅ ൌ ൅ మ
ଵାఠ ଵାఠమ ିఠ ିఠ
(c) dž്Ϭ   (d) LJ്Ϭ ͳ ൅ ߱ െሺെ߱ଶ ሻ
ൌെ ൌ ൌ ͳǤ
Solution: ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫݅ݕ‬Ǣ ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ܴ א ݕ‬ŝƐŶŽƌĞĂůŝĨ‫͘Ͳ ് ݕ‬ ߱ଶ ߱ଶ
 ሺ‫ ͳ ׶‬൅ ߱ ൅ ߱ଶ ൌ Ͳሻ
2. Let ࢞ǡ ࢟ ‫ࡾ א‬, then ࢞ ൅ ࢟࢏ is a purely imaginary number 
if 10. If ࣓ is a non-real cube root of unity, then evaluate
(a) džсϬ͕LJ്Ϭ  (b)dž്Ϭ͕LJсϬ ࢇା࢈࣓ାࢉ࣓૛
(c) dž്Ϭ͕LJ്Ϭ  (d) džсϬ͕LJൌϬ ࢉା࢈࣓૛ ାࢇ࣓
௔ା௕ఠା௖ఠమ ௔ఠయ ା௕ఠర ା௖ఠమ
Solution: ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫݅ݕ‬Ǣ ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ܴ א ݕ‬ŝƐƉƵƌĞůLJŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJŝĨ‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ Solution: ൌ ሺ‫߱  ׶‬ଷ ൌ ͳሻ
௖ା௕ఠమ ା௔ఠ ௖ା௕ఠమ ା௔ఠ
ĂŶĚ‫͘Ͳ ് ݕ‬
YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϮϭ
 ߱ଶ ሺܽ߱ ൅ ܾ߱ଶ ൅ ܿሻ ʹ݅ሺͳ ൅ ݅ሻ
ൌ ൌ ߱ଶ  ሺ‫ ݅ ׶‬ଶ ൌ  െͳሻ
ܿ ൅ ܾ߱ ଶ ൅ ܽ߱ ͳ െ ݅ଶ
ʹ݅ ൅ ʹ݅ ଶ ʹ݅ ൅ ʹሺെͳሻ
 ൌ ൌ 
ࢠ૚ ࢠ૛ ͳ െ ሺെͳሻ ʹ
11. Ifࢠ૚ ǡ ࢠ૛ ࢇ࢘ࢋ૚ െ ࢏ǡ െ૛ ൅ ૝࢏ǡ respectively, find Im ቀ ቁ ൌ ݅ െ ͳ ൌ െͳ ൅ ݅Ǥ
ࢠതതത
૚
Solution: tĞŚĂǀĞ͗ ‫ ݁ݐܽ݃ݑ݆݊݋ܿ ׵‬ൌ െͳ െ ݅

‫ݖ‬ଵ ‫ݖ‬ଶ ሺͳ െ ݅ሻሺെʹ ൅ Ͷ݅ሻ ૚૙૙ ૚૙૙
ൌ  14. The value of ቀ
૛
ቁ ൅ቀ
૛
ቁ is equal to
‫ݖ‬ଵ ሺͳ െ ݅ሻ ࢏ାξ૜ ࢏ିξ૜
ଶ ଵ଴଴ ଶ ଵ଴଴
ሺെʹ ൅ Ͷሻ ൅ ݅ሺʹ ൅ Ͷሻ Solution: ൌ ቀ ቁ ൅ቀ ቁ 
௜ାξଷ ௜ିξଷ
ൌ 
ͳ൅݅ ଶ௜ ଵ଴଴ ଶ௜ ଵ଴଴
ʹ ൅ ͸݅ ʹ ൅ ͸݅ ͳ െ ݅ ൌቀ మ ቁ ൅ቀమ ቁ 
௜ ାξଷ௜ ௜ ିξଷ௜
ൌ ൌ ‫כ‬ 
ͳ൅݅ ͳ൅݅ ͳെ݅ ଶ௜ ଵ଴଴ ଶ௜ ଵ଴଴
ൌቀ ቁ ൅ቀ ቁ 
ሺʹ ൅ ͸ሻ ൅ ݅ሺ͸ െ ʹሻ ͺ ൅ Ͷ݅ ିଵାξଷ௜ ିଵିξଷ௜
ൌ ൌ 
ͳ൅ͳ ʹ ଵ ଵ଴଴ ଵ ଵ଴଴
ൌቀ ቁ ൅  ቀ మቁ 
œଵ œଶ ఠ ఠ
ൌ Ͷ ൅ ʹ݅ ֜‫  ׵‬൬ ൰ ൌ ʹ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
‫ݖ‬ଵ ൌ ൅ ൌ ൅ ൌ ‫ ݓ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݓ‬ൌ െͳ
ఠభబబ ఠమబబ ఠ ఠమ
 ሾ‫ ͳ ׶‬ൌ ߱ଷ ܽ݊݀ͳ ൅ ߱ ൅ ߱ଶ ൌ Ͳሿ
૚ା࢏ ࢞
12. If ቀ ቁ ൌ ૚ǡ then find ࢞. 
૚ି࢏
ଵା௜ ௫
Solution: 'ŝǀĞŶቀ ቁ ൌ ͳ 15. If ࢞ ൌ െ૞ ൅ ૛ξെ૝, find the value of
ଵି௜
௫
ሺͳ ൅ ݅ሻሺͳ ൅ ݅ሻ ࢞૝ ൅ ૢ࢞૜ ൅ ૜૞࢞૛ െ ࢞ ൅ ૝
֜ቊ ቋ ൌ ͳ Solution: tĞŚĂǀĞ͕‫ ݔ‬ൌ െͷ ൅ Ͷ݅
ሺͳ െ ݅ሻሺͳ ൅ ݅ሻ
ଶ
ͳ ൅ ݅ ൅ ʹ݅ ʹ݅ ௫ ֜ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͷ ൌ Ͷ݅
֜ቆ ଶ
ቇ ൌ ͳ ֜ ൬ ൰ ൌ ͳ ֜ ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͷሻଶ ൌ ͳ͸݅ ଶ
ͳെ݅ ʹ
֜ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳͲ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹͷ ൌ െͳ͸
֜ ݅ ௫ ൌ ͳ ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘ˆͶǤ
֜ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳͲ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷͳ ൌ Ͳ
ሺ‫ ݅ ׶‬ସ ൌ ͳሻ
EŽǁ͕‫ ݔ‬ସ ൅ ͻ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ͵ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷ

ሺ૚ା࢏ሻ૛
ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳͲ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷͳሻ െ ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳͲ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷͳሻ ൅
13. What is the conjugate of the complex number
૚ି࢏
? Ͷሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳͲ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷͳሻ െ ͳ͸Ͳ
ሺଵା௜ሻమ ଵା௜ మ ାଶ௜ ଵା௜ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሺͲሻ െ ‫ݔ‬ሺͲሻ ൅ ͶሺͲሻ െ ͳ͸Ͳ ൌ െͳ͸Ͳ
Solution: dŚĞŐŝǀĞŶŶƵŵďĞƌ ൌ ‫כ‬ 
ଵି௜ ଵି௜ ଵା௜ ‫ ׶‬ሾ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳͲ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷͳ ൌ Ͳሿ



PRACTICE QUESTIONS

ϭ͘ ξെͳŝƐŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJƵŶŝƚĂŶĚĚĞŶŽƚĞĚďLJ͍ ;ĂͿܽ െ ܾ݅  ;ďͿܽ
;ĂͿWŝ   ;ďͿ/ŽƚĂ ;ĐͿܾ   ;ĚͿܾܽ
;ĐͿĞůƚĂ   ;ĚͿDŝĐƌŽ 
 ϴ͘ ŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞŽĨ݅ ଵ଻ ŝƐ
Ϯ͘ ZĞĂůƉĂƌƚŽĨʹܾܽሺ݅ ൅ ݅ ଶ ሻŝƐ ;ĂͿȂ ݅   ;ďͿϭ
;ĂͿʹܾܽ   ;ďͿെʹܾܽ ;ĐͿ݅   ;ĚͿͲϭ
;ĐͿʹܾܽ݅   ;ĚͿെʹܾܽ݅ 
 ϵ͘ dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨሺͳ ൅ ݅ሻ଼ ൅ ሺͳ െ ݅ሻ଼ ŝƐ
ϯ͘ /Ĩ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ʹ െ ͵͕݅ƚŚĞŶĨŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ‫ ݖ‬ଶ Ǥ ;ĂͿϭϲ   ;ďͿͲϭϲ
;ĂͿെͷ ൅ ͳʹ݅  ;ďͿെͷ െ ͳʹ݅ ;ĐͿϯϮ   ;ĚͿͲϯϮ
;ĐͿͷ ൅ ͳʹ݅  ;ĚͿͷ െ ͳʹ݅ 
 10. &ĂĐƚŽƌƐŽĨ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ĂƌĞ
ϰ͘ tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ݅ ଶସ ǫ ;ĂͿሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ݅‫ݕ‬ሻሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ݅‫ݕ‬ሻ ;ďͿሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ݅‫ݕ‬ሻሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ݅‫ݕ‬ሻ
;ĂͿ݅   ;ďͿϭ ;ĐͿሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻଶ   ;ĚͿሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݕ‬ሻሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻ
;ĐͿെ݅   ;ĚͿͲϭ 
  ͸݅ െ͵݅ ͳ
ϱ͘ tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨʹܽ݅ ଷ ൅ Ͷܽ݅ ଶ ൅ ͵ܽ݅ ൅ ͳĂƚܽ ൌ ͳǫ 11. /Ĩอ Ͷ ͵݅ െͳอ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ݅‫ݕ‬ǡƚŚĞŶͺͺ
;ĂͿ݅ െ ͵   ;ďͿ݅ െ Ͷ ʹͲ ͵ ݅
;ĂͿ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͵  ;ďͿ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͵ǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͳ
;ĐͿെ͵݅ ൅ ͳ  ;ĚͿെ͹݅ ൅ ͳ
;ĐͿ‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͵  ;ĚͿ‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ


ϲ͘ tŚĂƚŝƐሺʹ ൅ ݅ሻ ൈ ݅ǫ ͸݅ െ͵݅ ͳ
;ĂͿͳ െ ʹ݅  ;ďͿʹ െ ݅ 12. /Ĩอ Ͷ ͵݅ െͳอ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ݅‫ݕ‬ǡƚŚĞŶĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞȁ‫ ݔ‬൅ ݅‫ݕ‬ȁ
;ĐͿെͳ ൅ ʹ݅  ;ĚͿെʹ ൅ ݅ ʹͲ ͵ ݅
 ;ĂͿͳ െ ͵݅  ;ďͿ͵ െ ݅
ϳ͘ tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞŽĨܽ ൅ ܾ͍݅ ;ĐͿെ͵݅   ;ĚͿͲ

WĂŐĞϮϮ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
 ିସ ିସ
;ĐͿ ൅ ͳͲ݅  െ ͳͲ݅ ;ĚͿ
ଷ ଷ
13. tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞŵŽĚƵůƵƐŽĨܽ ൅ ܾ݅ǫ 
௔ା௕ ௔ି௕
;ĂͿ మ మ 
ඥ௔ ା௕
 ;ďͿ
ඥ௔మ ା௕మ
 22. /Ĩܽ ൌ ͵ ൅ ʹ݅ĂŶĚܾ ൌ ʹ െ ͕݅ƚŚĞŶĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞሺȁܽȁ ൅ ȁܾȁሻଶ ͘
ଶ ଶ
;ĐͿܽ ൅ ܾ   ;ĚͿξܽଶ ൅ ܾଶ ;ĂͿͳͺ ൅ ʹξ͸ͷ  ;ďͿͳͺ െ ʹξ͸ͷ
;ĐͿͳͺ   ;ĚͿͷ ൅ ݅
14. /Ĩ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͵ െ ͕݅ƚŚĞŶĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞȁ‫ ݖ‬ଶ ȁ 
௜ିସ
;ĂͿξͳͲ   ;ďͿͳͲ 23. ŽŵƉƵƚĞZĞĂůĂŶĚ/ŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJƉĂƌƚŽĨ‫ ݖ‬ൌ 
ଶ௜ିଷ
;ĐͿͺ െ ͸݅  ;ĚͿͳͲ െ ͸݅ ;ĂͿܴ݁ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ
ଵସ
ǡ ‫݉ܫ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ
ହ

ଵଷ ଵଷ
ଵସ ହ
௭ ;ďͿܴ݁ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ െ ǡ ‫݉ܫ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ െ 
15. /Ĩቚ భቚ ൌ ͳ͵͕‫ݖ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ ݌‬൅ ʹ݅ܽ݊݀‫ݖ‬ଶ ൌ ͳ െ ʹ͕݅ǁŚĞƌĞ‫͕ݖ א ݌‬ ସ
ଵଷ
ହ
ଵଷ
௭మ
;ĐͿܴ݁ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ ǡ ‫݉ܫ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ 
ƚŚĞŶĨŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ‫͘݌‬ ଵଷ ଵଷ
ଵସ ହ
;ĂͿʹͻ   ;ďͿെʹͻ ;ĚͿܴ݁ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ െ ǡ ‫݉ܫ‬ሺ‫ݖ‬ሻ ൌ 
ଵଷ ଵଷ
;ĐͿേʹͻ   ;ĚͿξͺͶͷ 
24. /Ĩ‫ ݖ‬ൌ െʹͶ െ ͹݅ƚŚĞŶƉůŽƚŝƚŽŶĂŶƌŐĂŶĚƉůĂŶĞ͕ŝĨ‫ ݔ‬െ
16. /Ĩ߱ŝƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĐƵďĞƌŽŽƚŽĨϭŽƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶϭƚŚĞŶ ܽ‫ݏ݅ݔ‬ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐZĞĂůdžŝƐĂŶĚ‫ ݕ‬െ ܽ‫ݏ݅ݔ‬ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ
ͳ ͳ ͳ /ŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJdžŝƐ
อͳ െͳ െ ߱ଶ ߱ଶ อ ൌ ̴̴
ͳ ߱ଶ ߱ସ
;ĂͿ͵߱   ;ďͿ͵߱ሺ߱ െ ͳሻ
;ĐͿ͵߱ଶ    ;ĚͿ͵߱ሺͳ െ ߱ሻ

17. >Ğƚ‫ݖ‬ďĞĂĐŽŵƉůĞdžŶƵŵďĞƌƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚŝŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJƉĂƌƚŽĨ‫ݖ‬
;ĂͿ  ;ďͿ 
ŝƐŶŽŶnjĞƌŽĂŶĚܽ ൌ ‫ ݖ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݖ‬൅ ͳŝƐZĞĂů͘dŚĞŶĂĐĂŶŶŽƚ
ƚĂŬĞǀĂůƵĞ
ଵ
;ĂͿͲϭ   ;ďͿ 
ଷ
ଵ ଷ
;ĐͿ    ;ĚͿ 
ଶ ସ

18. tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ/ŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJĨŽƌĐŽŵƉůĞdžŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ 

‫ݓ݀݊ܽݖ‬ǫ 
;ĂͿȁ‫ ݖ‬൅ ‫ݓ‬ȁ ൑ ȁ‫ݖ‬ȁ ൅ ȁ‫ݓ‬ȁ ;ďͿȁ‫ ݖ‬൅ ‫ݓ‬ȁ ൑ ȁ‫ݖ‬ȁ െ ȁ‫ݓ‬ȁ 25. /Ĩ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ʹͶ െ ͹݅ƚŚĞŶƉůŽƚŝƚŽŶĂŶĂƌŐĂŶĚƉůĂŶĞ͕/Ĩ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽ‫ݏ݅ݔ‬
;ĐͿȁ‫ ݖ‬൅ ‫ݓ‬ȁ ൒  ȁ‫ݖ‬ȁ ൅ ȁ‫ݓ‬ȁ ;ĚͿȁ‫ ݖ‬൅ ‫ݓ‬ȁ ൒ ȁ‫ݖ‬ȁ െ ȁ‫ݓ‬ȁ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐZĞĂůdžŝƐĂŶĚ‫ ݕ‬െ ܽ‫ݏ݅ݔ‬ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ/ŵĂŐŝŶĂƌLJ
džŝƐ
19. tŚĂƚĂƌĞƚŚĞĨŽƵƌƚŚZŽŽƚƐŽĨƵŶŝƚLJ͍
;ĂͿെͳǡͳǡ ൫ͳ െ ξʹ൯ǡ ൫ͳ ൅ ξʹ൯
;ďͿെͳǡ െͳǡ ݅ǡ ሺͳ െ ξʹሻ
;ĐͿെͳǡ െ݅ǡ ݅ǡ ξʹ
;ĚͿͳǡ െͳǡ ݅ǡ െ݅
;ĂͿ  ;ďͿ 
20. /Ĩܽ ൌ ͵ ൅ ʹ݅ĂŶĚܾ ൌ ͳ െ ͕݅ƚŚĞŶĨŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ
ȁܽȁ ൅ ȁܾȁǫ
;ĂͿξͳ͵ ൅ ξʹ  ;ďͿξͳ͵ െ ξʹ
;ĐͿξͳ͵ ൅ ξʹ݅  ;ĚͿξͳ͵ െ ξʹ݅

21. /Ĩ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ݅‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ܴ א ݕ‬ĂŶĚ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ሺ͵‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݕ‬ሻ݅ ൌ Ͷ െ ͸݅ƚŚĞŶ ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ 
‫ ݖ‬ൌͺͺ
ସ ସ
;ĂͿ ൅ ͳͲ݅  ;ďͿ െ ͳͲ݅
ଷ ଷ

NOTE: For Practice Questions Refer to Online Study Portal

END OF CHAPTER

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϮϯ
Chapter 5
LOGARITHM


1. LOGARITHM
Meaning: /Ĩܽ ௫ ൌ ͕ܰƚŚĞŶǁĞƐĂLJƚŚĂƚůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵŽĨܰƚŽďĂƐĞĂŝƐ‫ݔ‬ŽƌŽ‘‰ ௔ ܰ ൌ ‫͘ݔ‬
 dŚƵƐ͕ܽ ௫ ൌ ܰ ֞ Ž‘‰ ௔ ܰ ൌ ‫ݔ‬
͚a’ŝƐĂƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞƌĞĂůŶƵŵďĞƌ͕ŽƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶϭĂŶĚ‫ݔ‬ŝƐĂƌĂƚŝŽŶĂůŶƵŵďĞƌ͘

1.1 FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF RULE V: Ž‘‰ ௔ ܽ ൌ ͳ͘ŝ͘Ğ͘ƚŚĞůŽŐŽĨĂŶLJƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞƋƵĂŶƚŝƚLJŽĨ

ƚŚĞƐĂŵĞďĂƐĞŝƐĂůǁĂLJƐŽŶĞ͘
LOGARITHMS
tĞƐŚĂůůƚĂŬĞůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵƐƚŽĂŶLJďĂƐĞܽሺܽ ൐ ͲĂŶĚ
RULE VI: ܽ୪୭୥ೌ ௠ ൌ ݉
ܽ ് ͳሻ͘

 ଵ
 RULE VII:Ž‘‰ ௔ ݉ ൌ 
୪୭୥೘ ௔
 ‫ݎ݋‬
୪୭୥ೣ ௠
 ŽŵŵĞƌĐĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐĂƌĞƐĐĂƌĞĚŽĨ Ž‘‰ ௔ ݉ ൌ 
୪୭୥ೣ ௔

,ĞƌĞ‫ݔ‬ŝƐĂƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞƌĞĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶϭ͘
 >ŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵ͘ϵϵй>ŽŐƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƐǁŽƵůĚ
 ďĞƐŽůǀĞĚ͘:ƵƐƚĨŽůůŽǁƚŚĞƐĞƐĞǀĞŶƌƵůĞƐ͘
Example A : ŚĂŶŐĞƚŚĞďĂƐĞŽĨŽ‘‰ ହ ͵ͳŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŵŵŽŶ

ůŽŐĂƌŝƚŚŵŝĐďĂƐĞ͘


1.2 OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING RULES ୪୭୥ ௫
Solution: ^ŝŶĐĞ Ž‘‰ ௔ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ್ 
 ୪୭୥್ ௔

RULE I͗/Ĩ݉ǡ ݊ĂƌĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞƌĂƚŝŽŶĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞŶ 

୪୭୥ ଷଵ
  ‫ ‰‘Ž  ׵‬ହ ͵ͳ ൌ భబ 

Ž‘‰ ௔ ሺ݉݊ሻ ൌ Ž‘‰ ௔ ݉ ൅ Ž‘‰ ௔ ݊ ୪୭୥భబ ହ

ŝ͘Ğ͘ƚŚĞůŽŐŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨƚǁŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞ More Solved Examples
ƐƵŵŽĨƚŚĞŝƌůŽŐƐ͘ ‫ ܏ܗܔ‬૚૝૝
 1. Find the values of ࢞: if ൌ ‫ ܏ܗܔ‬૚૙ ࢞
‫ ܏ܗܔ‬૚૛
RULE II: /Ĩ݉ĂŶĚ݊ĂƌĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞƌĂƚŝŽŶĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞŶ ୪୭୥ ଵସସ
Solution: tĞŚĂǀĞ͕ ൌ Ž‘‰ ‫ݔ‬
୪୭୥ଵଶ
 ݉ Ž‘‰ ͳʹଶ ʹ Ž‘‰ ͳʹ
 Ž‘‰ ௔ ቀ ቁ ൌ Ž‘‰ ௔ ݉ െ Ž‘‰ ௔ ݊ ֜ ൌ Ž‘‰ ‫֜ ݔ‬ ൌ Ž‘‰ ‫ݔ‬

݊ Ž‘‰ ͳʹ Ž‘‰ ͳʹ
ŝ͘Ğ͘ƚŚĞůŽŐŽĨƚŚĞƌĂƚŝŽŽĨƚǁŽŶƵŵďĞƌƐŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞ ֜ Ž‘‰ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ʹ ֜ Ž‘‰ଵ଴ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ʹሾ‫ ݔ ‰‘Ž ׶‬ൌ Ž‘‰ଵ଴ ‫ݔ‬ሿ
ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞŝƌůŽŐƐ͘ ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳͲଶ ൌ ͳͲͲ
 
RULE III: /Ĩ݉ܽ݊݀݊ĂƌĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞƌĂƚŝŽŶĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞŶ 2. Find the values of ࢞ in the following:
 ࢒࢕ࢍ࢞ ૝ ൅ ࢒࢕ࢍ࢞ ૚૟ ൅ ࢒࢕࢞࢞ ૟૝ ൌ ૚૛
 Ž‘‰ ௔ ሺ݉௡ ሻ ൌ ݊ ‫ ‰‘Ž כ‬௔ ݉ Solution: ݈‫݃݋‬௫ Ͷ ൅ ݈‫݃݋‬௫ ͳ͸ ൅ ݈‫ݔ݋‬௫ ͸Ͷ ൌ ͳʹ
 ֜ ݈‫݃݋‬௫ ʹଶ ൅ ݈‫݃݋‬௫ ʹସ ൅ ݈‫݃݋‬௫ ʹ଺ ൌ ͳʹ
֜ ʹ ݈‫݃݋‬௫ ʹ ൅ Ͷ ݈‫݃݋‬௫ ʹ ൅ ͸ ݈‫݃݋‬௫ ʹ ൌ ͳʹ
RULE IV: Ž‘‰ ௔ ͳ ൌ Ͳ͘ŝ͘Ğ͘dŚĞůŽŐŽĨϭƚŽĂŶLJďĂƐĞŝƐĂůǁĂLJƐ
֜ ݈‫݃݋‬௫ ʹ ൌ ͳ ֜ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ʹ ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ʹ
njĞƌŽ͘
[‫݃݋݈ ׶‬௔ ܰ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬฻ ܽ ௫ ൌ ܰ]

WĂŐĞϮϰ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
 
3. Evaluate the following: ૚૙‫܏ܗܔ‬૚૙ ࢓ା૛ ‫ ܏ܗܔ‬૚૙ ࢔ା૜ ‫܏ܗܔ‬૚૙ ࢖ ֜ Ž‘‰ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͳሻ ൌ Ž‘‰ሺͳͳ ‫ͻ כ‬ሻ ൌ ݈‫ͻͻ݃݋‬
Solution: tĞŚĂǀĞ͕ ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͳ ൌ ͻͻ
ͳͲ୪୭୥భబ  ௠ାଶ ୪୭୥భబ ௡ାଷ ୪୭୥భబ ௣  ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ͳͲͲ
మ
ൌ ͳͲ୪୭୥భబ ௠ା୪୭୥భబ ௡ ା୪୭୥భబ ௣ 
య ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳͲ΀‫ ݔ ׶‬൐ Ͳ΁
మ య
ൌ ͳͲ୪୭୥భబ ሺ௠௡ ௣ ሻ  
hƐŝŶŐZƵůĞs/ 5. If ࢒࢕ࢍ૝ ૛ ൅ ࢒࢕ࢍ૝ ૝ ൅  ࢒࢕ࢍ૝ ࢞ ൅  ࢒࢕ࢍ૝ ૚૟ ൌ ૟ then find
ൌ ݉݊ଶ ‫݌‬ଷ  value of ࢞.
 Solution: Ž‘‰ ସ ʹ ൅ Ž‘‰ ସ Ͷ ൅ Ž‘‰ ସ ‫  ݔ‬൅ Ž‘‰ ସ ͳ͸ ൌ ͸
4. Find the value (s) of ࢞: ֞ Ž‘‰ ସ ʹ ‫ כ‬Ͷ ‫ͳ כ ݔ כ‬͸ ൌ ͸
‫܏ܗܔ‬ሺ࢞ ൅ ૚ሻ ൅ ‫܏ܗܔ‬ሺ࢞ െ ૚ሻ ൌ ‫ ܏ܗܔ‬૚૚ ൅ ૛ ‫ ܏ܗܔ‬૜ ŽƌŽ‘‰ ସ ͳʹͺ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͸ Ž‘‰ ସ Ͷ ൌ Ž‘‰ Ͷ଺ 
Solution: Ž‘‰ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻ ൅ Ž‘‰ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻ ‫ʹͳ ׵‬ͺ‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͷ଺ ൌ ͸Ͷ ‫ כ‬͸Ͷ
ൌ Ž‘‰ ͳͳ ൅ ʹ Ž‘‰ ͵ ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͵ʹ
֜ Ž‘‰ሼሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻሽ ൌ Ž‘‰ ͳͳ ൅ Ž‘‰ ͵ଶ 
ଶ
֜ Ž‘‰ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻ ൌ Ž‘‰ ͳͳ ൅ Ž‘‰ ͻ



PRACTICE QUESTIONS

ଵଵ ଵସ ଶଶ
1. tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůĞƐƚĨŽƌŵŽĨ͗Ž‘‰ ൅ Ž‘‰ െ Ž‘‰ ͍ ;ĂͿϭ  ;ďͿϮ  ;ĐͿϯ ;ĚͿϰ
ହ ଷ ଵହ
;ĂͿŽ‘‰ ʹ  ;ďͿŽ‘‰ ͵  ;ĐͿŽ‘‰ ͹ ;ĚͿŽ‘‰ ͺ 
 12. ݈‫݃݋‬ଷ ሺͷ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ሻ  ൅ ݈‫ ଼݃݋‬ͺ  ൌ ʹଶ
2. tŚĂƚŝƐŽ‘‰ ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ Ž‘‰ ‫ݔ‬ĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚƚŽ͍ ;ĂͿϮϮ  ;ďͿϯϯ  ;ĐͿϭϭ ;ĚͿϰϰ

;ĂͿŽ‘‰ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଷ   ;ďͿŽ‘‰ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ 
;ĐͿŽ‘‰ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ସ   ;ĚͿŽ‘‰ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ହ  13. Ž‘‰ʹͳ͸ξ͸ƚŽƚŚĞďĂƐĞϲŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽ
 ;ĂͿϯ   ;ďͿϯͬϮ
ଵ ଵ ;ĐͿϳͬϮ   ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
3. ǀĂůƵĂƚĞ Ž‘‰ ͻ ൅ ʹ Ž‘‰͸ ൅ Ž‘‰ ͺͳ െ Ž‘‰ ͳʹ
ଶ ସ 
;ĂͿ͵ Ž‘‰ ʹ  ;ďͿ͵ Ž‘‰ Ͷ 14. ˆ ݈‫݃݋‬௞ ‫ ‰‘Ž ݔ‬ହ  ൌ ͵͕ƚŚĞŶĨŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ‫͘ݔ‬
;ĐͿ͵ Ž‘‰ ͷ  ;ĚͿ͵ Ž‘‰ ͵ ;ĂͿ݇ ହ    ;ďͿͷ݇
 ;ĐͿϮϰϯ   ;ĚͿϭϮϱ
4. tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ͵୪୭୥య ଻ ൈ Ͷ୪୭୥ర ହ ͘ 
;ĂͿʹͷ  ;ďͿʹͺ  ;ĐͿ͵Ͳ ;ĚͿ͵ͷ ୫
15. Ž‘‰ ௔ ቀ ቁŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽ
 ୬
5. /Ĩʹ݈‫݃݋‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻȂ ݈‫݃݋‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ Ȃ ͳሻ ൌ ݈‫͕ʹ݃݋‬ƚŚĞŶĨŝŶĚ‫͘ݔ‬ ;ĂͿ݈‫݃݋‬௔ ሺ݉ െ ݊ሻ  ;ďͿ݈‫݃݋‬௔ ݉ െ ݈‫݃݋‬௔ ݊
௟௢௚ ௠
;ĂͿϰ  ;ďͿϭ  ;ĐͿϱ ;ĚͿϯ ;ĐͿ ೌ   ;ĚͿ݈‫݃݋‬௔ ݉ ൊ ݈‫݃݋‬௔ ݊
௡
 
6. &ŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ 16. /ĨŽ‘‰ ହ ሾŽ‘‰ ଷ ሺŽ‘‰ ଶ ‫ݔ‬ሻሿ ൌ ͳƚŚĞŶ‫ݔ‬ŝƐ
Ž‘‰ ହ ͳͲ ൈ Ž‘‰ଵ଴ ͳͷ ൈ Ž‘‰ଵହ ʹͲ ൈ Ž‘‰ ଶ଴ ʹͷ ;ĂͿϮϮϯϰ   ;ďͿϮϰϯ
ହ
;ĂͿϱͬϮ  ;ďͿϱ  ;ĐͿϮ ;ĚͿ݈‫ ݃݋‬ ;ĐͿϮϮϰϯ   ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
ଶ
 
7. /Ĩ݈‫݃݋‬ଷ ܽ ൌ Ͷ͕ĨŝŶĚǀĂůƵĞŽĨܽ͘ 17. /ĨŽ‘‰ଵ଴ ܽ  ൅ Ž‘‰ଵ଴ ܾ ൌ ͕ܿƚŚĞŶƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨܽŝƐ
௖
;ĂͿϮϳ  ;ďͿϯ  ;ĐͿϵ ;ĚͿϴϭ ;ĂͿܾܿ   ;ďͿ 
௕
 ሺଵ଴ሻୡ ଵ଴௕
ଽ ଶ଻ ଷ
;ĐͿ    ;ĚͿ
ୠ ௖
8. &ŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨŽ‘‰ െ Ž‘‰ ൅ Ž‘‰  
଼ ଷଶ ସ
;ĂͿϬ   ;ďͿϭ 18. /ĨŽ‘‰ ௬ ‫  ݔ‬ൌ ͺܽ݊݀ Ž‘‰ଵ଴௬ ͳ͸‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͷ͕ƚŚĞŶĨŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ
ଷ
;ĐͿϯ   ;ĚͿ݈‫ ݃݋‬ቀ ቁ ‫͘ݕ‬
ସ
 ;ĂͿϭ  ;ďͿϮ  ;ĐͿϯ ;ĚͿϱ
9. ǀĂůƵĂƚĞ͗͵ଶି୪୭୥య ହ  
;ĂͿͻȀͷ   ;ďͿͶͷ 19. ݈‫Ͳ݃݋‬ǤͲͺ͸͹ ൌǫ
;ĐͿͷȀͻ   ;ĚͿͻ Ž‘‰ ଷ ͷ ;ĂͿ݈‫݃݋‬ͺǤ͸͹ ൅ ʹ  ;ďͿ݈‫݃݋‬ͺǤ͸͹Ȃ ʹ
୪୭୥଼଺଻
 ;ĐͿ   ;ĚͿȂ ʹ݈‫݃݋‬ͺǤ͸͹
ଵ଴଴଴
ଵ
ͳͲǤ &ŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨŽ‘‰ ଶ଻ ሺ ሻ 
଼ଵ
ଵ 20. &ŝŶĚ‫͕ݔ‬ŝĨͲǤͲͳ௫  ൌ ʹ
;ĂͿʹϰͬϯ ;ďͿʹϯ  ;ĐͿʹϭ ;ĚͿȂ 
ଷ ;ĂͿ݈‫ʹ݃݋‬Ȁʹ  ;ďͿʹȀ݈‫ʹ݃݋‬
 ;ĐͿȂ ʹȀ݈‫ʹ݃݋‬  ;ĚͿ(Ȃ  ݈ ‫ ) ʹ  ݃ ݋‬Ȁ ʹ 
଼ ୪୭୥ఴ ଼
11. &ŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ 
ଶ ୪୭୥ξఴ ଼


NOTE: For Practice Questions Refer to Online Study Portal



END OF CHAPTER
YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϮϱ


Chapter 6
SETS, RELATIONS and
FUNCTIONS

1. SETS
Meaning: ǁĞůůĚĞĨŝŶĞĚĐŽůůĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨŽďũĞĐƚŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƐĞƚƐ͘

2. FUNCTION
Meaning: ŶLJƐƵďƐĞƚŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĞƚyzŝƐƐĂŝĚƚŽĚĞĨŝŶĞĂƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶĨƌŽŵyƚŽzĂŶĚĂŶLJƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶĨƌŽŵyƚŽzŝŶ
ǁŚŝĐŚŶŽƚǁŽĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŽƌĚĞƌĞĚƉĂŝƌƐŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĨŝƌƐƚĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͘
>ĞƚĂŶĚďĞƚǁŽŶŽŶʹĞŵƉƚLJƐĞƚƐ͕ƚŚĞŶĂƌƵůĞŽƌĂĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶĐĞ݂ǁŚŝĐŚĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚƚŽĞĂĐŚĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐdžŽĨĂ͘
ƵŶŝƋƵĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚ͕ĚĞŶŽƚĞĚďLJ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻŽĨ͕ŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶŽƌŵĂƉƉŝŶŐĨƌŽŵƚŽĂŶĚǁĞǁƌŝƚĞ͗o
 dŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻŽĨďŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞŝŵĂŐĞŽĨdž͕ǁŚŝůĞdžŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞƉƌĞʹŝŵĂŐĞŽĨ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ͘



   FORMS OF SET


ROASTER FORM / BRACE SET BUILDER FORM
 FORM

B = {x:x = 2x and x being an integer}

A = {1, 2, 3, 4} C = {2x-1:0<x<6 and x is an integer}
 B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
C = {a, e, i, o, u}


1.1 TYPES OF SET Caution:;ŝͿdŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨĂƐĞƚŵĂLJďĞůŝƐƚĞĚŝŶĂŶLJ

ŽƌĚĞƌ͘
(i) Singleton Set:ƐĞƚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐŽŶĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝƐĐĂůůĞĚ
^ŝŶŐůĞƚŽŶ^Ğƚ͘ dŚƵƐ͕΂ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ΃с΂Ϯ͕ϭ͕ϯ΃с΂ϯ͕Ϯ͕ϭ΃ĞƚĐ͘

Example A: ΂ϭ΃ŝƐĂƐŝŶŐůĞƚŽŶƐĞƚ͕ǁŚŽƐĞŽŶůLJŵĞŵďĞƌŝƐϭ͘ Caution:;ŝŝͿdŚĞƌĞƉĞƚŝƚŝŽŶŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶĂƐĞƚŝƐ

ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐůĞƐƐ͘
(ii) Equal Set:dǁŽƐĞƚƐΘĂƌĞƐĂŝĚƚŽďĞĞƋƵĂů͕
ǁƌŝƚƚĞŶĂƐсŝĨĞǀĞƌLJĞůĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŝƐŝŶĂŶĚ Example C:с΂dž͗džŝƐĂůĞƚƚĞƌŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌĚ͞ĨŽůůŽǁ͟΃
ĞǀĞƌLJĞůĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŝƐŝŶ͘ с΂Ĩ͕Ž͕ů͕ǁ΃

Example B:/Ĩс΂Ϯ͕ϰ͕ϲ΃ĂŶĚс΂Ϯ͕ϰ͕ϲ΃ƚŚĞŶ (iii) Equivalent Set:dǁŽƐĞƚƐĂŶĚĂƌĞƐĂŝĚƚŽďĞ

с ĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚƐĞƚƐŝĨďŽƚŚƐĞƚĂŶĚŚĂǀĞĞƋƵĂů
ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘;EŽƚĞƋƵĂůͿ͘

WĂŐĞϮϲ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
Example D:с΂ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ͕ϰ͕ϱ΃ĂŶĚс΂Ă͕Ğ͕ŝ͕Ž͕Ƶ΃ (ii) Intersection of Sets:dŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨƚǁŽƐĞƚƐ
,ĞƌĞĂŶĚĂƌĞĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚƐĞƚƐ͘ ĂŶĚŝƐƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨĂůůĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞĐŽŵŵŽŶŝŶ
ĂŶĚ͘dŚŝƐƐĞƚŝƐĚĞŶŽƚĞĚďLJ
(iv) Finite Set:ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨ ∩ĂŶĚƌĞĂĚĂƐ͚ŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶ͛͘
ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘;ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĐŽƵŶƚĂďůĞͿ͘ /ŶƚŚĞexample G: ‫ ܤ ת ܣ‬ൌ ሼͷሽ͘

(v) Infinite Set:ƐĞƚŝƐŝŶĨŝŶŝƚĞŝĨŝƚŝƐŶŽƚĨŝŶŝƚĞ͘;ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐ  ‫׫‬
ĐĂŶŶŽƚďĞĐŽƵŶƚĞĚͿ
  A B
(vi) Empty Set:^ĞƚŚĂǀŝŶŐŶŽĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĞŵƉƚLJƐĞƚ
ŽƌŶƵůůƐĞƚ͘с΂΃ 
 
(vii) Subset:/ĨƚǁŽƐĞƚƐĂŶĚĂƌĞŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĞŶŝƐĐĂůůĞĚ (iii) Complement of a Set:>ĞƚďĞĂƐƵďƐĞƚŽĨƚŚĞ
ƐƵďƐĞƚŽĨŝĨĂůůƚŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨ^ĞƚĂƌĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ ƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂůƐĞƚh͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ͕ĚĞŶŽƚĞĚ
ŝŶ^Ğƚ͘ ďLJ‫ܣ‬஼ ŝƐĚĞĨŝŶĞĚďLJ͗

Example E:с΂Ϯ͕ϯ͘ϰ΃ĂŶĚс΂ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ͕ϰ͕ϱ΃ŝ͘Ğ͘‫͘ؿ‬  U
/ĨƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞ݊ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĞŶdŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽĨƐƵďƐĞƚ 
ŽĨĂƐĞƚĂƌĞϮŶ

A
Example F: /Ĩс΂ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ΃͕ŚĂǀĞŵĂŶLJŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƐƵďƐĞƚƐ
ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶƐĞƚƐ͍ ͘Ő͕͘‫ ܣ‬ൌ ሼͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ǡ Ͷሽ
Solution:߶ǡ ሼͳሽሼʹሽሼ͵ሽሼͳǡ ʹሽሼʹǡ ͵ሽሼͳǡ ͵ሽሼͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ሽ ‫׫‬ൌ ሼͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ǡ Ͷǡ ͷǡ ͸ǡ ͹ሽ
ൌ ʹଷ ൌ ͺ͘ ‫ܣ‬஼ ൌ ሼͷǡ ͸ǡ ͹ሽ

(iv) Difference of Set:dŚĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŽĨƐĞƚƐĂŶĚ͕ŝŶ

(viii) Power Set:ŽůůĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨĂůůƚŚĞƐƵďƐĞƚƐŽĨĂŐŝǀĞŶ
ƚŚŝƐŽƌĚĞƌ͕ŝƐƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐǁŚŝĐŚďĞůŽŶŐƚŽ
ƐĞƚŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƉŽǁĞƌƐĞƚ͘с΂Ă͕ď͕ĐͿ
ďƵƚŶŽƚƚŽ͘^LJŵďŽůŝĐĂůůLJ͕ǁĞǁƌŝƚĞʹĂŶĚƌĞĂĚĂƐ
Example G:yс;ZĞĚ͕'ƌĞĞŶ͕ůƵĞͿ͕&ŝŶĚƉŽǁĞƌƐĞƚ͘ ͚ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͛͘
&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŝĨс΂ϰ͕ϱ͕ϲ͕ϳ͕ϴ͕ϵ΃͕
Solution: ܲሺܺሻ ൌ ൛߶ሼ‫ݎ‬ሽሼ݃ሽሼܾሽሼ‫݃ݎ‬ሽሼܾ݃ሽሼܾ‫ݎ‬ሽሼ‫ݎ‬ǡ ݃ǡ ܾǡ ሽൟ
  ĂŶĚс΂ϯ͕ϱ͕Ϯ͕ϳ΃
tŚĞƌĞ͕ƌсZĞĚ͖Őс'ƌĞĞŶ͖ďсůƵĞ͘
dŚĞŶʹс΂ϰ͕ϲ͕ϴ͕ϵ΃ĂŶĚʹс΂ϯ͕Ϯ΃͘
/ŶŐĞŶĞƌĂů͕ ʹтʹ
(ix) Universal Set:ůůƐĞƚƐƵŶĚĞƌƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐƵďƐĞƚŽĨĂ

ĨŝdžĞĚƐĞƚĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂůƐĞƚ͘ ‫׫‬
ĨŽƌĞ͘Ő͕͘сሼͳǡʹǡ͵ሽ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ሼͶǡͷሽ‫ ܥ‬ൌ ሼ͸ǡ͹ǡ ሽ 
dŚĞŶ‫׫‬ൌ ሼͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ǡ Ͷǡ ͷǡ ͸ǡ ͹ሽ

A B
(x) ƐĞƚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐĂůůĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨĂƐŵĂůůĞƌƐĞƚ͘/ĨŝƐĂ 
ƐƵďƐĞƚŽĨ͕ƚŚĞŶŝƐĂƐƵƉĞƌƐĞƚŽĨ͕ǁƌŝƚƚĞŶ‫͘ل‬/Ĩ 
ŝƐĂͲƉƌŽƉĞƌƐƵďƐĞƚŽĨ͕ƚŚŝƐŝƐǁƌŝƚƚĞŶ‫ـ‬ ʹĞdžŝƐƚǁŚĞŶŶĞŝƚŚĞƌ‫ؿ‬ŶŽƌ‫ؿ‬

1.2 VENN DIAGRAM ‫׫‬

Venn diagram:'ƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƐĞƚƐŝƐĐĂůůĞĚ
sĞŶŶĚŝĂŐƌĂŵ͘

 A B

1.2A SET OPERATIONS
ʹĞdžŝƐƚǁŚĞŶŶĞŝƚŚĞƌ‫ؿ‬ŶŽƌ‫ؿ‬
(i) Union of Set:dŚĞƵŶŝŽŶŽĨƚǁŽƐĞƚƐĂŶĚŝƐƚŚĞƐĞƚ
ŽĨĂůůƚŚŽƐĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞĞŝƚŚĞƌŝŶŽƌŝŶŽƌ 1.3 APPLICATION OF SET THEORY
ŝŶďŽƚŚ͘dŚŝƐƐĞƚŝƐĚĞŶŽƚĞĚďLJ
‫׫‬ĂŶĚƌĞĂĚĂƐ͚ƵŶŝŽŶ͛͘ SOME IMPORTANT FORMULA

Example H:с΂ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ͕ϰ͕ϱ΃ĂŶĚс΂ϱ͕ϲ͕ϳ͕ϴ΃ƚŚĞŶ (i) ሺ ‫ ׫‬ሻ  ൌ ሺሻ  ൅ ሺሻȂ ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻ
‫׫‬с΂ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ͕ϰ͕ϱ͕ϲ͕ϳ͕ϴ΃ (ii) ሺȂ ሻ  ൌ ሺሻȂ ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻ
‫׫‬ (iii) ሺȂ ሻ  ൌ ሺሻȂ ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻ
(iv) ሺ ‫ ׫  ׫‬ሻ ൌ ሺሻ ൅ ሺሻ ൅ ሺሻȂ ሺ ‫ת‬
ሻȂ ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻȂ ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻ  ൅ ሺ ‫ ת  ת‬ሻ
 A B
 Example I:/ŶĂŐƌŽƵƉŽĨϱϬƉĞŽƉůĞ͕ϯϱƐƉĞĂŬ,ŝŶĚŝ͕Ϯϱ
 ƐƉĞĂŬďŽƚŚŶŐůŝƐŚĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ,ŝŶĚŝĂŶĚĂůůƚŚĞƉĞŽƉůĞ
 ƐƉĞĂŬĂƚůĞĂƐƚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƚǁŽůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐ͘,ŽǁŵĂŶLJ

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϮϳ
ƉĞŽƉůĞƐƉĞĂŬŽŶůLJŶŐůŝƐŚĂŶĚŶŽƚ,ŝŶĚŝ͍,ŽǁŵĂŶLJ
ƉĞŽƉůĞƐƉĞĂŬŶŐůŝƐŚ͍
Solution:>Ğƚ,ĚĞŶŽƚĞƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞƐƉĞĂŬŝŶŐ,ŝŶĚŝ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞƐƉĞĂŬŝŶŐŶŐůŝƐŚ͘tĞĂƌĞŐŝǀĞŶ
ƚŚĂƚŶ;,‫Ϳ׫‬сϱϬ͕Ŷ;,Ϳсϯϱ͕Ŷ;,‫Ϳת‬
сϮϱ͘EŽƚĞŶ;,‫Ϳ׫‬сŶ;,ͿнŶ;ʹ,Ϳ͘
^Ž ϱϬсϯϱнŶ;ʹ,Ϳ͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘Ŷ;ʹ,Ϳсϭϱ͘
dŚƵƐ͕ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞǁŚŽƐƉĞĂŬŽŶůLJŶŐůŝƐŚďƵƚ

ŶŽƚ,ŝŶĚŝŝƐϭϱ͘ Definition 2 ƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶZĨƌŽŵĂŶŽŶͲĞŵƉƚLJƐĞƚƚŽĂŶŽŶͲ
ůƐŽ͕Ŷ;,‫Ϳ׫‬сŶ;,ͿнŶ;ͿʹŶ;,∩ͿŝŵƉůŝĞƐ ĞŵƉƚLJƐĞƚŝƐĂƐƵďƐĞƚŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƌƚĞƐŝĂŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ‫͘ܤ‬
ϱϬсϯϱнŶ;ͿʹϮϱ͘ dŚĞƐƵďƐĞƚŝƐĚĞƌŝǀĞĚďLJĚĞƐĐƌŝďŝŶŐĂƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ǁŚŝĐŚŐŝǀĞƐŶ;ͿсϰϬ֜ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞŽƉůĞǁŚŽƐƉĞĂŬ ƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĞůĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĞůĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌĞĚ
ŶŐůŝƐŚŝƐϰϬ͘ ƉĂŝƌƐŝŶ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ‫͘ܤ‬dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞimage ŽĨ
ƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĞůĞŵĞŶƚ͘
1.4 PRODUCT OF SETS
(i) Ordered Pair͗dǁŽĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂĂŶĚď͕ůŝƐƚĞĚŝŶĂ Definition 3 dŚĞƐĞƚŽĨĂůůĨŝƌƐƚĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌĞĚ
ƐƉĞĐŝĨŝĐŽƌĚĞƌ͕ĨŽƌŵĂŶŽƌĚĞƌĞĚƉĂŝƌ͕ĚĞŶŽƚĞĚďLJ;Ă͕ ƉĂŝƌƐŝŶĂƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶZĨƌŽŵĂƐĞƚƚŽĂƐĞƚŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞ
ďͿ͘ domain ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶZ͘

(ii) Cartesian product of sets: /ĨĂŶĚĂƌĞƚǁŽŶŽŶͲ Definition 4 dŚĞƐĞƚŽĨĂůůƐĞĐŽŶĚĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶĂƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶZ
ĞŵƉƚLJƐĞƚƐ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨĂůůŽƌĚĞƌĞĚƉĂŝƌƐ;Ă͕ďͿ ĨƌŽŵĂƐĞƚƚŽĂƐĞƚŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞrange ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶZ͘
ƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚĂďĞůŽŶŐƐƚŽĂŶĚďďĞůŽŶŐƐƚŽ͕ŝƐĐĂůůĞĚ dŚĞǁŚŽůĞƐĞƚŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞcodomain ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶZ͘
ƚŚĞĂƌƚĞƐŝĂŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨĂŶĚ͘ƚŽďĞĚĞŶŽƚĞĚďLJ EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚƌĂŶŐĞ‫ؿ‬ĐŽĚŽŵĂŝŶ͘
п͘ 
dŚƵƐ͕пс΂;Ă͕ďͿ͗ÏĂŶĚď΃ Remarks ;ŝͿrelation ŵĂLJďĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚĂůŐĞďƌĂŝĐĂůůLJ
/Ĩс‫׎‬Žƌс‫׎‬ǁĞĚĞĨŝŶĞпс‫׎‬ ĞŝƚŚĞƌďLJƚŚĞRoster method ŽƌďLJƚŚĞSet-builder method͘
;ŝŝͿŶĂƌƌŽǁĚŝĂŐƌĂŵŝƐĂǀŝƐƵĂůƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĂ
Example J:>Ğƚс΂ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ΃͕с΂ϰ͕ϱ΃&ŝŶĚ‫כ‬ ƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶ͘
Solution: dŚĞŶпс΂;ϭ͕ϰͿ͕;ϭ͕ϱͿ͕;Ϯ͕ϰͿ͕;Ϯ͕ϱͿ͕;ϯ͕ϰͿ͕ 
;ϯ͕ϱͿ΃ Definition: ŶĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶĐĞƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶŽŶĂƐĞƚܵŝƐĂďŝŶĂƌLJ
ƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶ‫ؠ‬ŽŶܵƚŚĂƚŝƐ͗
Example K: /Ĩпс΂;ϯ͕ϮͿ͕;ϯ͕ϰͿ͕;ϱ͕ϮͿ͕;ϱ͕ϰͿ΃͕ĨŝŶĚĂŶĚ
͘ ࡾࢋࢌ࢒ࢋ࢞࢏࢜ࢋǣ‫ݔ݈݈ܽݎ݋݂ݔ ؠ ݔ‬ǣ ܵǢ
Solution:ůĞĂƌůLJŝƐƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨĂůůĨŝƌƐƚĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨп͕ ࡿ࢟࢓࢓ࢋ࢚࢘࢏ࢉǣ‫ݔ ؠ ݕ݂݅ݕ ؠ ݔ‬Ǣ
ǁŚŝůĞŝƐƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨĂůůƐĞĐŽŶĚĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨdž͘ ࢀ࢘ࢇ࢔࢙࢏࢚࢏࢜ࢋǣ‫ݖ ؠ ݕ ؠ ݔ݂݅ݖ ؠ ݔ‬Ǥ
Therefore A = ΂ϯ͕ϱ΃ĂŶĚс΂Ϯ͕ϰ΃ 
2.2 TYPES OF FUNCTION
Example L:>ĞƚWс΂ϭ͕ϯ͕ϲ΃ĂŶĚYс΂ϯ͕ϱ΃&ŝŶĚWšY (i) One – One Function: >ĞƚĨ͗o͕/ĨĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ
Solution: dŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĞƚWпYс΂;ϭ͕ϯͿ͕;ϭ͕ϱͿ͕;ϯ͕ϯͿ͕;ϯ͕ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶŚĂǀĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝŵĂŐĞƐŝŶ͕ƚŚĞŶĨŝƐ
ϱͿ͕;ϲ͕ϯͿ͕;ϲ͕ϱͿ΃͘ ƐĂŝĚƚŽďĞĂŽŶĞʹŽŶĞŽƌĂŶŝŶũĞĐƚŝǀĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶŽƌ
NoticeƚŚĂƚŶ;WпYͿсŶ;WͿпŶ;YͿĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌĞĚƉĂŝƌƐ;ϯ͕ϱͿ ŵĂƉƉŝŶŐ͘
ĂŶĚ;ϱ͕ϯͿĂƌĞŶŽƚĞƋƵĂů͘ 
YпWс΂;ϯ͕ϭͿ͕;ϯ͕ϯͿ͕;ϯ͕ϲͿ͕;ϱ͕ϭͿ͕;ϱ͕ϯͿ͕;ϱ͕ϲͿ΃͘ (ii) Onto or Surjective Functions:>ĞƚĨ͗o͕/ĨĞǀĞƌLJ
^ŽWпY YпW͖ďƵƚŶ;WпYͿсŶ;YпWͿ͘ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶŚĂƐĂƚůĞĂƐƚŽŶĞƉƌĞͲŝŵĂŐĞŝŶ͕ƚŚĞŶĨ
ŝƐƐĂŝĚƚŽďĞĂŶŽŶƚŽĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͘/ĨĨŝƐŽŶƚŽ͕ƚŚĞŶ
2. RELATION & FUNCTION ĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĞĂĐŚLJ͕ǁĞŵƵƐƚďĞĂďůĞƚŽ
ĨŝŶĚĂƚůĞĂƐƚŽŶĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚdžƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚLJсĨ;džͿ͘
ůĞĂƌůLJ͕ĨŝƐŽŶƚŽŝĨĂŶĚŽŶůLJŝĨƌĂŶŐĞ;ĨͿс
2.1 RELATIONS

ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞƚǁŽƐĞƚƐWс΂a͕b͕c΃ĂŶĚYс΂ůŝ͕ŚĂŶƵ͕ (iii) Bijective Function: ŽŶĞʹŽŶĞĂŶĚŽŶƚŽĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ
ŝŶŽLJ͕ŚĂŶĚƌĂ͕ŝǀLJĂ΃͘ dŚĞĐĂƌƚĞƐŝĂŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨ WĂŶĚY ŝƐƐĂŝĚƚŽďĞďŝũĞĐƚŝǀĞ͘
ŚĂƐϭϱŽƌĚĞƌĞĚƉĂŝƌƐǁŚŝĐŚ ĐĂŶďĞůŝƐƚĞĚĂƐWпYс΂;a͕ ďŝũĞĐƚŝǀĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŬŶŽǁŶĂƐĂŽŶĞʹƚŽʹ
ůŝͿ͕ ;a,ŚĂŶƵͿ͕;a͕ŝŶŽLJͿ͕͕͘͘͘;c͕ŝǀLJĂͿ΃͘ ŽŶĞĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶĐĞ͘
tĞĐĂŶŶŽǁŽďƚĂŝŶĂƐƵďƐĞƚŽĨ WпYďLJŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂ 
ƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶZďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĞůĞŵĞŶƚx ĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚ (iv) Identity Function: >ĞƚďĞĂŶŽŶʹĞŵƉƚLJƐĞƚ͘
ĞůĞŵĞŶƚy ŽĨĞĂĐŚŽƌĚĞƌĞĚƉĂŝƌ;x͕yͿĂƐZс΂;x,yͿ͗x ŝƐƚŚĞ dŚĞŶ͕ƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ/ĚĞĨŝŶĞĚďLJ/͗o͖/;džͿсdž
ĨŝƌƐƚůĞƚƚĞƌŽĨƚŚĞŶĂŵĞy͕‫ܲ א ݔ‬, ‫͘΃ܳ א ݕ‬ ĨŽƌĂůůdžŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĂŶŝĚĞŶƚŝƚLJĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶŽŶ͘
dŚĞŶZс΂;a͕ůŝͿ͕;b͕ŚĂŶƵͿ͕;b͕ŝŶŽLJͿ͕;c͕ŚĂŶĚƌĂͿ΃ /ƚŝƐĂŽŶĞʹƚŽʹŽŶĞŽŶƚŽĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶǁŝƚŚĚŽŵĂŝŶ
ǀŝƐƵĂůƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶZ;ĐĂůůĞĚĂŶarrow ĂŶĚƌĂŶŐĞ͘
diagramͿŝƐƐŚŽǁŶ 

WĂŐĞϮϴ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ

(v) Into Function:>ĞƚĨ͗o͘/ĨƚŚĞƌĞĞdžŝƐƚƐĞǀĞŶĂ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ܽ ௫ ĨŽƌĂůů‫ א ݔ‬
ƐŝŶŐůĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶŚĂǀŝŶŐŶŽ ŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůexponential function
ƉƌĞͲŝŵĂŐĞŝŶ͕ƚŚĞŶĨŝƐƐĂŝĚƚŽďĞĂŶŝŶƚŽ
ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͘ 2.3 DOMAIN & RANGE OF A FUNCTION
 >ĞƚĨ͗o͕ƚŚĞŶŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨĨ͕ǁŚŝůĞŝƐ
(vi) Constant Function: >ĞƚĨ͗o͕ĚĞĨŝŶĞĚŝŶƐƵĐŚĂ ĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞĐŽͲĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨĨ͘
ǁĂLJƚŚĂƚĂůůĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƐĂŵĞŝŵĂŐĞŝŶ dŚĞƐĞƚĨ;Ϳс΂Ĩ;džͿ͗džĂ΃ŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨ͘
͕ƚŚĞŶĨŝƐƐĂŝĚƚŽďĞĂĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͘ 
 Example A:>Ğƚс΂ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ͕ϰ΃ĂŶĚс΂ϭ͕ϰ͕ϵ͕ϭϲ͕Ϯϱ΃
(vii) Equal Functions: dǁŽĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐĨĂŶĚŐĂƌĞƐĂŝĚƚŽ Solution: tĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞƌƵůĞĨ;džͿсdžϮ͘ dŚĞŶĨ;ϭͿс
ďĞĞƋƵĂů͕ǁƌŝƚƚĞŶĂƐĨсŐŝĨƚŚĞLJŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƐĂŵĞ ϭ͖Ĩ;ϮͿсϰ͖Ĩ;ϯͿсϵΘĨ;ϰͿсϭϲ͘
ĚŽŵĂŝŶĂŶĚƚŚĞLJƐĂƚŝƐĨLJƚŚĞĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶĨ;džͿсŐ;džͿ͕ dŚĞŶĐůĞĂƌůLJĞĂĐŚĞůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶŚĂƐĂƵŶŝƋƵĞŝŵĂŐĞŝŶ͘
ĨŽƌĂůůdž͘ ^Ž͕Ĩ͗o͗Ĩ;džͿсdžϮŝƐĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŽ͘
 ,ĞƌĞĚŽŵĂŝŶ;ĨͿс΂ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ͕ϰ΃ĂŶĚƌĂŶŐĞ;ĨͿс΂ϭ͕ϰ͕ϵ͕ϭϲ΃
(viii) Inverse Function: >ĞƚĨďĞĂŽŶĞʹŽŶĞŽŶƚŽ 
ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŽ͘>ĞƚLJďĞĂŶĂƌďŝƚƌĂƌLJĞůĞŵĞŶƚ Example B: >ĞƚEďĞƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨĂůůŶĂƚƵƌĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͘dŚĞŶ͕
ŽĨ͘dŚĞŶĨďĞŝŶŐŽŶƚŽ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĞdžŝƐƚƐĂŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚdž ƚŚĞƌƵůĞ
ƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚĨ;džͿсLJ͘ N N
^Ž͕ǁĞŵĂLJĚĞĨŝŶĞĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͕ĚĞŶŽƚĞĚďLJ f
ĨͲϭĂƐ͗ 3 6
ĨͲϭ͗o͗ĨͲϭ;LJͿсdžŝĨĂŶĚŽŶůLJŝĨ 2 4
Ĩ;džͿсLJ͘ 1 2
dŚĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶĨͲϭŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞŝŶǀĞƌƐĞŽĨĨ͘

(ix) A function is invertible if and only if f is Ĩ͗EoE͗Ĩ;džͿсϮdž͕ĨŽƌĂůůdžE
one – one onto ŝƐĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶĨƌŽŵEƚŽE͕ƐŝŶĐĞƚǁŝĐĞĂŶĂƚƵƌĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŝƐ
Remarks: /ĨĨŝƐŽŶĞʹŽŶĞŽŶƚŽƚŚĞŶĨͲϭŝƐĂůƐŽŽŶĞ ƵŶŝƋƵĞ͘
ʹŽŶĞŽŶƚŽ͘ EŽǁ͕Ĩ;ϭͿсϮ͖Ĩ;ϮͿсϰ͖Ĩ;ϯͿсϲĂŶĚƐŽŽŶ͘
 ,ĞƌĞĚŽŵĂŝŶ;ĨͿсEс΂ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ͕ϰ͕͙͙͙͙͙͘΃͖ƌĂŶŐĞ;ĨͿс΂
(x) Even and Odd Function : ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݂ŝƐƐĂŝĚƚŽďĞ Ϯ͕ϰ͕ϲ͕͙͙͘͘΃
ĂŶĞǀĞŶĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶŝĨĨ݂ሺെ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ dŚŝƐŵĂLJďĞƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞŵĂƉƉŝŶŐĚŝĂŐƌĂŵŽƌ
ĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶŝƐƐĂŝĚƚŽďĞĂŶŽĚĚĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶŝĨĨ ĂƌƌŽǁŐƌĂƉŚ͘
݂ሺെ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ 

Example C:&ŝŶĚƚŚĞĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ξ͸ ൅ ͹ െ ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ 
(xi) Polynomial Function: ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݂ĚĞĨŝŶĞĚďLJ
Solution: ͸ ൅ ͹‫ ݔ‬െ ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൒ Ͳ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ܽ଴ ൅ ܽଵ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽଶ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ൅ܽ௡ ‫ ݔ‬௡ ǢǁŚĞƌĞ
֜ ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͹‫ ݔ‬െ ͸ ൑ Ͳ
ܽ଴ ǡ ܽଵ ǡ ܽଶ ǡ ǥ ǡ ܽ௡ ĂƌĞƌĞĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂŶĚ݊ŝƐŶŽŶͲ ሺ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሻሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ሻ ൑ Ͳ
ŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞŝŶƚĞŐĞƌ͕ŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĂƉŽůLJŶŽŵŝĂůĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͘/Ŷ ଶ
ƉĂƌƚŝĐƵůĂƌ͕݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ܽ଴ ŝƐŶŽƚŚŝŶŐďƵƚܽĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ ֜ ቀെ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ͵ቁ
ଷ
ଶ
ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͕ĐĂůůĞĚĂĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƉŽůLJŶŽŵŝĂů͘ ‫׵‬ĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ቂെ ǡ ͵ቃ
ଷ

(xii) Rational Function: ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶďĞ ଵ
௚ሺ௫ሻ Example D:&ŝŶĚƚŚĞĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ቀ ቁ
ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚĂƐ ǡ ǁŚĞƌĞ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻĂŶĚ݄ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻĂƌĞ ଷି୪୭୥య ሺ௫ିଷሻ
ࢎሺ࢞ሻ Solution:Ž‘‰ ଷ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ሻŝƐĚĞĨŝŶĞĚŽŶůLJǁŚĞŶ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ ൒ Ͳ
ƉŽůLJŶŽŵŝĂůƐĂŶĚ݄ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ് Ͳ͕ŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĂƌĂƚŝŽŶĂů ֜‫ ݔ‬൒ ͵͙͙;ϭͿ
ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͘ ‫׶‬ĚĞŶŽŵŝŶĂƚŽƌ് Ͳ
‫ ͵׵‬െ Ž‘‰ ଷ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ሻ ് Ͳ
(xiii) Absolute value Function: dŚĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݂ĚĞĨŝŶĞĚ Ž‘‰ ଷ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ሻ ് ͵
ďLJ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ξ‫ ݔ‬ଶ i.e.,  ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ ് ͵ଷ 
‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ ݔ‬൒ Ͳ ‫ Ͳ͵ ് ݔ‬ ͙͙͘;ϮͿ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ȁ‫ݔ‬ȁ‫݂ݎ݋‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  ቄ ŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞ
െ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ ݔ‬൏ Ͳ ŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ;ϭͿΘ;ϮͿǁĞŐĞƚ
ĂďƐŽůƵƚĞǀĂůƵĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͘ ‫ݔ‬Ԗሺ͵ǡ λሻ െ ሼ͵Ͳሽ
^Ž͕ĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ሺ͵ǡ͵Ͳሻ ‫ ׫‬ሺ͵Ͳǡ λሻ
(xiv) Signum Function: dŚĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݂ĚĞĨŝŶĞĚďLJ 
ȁ௫ȁ ௫
ǡ‫Ͳ ് ݔ‬ Example E: &ŝŶĚƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ȁ௫ȁ͘
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ቊ ௫
Ͳǡ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ Solution:‫݂׶‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻŝƐŶŽƚĚĞĨŝŶĞĚĂƚ‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ
ͳǡ ‹ˆ‫ ݔ‬൐ Ͳ
‫׵‬ĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ܀‬െ ሼͲሽ
or ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ൝Ͳǡ ‹ˆ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͲŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞƐŝŐŶƵŵ
EŽǁ͕
െͳǡ ‹ˆ ൏ Ͳ ‫ݔ‬
ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͘ ൌͳ ‫ ݔ‬൐ Ͳ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ൞ ‫ݔݔ‬ 
(xv) Exponential Function. /ĨĂхϬ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ ൌ െͳ ‫ ݔ‬൏ Ͳ
െ‫ݔ‬
ĚĞĨŝŶĞĚďLJ ‫݂׵‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻŚĂƐŽŶůLJƚǁŽǀĂůƵĞƐെͳƬͳ

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϮϵ
 ^Ž͕ƌĂŶŐĞŽĨ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ሼെͳሽ ‫ ׫‬ሼͳሽ ൌ ݊ሺ‫ܲ ת ܯ‬ᇱ ‫ ܥ ת‬ᇱ ሻ
ൌ ݊ሺ‫ܯ‬ሻ െ ݊ሺ‫ܲ ת ܯ‬ሻ െ ݊ሺ‫ܥ ת ܯ‬ሻ ൅
ଵା௫ ଶ௫
Example F: /Ĩ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ Ž‘‰ ቀ ቁ ǡ ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ǡƚŚĞŶ ĨŝŶĚ ݊ሺ‫ܥ ת ܲ ת ܯ‬ሻ
ଵି௫ ଵା௫ మ
݂‫݃݋‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ͳͲͲ െ ͵Ͳ െ ͵ͺ ൅ ͳͺ ൌ ͷͲǤ
ଵା௚ሺ௫ሻ
Solution:݂‫݃݋‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ݂൫݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ൯ ൌ Ž‘‰ ቀ ቁ
ଵି௚ሺ௫ሻ
ଵା
మೣ 6. Let A contain n distinct numbers. How many bijections
భశೣమ ௫ మ ାଶ௫ାଵ ሺଵା௫ሻమ
ൌ Ž‘‰ ቆ మೣ ቇ ൌ Ž‘‰ ൌ Ž‘‰ ቀሺଵି௫ሻమ ቁ from A to A can be defined?
ଵି ௫ మ ିଶ௫ାଵ
భశೣమ
ଵା௫ Solution: ďŝũĞĐƚŝŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŽŝƐŝŶĨĂĐƚĂŶĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚ
ൌ ʹ Ž‘‰ ቀ ቁ ൌ ʹ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ
ଵି௫ ŽĨŝƚƐ݊ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƚĂŬĞŶĂůůĂƚĂƚŝŵĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶďĞĚŽŶĞŝŶ
݊ǨǁĂLJƐ͘,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨďŝũĞĐƚŝŽŶƐĨƌŽŵƚŽŝƐ݊Ǩ
More Solved Examples
1. If a set A contains 4 elements and a set B contains 8 ࢞
7. Domain of the function ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ ට is
elements, the maximum number of elements in ‫ ׫ ۯ‬۰ is ૚ା࢞
௫
Solution: tĞŬŶŽǁƚŚĂƚ݊ሺ ‫ ׫‬ሻ ൌ ݊ሺሻ ൅ ݊ሺሻ െ Solution: ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻŝƐƌĞĂůŝĨ ൒ Ͳǡ ‫ ് ݔ‬െͳ
ଵା௫
݊ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻ^ŝŶĐĞ݊ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ͶĂŶĚ݊ሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൌ ͺǡĂŶĚŵŝŶŝŵƵŵ ŝ͘Ğ͘ŝĨ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻ ൒ Ͳǡ ‫ ് ݔ‬െͳ
ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶ ‫ ת‬ĐĂŶďĞϬ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ŝ͘Ğ͘ŝĨ‫ ݔ‬൏  െͳ‫ ݔݎ݋‬൒ ͲďƵƚ‫ ് ݔ‬െͳǤ;EŽƌĂŶŐĞͿ
ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶ ‫ ׫‬ŝƐϴнϰʹϬсϭϮ͘ ,ĞŶĐĞ͕‫ܦ‬௙ ൌ ሺെλǡ െͳሻ ‫ ׫‬ሾͲǡ λሻ

2. If A, B and C are three sets such that ࡭ ‫ ת‬۰ ൌ ‫ ת ۯ‬۱ and 8. The function ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ ࢞ ൅ ‫࢞ ܛܗ܋‬
࡭ ‫ ׫‬۰ ൌ ‫ ׫ ۯ‬۱, then Solution: dŚĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‘• ‫ݔ‬ŝƐĚĞĨŝŶĞĚĨŽƌĂůů
Solution: EŽǁ͕с‫ ת ܤ‬ሺ‫ܤ ׫ ܣ‬ሻሺ‫ ׫  ؿ  ׶‬ሻ ƌĞĂů‫͘ݔ‬EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻĂƐƐƵŵĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĂƐǁĞůůĂƐŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ
ൌ  ‫ ת‬ሺ ‫ ׫‬ሻ ǀĂůƵĞƐ͘
ൌ ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻ ‫ ׫‬ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻ
ൌ ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻ ‫ ׫‬ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻ
9. The domain of the function ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ ξ‫ ࢞ ܖܑܛ‬െ ૚ is
ሺ‫  ת  ׶‬ൌ  ‫  ת‬ൌ  ‫ ת‬ሻ
Solution: ^ŝŶĐĞ•‹ ‫ͳ ج ݔ‬ǡƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻŝƐĚĞĨŝŶĞĚŽŶůLJ
ൌ ሺ ‫ ׫‬ሻ ‫  ת‬ൌ ሺ ‫ ׫‬ሻ ‫ ת‬
ǁŚĞŶ•‹ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͳ
ൌ గ
݅Ǥ ݁ǤǁŚĞŶ•‹ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ •‹
ଶ
గ
3. In a group of 50 persons, everyone takes either tea or ݅Ǥ ݁Ǥ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ݊ߨ ൅ ሺെͳሻ௡ ǡ ݊ ‫ א‬۷
ଶ
గ
coffee. If 35 take tea and 25 take coffee, then the ŽƌĞƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶƚůLJ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ʹ݊ߨ ൅ ǡ ݊ ‫ א‬۷
ଶ
number of persons who take tea only (and not coffee) is
Solution: /ĨŝƐƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨƉĞƌƐŽŶƐǁŚŽƚĂŬĞƚĞĂĂŶĚ͕ƚŚĞ 10. The quadratic function ࢌሺ࢞ሻ whose graph goes through
ƐĞƚŽĨƚŚŽƐĞǁŚŽƚĂŬĞĐŽĨĨĞĞ͘tĞĂƌĞŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚ the points ሺെ૚ǡ ૝ሻǡ ሺ૚ǡ ૙ሻ and (2, 1) is
݊ሺ ‫ ׫‬ሻ ൌ ͷͲǡ ݊ሺሻ ൌ ͵ͷ ;ĂͿʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ  ;ďͿ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ
ĂŶĚ݊ሺሻ ൌ ʹͷ ;ĐͿʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ  ;ĚͿെʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͵‫ݔ‬нϭ
֜ ͷͲ ൌ ͵ͷ ൅ ʹͷ െ ݊ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻ Solution: /Ĩ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿǡƚŚĞŶ
֜ ݊ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻ ൌ ͳͲ ݂ሺെͳሻ ൌ Ͷǡ ݂ሺͳሻ ൌ Ͳƒ†݂ሺʹሻ ൌ ͳ
,ĞŶĐĞ݊ሺ െ ሻ ൌ ݊ሺሻ െ ݊ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻ ֜ ܽ െ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͷǡ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ ͲĂŶĚ
ൌ ͵ͷ െ ͳͲ ൌ ʹͷ Ͷܽ ൅ ʹܾ ൅ ܿ ൌ ͳ 
ĐŚĞĐŬƵƐŝŶŐŽƉƚŝŽŶƐ
4. Two finite sets A and B have ࢓ and ࢔ elements. Number
of subsets of A is 56 more than that of B. The values of ࢓ ૚ା࢞ ૜࢞ା࢞૜
11. If ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ ‫ ܏ܗܔ‬ቀ ቁ and ࢍሺ࢞ሻ ൌ , then
and ࢔ are ૚ି࢞ ૚ା૜࢞૛

Solution: 'ŝǀĞŶሺሻ  ൌ ݉ĂŶĚሺሻ  ൌ ݊͘,ĞŶĐĞ ቀࢌ൫ࢍሺ࢞ሻ൯ቁ is equal to

ʹ௠ ൌ ͷ͸ ൅ ʹ௡ ;ŶŽƚĞƚŚĂƚʹ଺ ൌ ͸ͶĂŶĚʹଷ сϴͿ֜  ʹ௠ ൌ ଵା
యೣశ ೣయ
భశయೣమ
͸Ͷǡ ʹ௡ ൌ ͺ ֜ ݉ ൌ ͸ǡ ݊ ൌ ͵ Solution: ݂൫݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ൯ ൌ Ž‘‰ ቈ యೣశ ೣయ
቉
ଵି
భశయೣమ
ሺଵା௫ሻయ ଵା௫
5. A class has 175 students. The following data shows the ൌ Ž‘‰ ቂሺଵି௫ሻయ ቃ ൌ ͵ Ž‘‰ ቀ ቁ ൌ ͵݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ
ଵି௫
number of students opting one or more subjects. Maths
– 100, Physics – 70, Chemistry – 43, Maths and Physics –
12. Let ࢌǣ ሾ૙ǡ λሻ ՜ ሾ૙ǡ ૛ሿ be defined by
30, Maths and Chemistry – 38, Physics and Chemistry – ૛࢞
23, Math’s, Physics and Chemistry – 18. How many have ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ then ࢌ is
૚ା࢞
opted for Mathematics alone? ଶ௫
Solution: ,ĞƌĞ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ǡ ‫ܦ‬௙ ൌ ሾͲǡ λሻ
Solution: >ĞƚD͕WĂŶĚĚĞŶŽƚĞƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJƚŚĞƐĞƚƐŽĨ ଵା௫
>Ğƚ‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݔ‬ଶ  ‫ܦ א‬௙ ĂŶĚ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ଵ ሻ ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ଶ ሻ
ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐDĂƚŚƐ͕WŚLJƐŝĐƐĂŶĚŚĞŵŝƐƚƌLJ͕ƚŚĞŶ ଶ௫భ ଶ௫మ
ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŶƵŵďĞƌൌ ݊;ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐƐƚƵĚLJŝŶŐDĂƚŚƐ ֜ ൌ
ଵା௫భ ଵା௫మ
ŽŶůLJͿ ֜ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ሻ ൌ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ሺͳ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ሻ

WĂŐĞϯϬ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
 ֜ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ʹ‫ݔ‬ଶ ֜ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ଶ
,ĞŶĐĞ݂ŝƐŽŶĞͲŽŶĞ ࢞ା૛
14. If ࢟ ൌ ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ , then
࢞ି૚
>Ğƚ‫ א ݕ‬ሾͲǡ ʹሿďĞĂƌďŝƚƌĂƌLJ͕ƚŚĞŶ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻŝĨĨ ௫ାଶ
ଶ௫ Solution: ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ֜ ‫ ݕݔ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ
௫ିଵ
֞‫ݕ‬ൌ ֞ ‫ ݕݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ʹ‫ݔ‬ ௬ାଶ
ଵା௫
௬ ֜ ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ͳሻ ൌ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ʹ ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݕ‬ሻ
௬ିଵ
֞ ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹሻ ൌ െ‫ ݔ ֞ ݕ‬ൌ െ
௬ିଶ
dŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚLJсϮŝƐŶŽƚƚŚĞŝŵĂŐĞŽĨĂŶLJĞůĞŵĞŶƚ
15. If ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ ሾ࢞ሿǡ then
ĨƌŽŵሾͲǡ λሻǤ^Ž݂ŝƐŶŽƚŽŶƚŽ͘ (a)݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ʹ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ  (b)݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ݂ ଶ ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ
(c)݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ሺ݂‫݂݋‬ሻሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ (d)݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ݔ‬
࢞૛ ି࢞ା૚ Solution: ሺ݂‫݂݋‬ሻሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ݂൫݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ൯ ൌ ݂ሺሾ‫ݔ‬ሿሻ ൌ ሾ‫ݔ‬ሿ ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻǤ
13. The domain of the functionࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ is
࢞૛ ା࢞ା૚
ሺ‫ ׶‬ሾ‫ݔ‬ሿ ‫ א‬ሻ
Solution: ‫ܦ‬௙ ൌ ሼ‫܀ א ݔ‬ǣ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ ് Ͳሽ
ିଵାξଷ௜
ൌ ቄ‫܀ א ݔ‬ǣ ‫് ݔ‬ ቅൌ‫܀‬
ଶ

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
SETS

ϭ͘ dŚĞƐĞƚŽĨŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶƚƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŝŶĂĐůĂƐƐŝƐ ϴ͘ ‫ܣ‬Ȃ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ‫ܤ‬Ȃ ‫ܣ‬ŝĨ

;ĂͿŶƵůůƐĞƚ ;ĂͿ ‫ ؿ‬ ;ďͿ ‫ ؿ‬
;ďͿƐŝŶŐůĞƚŽŶƐĞƚ ;ĐͿс ;ĚͿ ‫  ת‬ൌ Ԅ
;ĐͿĨŝŶŝƚĞƐĞƚ
;ĚͿEŽƚĂǁĞůůĚĞĨŝŶĞĚŽůůĞĐƚŝŽŶ ϵ͘ dǁŽƐĞƚƐĂŶĚĂƌĞĚŝƐũŽŝŶƚŝĨ
;ĂͿ‫ ܤ ׫ ܣ‬ൌ ߶ ;ďͿ‫ ܤ ת ܣ‬ൌ ߶
Ϯ͘ dŚĞƐĞƚ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ሼ‫ݔ‬ǣ ‫ܴ א ݔ‬ǡ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ͳ͸ܽ݊݀ʹ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͸ሽĞƋƵĂůƐ ;ĐͿ‫ܣ‬Ȃ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ߶ ;ĚͿ െ  ൌ Ԅ
;ĂͿ߮ ;ďͿሼͳͶǡ ͵ǡ Ͷሽ
;ĐͿሼ͵ሽ ;ĚͿሼͶሽ ϭϬ͘ /Ĩ‫ ܣ‬ൌ  ሼͲǡ ͳሽĂŶĚ‫ ܤ‬ൌ  ሼͳǡ Ͳሽ͕ƚŚĞŶ ൈ ŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽ
;ĂͿሼሺͲǡ ͳሻǡ ሺͳǡͲሻሽ  ;ďͿሼሺͲǡ Ͳሻǡ ሺͳǡ ͳሻሽ
ϯ͘ /Ĩ Ă ƐĞƚ‫ܣ‬ŚĂƐ݊ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ƚŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƚĂů ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ;ĐͿ ൈ   ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
ƐƵďƐĞƚƐŽĨ‫ܣ‬ŝƐ
;ĂͿ݊ ;ďͿ݊ଶ  ϭϭ͘ ‫ܣ‬Ȃ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ‫ܣ‬ŝĨ
;ĐͿʹ௡ ;ĚͿʹ݊ ;ĂͿ ‫ ؿ‬ ;ďͿ ‫ ؿ‬
;ĐͿ ൌ  ;ĚͿ ‫  ת‬ൌ Ԅ
ϰ͘ dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƐƵďƐĞƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƚሼͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ሽŝƐ
;ĂͿϴ ;ďͿϳ ϭϮ͘ /ĨĂŶĚĂƌĞĨŝŶŝƚĞƐĞƚƐĂŶĚ ‫ ؿ‬ǡƚŚĞŶ
;ĐͿϲ ;ĚͿϱ ;ĂͿ ‫  ׫‬ൌ ‫ܣ‬ ;ďͿ ‫  ת‬ൌ ‫ܤ‬
;ĐͿ ‫  ׫‬ൌ ‫ܤ‬ ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
ϱ͘ 'ŝǀĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĞƚƐ ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ሼͳǡʹǡ͵ሽǡ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ሼ͵ǡͶሽǡ ‫ ܥ‬ൌ  ሼͶǡ ͷǡ ͸ሽ ͕
ƚŚĞŶ‫ ׫ ܣ‬ሺ‫ܥ ת ܤ‬ሻŝƐ ϭϯ͘ /Ĩ Y ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƐĞƚ ŽĨ ƌĂƚŝŽŶĂů ŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ W ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƐĞƚ ŽĨ
;ĂͿሼ͵ሽ   ;ďͿሼͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ǡ Ͷሽ ŝƌƌĂƚŝŽŶĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞŶ
;ĐͿሼͳǡ ʹǡ Ͷǡ ͷሽ  ;ĚͿሼͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ǡ Ͷǡ ͷǡ ͸ሽ ;ĂͿ ‫  ת‬ൌ Ԅ ;ďͿ ‫ ؿ‬
;ĐͿ ‫ ؿ‬ ;ĚͿ െ  ൌ Ԅ
ϲ͘ /ĨĂŶĚĂƌĞĂŶLJƚǁŽƐĞƚƐ͕ƚŚĞŶ‫ ׫ ܣ‬ሺ‫ܤ ת ܣ‬ሻŝƐĞƋƵĂů
ƚŽ ϭϰ͘ /Ĩс΂ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ͕ϰ͕ϱ΃͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉƌŽƉĞƌƐƵďƐĞƚƐŽĨ
;ĂͿ‫ܣ‬ ;ďͿ‫ܤ‬ ŝƐ
;ĐͿ‫ܣ‬௖ ;ĚͿ‫ܤ‬௖  ;ĂͿϭϮϬ ;ďͿϯϬ
;ĐͿϯϭ ;ĚͿϯϮ
ϳ͘ /ĨŝƐƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚďLJĂĚĚŝŶŐϭƚŽĞĂĐŚŽĨ
ƚŚĞĞǀĞŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞŶŝƚƐƐĞƚďƵŝůĚĞƌŶŽƚĂƚŝŽŶŝƐ ϭϱ͘ WŽǁĞƌƐĞƚŽĨƚŚĞ^Ğƚс൛‫ܣ‬ǡ ሼ‫ܤ‬ሽൟŝƐ
;ĂͿсሼ‫ݔ ׷ ݔ‬ŝƐŽĚĚĂŶĚ‫ ݔ‬൐ ͳሽ ;ĂͿ൛߶ǡ ‫ܣ‬ǡ ሼ‫ܤ‬ሽǡ ሼ‫ܣ‬ǡ ‫ܤ‬ሽൟ ;ďͿቄ߶ǡ ሼሽǡ ൛ሼሽൟǡ ሼǡ ሽቅ
;ďͿсሼ‫ݔ ׷ ݔ‬ŝƐĞǀĞŶሽ
;ĐͿсሼ‫ݔ ׷ ݔ‬ŝƐŽĚĚĂŶĚ‫ܼ א ݔ‬ሽ ;ĐͿቄ߶ǡ ሼ‫ܣ‬ሽǡ ൛ሼ‫ܤ‬ሽൟǡ ൛‫ܣ‬ǡ ሼ‫ܤ‬ሽൟቅ ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
;ĚͿсሼ‫ݔ ׷ ݔ‬ŝƐĂŶŝŶƚĞŐĞƌሽ

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

ϭ͘ >Ğƚܲ ൌ ሼܽǡ ܾǡ ܿሽĂŶĚܳ ൌ ሼ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሽ͘dŚĞŶܲ ‫ ܳ ׫‬ൌ Ϯ͘ >Ğƚ‫ ܣ‬ൌ  ሼͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ǡ Ͷǡ ͷሽǢ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ  ሼʹǡ ͵ǡ ͸ǡ ͹ሽǤdŚĞŶƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌ
;ĂͿሼܽǡ ܾǡ ܿǡ ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ‫ݖ‬ሽ ;ďͿሼܽǡ ‫ݔ‬ሽ ŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶሺ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ‫ܤ‬ሻ ‫ ת‬ሺ‫ ܤ‬ൈ ‫ܣ‬ሻŝƐ
;ĐͿሼܽǡ ǡ ܾǡ ܿሽ ;ĚͿ߮ ;ĂͿϭϴ ;ďͿϲ
;ĐͿϰ ;ĚͿϬ

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϯϭ
ϯ͘ ^ĞƚƐ  ĂŶĚ  ŚĂǀĞ ϯ ĂŶĚ ϲ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͘ tŚĂƚ ϭϭ͘ &ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݄ŝƐ ĚĞĨŝŶĞĚ ďLJ݄ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͹‫ ݔ‬െ ͷƚŚĞŶ ĨŝŶĚ
ĐĂŶďĞƚŚĞŵŝŶŝŵƵŵŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶ‫ܤ ׫ ܣ‬ ݄ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻ
;ĂͿϯ ;ďͿϲ ;ĂͿ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͳͻ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͹
;ĐͿϵ ;ĚͿϭϴ ;ďͿ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͳͻ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹͳ
;ĐͿ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳͻ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹͳ
ϰ͘ >Ğƚܴ ൌ ሼሺͳǡ͵ሻǡ ሺͶǡʹሻǡ ሺʹǡͶሻǡ ሺʹǡ͵ሻǡ ሺ͵ǡͳሻሽďĞ Ă ƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶ ŽŶ ;ĚͿ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͳͻ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͹
ƚŚĞƐĞƚ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ሼͳǡʹǡ͵ǡͶሽ͘dŚĞZĞůĂƚŝŽŶܴŝƐ
;ĂͿĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ ;ďͿZĞĨůĞdžŝǀĞ ϭϮ͘ &ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ݂ĂŶĚ݃ĂƌĞĚĞĨŝŶĞĚďLJ
;ĐͿEŽƚƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐ;ĚͿdƌĂŶƐŝƚŝǀĞ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െ͹‫ ݔ‬െ ͷ ĂŶĚ ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ͳͲ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳʹ ͕ ƚŚĞŶ ĨŝŶĚ ሺ݂ ൅
݃ሻሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ
ϱ͘ >Ğƚ‫ ܣ‬ൌ  ሼͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ሽǡ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ  ሼͳǡ ͵ǡ ͷሽ͘ƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶܴǣ ‫ ܣ‬՜ ‫ܤ‬ŝƐ ;ĂͿ͵‫ ݔ‬െ ͳʹ ;ďͿ͵‫ ݔ‬െ ͳͲ
ĚĞĨŝŶĞĚďLJܴ ൌ ሼሺͳǡ ͵ሻǡ ሺͳǡ ͷሻǡ ሺʹǡ ͳሻሽ͘dŚĞŶܴିଵ ŝƐĚĞĨŝŶĞĚ ;ĐͿ͵‫ ݔ‬െ ͳ͹ ;ĚͿ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳ͹
ďLJ
;ĂͿሼሺͳǡʹሻǡ ሺ͵ǡͳሻǡ ሺͳǡ͵ሻǡ ሺͳǡͷሻሽ ϭϯ͘ &ŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĚŽŵĂŝŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂů ǀĂůƵĞĚ ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݄ĚĞĨŝŶĞĚ ďLJ
;ďͿሼሺͳǡ ʹሻǡ ሺ͵ǡ ͳሻǡ ሺʹǡ ͳሻሽ ݄ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ  ൌ  ξ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ
;ĐͿሼሺͳǡ ʹሻǡ ሺͷǡ ͳሻǡ ሺ͵ǡ ͳሻሽ ;ĂͿሾʹǡ ൅λሿ ;ďͿሺʹǡ ൅λሻ
;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ ;ĐͿሾͲǡʹሿ ;ĚͿሾʹǡ ൅λሻ

ϲ͘ >ĞƚZĂŶĚ^ďĞƚǁŽŶŽŶͲǀŽŝĚƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŽŶĂƐĞƚ͘tŚŝĐŚŽĨ ϭϰ͘ /Ĩ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ݂ሺ‫ݕ‬ሻ݂‫ݔ݈݈ܽݎ݋‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ǡ

ƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐŝƐĨĂůƐĞ ݂ሺͶሻ ൌ ͵ǁŚĂƚŝƐ݂ሺȂ ͺሻ͍
;ĂͿܴĂŶĚܵĂƌĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƚŝǀĞ֜ ܴ ‫ܵ ׫‬ŝƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƚŝǀĞ ;ĂͿͳȀ͵ ;ďͿͳȀͻ
;ďͿܴĂŶĚܵĂƌĞƚƌĂŶƐŝƚŝǀĞ֜ ܴ ‫ܵ ת‬ŝƐƚƌĂŶƐŝƚŝǀĞ ;ĐͿͻ ;ĚͿ͸
;ĐͿܴĂŶĚܵĂƌĞƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐ֜ ܴ ‫ܵ ׫‬ŝƐƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐ ϭϱ͘ /Ĩ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ξ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ͕ƚŚĞŶ݂ሺ͵‫ݔ‬ሻǁŝůůďĞĞƋƵĂů
;ĚͿܴĂŶĚܵĂƌĞZĞĨůĞdžŝǀĞ֜ ܴ ‫ܵ ת‬ŝƐZĞĨůĞdžŝǀĞ ;ĂͿξ͵‫ ݔ‬ଷ ;ďͿ͵ξ‫ ݔ‬ଷ
;ĐͿ͵ඥሺ͵‫ ݔ‬ሻଷ ;ĚͿ͵ξ‫ ݔ‬ହ 
ϳ͘ >ĞƚܴďĞĂƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƐĞƚܰŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐ
ĚĞĨŝŶĞĚďLJܴ݊݉ ֞ ݊݅‫݂݉݋ݎ݋ݐ݂ܿܽܽݏ‬ሺ݅Ǥ ݁Ǥ ǡ ݊ȁ݉ሻ͘
ϭϲ͘ /Ĩ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ  ൌ ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ĂŶĚ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ  ൌ ͵‫ ݔ‬ହ ͕ƚŚĞŶ
dŚĞŶܴŝƐ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻǤ ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻǁŝůůďĞ
;ĂͿZĞĨůĞdžŝǀĞĂŶĚƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐ
;ĂͿǀĞŶ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ;ďͿKĚĚ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ
;ďͿdƌĂŶƐŝƚŝǀĞĂŶĚƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐ
;ĐͿƋƵŝǀĂůĞŶĐĞ ;ĐͿŽƚŚ  ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
;ĚͿZĞĨůĞdžŝǀĞ͕ƚƌĂŶƐŝƚŝǀĞďƵƚŶŽƚƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐ
ϭϳ͘ /Ĩ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻŝƐĂŶĞǀĞŶĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻǁŝůů
ďĞƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂůĂďŽƵƚ
ϴ͘ 'ŝǀĞŶ ĂƌĞ ƚǁŽ ƐĞƚƐ‫ܣ‬ሼͳǡ ʹǡ െʹǡ ͵ሽĂŶĚ‫ ܤ‬ൌ  ሼͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ǡ ͷሽ͘ /Ɛ
;ĂͿ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽ‫ݏ݅ݔ‬ ;ďͿ‫ ݕ‬െ ܽ‫ݏ݅ݔ‬
ƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ
;ĐͿŽƚŚƚŚĞdžĞƐ ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ  ൌ ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳĚĞĨŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵ‫͍ܤ݋ݐܣ‬
;ĂͿzĞƐŝƚŝƐĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ ଵ
;ďͿDĂLJďĞŝƚŝƐĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ ϭϴ͘ ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݂ŝƐĚĞĨŝŶĞĚďLJ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ǥ
௫
;ĐͿEŽŝƚŝƐŶŽƚĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ
;ĚͿĂŶŶŽƚďĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ ;1Ϳሺ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻሻଶ ൌ ݂ ሺ‫ݔ‬ଶሻ ൅ ʹ
ଷ
;2Ϳ൫݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ൯ ൌ ݂ ሺ‫ݔ‬ଷሻ ൅ ͵ ݂ ሺ ‫ ݔ‬ሻ
ϵ͘  ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ Ĩ ŝƐ ĚĞĨŝŶĞĚ ĂƐ݂ǣ ܰ ՜ ܰ;ǁŚĞƌĞ E ŝƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů tŚŝĐŚŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞŝƐͬĂƌĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ͍
ŶƵŵďĞƌƐĞƚͿĂŶĚ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ  ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ͘/ƐƚŚŝƐ ;ĂͿͳŽŶůLJ ;ďͿʹŽŶůLJ
ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶKEdK͍ ;ĐͿŽƚŚͳƬʹ ;ĚͿEĞŝƚŚĞƌͳŶŽƌʹ
;ĂͿzĞƐŝƚŝƐŽŶƚŽĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ
;ďͿEŽŝƚŝƐŶŽƚĂŶŽŶƚŽĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ ହ௫ି௫ మ
ଵȀଶ
;ĐͿDĂLJďĞŝƚŝƐĂŶŽŶƚŽĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ ϭϵ͘ dŚĞĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨĚĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶŽĨ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ቂŽ‘‰ଵ଴ ቀ ቁቃ ŝƐ
ସ
;ĚͿĂŶŶŽƚďĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ ;ĂͿሾͳǡͶሿ ;ďͿሾെͶǡ െͳሿ
;ĐͿሾͲǡͷሿ ;ĚͿሾെͳǡͷሿ
ϭϬ͘ &ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݂ŝƐĚĞĨŝŶĞĚďLJ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  െʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͸‫ ݔ‬െ ͵͕ĨŝŶĚ݂ሺെʹሻ ϮϬ͘ /Ĩ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ሾሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻǣ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ ʹͷሿĂŶĚ
;ĂͿെʹ͵ ;ďͿʹ͵ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ  ሾሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻǣ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͻ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ ͳͶͶሿ͕ƚŚĞŶ‫ܤ ת ܣ‬ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐ
;ĐͿെ͹ ;ĚͿϳ ;ĂͿKŶĞƉŽŝŶƚ ;ďͿdŚƌĞĞƉŽŝŶƚƐ
;ĐͿdǁŽƉŽŝŶƚƐ ;ĚͿ&ŽƵƌWŽŝŶƚƐ

NOTE: For Practice Questions Refer to Online Study Portal

END OF CHAPTER
WĂŐĞϯϮ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
Chapter 7
PERMUTATION AND
COMBINATION

1. PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION

Meaning: /ŶŽƵƌĚĂŝůLJůŝĨĞ͕ǁĞŽĨƚĞŶĐŽŵĞĂĐƌŽƐƐƐŝƚƵĂƚŝŽŶƐǁŚĞƌĞǁĞŚĂǀĞƚŽĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĐĞƌƚĂŝŶŝƚĞŵƐĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ
ƵƉŽŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶƐŽƌǁĞŚĂǀĞƚŽƐĞůĞĐƚŽƌƌĞũĞĐƚƐŽŵĞŝƚĞŵƐŽƵƚŽĨĂŐŝǀĞŶŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŝƚĞŵƐ͘dŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨ
permutationsĂŶĚcombinationsŚĞůƉƐƵƐƚŽĨŝŶĚƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐƚŽĂƌƌĂŶŐĞ͕ƐĞůĞĐƚŽƌƌĞũĞĐƚ͘dŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ
ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĂůƐŽƵƐĞĨƵůŝŶƐŽůǀŝŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵƐƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽƌĞĂƐŽŶŝŶŐ͘

1.1 FACTORIAL 1.2 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF

COUNTING
dŚĞfactorialŽĨĂŶĂƚƵƌĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŶ͕ĚĞŶŽƚĞĚďLJŶ͊ŝƐƚŚĞ
Ă Ɖ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽĨĂůůŶĂƚƵƌĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶŽƌĞƋƵĂůƚŽŶ͘
‫݊ ׵‬Ǩ ൌ ͳ ‫ כ ͵ כ ʹ כ‬ǥ ‫ כ‬ሺ݊ െ ͳሻ ‫݊ כ‬
dŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨĂĐƚŽƌŝĂůƐĐĂŶďĞŵĞŵŽƌŝnjĞĚĨŽƌĨĂƐƚĞƌ
ĐĂůĐƵůĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘
Đ
z 
y
ͳǨ  ͳ ͳ
ʹǨ  ʹ ‫ͳ כ‬ ʹ ď
͵Ǩ  ͵ ‫ͳ כ ʹ כ‬ ͸ Ƌ
ͶǨ  Ͷ ‫ͳ כ ʹ כ ͵ כ‬ ʹͶ
ͷǨ  ͷ ‫ כ‬Ͷ ‫ͳ כ ʹ כ ͵ כ‬ ͳʹͲ
͸Ǩ  ͸ ‫ כ‬ͷ ‫ כ‬Ͷ ‫ ͳ כ ʹ כ ͵ כ‬͹ʹͲ ^ƵƉƉŽƐĞǁĞŶĞĞĚƚŽƚƌĂǀĞůĨƌŽŵyƚŽǀŝĂz͘dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞ
͹Ǩ  ͹ ‫ כ‬͸ ‫ כ‬ͷ ‫ כ‬Ͷ ‫ͳ כ ʹ כ ͵ כ‬ͷͲͶͲ ƚŚƌĞĞƌŽƵƚĞƐĂ͕ď͕ĐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽŐŽĨƌŽŵyƚŽzĂŶĚƚǁŽ
ƌŽƵƚĞƐƉ͕ƋĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚŽŐŽĨƌŽŵzƚŽ͘
REMEMBER
‫݊ ׵‬Ǩ ൌ ݊ ‫ כ‬ሺ݊ െ ͳሻǨൌ ݊ ‫ כ‬ሺ݊ െ ͳሻ ‫ כ‬ሺ݊ െ ʹሻǨ /ĨǁĞƚƌĂǀĞůĨƌŽŵyƚŽzƚĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞƌŽƵƚĞĂ͕ƚŚĞŶǁĞĐĂŶ
ƚƌĂǀĞůĨƌŽŵzƚŽŝŶƚǁŽǁĂLJƐ͘
Ğ͘Ő͕͘
^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕ĨŽƌĞǀĞƌLJĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨƌŽƵƚĞƚŚĂƚǁĞŵĂŬĞĨŽƌ
ͷǨ ൌ ͷ ‫ כ‬ͶǨ ƚƌĂǀĞůůŝŶŐĨƌŽŵyƚŽz͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƚǁŽǁĂLJƐƚŽƚƌĂǀĞůĨƌŽŵz
ƚŽ͘
ͳʹǨ ൌ ͳʹ ‫Ͳͳ כ ͳͳ כ‬Ǩ
ƐƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƚŚƌĞĞƌŽƵƚĞƐƚŽƚƌĂǀĞůĨƌŽŵyƚŽz͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞϮ
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚ͕ нϮнϮсϯ‫כ‬ϮǁĂLJƐƚŽƚƌĂǀĞůĨƌŽŵyƚŽǀŝĂz͘
‫Ͳ ׵‬Ǩ ൌ ͳ dŚĞƌŽƵƚĞƐĂƌĞ;Ă͕ƉͿ͕;Ă͕ƋͿ͕;ď͕ƉͿ͕;ď͕ƋͿ͕;Đ͕ƉͿĂŶĚ;Đ͕ƋͿ͘
dŚĞĨĂĐƚŽƌŝĂůŽĨŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŝƐŶŽƚĚĞĨŝŶĞĚ͘ /ĨǁĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚƌĂǀĞůůŝŶŐĨƌŽŵyƚŽzĂƐƚĂƐŬϭ͕ĂŶĚ
ƚƌĂǀĞůůŝŶŐĨƌŽŵzƚŽĂƐĂŶŽƚŚĞƌƚĂƐŬϮ͕ƚĂƐŬϭĐĂŶďĞ
&ĂĐƚŽƌŝĂůĨŽƌĨƌĂĐƚŝŽŶƐŝƐďĞLJŽŶĚƚŚĞƐĐŽƉĞŽĨƚŚŝƐĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ͘ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶϯǁĂLJƐ͕ƚĂƐŬϮĐĂŶďĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶϮǁĂLJƐ͕

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϯϯ
ĂŶĚƚĂƐŬϭĂŶĚƚĂƐŬϮƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌĐĂŶďĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶ͵ ‫כ‬ ďĞǁŽƌŶ͘EŽǁ͕ZϮĐĂŶďĞǁŽƌŶŝŶĂŶLJŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐ
ʹ ൌ ͸ǁĂLJƐ͘ ƚŚƌĞĞĨŝŶŐĞƌƐŝŶϯǁĂLJƐ͘/ŶƚŚĞƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐϮĨŝŶŐĞƌƐƌŝŶŐZϯ
ĐĂŶďĞǁŽƌŶŝŶϮǁĂLJƐ͘^Ž͕ďLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
/ŶŐĞŶĞƌĂů͕ƚŚĞĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨĐŽƵŶƚŝŶŐƐĂLJƐ ŽĨĐŽƵŶƚŝŶŐƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚƌĞĞ
ƚŚĂƚ͕ŝĨǁĞĐĂŶĂĐĐŽŵƉůŝƐŚŽŶĞƚĂƐŬŝŶ‫ݔ‬ଵ ǁĂLJƐ͕ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƌŝŶŐƐĐĂŶďĞǁŽƌŶŝŶĨŽƵƌĨŝŶŐĞƌƐсϰ‫כ‬ϯ‫כ‬ϮсϮϰ͘
ƚĂƐŬ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǁĂLJƐ͕ĂŶĚƐŽŽŶ͕ƵŶƚŝůƚŚĞŶƚŚƚĂƐŬǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶďĞ
ĚŽŶĞŝŶ‫ݔ‬௡ ^Ž͕ƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐďLJǁŚŝĐŚĂůůƚŚĞƐĞ
ƚĂƐŬƐĐĂŶďĞĂĐĐŽŵƉůŝƐŚĞĚĂƌĞ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݔ כ‬ଶ ‫ݔ כ‬ଷ ‫ כ‬ǥ Ǥ ‫ݔ‬௡ ǁĂLJƐ Example D: &ŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ͗

Example A: /ŶĂĐůĂƐƐƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞϭϬďŽLJƐĂŶĚϴŐŝƌůƐ͘dŚĞ ϲW
ŝ͘ ϱ
ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌǁĂŶƚƐƚŽƐĞůĞĐƚĞŝƚŚĞƌĂďŽLJŽƌĂŐŝƌůƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ϴ
ŝŝ͘ Wϴ
ƚŚĞĐůĂƐƐŝŶĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͘/ŶŚŽǁŵĂŶLJǁĂLJƐƚŚĞƚĞĂĐŚĞƌĐĂŶ
ŵĂŬĞƚŚŝƐƐĞůĞĐƚŝŽŶ͍ Solution:
଺Ǩ
Solution: ,ĞƌĞƚŚĞƚĞĂĐŚĞƌŝƐƚŽƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞŝƚŚĞƌŽĨƚŚĞ ŝ͘ ϲW
ϱс
ሺ଺ିହሻǨ
ൌ ૠ૛૙
ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚǁŽũŽďƐ͗ ŝŝ͘ ϴW ൌ ૝૙૜૛૙
ϴсͺǨ
;ŝͿƐĞůĞĐƚŝŶŐĂďŽLJĂŵŽŶŐϭϬďŽLJƐ͘
Žƌ;ŝŝͿƐĞůĞĐƚŝŶŐĂŐŝƌůĂŵŽŶŐϴŐŝƌůƐ͘
dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĐĂŶďĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶϭϬǁĂLJƐĂŶĚƚŚĞ
2.1 PERMUTATIONS WITH
ƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŶϴǁĂLJƐ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ďLJĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨ
ĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶĞŝƚŚĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƚǁŽũŽďƐĐĂŶďĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶ;ϭϬнϴͿ REPETITIONS
сϭϴǁĂLJƐ͘,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞƚĞĂĐŚĞƌĐĂŶŵĂŬĞƚŚĞƐĞůĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨ
ĞŝƚŚĞƌĂďŽLJŽƌĂŐŝƌůŝŶϭϴǁĂLJƐ͘ /ĨǁĞŚĂǀĞƚŽĨŽƌŵǁŽƌĚƐƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞůĞƚƚĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚ͕ǁĞ
ĐĂŶŵĂŬĞϯWϯсϲǁŽƌĚƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞ͕͕͕͕
Example B: /ŶĂĐůĂƐƐƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞϭϬďŽLJƐĂŶĚϴŐŝƌůƐ͘dŚĞ ĂŶĚ͘
ƚĞĂĐŚĞƌǁĂŶƚƐƚŽƐĞůĞĐƚĂďŽLJĂŶĚĂŐŝƌůƚŽƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞ
ĐůĂƐƐŝŶĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͘/ŶŚŽǁŵĂŶLJǁĂLJƐĐĂŶƚŚĞƚĞĂĐŚĞƌ Ƶƚ͕ŝĨǁĞŚĂǀĞƚŽĨŽƌŵǁŽƌĚƐƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞůĞƚƚĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚ͘
ŵĂŬĞƚŚŝƐƐĞůĞĐƚŝŽŶ͍ ƚŚĞŶǁĞĐĂŶŵĂŬĞŽŶůLJϯĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚǁŽƌĚƐͲ
Solution: ,ĞƌĞƚŚĞƚĞĂĐŚĞƌŝƐƚŽƉĞƌĨŽƌŵƚǁŽũŽďƐ͗
͕ĂŶĚ͕ZĞƉĞƚŝƚŝŽŶŽĨůĞƚƚĞƌƐƌĞĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞ
;ŝͿƐĞůĞĐƚŝŶŐĂďŽLJĂŵŽŶŐϭϬďŽLJƐ͕ĂŶĚ
ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁŽƌĚƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞĨŽƌŵĞĚ͘
;ŝŝͿƐĞůĞĐƚŝŶŐĂŐŝƌůĂŵŽŶŐϴŐŝƌůƐ
dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĐĂŶďĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚŝŶϭϬǁĂLJƐĂŶĚƚŚĞ dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŝŶĐĂƐĞƚŚĞŶĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƚŽďĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚ
ƐĞĐŽŶĚŝŶϴǁĂLJƐ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞďLJƚŚĞĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ ĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐŚĂǀĞƐŽŵĞƌĞƉĞĂƚĞĚĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŵŽŶŐ
ŽĨŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐŝƐϭϬ‫כ‬ϴс ƚŚĞŵ͕ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞƌŵƵƚĂƚŝŽŶƐ്ŶWŶ
ϴϬ͘
/ĨŶŽďũĞĐƚƐĂƌĞƚŽďĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐĂŶĚ
2. PERMUTATIONS ƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƉŝĚĞŶƚŝĐĂůŽďũĞĐƚƐŽĨŽŶĞŬŝŶĚ͕ƋŝĚĞŶƚŝĐĂů
/ĨǁĞĂƌĞŐŝǀĞŶŶŽďũĞĐƚƐĂŶĚǁĞĂƌĞƐƵƉƉŽƐĞĚƚŽĂƌƌĂŶŐĞ ŽďũĞĐƚƐŽĨĂŶŽƚŚĞƌŬŝŶĚ͕ƌŝĚĞŶƚŝĐĂůŽďũĞĐƚƐŽĨƐƚŝůůĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ
‫ݎ‬ሺ‫ ݎ‬൑ ݊ሻŽďũĞĐƚƐŽƵƚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƚŚĞŶƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐ ŬŝŶĚĂŶĚƐŽŽŶ͕ƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞLJ
ŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚŝƐĐĂŶďĞĚŽŶĞŝƐǁƌŝƚƚĞŶĂƐŶWƌĂŶĚŝƐƌĞĂĚĂƐ ĐĂŶďĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďLJ
͞ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞƌŵƵƚĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨŶŽďũĞĐƚƐƚĂŬĞŶƌĂƚĂ
݊Ǩ
ƚŝŵĞ͘͟dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĞƌŵƵƚĂƚŝŽŶƐŝƐŐŝǀĞŶĂƐ͗
ŶW ൌ ௡Ǩ ‫݌‬Ǩ ‫ݍ‬Ǩ ‫ݎ‬Ǩ ǥ
ƌ
ሺ௡ି௥ሻǨ
/ĨǁĞĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƌĂŶŬϮŽƵƚŽĨϯƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕ƚŚŝƐĐĂŶďĞ Example E: ,ŽǁŵĂŶLJǁŽƌĚƐĐĂŶďĞĨŽƌŵĞĚďLJĂƌƌĂŶŐŝŶŐ
ǁƌŝƚƚĞŶĂƐϯWϮ͘ ƚŚĞůĞƚƚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌĚt͍
ଷǨ
ϯ
WϮсሺଷିଶሻǨ ൌ ͸
Solution: dŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨůĞƚƚĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌĚtс
dŚƵƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞϲĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚϮƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŽƵƚŽĨ
ϲ͘
ϯĐĂŶďĞƌĂŶŬĞĚ͘dŚĞƐĞĂƌĞϲĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĐĂƐĞƐŝ͘Ğ͕͘
͕͕͕͕͕͘ ŽĐĐƵƌƐϮƚŝŵĞƐĂŶĚŽĐĐƵƌƐϯƚŝŵĞƐ͘

Example C: /ŶŚŽǁŵĂŶLJǁĂLJƐƚŚƌĞĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƌŝŶŐƐĐĂŶďĞ ,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁŽƌĚƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞĨŽƌŵĞĚďLJ

ǁŽƌŶŝŶĨŽƵƌĨŝŶŐĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĂƚŵŽƐƚŽŶĞŝŶĞĂĐŚĨŝŶŐĞƌ͍ ĂƌƌĂŶŐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĞůĞƚƚĞƌƐŝƐ͗
Solution: dŚĞƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐŝƐƐĂŵĞĂƐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌ
ŽĨĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨϰĨŝŶŐĞƌƐ͕ƚĂŬĞŶϯĂƚĂƚŝŵĞ͘^Ž͕ ͸Ǩ
ൌ ͸Ͳ
ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐс ʹǨ  ‫͵ כ‬Ǩ
ସǨ ସǨ
Ͷ௉ ଷ ൌ ሺସିଷሻǨ ൌ ൌ ͶǨ ൌ ʹͶ
ଵǨ dŚƵƐ͕ϲϬǁŽƌĚƐĐĂŶďĞĨŽƌŵĞĚďLJĂƌƌĂŶŐŝŶŐƚŚĞůĞƚƚĞƌƐŽĨ
ƚŚĞǁŽƌĚt͘
Alternative:
Example F: ŬĂƐŚŚĂƐϭϱsƐŽƵƚŽĨǁŚŝĐŚϯĂƌĞŽĨĂ
>ĞƚZϭ͕ZϮ͕ZϯďĞƚŚƌĞĞƌŝŶŐƐ͘^ŝŶĐĞZϭĐĂŶďĞƉƵƚŝŶĂŶLJŽŶĞ ŵŽǀŝĞ͕ϱĂƌĞŽĨĂŵŽǀŝĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƐƚĂƌĞĂůůĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ͘
ŽĨƚŚĞĨŽƵƌĨŝŶŐĞƌƐ͘^Ž͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĨŽƵƌǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚZϭĐĂŶ /ŶŚŽǁŵĂŶLJǁĂLJƐĐĂŶŚĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞƚŚĞsƐŽŶĂƐŚĞůĨ͍

WĂŐĞϯϰ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
Solution: dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞϭϱŽďũĞĐƚƐŽƵƚŽĨǁŚŝĐŚϯĂƌĞŽĨŽŶĞ ĐŝƌĐůĞ͘dŚŝƐĐĂŶďĞĚŽŶĞŝŶϭϬ͊ǁĂLJƐ͘dŚĞƚǁŽŐŝƌůƐĐĂŶďĞ
ŬŝŶĚĂŶĚϱĂƌĞŽĨĂŶŽƚŚĞƌŬŝŶĚ͘ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶϮ͊ǁĂLJƐ͘
ଵହǨ
^Ž͕dŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐŽĨĂƌƌĂŶŐŝŶŐƚŚĞŵൌ 
ଷǨ‫כ‬ହǨ dŚƵƐƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƐĞǀĞŶŐŝƌůƐ
ĂŶĚĨŝǀĞďŽLJƐĐĂŶďĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚൌ ͳͲǨ ‫ʹ כ‬Ǩ
2.2 CIRCULAR ARRANGEMENTS
dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŶŽďũĞĐƚƐĐĂŶďĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶ
2.3 DERANGEMENT
ĂĐŝƌĐůĞൌ ሺ݊ െ ͳሻǨ
ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĨŽƵƌĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞƐĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞĚƚŽ͕͕ĂŶĚ
EXPLANATION ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJĂŶĚĨŽƵƌůĞƚƚĞƌƐ͕ŽŶĞĨŽƌ͕ŽŶĞĨŽƌ͕ŽŶĞĨŽƌ
ĂŶĚŽŶĞĨŽƌ͘
ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĨŽƵƌƉĞŽƉůĞ͕͕ĂŶĚƐŝƚƚŝŶŐŽŶĂĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌ
ƚĂďůĞ͘ /ĨƚŚĞůĞƚƚĞƌƐĂƌĞƚŽďĞƉƵƚŝŶƚŚĞĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞƐŝŶƐƵĐŚĂǁĂLJ
ƚŚĂƚŶŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞůĞƚƚĞƌƐŐŽĞƐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞ͕ƚŚĞ
  ƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶŐŬŝŶĚŽĨĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĂDerangement.

 ĞƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚŝƐĂƉĞƌŵƵƚĂƚŝŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĞǀĞƌLJĞůĞŵĞŶƚ
  ĂƉƉĞĂƌƐŝŶƚŚĞǁƌŽŶŐƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶ͘
 

dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚĚĞƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨŶŽďũĞĐƚƐŝƐ
   ௡
ሺെͳሻ௜
   ‫ܦ‬௡ ൌ ݊Ǩ ෍ 
݅Ǩ
௜ୀ଴

   ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ሺെͳሻ௡
 ‫ܦ ׵‬௡ ൌ ݊Ǩ ቈ െ ൅ െ ൅ ‫ ڮ‬൅ ቉
 ʹǨ ͵Ǩ ͶǨ ͷǨ ݊Ǩ

   dŚƵƐ͕ŝŶƚŚĞĐĂƐĞŽĨϰůĞƚƚĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐƚŽŐĞƚ
ĂůůĨŽƵƌŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶƚŽƚŚĞǁƌŽŶŐĞŶǀĞůŽƉĞƐŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďLJ͗
ůůƚŚĞĨŽƵƌĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐŚŽǁŶĂďŽǀĞĂƌĞŽŶĞĂŶĚƚŚĞ
ƐĂŵĞĂƐƚŚĞďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĞŶĚŽĨĂĐŝƌĐůĞĐĂŶŶŽƚďĞ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ ͳ
‫ܦ‬ସ ൌ ͶǨ ൤ െ ൅ ൨ ൌ ʹͶ ‫ כ‬൤ െ ൅ ൨
ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŚĂĚƚŚĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐďĞĞŶůŝŶĞĂƌ͕ ʹǨ ͵Ǩ ͶǨ ʹ ͸ ʹͶ
ƚŚĞLJǁŽƵůĚďĞ͕͕ĂŶĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚǁŽƵůĚ
ͻ
ďĞĨŽƵƌĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚůŝŶĞĂƌĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ ൌ ʹͶ ‫ כ‬൤ ൨ ൌ ͻ
ʹͶ
dŚƵƐ͕ϰůŝŶĞĂƌĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐǁŽƵůĚŐŝǀĞƌŝƐĞƚŽϭĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌ
ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ 3. COMBINATIONS
ƵƚϰƉĞŽƉůĞǁŽƵůĚŐŝǀĞϰ͊>ŝŶĞĂƌĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ /ĨǁĞĂƌĞŐŝǀĞŶŶŽďũĞĐƚƐĂŶĚǁĞŚĂǀĞƚŽƐĞůĞĐƚƌŽƵƚŽĨ
ƚŚĞŵሺ‫ ݎ‬൑ ݊ሻ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚŝƐĐĂŶ
ସǨ
‫׵‬ϰƉĞŽƉůĞǁŽƵůĚŐŝǀĞ ൌ ͵ǨĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ ďĞĚŽŶĞŝƐŶƌĂŶĚŝƐƌĞĂĚĂƐ͞ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĐŽŵďŝŶĂƚŝŽŶƐ
ସ
ŽĨŶŽďũĞĐƚƐƚĂŬĞŶƌĂƚĂƚŝŵĞ͘͟dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨ
‫׵‬dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŶŽďũĞĐƚƐĐĂŶďĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚ ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƚŝŽŶƐŝƐŐŝǀĞŶĂƐ
ŝŶĂĐŝƌĐůĞൌ ሺ݊ െ ͳሻǨ ௡Ǩ ௡ುೝ
Ŷ с ൌ 
ƌ
ሺ௡Ȃ௥ሻǨ௥Ǩ ௥Ǩ
Example G: /ŶŚŽǁŵĂŶLJǁĂLJƐĐĂŶϱƉĞŽƉůĞďĞƐĞĂƚĞĚ
ĂƌŽƵŶĚĂĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌƚĂďůĞ͍ KƵƚŽĨŶŽďũĞĐƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĂůůŶŽďũĞĐƚс݊Ǩ
KƵƚŽĨŶŽďũĞĐƚĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĂůůƌŽďũĞĐƚс݊௉ ௥ 
Solution: KƵƚŽĨŶŽďũĞĐƚƐĞůĞĐƚĂůůƌŽďũĞĐƚс݊஼ ௥ 

‫׶‬ŶŽďũĞĐƚƐĐĂŶďĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶĂĐŝƌĐůĞŝŶ
/ĨǁĞĂƌĞƐƵƉƉŽƐĞĚƚŽƐĞůĞĐƚϮŽƵƚŽĨϯƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕ƚŚŝƐĐĂŶ
;ŶʹϭͿ͊ǁĂLJƐ͘ϱƉĞŽƉůĞĐĂŶďĞƐĞĂƚĞĚĂƌŽƵŶĚĂĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌ
ďĞǁƌŝƚƚĞŶĂƐϯϮ͘
ƚĂďůĞŝŶ;ϱʹϭͿ͊сϰ͊сϮϰǁĂLJƐ͘
ଷǨ
Example H: ^ĞǀĞŶŐŝƌůƐĂŶĚĨŝǀĞďŽLJƐĂƌĞƚŽďĞƐĞĂƚĞĚ
ϯ с
Ϯ
ሺଷିଶሻǨଶǨ
ൌ ͵
ĂƌŽƵŶĚĂĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌƚĂďůĞƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƚǁŽŽĨƚŚĞŐŝƌůƐǁĂŶƚƚŽ
ƐŝƚŶĞdžƚƚŽĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ͘/ŶŚŽǁŵĂŶLJǁĂLJƐĐĂŶƚŚĞLJďĞ dŚƵƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞϯĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚϮƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŽƵƚŽĨ
ƐĞĂƚĞĚ͍ ϯĐĂŶďĞƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ͘dŚĞƐĞϯĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĐĂƐĞƐĂƌĞ͕
͕͘
Solution:
Example I: &ŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ͗
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞϭϮƉĞŽƉůĞƚŽďĞƐĞĂƚĞĚŝŶĂĐŝƌĐůĞ͘ƐƚǁŽŐŝƌůƐ ŝ͘ ϳϮ
ǁĂŶƚƚŽƐŝƚŶĞdžƚƚŽĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ͕ǁĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞŵƚŽďĞ ŝŝ͘ ϴϱ
ŽŶĞĞŶƚŝƚLJ͘dŚĞŶǁĞŚĂǀĞϭϭƉĞŽƉůĞƚŽďĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚŝŶĂ

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϯϱ
 
Solution: 5. How many straight lines can be formed from 8 non-
଻Ǩ ଻Ǩ
ŝ͘ ϳϮсሺ଻ǨିଶሻǨଶǨ ൌ ൌ ʹͳ collinear points on the X-Y plane?
ହǨ‫כ‬ଶǨ
଼Ǩ ଼Ǩ Solution: &ŽƌĂƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚůŝŶĞǁĞũƵƐƚŶĞĞĚƚŽƐĞůĞĐƚϮƉŽŝŶƚƐ
ŝŝ͘ ϴ
ϱсሺ଼ିହሻǨହǨ ൌ ൌ ͷ͸ ŽƵƚŽĨƚŚĞϴƉŽŝŶƚƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘ ϴϮǁŽƵůĚďĞƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨ
ଷǨ‫כ‬ହǨ
 ǁĂLJƐŽĨĚŽŝŶŐƚŚŝƐ͘
dǁŽŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƌĞƐƵůƚƐ 
ŝ͘ ŶƌсŶŶʹƌ͕‫׵‬ϳϮсϳϱ 6. The digits, from 0 to 9 are written on 10 slips of paper
ŝŝ͘ ŶƌсŶͲϭƌнŶʹϭƌʹϭ͕‫׵‬ϭϬϱсϵϱнϵϰ (one digit on each slip) and placed in a box. If three of
the slips are drawn and arranged, then the number of
3.1 SOME STANDARD RESULTS possible different arrangements is
Solution: ϭϬWϯсϳϮϬ͘
1. Ŷнϭ сŶ нŶ 
ƌ ƌ ƌͲϭ

2. dŚĞƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŝƚŝƐƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ 7. If 5 parallel straight lines are intersected by 4 parallel
ƚŽĨŽƌŵŐƌŽƵƉƐďLJƚĂŬŝŶŐƐŽŵĞŽƌĂůůŽĨŶƚŚŝŶŐ straight lines, then the number of parallelograms thus
;ϮŶʹϭͿ͘ formed is
݊ Solution: EƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĂƌĂůůĞůŽŐƌĂŵƐсϱϮпϰϮсϲϬ͘
/ŶƐLJŵďŽů͕ ȭ Ŷƌсʹ௡ െ ͳ 
‫ݎ‬ൌͳ 8. Which of the following words can be written in 120
different ways?
Example J: /ŶŚŽǁŵĂŶLJǁĂLJƐĐĂŶĂƉĞƌƐŽŶŝŶǀŝƚĞŽŶĞŽƌ
Solution: ;ĂͿdŚĞǁŽƌĚ^d>ŚĂƐƐŝdžĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚůĞƚƚĞƌƐ͘
ŵŽƌĞŽĨŚŝƐƐĞǀĞŶĨƌŝĞŶĚƐƚŽĂƉĂƌƚLJ͍
‫׵‬EƵŵďĞƌŽĨĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐсϲ͊
Solution: &ŽƌĞǀĞƌLJĨƌŝĞŶĚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƚǁŽƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚŝĞƐ͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ сϲпϱпϰпϯпϮпϭсϳϮϬ
ŚĞŵĂLJďĞŝŶǀŝƚĞĚŽƌŵĂLJŶŽƚďĞŝŶǀŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉĂƌƚLJ͘ ;ďͿ dŚĞ ǁŽƌĚ ^d/>> ŚĂƐ ĨŝǀĞ ůĞƚƚĞƌƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ůĞƚƚĞƌ ͚>͛
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƐĞǀĞŶƐƵĐŚƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚŝĞƐ͘ ĐŽŵĞƐƚǁŝĐĞ͘
dŚƵƐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŚĞĐĂŶŝŶǀŝƚĞŚŝƐĨƌŝĞŶĚƐ ‫׵‬EƵŵďĞƌŽĨĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ
ହǨ
ƚŽƚŚĞƉĂƌƚLJсʹ ‫ ʹ כ ʹ כ ʹ כ ʹ כ ʹ כ ʹ כ‬ൌ ʹ଻ ͘ с сϲϬ
ଶ
Ƶƚʹ଻ ǁĂLJƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŚĞĐĂƐĞǁŚĞŶŶŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĨƌŝĞŶĚƐŝƐ ;ĐͿdŚĞǁŽƌĚtdZŚĂƐĨŝǀĞĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚůĞƚƚĞƌƐ͘
ŝŶǀŝƚĞĚ͘ ‫׵‬EƵŵďĞƌŽĨĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐсϱ͊сϱпϰпϯпϮпϭсϭϮϬ
,ĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐ ;ĚͿdŚĞǁŽƌĚ͚EK͛ŚĂƐϯĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚůĞƚƚĞƌƐ͘
сʹ଻ െ ͳ ൌ ͳʹͺ െ ͳ ൌ ͳʹ͹ǁĂLJƐ ‫׵‬EƵŵďĞƌŽĨĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐсϯ͊сϲ
;ĞͿEƵŵďĞƌŽĨĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐсϰ͊сϮϰ
More Solved Examples 
1. The sum of all the four digit even numbers which can be 9. In how many ways can 12 papers be arranged if the best
formed by using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 if repetition and the worst paper never come together?
of digits is allowed Solution: ůůĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐʹƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚďĞƐƚĂŶĚ
Solution: >ĂƐƚƉůĂĐĞĐĂŶďĞĨŝůůĞĚďLJϬ͕Ϯ͕ϰ ǁŽƌƐƚƉĂƉĞƌƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌсϭϮ͊ʹϮ͊пϭϭ͊
^ŽƚŽƚĂůƐƵŵсϱпϲпϲ;ϬнϮнϰͿнϱпϲпϯпϭϬ;Ϭнϭн 
ϮнϯнϰнϱͿнϱпϲпϯпϭϬϬ;ϬнϭнϮнϯнϰнϱͿнϲпϲ 10. How many numbers greater than one million can be
пϯпϭϬϬϬ;ϬнϭнϮнϯнϰнϱͿсϭϴϬпϲнϵϬϬпϭϱн formed with 2, 3, 0, 3, 4, 2, 3? (repetitions not allowed)
ϵϬϬϬ п ϭϱ н ϭϬϴϬϬ п ϭϱ с ϭϬϴϬ н ϭϯϱϬϬ н ϭϯϱϬϬϬ н Solution: ZĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŝƐ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ϭ ŵŝůůŝŽŶ ;ϳ
ϭϲϮϬϬϬϬсϭϳϲϵϱϴϬ͘ ĚŝŐŝƚƐͿ͘ &ƌŽŵ ŐŝǀĞŶ ĚŝŐŝƚƐ͕ ƚŽƚĂů ŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ
 ĨŽƌŵĞĚсϳ͊
2. How many words beginning with vowels can be formed EƵŵďĞƌƐƚĂƌƚŝŶŐĨƌŽŵnjĞƌŽсϲ͊
with the letters of the word EQUATION? ֜ZĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŶƵŵďĞƌсϳ͊ʹϲ͊
Solution: dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞϴůĞƚƚĞƌƐŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌĚYhd/KE͘ ‫׵‬ZĞƉĞƚŝƚŝŽŶŶŽƚĂůůŽǁĞĚ͕ƐŽƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĂŶƐǁĞƌ
଻Ǩି଺Ǩ
с сϯϲϬ
ଶǨଷǨ


‫׵‬ZĞƋĚ͘ŶŽ͘сϱпϱϬϰϬсϮϱϮϬϬ͘ 11. 5 Indian and 5 American couples meet at a party & shake
 hands. If no wife shakes hands with her husband and no
3. How many integers greater than 5000 can be formed Indian wife shakes hands with a male, then the number
with the digit 7, 6, 5, 4 and 3, using each digit at most of handshakes that takes place in the party is
once? Solution: dŽƚĂů ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ŚĂŶĚƐŚĂŬĞƐ с ϮϬϮ ŽĨ ƚŚŽƐĞŶŽ
Solution: ϰĚŝŐŝƚŶƵŵďĞƌϯϰϯϮсϳϮ͕ /ŶĚŝĂŶĨĞŵĂůĞƐŚĂŬĞƐŚĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŵĂůĞ
ϱĚŝŐŝƚŶƵŵďĞƌсϭϮϬ ֜ϱпϭϬсϱϬŚĂŶĚƐŚĂŬĞƐ
dŽƚĂůсϭϵϮ͘ EŽŵĞƌŝĐĂŶǁŝĨĞƐŚĂŬĞƐŚĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŚĞƌŚƵƐďĂŶĚсϱпϭс
 ϱŚĂŶĚƐŚĂŬĞƐ
4. If a secretary and a joint secretary are to be selected ֜dŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŚĂŶĚƐŚĂŬĞƐŽĐĐƵƌƌĞĚ
from a committee of 11 members, then in how many сϮϬϮʹ;ϱϬнϱͿсϭϵϬʹϱϱсϭϯϱ͘
ways can they be selected? 
Solution: ^ĞůĞĐƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ Ϯ ŵĞŵďĞƌƐ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ ϭϭ ŚĂƐ ϭϭϮ
ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐϭϭϮсϱϱ͘

WĂŐĞϯϲ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
12. The total number of ways in which letters of the word сϭϱпϭϰпϯϯсϲϵϯϬ
ACCOST can be arranged so that the two C's never come /ĨǁĞĐŚŽŽƐĞϱďŽǁůĞƌƐƚŚĞŶǁĞŚĂǀĞƚŽĐŚŽŽƐĞϱďĂƚƐŵĞŶ
together will be ‫׵‬ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐŶŽŵĂũŽƌŝƚLJ͘
Solution: dŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐƚŽƉĞƌŵƵƚĞϲĂůƉŚĂďĞƚƐϮ ‫׵‬dŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐсϰпϲϵϯϬсϮϳϳϮϬ͘
ŽĨǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞĐŽŵŵŽŶсϲ͊ͬϮ͊сϯϲϬ͘ 
;ϭͿdƌĞĂƚƚŚĞƚǁŽ͛ƐĂƐŽŶĞ 14. Three dice are rolled. The number of possible outcomes
֜EƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞǁĂLJƐсϱWϱсϭϮϬ in which at least one die shows 5 is
;ďͿ EƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ǁĂLJƐ с dŽƚĂů ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ʹ EƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ Solution: ZĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ
ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞLJĂůǁĂLJƐĐŽŵĞ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌсϯϲϬ сdŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐʹ
ʹϭϮϬсϮϰϬ͘ EƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚϱĚŽĞƐŶŽƚĂƉƉĞĂƌ

ŽŶĂŶLJĚŝĐĞ͘;ŚĞŶĐĞϱƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚŝĞƐŝŶĞĂĐŚƚŚƌŽǁͿ
13. In how many ways can a term of 11 cricketers be chosen
from 6 bowlers. 4 wicket keepers and 11 batsmen to give с͸ଷ ʹͷଷ сϮϭϲʹϭϮϱсϵϭ͘
a majority of batsmen if at least 4 bowlers are to be 
included and there is one wicket keeper? 15. The number of 5 digit numbers that can be made using
Solution: ϭǁŝĐŬĞƚŬĞĞƉĞƌĨƌŽŵϰĐĂŶďĞƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚŝŶ the digits 1 and 2 in which at least one digit is different.
ସǨ
ϰ
ϭс сϰǁĂLJƐ Solution: dŽƚĂů ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚŝŽŶ с
ଷǨǤଵǨ
/Ĩ ϰ ďŽǁůĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ĐŚŽƐĞŶ ƚŚĞŶ ƌĞŵĂŝŶŝŶŐ ϲ ďĂƚƐŵĞŶ Ͳ ĐĂŶ ʹହ 
ďĞĐŚŽƐĞŶŝŶϭϭϲ͘ dǁŽ ŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ĚŝŐŝƚƐ ĞƋƵĂů͘ ^Ž͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ϲ ͘ϭϭ с ଺Ǩ п ଵଵǨ сହൈ଺пଵଵൈଵ଴ൈଽൈ଼ൈ଻ ŶƵŵďĞƌƐсʹହ ʹϮсϯϬ͘
ϰ ϲ
ସǨǤଶǨ ଷǨǤଵǨ ଶ ହൈସൈଷൈଶ




PRACTICE QUESTIONS

ϭ͘ /ĨŶWƌсϳϮϬŶƌ͕ƚŚĞŶƌŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽ ϭϬ͘ /Ŷ ŚŽǁ ŵĂŶLJ ǁĂLJƐ Ă ŚŽĐŬĞLJ ƚĞĂŵ ŽĨ ĞůĞǀĞŶ ĐĂŶ ďĞ
;ĂͿϯ   ;ďͿϳ ĞůĞĐƚĞĚĨƌŽŵϭϲƉůĂLJĞƌƐ͍
;ĐͿϲ   ;ĚͿϰ ;ĂͿϰϯϲϴ  ;ďͿϰϮϲϳ
 ;ĐͿϱϯϲϴ  ;ĚͿϰϭϲϲ
Ϯ͘ /Ĩ;ϮϴϮƌ͗ϮϰϮƌͲϰͿсϮϮϱ͗ϭϭ͘&ŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨƌ 
;ĂͿϭϬ   ;ďͿϭϭ ϭϭ͘ dĞŶ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ ůĞƚƚĞƌƐ ŽĨ ĂůƉŚĂďĞƚ ĂƌĞ ŐŝǀĞŶ͕ ǁŽƌĚƐ ǁŝƚŚ ϱ
;ĐͿϳ   ;ĚͿϵ ůĞƚƚĞƌƐ ĂƌĞ ĨŽƌŵĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŐŝǀĞŶ ůĞƚƚĞƌƐ͘ EƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ
 ǁĂLJƐ
ϯ͘ /ĨŶWƌсŶWƌнϭĂŶĚŶƌсŶƌͲϭ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨŶĂŶĚƌĂƌĞ ;ĂͿϱWϱ   ;ďͿϭϬWϱ
ଵ଴Ǩ
;ĂͿϰ͕ϯ   ;ďͿϯ͕Ϯ ;ĐͿϭϬϱ   ;ĚͿ 
ହǨ
;ĐͿϰ͕Ϯ   ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ 
 ϭϮ͘ /Ŷ ŚŽǁ ŵĂŶLJ ǁĂLJƐ ĐĂŶ ϰ ŬƐ ďĞ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ ϭϬ
௫ǨସǨ ଺
ϰ͘ /Ĩ с ƚŚĞŶĨŝŶĚdž͍ ŬƐŽŶĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƐƵďũĞĐƚƐ͍
ହǨ ହ
;ĂͿϳ   ;ďͿϯ ;ĂͿϮϭϬ   ;ďͿϯϮϬ
;ĐͿϮ   ;ĚͿϲ ;ĐͿϳϭϲ   ;ĚͿϱϬϰϬ
 
ϱ͘ /ĨϭϬWƌсϳϮϬ͕ƚŚĞŶƌŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽ ϭϯ͘ /Ŷ ŚŽǁ ŵĂŶLJ ǁĂLJƐ Ă ŐƌŽƵƉ ŽĨ ϰ ŵĞŶ ĂŶĚ ϯ ǁŽŵĞŶ ďĞ
;ĂͿϰ   ;ďͿϮ ŵĂĚĞŽƵƚŽĨĂƚŽƚĂůŽĨϴŵĞŶĂŶĚϱǁŽŵĞŶ͍
;ĐͿϯ   ;ĚͿϭ ;ĂͿϳ2Ϭ   ;ďͿ70Ϭ
 ;ĐͿϭϮϬ   ;ĚͿϮϭϬ
ϲ͘ /ĨW;ϯϮ͕ϲͿсŬ;ϯϮ͕ϲͿ͕ƚŚĞŶǁŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨŬ͍ 
;ĂͿϲ   ;ďͿϯϮ ϭϰ͘ /ŶŚŽǁŵĂŶLJǁĂLJƐĐĂŶƚŚĞůĞƚƚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌĚΖ>ZΖďĞ
;ĐͿϭϮϬ   ;ĚͿϳϮϬ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚ͍
 ;ĂͿϳϮ   ;ďͿϭϰϰ
ϳ͘ /ĨW;ϳϳ͕ϯϭͿсdžĂŶĚ;ϳϳ͕ϯϭͿсLJ͕ƚŚĞŶǁŚŝĐŚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞ ;ĐͿϯϲϬ   ;ĚͿϳϮϬ
ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝƐĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ͍ 
;ĂͿdžсLJ   ;ďͿϮdžсLJ ϭϱ͘ /Ŷ ŚŽǁ ŵĂŶLJ ǁĂLJƐ ƚŚĞ ůĞƚƚĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌĚ ͚>>/'d/KE͛
;ĐͿϳϳdžсϯϭLJ  ;ĚͿdžхLJ ďĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚƚĂŬŝŶŐĂůůƚŚĞůĞƚƚĞƌƐ͍
 ;ĂͿϭϮϬϮϴϬ  ;ďͿϰϱϯϲϬϬ
ϴ͘ dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨϲWϱŝƐ ;ĐͿϯϲϬϯϰϬ  ;ĚͿϯϲϮϴϴϬϬ
;ĂͿϭϰϰ   ;ďͿϳϮϬ 
;ĐͿϲ͊   ;ĚͿŽƚŚďĂŶĚĐ ϭϲ͘ ,ŽǁŵĂŶLJĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĨŝǀĞͲůĞƚƚĞƌǁŽƌĚƐĐĂŶďĞĨŽƌŵĞĚƵƐŝŶŐ
 ƚŚĞůĞƚƚĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁŽƌĚ͞WW>͍͟
ϵ͘ dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨϮϰϮŝƐ ;ĂͿϭϮϬ   ;ďͿϲϬ
;ĂͿϮϱϲ   ;ďͿϮϳϲ ;ĐͿϮϰϬ   ;ĚͿϮϰ
;ĐͿϮϵϵ   ;ĚͿϯϮϮ 


YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϯϳ
 
ϭϳ͘ ,Žǁ ŵĂŶLJ ǁŽƌĚƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĨŽƌŵĞĚ ďLJ ƌĞͲĂƌƌĂŶŐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ Ϯϲ͘ /Ŷ ŚŽǁ ŵĂŶLJ ǁĂLJƐ ĐĂŶ ϳ ƉĞƌƐŽŶƐ ƐƚĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵ ŽĨ Ă
ůĞƚƚĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌĚ^Ed ƐƵĐŚ ƚŚĂƚĂŶĚdŽĐĐƵƉLJ ƚŚĞ ƌŝŶŐ͍
ĨŝƌƐƚĂŶĚůĂƐƚƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͍ ;ĂͿW;ϳ͕ϮͿ  ;ďͿϳ͊
;ĂͿϱ!   ;ďͿϰ͊ ;ĐͿϲ͊   ;ĚͿϮൈϳ͊
଺Ǩ
;ĐͿϲ͊ʹϮ͊  ;ĚͿ  
ଶǨ
 Ϯϳ͘ /ŶŚŽǁŵĂŶLJǁĂLJƐĐĂŶϳďĞĂĚƐďĞƐƚƌƵŶŐŝŶƚŽŶĞĐŬůĂĐĞ͍
ϭϴ͘ dŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ǁŽƌĚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĨŽƌŵĞĚ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ;ĂͿϮϱϮϬ  ;ďͿϱϬϰϬ
ůĞƚƚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌĚKDD/ddŝƐ ;ĐͿϳϮϬ   ;ĚͿϯϲϬ
ଽǨ   ଽǨ
;ĂͿ  ;ďͿ 
ଶǨଶǨଶǨ ଶǨଶǨ Ϯϴ͘ dŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ϭϮ LJĞƐ Žƌ ŶŽ ƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƐ͘ ,Žǁ ŵĂŶLJ ǁĂLJƐ ĐĂŶ
ଽǨ
;ĐͿ    ;ĚͿϵ͊ ƚŚĞƐĞďĞĂŶƐǁĞƌĞĚ͍
ଶǨ
 ;ĂͿϭϬϮϰ   ;ďͿϮϬϰϴ
ϭϵ͘ ,ŽǁŵĂŶLJŶĞǁǁŽƌĚƐĂƌĞƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞůĞƚƚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞ ;ĐͿϰϬϵϲ   ;ĚͿϭϰϰ
ǁŽƌĚWZDhdd/KE͍ 
ଵଵǨ ଵଵǨ Ϯϵ͘ dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞϭϬƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƐŝŶĂŶĞdžĂŵ͘/ŶŚŽǁŵĂŶLJǁĂLJƐĐĂŶ
;ĂͿ    ;ďͿ ʹϭ
ଶǨ ଶǨ ĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƚƚĞŵƉƚĂƚůĞĂƐƚŽŶĞƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶ͍
;ĐͿϭϭ͊ʹϭ  ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
;ĂͿϭϬϮϯ   ;ďͿϭϬϮϰ

;ĐͿϮϬϰϴ   ;ĚͿϮϬϰϳ
ϮϬ͘ /ŶŚŽǁŵĂŶLJǁĂLJƐϰ/ŶĚŝĂŶƐ͕ϱĨƌŝĐĂŶƐĂŶĚϳ:ĂƉĂŶĞƐĞďĞ

ƐĞĂƚĞĚŝŶĂƌŽǁƐŽƚŚĂƚĂůůƉĞƌƐŽŶŽĨƐĂŵĞŶĂƚŝŽŶĂůŝƚLJƐŝƚƐ
ϯϬ͘ /ŶŚŽǁŵĂŶLJǁĂLJƐĂĐŽŵŵŝƚƚĞĞ͕ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚŝŶŐŽĨϱŵĞŶĂŶĚϲ
ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ
ǁŽŵĞŶĐĂŶďĞĨŽƌŵĞĚĨƌŽŵϴŵĞŶĂŶĚϭϬǁŽŵĞŶ͍
;ĂͿϰ͊ϱ͊ϳ͊ϯ͊  ;ďͿϰ͊ϱ͊ϳ͊ϱ͊
;ĂͿϮϲϲ   ;ďͿϱϬϰϬ
;ĐͿϰ͊ϲ͊ϳ͊ϯ͊  ;ĚͿĐĂŶŶŽƚďĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ
;ĐͿϭϭϳϲϬ  ;ĚͿϴϲϰϬϬ

Ϯϭ͘ ,Žǁ ŵĂŶLJ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ ϰͲůĞƚƚĞƌ ǁŽƌĚƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĨŽƌŵĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ
ϯϭ͘ /ŶŚŽǁŵĂŶLJǁĂLJƐĐĂŶƚŚĞůĞƚƚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌĚ͚Ez͛ďĞ
ƚŚĞůĞƚƚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌĚ͚:/WhZ͛ǁŚĞŶĂŶĚ/ĂƌĞĂůǁĂLJƐ
ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚ͍
ƚŽďĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ͍
;ĂͿϱϱ 
 ;ďͿϭϮϬ
;ĂͿϭϰϰ   ;ďͿϮϰ
;ĐͿϮϰ   ;ĚͿϮϰϬ
;ĐͿϮϰϬ   ;ĚͿϮϴϴ


ϯϮ͘ /Ŷ ŚŽǁ ŵĂŶLJ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ ǁĂLJƐ ĐĂŶ ƚŚĞ ůĞƚƚĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌĚ
ϮϮ͘ ,Žǁ ŵĂŶLJ ǁŽƌĚƐ ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ǀŽǁĞůƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĨŽƌŵĞĚ
ΖKWd/>ΖďĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚƌĞƉĞƚŝƚŝŽŶŝƐĂůůŽǁĞĚ͍
ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůĞƚƚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌĚYhd/KE͍
;ĂͿϲ͊   ;ďͿ ϭϮϬ
;ĂͿϮϱϮϬϬ  ;ďͿϭϱϮϬϬ
;ĐͿϲϲ 
 ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
;ĐͿϮϱϯϬϬ  ;ĚͿϯϱϮϬϬ

ϯϯ͘ ,ŽǁŵĂŶLJϰĚŝŐŝƚƐŶƵŵďĞƌƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĚŝǀŝƐŝďůĞďLJϭϬĐĂŶďĞ
Ϯϯ͘ dŽ Ĩŝůů Ă ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ǀĂĐĂŶĐŝĞƐ͕ ĂŶ ĞŵƉůŽLJĞƌ ŵƵƐƚ ŚŝƌĞ ϯ
ĨŽƌŵĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ϯ͕ ϱ͕ ϳ͕ ϴ͕ ϵ͕ Ϭ ƐƵĐŚ ƚŚĂƚ ŶŽ
ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĞƌƐ ĨƌŽŵ ĂŵŽŶŐ ϲ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂŶƚƐ͕ ĂŶĚ Ϯ ŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐ
ŶƵŵďĞƌƌĞƉĞĂƚƐ͍
ĨƌŽŵ ĂŵŽŶŐ ϰ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂŶƚƐ͘ tŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƚĂů ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ
;ĂͿϲϬ   ;ďͿϱϬ
ǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƐŚĞĐĂŶŵĂŬĞŚĞƌƐĞůĞĐƚŝŽŶ͍
;ĐͿϰϴ   ;ĚͿϳϮ
;ĂͿϭ͕ϰϵϬ  ;ďͿϭϯϮ

;ĐͿϭϮϬ   ;ĚͿϲϬ
ϯϰ͘ /Ŷ ŚŽǁ ŵĂŶLJ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ ǁĂLJƐ ĐĂŶ ƚŚĞ ůĞƚƚĞƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌĚ

>W,Ed ďĞ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ ǀŽǁĞůƐ ĂůǁĂLJƐ ŽĐĐƵƌ
Ϯϰ͘  ŵĂŶ ŚĂƐ ϯ ƐŚŝƌƚƐ͕ ϰ ƚƌŽƵƐĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ϲ ƚŝĞƐ͘ tŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ
ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͍
ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ǁĂLJƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĞ ĐĂŶ ĚƌĞƐƐ ŚŝŵƐĞůĨ ǁŝƚŚ Ă
;ĂͿϮϬϲϬ  ;ďͿϮϭϲϬ
ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĂůůƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞ͍
;ĐͿϮϮϲϬ  ;ĚͿϮϯϲϬ
;ĂͿϭϯ   ;ďͿϳϮ
ଵଷǨ 
;ĐͿ    ;ĚͿϯ͊ൈϰ͊ൈϲ͊ ϯϱ͘ dŚĞ ůĞƚƚĞƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌĚ >KhZĂƌĞ ƉĞƌŵƵƚĞĚ ŝŶ Ăůů
ଷǨସǨ଺Ǩ
 ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞǁĂLJƐĂŶĚƚŚĞǁŽƌĚƐƚŚƵƐĨŽƌŵĞĚĂƌĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚĂƐ
Ϯϱ͘ /Ĩ ƚǁŽ ĚŝĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƚŽƐƐĞĚ ƐŝŵƵůƚĂŶĞŽƵƐůLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ŝŶĂĚŝĐƚŝŽŶĂƌLJ͘tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞƌĂŶŬŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌĚ>KhZ͍
ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚŝŶŐƐĂŵƉůĞƐƉĂĐĞŝƐ ;ĂͿϮϳϱ   ;ďͿϮϱϭ
;ĂͿϲ   ;ďͿϴ ;ĐͿϮϰϬ   ;ĚͿϮϰϮ
;ĐͿϯϲ   ;ĚͿϮϰ 



NOTE: For Practice Questions Refer to Online Study Portal



END OF CHAPTER


WĂŐĞϯϴ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
Chapter 8
PROBABILITY


1. PROBABILITY

Meaning: /ƚŝƐǀĞƌLJĞĂƐLJƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨƚŽƐƐŝŶŐĂĐŽŝŶ͘ĐŽŝŶ
ǁŚĞŶ ƚŽƐƐĞĚ͕ ŐŝǀĞƐ ĞŝƚŚĞƌ ŚĞĂĚƐ Žƌ ƚĂŝůƐ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ Ă ƚŽƐƐ ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ďĞ ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶ͘ ^Ž͕ ǁĞ ĞƐƚŝŵĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĂŶĐĞƐ ŽĨ Ă
ƉĂƌƚŝĐƵůĂƌƌĞƐƵůƚ͘dŚĞĐŚĂŶĐĞŽĨŐĞƚƚŝŶŐĂŚĞĂĚǁŚĞŶĂĐŽŝŶŝƐƚŽƐƐĞĚŝƐŽŶĞŝŶƚǁŽŽƌϱϬйŽƌЪ͘dŚĞĐŚĂŶĐĞŝƐŬŶŽǁŶ
ĂƐprobability.


random experimentŝƐĂŶĂĐƚŝŽŶƚŚĂƚŐŝǀĞƐŽŶĞŽƌŵŽƌĞ ii. dŽƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĐŽŝŶƐ ŐŝǀĞƐ ϮdžϮdžϮ с ϴ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ
ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ͘ĂĐŚƌĞƐƵůƚŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĂŶoutcome. ‫ ׵‬ Ŷ;^Ϳсϴ

dŚĞ sample space ;^ͿŝƐƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨĂůůƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐŽĨ  ^с΂,,,͕,,d͕,d,͕d,,͕,dd͕d,d͕dd,͕ddd΃

ĂŶĞǀĞŶƚ͘
iii. tŚĞŶ Ă ĐŽŝŶ ŝƐ ƚŽƐƐĞĚ ĨŽƵƌ ƚŝŵĞƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ
dŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵƉůĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŝƐ ĚĞŶŽƚĞĚ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐĨŽƌĞĂĐŚƚŽƐƐсϮ
ďLJŶ;^Ϳ͘  dŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐсϮΎϮΎϮΎϮс
ϭϲ
dŚƵƐ͕ ƚŽƐƐŝŶŐ ŽĨ Ă ĐŽŝŶ ŝƐ Ă ƌĂŶĚŽŵ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ͘ 'ĞƚƚŝŶŐ  
ŚĞĂĚƐ Žƌ ƚĂŝůƐ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞ͘ dŚĞ ƐĂŵƉůĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ^ с iv. ZŽůůŝŶŐĂŶƵŶďŝĂƐĞĚĚŝĐĞŐŝǀĞƐϲŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ͘
΂,ĞĂĚƐ͕dĂŝůƐ΃ĂŶĚŶ;^ͿсϮ͘  ‫ ׵‬ Ŷ;^Ϳсϲ
 ^≡΂ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ͕ϰ͕ϱ͕ϲ΃
KƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ŽĨ Ă ƌĂŶĚŽŵ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ ĂƌĞ equally likely 
ǁŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĂŶLJ ŽŶĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚ v. Ɛ ƌŽůůŝŶŐ Ă ĚŝĐĞ ŐŝǀĞƐ ϲ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ͕ ƌŽůůŝŶŐ ƚǁŽ ĚŝĐĞ
ŽǀĞƌƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌ͘ƌĂŶĚŽŵĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚŚĂǀŝŶŐĞƋƵĂůůLJůŝŬĞůLJ ŐŝǀĞƐϲΎϲсϯϲŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ͘
ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĂŶunbiased experiment.  ‫ ׵‬ Ŷ;^Ϳсϯϲ
 ^= ΂;ϭ͕ϭͿ͕;ϭ͕ϮͿ͕;ϭ͕ϯͿ͕;ϭ͕ϰͿ͕;ϭ͕ϱͿ͕;ϭ͕ϲͿ͕
Example A: &ŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵƉůĞ
  ;Ϯ͕ϭͿ͕;Ϯ͕ϮͿ͕;Ϯ͕ϯͿ͕;Ϯ͕ϰͿ͕;Ϯ͕ϱͿ͕;Ϯ͕ϲͿ͕
ƐƉĂĐĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐ͗   ;ϯ͕ϭͿ͕;ϯ͕ϮͿ͕;ϯ͕ϯͿ͕;ϯ͕ϰͿ͕;ϯ͕ϱͿ͕;ϯ͕ϲͿ͕
;ϰ͕ϭͿ͕;ϰ͕ϮͿ͕;ϰ͕ϯͿ͕;ϰ͕ϰͿ͕;ϰ͕ϱͿ͕;ϰ͕ϲͿ͕
i. dŽƐƐŝŶŐƚǁŽĐŽŝŶƐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͘
;ϱ͕ϭͿ͕;ϱ͕ϮͿ͕;ϱ͕ϯͿ͕;ϱ͕ϰͿ͕;ϱ͕ϱͿ͕;ϱ͕ϲͿ͕
ii. dŽƐƐŝŶŐƚŚƌĞĞĐŽŝŶƐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͘
;ϲ͕ϭͿ͕;ϲ͕ϮͿ͕;ϲ͕ϯͿ͕;ϲ͕ϰͿ͕;ϲ͕ϱͿ͕;ϲ͕ϲͿ΃
iii. dŽƐƐŝŶŐĂĐŽŝŶĨŽƵƌƚŝŵĞƐ͘
iv. ZŽůůŝŶŐĂŶƵŶďŝĂƐĞĚĚŝĞ͘
ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞĐĂƐĞǁŚĞƌĞĂĚŝĐĞŝƐƌŽůůĞĚƚŚƌĞĞƚŝŵĞƐ͘
v. ZŽůůŝŶŐƚǁŽƵŶďŝĂƐĞĚĚŝĐĞĂŶĚƚŚƌĞĞƵŶďŝĂƐĞĚĚŝĐĞ͘
dŚĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ĨŽƌ ĨŝƌƐƚ͕ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚŝƌĚ
vi. ƌĂǁŝŶŐƚǁŽĐĂƌĚƐĂƚƌĂŶĚŽŵĨƌŽŵĂƉĂĐŬŽĨϱϮǁĞůůͲ
ƚŚƌŽǁŽĨƚŚĞĚŝĐĞĞĂĐŚсϲ
ƐŚƵĨĨůĞĚĐĂƌĚƐ͘
‫׵‬ Ŷ;^ͿсϲΎϲΎϲсϮϭϲ
Solution:
vi. dǁŽ ĐĂƌĚƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĚƌĂǁŶ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ƉĂĐŬ ŽĨ ϱϮ ǁĞůů
i. dŽƐƐŝŶŐŽŶĞĐŽŝŶŐŝǀĞƐϮŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐͲĞŝƚŚĞƌ,ĞĂĚƐ;,Ϳ
ƐŚƵĨĨůĞĚĐĂƌĚƐŝŶϱϮϮǁĂLJƐ͘
ŽƌdĂŝůƐ;dͿ͘
 ‫׵‬ƚŽƐƐŝŶŐƚǁŽĐŽŝŶƐŐŝǀĞϮΎϮŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ ‫׵‬ Ŷ;^ͿсϱϮϮ 
‫݊ ׵‬ሺܵሻ ൌ Ͷ
^сሼ‫ܪܪ‬ǡ ‫ܶܪ‬ǡ ܶ‫ܪ‬ǡ ܶܶሽ

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϯϵ
1. EVENTS  /ĨƚǁŽĞǀĞŶƚƐĂŶĚŽĨĂƐĂŵƉůĞƐƉĂĐĞ^ĂƌĞƐƵĐŚ
ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵƉůĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĂƚ‫ =׫‬s, then ĂŶĚĂƌĞĐĂůůĞĚexhaustive
ƌŽůůŝŶŐĂŶƵŶďŝĂƐĞĚĚŝĐĞ͘ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ͘
  ^= ΂ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ͕ϰ͕ϱ͕ϲ΃ B

ŶLJƐƵďƐĞƚŽĨ^ŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĂŶevent. A

&Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚ  ŽĨ ŐĞƚƚŝŶŐ ĂŶ ŽĚĚ ŶƵŵďĞƌ
ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƚŚƌŽǁŽĨĂĚŝĐĞŝƐ 

= ΂ϭ͕ϯ͕ϱ΃  
Ŷ;Ϳсϯ
/ĨĂŶĚĂƌĞĞdžŚĂƵƐƚŝǀĞ͕‫^=׫‬
/Ĩ= ΂΃͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚŝƐĂŶimpossible event.
‫׵‬  Ŷ;‫ =Ϳ׫‬Ŷ;^Ϳ
&Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ŐĞƚƚŝŶŐ ϳ ďLJ ƚŚƌŽǁŝŶŐ Ă ĚŝĐĞ ŝƐ ĂŶ
ŶĞǀĞŶƚ;ͿĂŶĚŝƚƐĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚ;͛ͿĂƌĞĞdžŚĂƵƐƚŝǀĞ
ŝŵƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĞǀĞŶƚ͘
ĞǀĞŶƚƐ͘
/Ĩ= ^͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚŝƐcertain event.
1.1 TYPE OF EVENTS
&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŐĞƚƚŝŶŐĂŶĂƚƵƌĂůŶƵŵďĞƌůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϳďLJ
ƚŚƌŽǁŝŶŐĂĚŝĐĞŝƐĂcertain event. 1. Equally Likely Events ʹdǁŽŽƌŵŽƌĞĞǀĞŶƚƐĂƌĞƐĂŝĚ
ƚŽďĞĞƋƵĂůůLJůŝŬĞůLJŝĨĂŶLJŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵĐĂŶŶŽƚďĞ
OCCURRENCE OF TWO OR MORE EVENTS ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŽĐĐƵƌŝŶƉƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘

dŚĞunionŽĨƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚĂŶĚŽĨĂƐĂŵƉůĞƐƉĂĐĞ 2. Collectively Exhaustive Events ʹǀĞŶƚƐĂƌĞƐĂŝĚƚŽďĞ

; ‫ Ϳ ׫‬ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ĞŝƚŚĞƌ  Žƌ  Žƌ ďŽƚŚ ƚĂŬĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJĞdžŚĂƵƐƚŝǀĞǁŚĞŶƚŚĞŝƌƚŽƚĂůŝƚLJŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐĂůů
ƉůĂĐĞ͘ ƚŚĞƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐŽĨĂƌĂŶĚŽŵĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ͘
 
A B 3. Mutually Exclusive Events ʹdǁŽŽƌŵŽƌĞĞǀĞŶƚƐĂƌĞ
 ƐĂŝĚƚŽďĞŵƵƚƵĂůůLJĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞŝĨƚŚĞLJĐĂŶŶŽƚŽĐĐƵƌ
ƐŝŵƵůƚĂŶĞŽƵƐůLJŝŶƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƚƌŝĂů;ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ƚŚĞŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞ

ŽĨŽŶĞƉƌĞǀĞŶƚƐƚŚĞŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌͿ͘
 
 4. Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Events
ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞǀĞŶƚƐĂƌĞƐĂŝĚƚŽďĞŵƵƚƵĂůůLJĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞ
dŚĞintersectionŽĨƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƐ͘ĂŶĚŽĨĂƐĂŵƉůĞ Θ ĞdžŚĂƵƐƚŝǀĞ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ŝĨ ;ŝͿ ĞǀĞƌLJ ƚǁŽ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŵ ĂƌĞ
ƐƉĂĐĞ;∩ ͿŝƐƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚĂŶĚƚĂŬĞ ŵƵƚƵĂůůLJ ĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞ Θ ;ŝŝͿ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŵ ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůLJ
ƉůĂĐĞ͘ ŽĐĐƵƌƐ ŝŶ ĂŶLJ ƚƌŝĂů͘ &Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ ŝŶ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ
ĚƌĂǁŝŶŐĂĐĂƌĚĨƌŽŵĂǁĞůůƐŚƵĨĨůĞĚƉĂĐŬŽĨϱϮĐĂƌĚƐ͕
ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ĂƌĞ ŵƵƚƵĂůůLJ ĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞ ĂŶĚ
A B ĞdžŚĂƵƐƚŝǀĞ͘
a. dŚĞĐĂƌĚŝƐĂƐƉĂĚĞ
b. dŚĞĐĂƌĚŝƐĂĐůƵď
c. dŚĞĐĂƌĚŝƐĂĚŝĂŵŽŶĚ
d. dŚĞĐĂƌĚŝƐĂŚĞĂƌƚ

CAUTION͗<ŝŶŐYƵĞĞŶΘ:ĂĐŬĂƌĞƚŚĞĨĂĐĞĐĂƌĚƐ͘

dŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƐĂŶĚŽĨĂƐĂŵƉůĞƐƉĂĐĞĂƌĞmutually
exclusiveŝĨƚŚĞLJĐĂŶŶŽƚŽĐĐƵƌƐŝŵƵůƚĂŶĞŽƵƐůLJ͘
5. Complementary Events ʹ  ŝƐ ĐĂůůĞĚ ƚŚĞ
ĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌLJĞǀĞŶƚŽĨ;ĂŶĚǀŝĐĞǀĞƌƐĂͿŝĨĂŶĚ
ĂƌĞ ŵƵƚƵĂůůLJ ĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĞdžŚĂƵƐƚŝǀĞ͘

6. Simple Events ʹŶĞǀĞŶƚŝƐƐĂŝĚƚŽďĞƐŝŵƉůĞǁŚĞŶ
A B ƚŚĞŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŽĨĂƐŝŶŐůĞĞǀĞŶƚŝƐĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ;tŚŝĐŚ
ŝƐĐĂŶŶŽƚďĞĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐĞĚͿ

7. Compound Events ʹ ŶĞǀĞŶƚŝƐƐĂŝĚƚŽďĞĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚ
ǁŚĞŶƚŚĞũŽŝŶƚŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŽĨƚǁŽŽƌŵŽƌĞĞǀĞŶƚƐŝƐ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ;tŚŝĐŚĐĂŶďĞĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐĞĚͿ
/ĨĂŶĚĂƌĞŵƵƚƵĂůůLJĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞ͕∩ =‫׎‬

‫׵‬  E;∩ ͿсnjĞƌŽ 8. Overlapping Events (or Intersection Events)

WĂŐĞϰϬ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
 dǁŽŽƌŵŽƌĞĞǀĞŶƚƐĂƌĞƐĂŝĚƚŽďĞŽǀĞƌůĂƉƉŝŶŐŽƌ ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚŽĨƌŽůůŝŶŐŽĨĂĚŝĐĞ͘
ŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶĞǀĞŶƚƐŝĨƉĂƌƚŽĨŽŶĞĞǀĞŶƚĂŶĚƉĂƌƚŽĨ
ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĞǀĞŶƚĐĂŶŽĐĐƵƌƐŝŵƵůƚĂŶĞŽƵƐůLJŝŶƚŚĞƐĂŵĞ ^= ΂ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ͕ϰ͕ϱ͕ϲ΃ΘŶ;^Ϳсϲ
ƚƌŝĂů͘
 Step II: ĨŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐƐĂƚŝƐĨLJŝŶŐƚŚĞ
9. Independent Events ʹdǁŽŽƌŵŽƌĞĞǀĞŶƚƐĂƌĞƐĂŝĚ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĞǀĞŶƚ͘
ƚŽďĞŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚŝĨƚŚĞŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŽĨŽŶĞĚŽĞƐŶŽƚ
>ĞƚďĞƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĚŝĐĞƐŚŽǁƐĂŵƵůƚŝƉůĞŽĨϯ͘
ĂĨĨĞĐƚƚŚĞŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌ͘
dŚĞŶ͕ƚŚĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐǁŚŝĐŚƐĂƚŝƐĨLJƚŚŝƐĞǀĞŶƚĐĂŶďĞ
ExampleʹWƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚƌĂǁŝŶŐĂƐƉĂĚĞĨƌŽŵĂƉĂĐŬ
ଵଷ ǁƌŝƚƚĞŶĂƐ
ŽĨƉůĂLJŝŶŐĐĂƌĚƐŝƐ    = ΂ϯ͕ϲ΃
ହଶ
ŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŽĨ ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƉĂĚĞ ĐĂƌĚ ĂĨƚĞƌ ƌĞƉůĂĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ
ଵଷ   E;ͿсϮ
ĨŝƌƐƚ ŽŶĞ ŝƐ ĂůƐŽ  ͘ ,ĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ϮŶĚ ƚƌŝĂů ŶĞĞĚ
ହଶ
ŶŽƚďĞĂĨĨĞĐƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨϭƐƚƚƌŝĂůƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĞĐĂƌĚ
Step III: &ŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞ
ǁĂƐƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚ͘
ĞǀĞŶƚ͕W;Ϳ͘
Probability function֜W;∩ͿсW;Ϳ͘W;Ϳ
 ௡ሺ஺ሻ
ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ͘
10. Dependent Events ʹ dǁŽŽƌŵŽƌĞĞǀĞŶƚƐĂƌĞƐĂŝĚƚŽ ௡ሺௌሻ

ďĞ ĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ ŝĨ ƚŚĞ ŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ŽŶĞ ĂĨĨĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĞ

/ŶƚŚŝƐĐĂƐĞ͕W;ͿсϮͬϲсϭͬϯ
ŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌ͘
Example ʹ dŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĚƌĂǁŝŶŐ Ă ƐƉĂĚĞ ĐĂƌĚ
ଵଷ Example B: &ŝŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚĂŶƵŵďĞƌƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚĂƚ
ĨƌŽŵ Ă ƉĂĐŬ ŽĨ ƉůĂLJŝŶŐ ĐĂƌĚƐ ŝƐ ǁŚŝůĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŽĨ ƌĂŶĚŽŵĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚϭϬŶĂƚƵƌĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŝƐƉƌŝŵĞ͘
ହଶ
ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƉĂĚĞ ĐĂƌĚ ǁŚĞŶ ĨŝƌƐƚ ĐĂƌĚ ŝƐ ďĞŝŶŐ ŶŽƚ Solution: ^ŝŶĐĞǁĞĂƌĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŝŶŐŽŶůLJƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚϭϬ
ଵଶ
ƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚŝƐ ƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĞĐĂƌĚǁĂƐŶŽƚƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐ;ϭƚŽϭϬͿ͕Ŷ;^ͿсϭϬ͘
ହଵ
ϮŶĚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞϰŶƵŵďĞƌƐůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϭϬ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞƉƌŝŵĞ͕
 ŶĂŵĞůLJϮ͕ϯ͕ϱĂŶĚϳ͘
PROBABILITY FUNCTION
‫׵‬ Ŷ;Ϳсϰ
P (A ∩ B) = P(A).P(B/A)
Žƌ ௡ሺ஺ሻ ସ ଶ
P (A ∩ B) = P(B). P(A/B) ‫׵‬ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ൌ ൌ 
௡ሺௌሻ ଵ଴ ହ

,ĞƌĞW;ͬͿсWƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĞǀĞŶƚŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚĞǀĞŶƚ 1.4 REMEMBER
ŚĂƐĂůƌĞĂĚLJŽĐĐƵƌƌĞĚ͘
dŚƵƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚ ůĞĂĚƐ ƚŽ /ĨW;ͿсϬ͕ƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚŝƐĂŶŝŵƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĞǀĞŶƚ͘
ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ǁŚĞƌĞĂƐ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ
ƌĞƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚ ůĞĂĚƐ ƚŽ ͚ĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ͛͘ /ĨW;Ϳсϭ͕ƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚŝƐĂĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĞǀĞŶƚ͘

Ϭ фW;Ϳфϭ
1.2 PROBABILITY Example C: dǁŽƵŶďŝĂƐĞĚĐŽŝŶƐĂƌĞƚŽƐƐĞĚ͘tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞ
WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŝƐƚŚĞĐŚĂŶĐĞŽĨŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŽĨĂŶĞǀĞŶƚ͘ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚƚŚĞƚŽƐƐĞƐŐŝǀĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƌĞƐƵůƚƐ͍
/Ĩ^ŝƐƚŚĞƐĂŵƉůĞƐƉĂĐĞŽĨĂŶƵŶďŝĂƐĞĚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŝĨ Solution:tŚĞŶĂĐŽŝŶŝƐƚŽƐƐĞĚǁĞŐĞƚĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĞĂĚƐŽƌ
ŝƐ ĂŶ ĞǀĞŶƚ͕ ƚŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ  ƚĂŬĞƐ ƉůĂĐĞ ŝƐ ƚĂŝůƐ͘>ĞƚŚĞĂĚƐďĞĚĞŶŽƚĞĚďLJ,ĂŶĚƚĂŝůƐďĞĚĞŶŽƚĞĚďLJd͘
௡ሺாሻ
ሺ‫ܧ‬ሻ ൌ ͘ ‫׵‬ ^с ΂,,͕,d͕d,͕dd΃
௡ሺௌሻ
ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŽƐƐŝŶŐĂŶƵŶďŝĂƐĞĚĐŽŝŶ͘>Ğƚ ϭďĞƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚ
ƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚŝƐŚĞĂĚƐ͘>ĞƚϮďĞƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚ ,ĞŶĐĞ͕ Ŷ;^Ϳсϰ
ŝƐƚĂŝůƐ͘
>ĞƚďĞƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚƚŚĞƚŽƐƐĞƐŐŝǀĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ
dŚĞŶ͕ E;^ͿсϮ͕Ŷ;ϭͿсϭĂŶĚŶ;ϮͿсϭ
ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ͘
‫׵‬ W;ϭͿсЪĂŶĚW;ϮͿсЪ
/͘Ğ͘dŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĐŽŝŶƐŚŽǁƐŚĞĂĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƐŚŽǁƐƚĂŝůƐ
^ŽǁŚĞŶĂĐŽŝŶŝƐƚŽƐƐĞĚ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŽĨ ŽƌƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĐŽŝŶƐŚŽǁƐƚĂŝůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚƐŚŽǁƐŚĞĂĚƐ͘
ŚĞĂĚƐŝƐЪ͘^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŽĨƚĂŝůƐ
‫׵‬ = ΂,d͕d,΃֜݊ሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ʹ
ŝƐЪ͘
௡ሺ஺ሻ ଶ ଵ
‫׵‬ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ൌ ൌ  
1.3 FINDING THE PROBABILITY OF ANY ௡ሺௌሻ ସ ଶ

EVENT INVOLVES THE FOLLOWING Example D: /ĨĂĚŝĐĞŝƐƚŽƐƐĞĚƚǁŽƚŝŵĞƐ͕ǁŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞ

STEPS: ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐƵŵŽĨƚŚĞƚǁŽƚŚƌŽǁƐŝƐůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶŽƌ
ĞƋƵĂůƚŽϰ͍
Step I:&ŝŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞƐĂŵƉůĞ
ƐƉĂĐĞ͘ Solution: tŚĞŶĂĚŝĐĞŝƐƚŚƌŽǁŶƚǁŝĐĞ͕ƚŚĞ
݊ሺܵሻ ൌ ͵͸

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϰϭ
 ସ ଵ
>ĞƚďĞƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƐƵŵŽĨƚŚĞƚǁŽƚŚƌŽǁƐŝƐůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶ ‫׵‬ W;Ϳс ൌ 
ହଶ ଵଷ
ŽƌĞƋƵĂůƚŽϰ͘

‫׵‬ = ΂;ϭ͕ϭͿ͕;ϭ͕ϮͿ͕;Ϯ͕ϭͿ͕;Ϯ͕ϮͿ͕;ϭ͕ϯͿ͕;ϯ͕ϭͿ΃ Example H: dŚĞƌĞŝƐĂŶƵƌŶĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐϯǁŚŝƚĞĂŶĚϰƌĞĚ

௡ሺ஻ሻ ଺ ଵ ďĂůůƐ͘ dǁŽ ďĂůůƐ ĂƌĞ ĚƌĂǁŶ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚŝƐ ƵƌŶ͘ &ŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ Ŷ;Ϳсϲ֜ ܲሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൌ ൌ ൌ  ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚ͗
௡ሺௌሻ ଷ଺ ଺

Example E:  ĐŽŝŶ ŝƐ ƚŽƐƐĞĚ ϳ ƚŝŵĞƐ͘ tŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ Ă͘ ŽƚŚďĂůůƐĂƌĞƌĞĚ
ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŐĞƚƚŝŶŐĞdžĂĐƚůLJĨŽƵƌŚĞĂĚƐ͍ ď͘ ŽƚŚďĂůůƐĂƌĞŽĨĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĐŽůŽƵƌƐ

Solution: WŽƐƐŝďůĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐĨŽƌĞĂĐŚƚŽƐƐсϮ Solution: EƵŵďĞƌŽĨďĂůůƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƌŶсϳ

,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ͕
Ŷ;^ͿсϮϳсϭϮϴ dǁŽ ďĂůůƐ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŝŶ ϳϮ с Ϯϭ ǁĂLJƐ͘
>Ğƚ,ďĞƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚŽĨŐĞƚƚŝŶŐĞdžĂĐƚůLJϰŚĞĂĚƐ͘dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌ E;^ͿсϮϭ
ŽĨǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŽŶĞĐĂŶŐĞƚϰŚĞĂĚƐŝŶϳƚŽƐƐĞƐсŶ;,Ϳс
ϳ
ϰсϯϱ͘ ϭͿ >ĞƚZďĞƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚďĂůůƐĚƌĂǁŶĂƌĞƌĞĚ͘
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŐĞƚƚŝŶŐĞdžĂĐƚůLJϰŚĞĂĚŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďLJ EƵŵďĞƌŽĨƌĞĚďĂůůƐсϰ
dǁŽƌĞĚďĂůůƐĐĂŶďĞƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚŝŶϰϮсϲǁĂLJƐ͘
݊ሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ ͵ͷ ,ĞŶĐĞ͕ Ŷ;ZͿсϲ͘
ܲሺ‫ܪ‬ሻ ൌ ൌ 
݊ሺܵሻ ͳʹͺ ௡ሺோሻ ଺ ଶ
‫ܲ׵‬ሺܴሻ ൌ ൌ ൌ 
௡ሺௌሻ ଶଵ ଻
Example F: dŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ϲ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ǁŚŽ ƐƚĂŶĚ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ĨŽƌ Ă
ƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚ͘ &ŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ƚǁŽ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŵ ƐƚĂŶĚ ϮͿ >Ğƚ  ďĞ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ďŽƚŚ ďĂůůƐ ĂƌĞ ŽĨ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚ
ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͘ ĐŽůŽƵƌƐ͘
dŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƌĞĚďĂůůƐсϰ
Solution: E;^ͿсdŚĞƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚϲ KŶĞ ƌĞĚ ďĂůů ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŝŶ ϰϭ с ϰ
ƉĞŽƉůĞĐĂŶďĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌĨŽƌĂƉŚŽƚŽŐƌĂƉŚсϲWϲс ǁĂLJƐ͘
ϲ͊сϳϮϬ dŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁŚŝƚĞďĂůůƐсϯ
>ĞƚďĞƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƚǁŽƉĞŽƉůĞĂůǁĂLJƐƐƚĂŶĚƐ KŶĞǁŚŝƚĞďĂůůĐĂŶďĞƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐĞŝŶ ϯϭсϯ
ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͘ ǁĂLJƐ͘
>ĞƚƵƐĂƐƐƵŵĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƚǁŽƉĞŽƉůĞǁŚŽĂůǁĂLJƐƐƚĂŶĚ dŚƵƐ͕ŽŶĞƌĞĚĂŶĚŽŶĞǁŚŝƚĞďĂůůĐĂŶďĞƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚŝŶϰ
ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌĂƌĞŽŶĞĞŶƚŝƚLJ͘ ΎϯсϭϮǁĂLJƐ͘dŚƵƐ͕ďĂůůƐŽĨĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĐŽůŽƵƌƐĐĂŶďĞ
dŚĞƐĞϮƉĞŽƉůĞĐĂŶďĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚĂŵŽŶŐƐƚƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐŝŶϮ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚŝŶϭϮǁĂLJƐ͘
ǁĂLJƐ͘
EŽǁǁĞŚĂǀĞϱƉĞŽƉůĞǁŚŽĐĂŶďĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚĂŵŽŶŐƐƚ ௡ሺ஻ሻ ଵଶ ସ
‫׵‬ ܲሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൌ  ൌ ൌ 
ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐŝŶϱWϱсϱ͊сϭϮϬǁĂLJƐ͘ ௡ሺௌሻ ଶଵ ଻

,ĞŶĐĞ͕Ŷ;ͿсͳʹͲ ‫ ʹ כ‬ൌ ʹͶͲ Example I: &ŽƵƌďŽLJƐĂŶĚĞŝŐŚƚŐŝƌůƐĂƌĞƐĞĂƚĞĚŝŶĂƌŽǁ͘

tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚŶŽƚǁŽďŽLJƐƐŝƚŶĞdžƚƚŽĞĂĐŚ
௡ሺாሻ ଶସ଴ ଵ ŽƚŚĞƌ͍
‫ܲ׵‬ሺ‫ܧ‬ሻ ൌ ൌ ൌ 
௡ሺௌሻ ଻ଶ଴ ଷ

Solution: ϭϮƉĞŽƉůĞĐĂŶďĞĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐŝŶ
Example G: ĐĂƌĚŝƐĚƌĂǁŶĂƚƌĂŶĚŽŵĨƌŽŵĂƉĂĐŬŽĨ
ϭϮ͊ǁĂLJƐ͘‫׵‬Ŷ;^ͿсϭϮ͊
ĐĂƌĚƐ͘&ŝŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚŝƚŝƐĂ͗
'ŝƌůƐĐĂŶďĞƐĞĂƚĞĚŝŶϴ͊tĂLJƐ͘
ŝ͘ ^ƉĂĚĞ
ŝŝ͘ ĐĞ ͺͺͺ'ͺͺͺ'ͺͺͺ'ͺͺͺ'ͺͺͺ'ͺͺͺ'ͺͺͺ'ͺͺͺ'
Solution: dŽƚĂůĐĂƌĚƐсϱϮ dŚĞƌĞ ĂƌĞ ŶŝŶĞ ƉůĂĐĞƐ ŶĞdžƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŐŝƌůƐ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ
KŶĞĐĂƌĚĐĂŶďĞĚƌĂǁŶĨƌŽŵϱϮŝŶϱϮϭсϱϮǁĂLJƐ͘ ďŽLJƐĐĂŶďĞƐĞĂƚĞĚ͘
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ Ŷ;^ͿсϱϮ͘
‫ ׵‬dŚĞ ďŽLJƐ ĐĂŶďĞ ƐĞĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ϵWϰ ǁĂLJ ƐŽ ƚŚĂƚ ŶŽ ƚǁŽ
ŝ͘ >ĞƚďĞƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĐĂƌĚĚƌĂǁŶŝƐĂƐƉĂĚĞĂŶĚ ďŽLJƐĂƌĞŶĞdžƚƚŽĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ͘
ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƐƉĂĚĞƐсϭϯ
KŶĞ ƐƉĂĚĞ ĐĂŶ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ĨƌŽŵ ϭϯ ŝŶ ϭϯϭ с ϭϯ ǁĂLJƐ͘ ‫ ׵‬/Ĩ  ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ŶŽ ƚǁŽ ďŽLJƐ Ɛŝƚ ŶĞdžƚ ƚŽ ĞĂĐŚ
,ĞŶĐĞ͕Ŷ;Ϳсϭϯ ŽƚŚĞƌ͕
ଵଷ ଵ
‫׵‬ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ  ൌ  Ŷ;Ϳсϴ͊ΎϵWϰ
ହଶ ସ

ଽುర ‫଼כ‬Ǩ ଽǨ‫଼כ‬Ǩ

ŝŝ͘ >ĞƚďĞƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĐĂƌĚĚƌĂǁŶŝƐĂŶĂĐĞ͘ ‫׵‬ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJс ൌ 
ଵଶǨ ହǨ‫כ‬ଵଶǨ
EƵŵďĞƌŽĨĂĐĞƐсϰ͘ ଽ‫଺כ଻כ଼כ‬ ଵସ
ൌ ൌ 
KŶĞĂĐĞĐĂŶďĞƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚĨƌŽŵϰŝŶϰϭсϰǁĂLJƐ͘ ଵଶ‫כ‬ଵଵ‫כ‬ଵ଴‫כ‬ଽ ହହ

,ĞŶĐĞ͕ Ŷ;Ϳсϰ

WĂŐĞϰϮ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
1.5 THE ADDITION THEOREM OF ůĞĂƌůLJ͕ Ŷ;>ͿнŶ;'ͿсŶ;^Ϳ
PROBABILITY KƌŝŶŽƚŚĞƌǁŽƌĚƐ͕>ĂŶĚ'ĂƌĞĞdžŚĂƵƐƚŝǀĞĞǀĞŶƚƐ͘
tĞŬŶŽǁŶƚŚĂƚĨŽƌƚǁŽƐĞƚƐĂŶĚ͘ ‫׵‬ W;'ͿсϭʹW;>Ϳ
Ŷ;‫Ϳ׫‬сŶ;ͿнŶ;ͿʹŶ;‫Ϳת‬ >=΂;ϭ͕ϭ͕ϭͿ͕;ϭ͕ϭ͕ϮͿ͕;Ϯ͕ϭ͕ϭͿ͕;ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϭͿ͕;ϭ͕Ϯ͕ϮͿ͕;Ϯ͕ϭ͕ϮͿ͕;Ϯ͕
Ϯ͕ϭͿ͕;ϭ͕ϭ͕ϯͿ͕;ϭ͕ϯ͕ϭͿ͕;ϯ͕ϭ͕ϭͿ΃
/Ĩ  ĂŶĚ  ĂƌĞ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ Ă ƐĂŵƉůĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ^͕ ƚŚĞŶ ĚŝǀŝĚŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶďLJŶ;^Ϳ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞ ‫׵‬ Ŷ;>ͿсϭϬ
୬ሺ୅‫׫‬୆ሻ ௡ሺ஺ሻ ௡ሺ஻ሻ ୬ሺ୅‫ת‬୆ሻ
ൌ ൅ െ  ‫׵‬ W;>Ϳс
ଵ଴

௡ሺௌሻ ௡ሺௌሻ ௡ሺௌሻ ௡ሺௌሻ
ଶଵ଺

‫׵‬ W;‫Ϳ׫‬сW;ͿнW;ͿʹW;‫Ϳת‬ ,ĞŶĐĞ͕W;'ͿсϭʹW;>Ϳсͳ െ

ଵ଴
ൌ
ଵ଴ଷ

ଶଵ଺ ଵ଴଼
/ĨĂŶĚĂƌĞŵƵƚƵĂůůLJĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞĞǀĞŶƚƐ͕ ‫  ת‬ൌ ‫׎‬
Example K: /ŶĂƐƵƌǀĞLJĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚĂŵŽŶŐϱϬϬƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŝŶ
 ĂĐůĂƐƐ͕ŝƚǁĂƐĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚĂƉĂƌƚĨƌŽŵϭϬϬƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͕ĂůůƚŚĞ
ŽƚŚĞƌƐǁĂƚĐŚĞĚĂƚůĞĂƐƚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞŶĞǁƐĐŚĂŶŶĞůƐ/͕
 //ĂŶĚ///͘
A ϳϱǁĂƚĐŚĞĚŽŶůLJ///͕ϮϳϬǁĂƚĐŚĞĚ//ĂŶĚϰϬǁĂƚĐŚĞĚŽŶůLJ//
B
 ĂŶĚ///͘KƵƚŽĨƚŚĞϭϵϬƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐǁŚŽǁĂƚĐŚĞĚŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶ
ŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞĐŚĂŶŶĞůƐ͕ϱϬǁĂƚĐŚĞĚĂůůƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞĂŶĚ
 ϳϬǁĂƚĐŚĞĚ/ĂŶĚ//ďƵƚŶŽƚ///͘
tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚĂƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƉŝĐŬĞĚĂƚƌĂŶĚŽŵ
 ǁĂƚĐŚĞĚŽŶůLJŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŶĞůƐ͍
‫׵‬ W;∩ ͿсϬ Solution: 'ŝǀĞŶŶ;^ͿсϱϬϬ
EƵŵďĞƌŽĨƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐǁĂƚĐŚŝŶŐŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϭĐŚĂŶŶĞůсϭϵϬ
‫׵‬ W;‫Ϳ׫‬сW;ͿнW;Ϳ
EƵŵďĞƌŽĨƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐǁŚŽĚŽŶŽƚǁĂƚĐŚĂŶLJĐŚĂŶŶĞůсϭϬϬ
‫ ׵‬EƵŵďĞƌŽĨƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐǁŚŽǁĂƚĐŚĞdžĂĐƚůLJϭĐŚĂŶŶĞůсŶ;Ϳ
/ĨĂŶĚĂƌĞĞdžŚĂƵƐƚŝǀĞĞǀĞŶƚƐ͕Ŷ;‫Ϳ׫‬сŶ;^Ϳ
сϱϬϬʹϭϵϬʹϭϬϬсϮϭϬ
ଶଵ଴
 ‫׵‬ZĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕W;Ϳс ൌ ͲǤͶʹ
ହ଴଴
B
    Example L:  ƐŚŽƉ ƐĞůůƐ ϭϬ ůĂŵƉƐ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ ǁŚŝĐŚ ϯ ĂƌĞ
A ĚĞĨĞĐƚŝǀĞ͘ ^ĂĐŚŝŶ ďƵLJƐ ĨŽƵƌ ůĂŵƉƐ͘ &ŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ
 ƚŚĂƚ Ăůů ŽĨ ^ĂĐŚŝŶ͛Ɛ ůĂŵƉƐ ǁŽƌŬ͘ ůƐŽ ĨŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ
ƚŚĂƚĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽŽĨƚŚĞůĂŵƉƐƚŚĂƚŚĞďƵLJƐǁŽƌŬ͘
 Solution: Ŷ;^ͿсϭϬϰсϮϭϬ
௡ሺௌሻ ϳŽĨƚŚĞϭϬůĂŵƉƐĂƌĞŶŽƚĚĞĨĞĐƚŝǀĞ͘
‫׵‬W;‫Ϳ׫‬с  ‫׵‬/Ĩ>ŝƐƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚĂůůŽĨ^ĂĐŚŝŶ͛ƐůĂŵƉƐǁŽƌŬ͕
௡ሺௌሻ
  Ŷ;>Ϳсϳϰсϯϱ
‫׵‬W;ͿнW;Ϳсϭ ‫׵‬WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚĂůůŽĨ^ĂĐŚŝŶ͛ƐůĂŵƉƐǁŽƌŬс ൌ 
ଷହ ଵ
ଶଵ଴ ଺

ŶĞǀĞŶƚĂŶĚŝƚƐĐŽŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌĞĂůǁĂLJƐĞdžŚĂƵƐƚŝǀĞ tĞ ŶĞĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ Ăƚ ůĞĂƐƚ ƚǁŽ ŽĨ ŚŝƐ ůĂŵƉƐ
ĞǀĞŶƚƐ͘ ǁŽƌŬ͘
dŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ůĞƐƐ ƚŚĂŶ ƚǁŽ ŽĨ ŚŝƐ ůĂŵƉƐ ǁŽƌŬ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ
‫׵‬ W;ͿнW;͛Ϳсϭ ĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽŽĨŚŝƐůĂŵƉƐǁŽƌŬ͕ĂƌĞĞdžŚĂƵƐƚŝǀĞ͘
^Ž ǁĞ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ůĞƐƐ ƚŚĂŶ ƚǁŽ ŽĨ ŚŝƐ
‫׵‬ W;͛ͿсϭʹW;Ϳ ůĂŵƉƐǁŽƌŬĂŶĚƐƵďƚƌĂĐƚŝƚĨƌŽŵϭ͘
dŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ŶŽŶĞ ŽĨ ^ĂĐŚŝŶƐ ůĂŵƉƐ ǁŽƌŬ с Ϭ ĂƐ
Example J: dŚƌĞĞĚŝĐĞĂƌĞƚŚƌŽǁŶƐŝŵƵůƚĂŶĞŽƵƐůLJ͘tŚĂƚŝƐ ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽŶůLJϯĚĞĨĞĐƚŝǀĞůĂŵƉƐĂŶĚŚĞďƵLJƐϰ͘/Ĩ<ŝƐƚŚĞ
ƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐƵŵŽĨƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚŽŶůLJŽŶĞŽĨ^ĂĐŚŝŶ͛ƐůĂŵƉƐǁŽƌŬƐ͘
ƚŚƌŽǁƐŝŶŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϱ͍  E;<ͿсϳϭΎϯϯсϳ
‫ ׵‬WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ůĞƐƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚǁŽ ŽĨ ^ĂĐŚŝŶ͛Ɛ ůĂŵƉƐ ǁŽƌŬ
Solution:ƐƚŚƌĞĞĚŝĐĞĂƌĞƚŚƌŽǁŶƐŝŵƵůƚĂŶĞŽƵƐůLJ͕Ŷ;^Ϳс ଻ ଵ
ൌ 
ଶଵ଴ ଷ଴
ϲϯсϮϭϲ
‫ ׵‬WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ Ăƚ ůĞĂƐƚ ƚǁŽ ŽĨ ^ĂĐŚŝŶ͛Ɛ ůĂŵƉƐ ǁŽƌŬ с
ଵ ଶଽ
ZĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶĐĂůĐƵůĂƚŝŶŐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞ ͳ െ ൌ ͘
ଷ଴ ଷ଴
ƐƵŵŽĨƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƚŚƌĞĞƚŚƌŽǁƐŝƐŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϱ͕ŝƚŝƐ
ƐŝŵƉůĞƌƚŽĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƐƵŵ Example M: &ŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ Ă ƌĂŶĚŽŵ
ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƚŚƌĞĞƚŚƌŽǁƐŝƐůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶŽƌĞƋƵĂůƚŽϱ͘ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ Ăůů ůĞƚƚĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌĚ WZ'ZW,
ƐƚĂƌƚƐĂŶĚĞŶĚƐǁŝƚŚ
EŽǁ͕ůĞƚ>ďĞƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƚŚƌŽǁƐŐŝǀĞĂƐƵŵŽĨůĞƐƐ
ƚŚĂŶŽƌĞƋƵĂůƚŽϱĂŶĚ'ďĞƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƚŚƌŽǁƐŐŝǀĞ
ĂƐƵŵŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚĂŶϱ͘

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϰϯ
Solution: dŚĞ ǁŽƌĚ WZ'ZW, ŚĂƐ ϵ ůĞƚƚĞƌƐ͕ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ dŚƵƐ͕W;͕ĂŶĚͿсW;ͿΎW;ͿΎW;Ϳ
ǁŚŝĐŚ  ŝƐ ƌĞƉĞĂƚĞĚ ƚŚƌŝĐĞ͕ Z ŝƐ ƌĞƉĞĂƚĞĚ ƚǁŝĐĞ ĂŶĚ W ŝƐ
ƌĞƉĞĂƚĞĚƚǁŝĐĞ͘ Example P:
ଽǨ
‫׵‬Ŷ;^ͿсƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐс ൌ ͳͷͳʹͲ /ĨyƐƉĞĂŬƐƚƌƵƚŚŝŶϰŽƵƚŽĨϱĐĂƐĞƐĂŶĚzƐƉĞĂŬƐůŝĞŝŶϮ
ଷǨଶǨଶǨ
&ŽƌƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƐƚĂƌƚĂŶĚĞŶĚǁŝƚŚ͕ ŽƵƚŽĨϱĐĂƐĞƐ͕ǁŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚ͗
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƐŝƚƵĂƚŝŽŶ͖ ;ĂͿ ŽƚŚǁŝůůƐƉĞĂŬƚƌƵƚŚ
ͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺͺ ;ďͿ ŽƚŚǁŝůůƐƉĞĂŬůŝĞ
dŚĞůĞƚƚĞƌƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƚǁŽƐĂƌĞW͕͕Z͕'͕Z͕WĂŶĚ, ;ĐͿ yƐƉĞĂŬƐƚƌƵƚŚďƵƚzƐƉĞĂŬƐĂůŝĞ
ŝŶƐŽŵĞŽƌĚĞƌ͘ ;ĚͿ yƐƉĞĂŬƐĂůŝĞďƵƚzƐƉĞĂŬƐƚƌƵƚŚ
଻Ǩ ;ĞͿ ƚůĞĂƐƚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵǁŝůůƐƉĞĂŬƚŚĞƚƌƵƚŚ
dŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞϳ ůĞƚƚĞƌƐൌ  ൌ
ଶǨଶǨ ;ĨͿ ƚůĞĂƐƚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵǁŝůůƐƉĞĂŬĂůŝĞ
ͳʹ͸Ͳ ;ŐͿ dŚĞLJĂƌĞůŝŬĞůLJƚŽĐŽŶƚƌĂĚŝĐƚĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶƐƚĂƚŝŶŐƚŚĞ
ଵଶ଺଴ ଵ
‫׵‬dŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJс ൌ  ƐĂŵĞĨĂĐƚ
ଵହଵଶ଴ ଵଶ
 ;ŚͿ dŚĞLJĂƌĞůŝŬĞůLJƚŽŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƐĂŵĞŽƉŝŶŝŽŶ
Example N: ŵŝƚ͕ ^Ƶŵŝƚ ĂŶĚ ƐĞǀĞŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƉĞŽƉůĞ Ɛŝƚ
ĂƌŽƵŶĚĂĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌƚĂďůĞ͘&ŝŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚŵŝƚĂŶĚ
^ƵŵŝƚĂƌĞŶŽƚŶĞdžƚƚŽĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ͘ Solution:
Solution: EŝŶĞ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƐĞĂƚĞĚ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ Ă ĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌ >ĞƚсyƐƉĞĂŬƐƚƌƵƚŚ͕ůĞƚсzƐƉĞĂŬƐƚƌƵƚŚ
ସ ଷ
ƚĂďůĞŝŶϴ͊tĂLJƐ͘‫׵‬Ŷ;^Ϳсϴ͊ ‫׵‬W;Ϳс сϬ͘ϴϬ͕W;Ϳс сϬ͘ϲϬ
ହ ହ
dŽĨŝŶĚƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚŵŝƚĂŶĚ^Ƶŵŝƚ 
ƐŝƚƚŝŶŐ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͕ ǁĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌ ƚŚĞŵ ĂƐ ŽŶĞ ĞŶƚŝƚLJ͘ dŚĞŶ ǀĞŶƚї  
ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞϴƉĞŽƉůĞǁŚŽĐĂŶďĞƐĞĂƚĞĚŝŶϳ͊tĂLJƐ͘  W;ͿсϬ͘ϲϬ ܲሺ‫ܤ‬തሻ ൌ ͳ െ ͲǤ͸Ͳ
ŵŝƚĂŶĚ^Ƶŵŝƚ ĐĂŶƐŝƚŝŶϮ ǁĂLJƐ͘EƵŵďĞƌŽĨǁĂLJƐсʹ ‫כ‬  ൌ ͲǤͶͲ
͹͊ ǀĞŶƚљ
଼Ǩିଶ‫଻כ‬Ǩ ଶ ଷ
‫׵‬ZĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJс ൌͳെ ൌ  W;ͿсϬ͘ϴϬ ;ĂͿW;∩Ϳс ሺ‫ܥ‬ሻܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻǤ ܲሺ‫ܤ‬തሻ
଼Ǩ ଼ ସ
 ͘ϴϬΎ͘ϲϬс͘ϰϴ ൌ ͲǤͺ ‫Ͳ כ‬ǤͶ ൌ  Ǥ͵ʹ
1.6 ODDS IN FAVOUR AND ODDS ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧሻ ሺ݀ሻܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧ  ‫ܤ ת‬ሻ ሺܾሻܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧ  ‫ܤ  ת‬തሻ
ൌ ͳ െ ͲǤͺͲ ൌ  ǤʹͲ ‫  כ‬Ǥ͸ ൌ  ǤʹͲ ‫  כ‬ǤͶͲ ൌ  ǤͲͺ
AGAINST ൌ ͲǤʹͲ ൌ Ǥͳʹ
୒୳୫ୠୣ୰୭୤୤ୟ୴୭୳୰ୟୠ୪ୣୡୟୱୣୱ
††•‹ˆƒ˜‘—” ൌ  
୒୳୫ୠୣ୰୭୤୳୬୤ୟ୴୭୳୰ୟୠ୪ୣୱୡୟୱୣୱ
୒୳୫ୠୣ୰୭୤୳୬୤ୟ୴୭୳୰ୟୠ୪ୣୱୡୟୱୣୱ ;ĂͿ W;∩ͿсW;ͿΎW;Ϳс͘ϴϬΎ͘ϲϬс͘ϰϴ
††•‰ƒ‹•– ൌ 
୒୳୫ୠୣ୰୭୤୤ୟ୴୭୳୰ୟୠ୪ୣୡୟୱୣୱ ;ďͿ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧ  ‫ܤ  ת‬തሻ ൌ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧሻ ‫ܲ כ‬ሺ‫ܤ‬തሻ ൌ  ǤʹͲ ‫  כ‬ǤͶͲ ൌ  ǤͲͺ
Example O: dŚĞŽĚĚƐŝŶĨĂǀŽƵƌŽĨĂƉůĂLJĞƌǁŝŶŶŝŶŐĂĐŚĞƐƐ ;ĐͿ ܲሺ‫ܤ  ת ܣ‬തሻ ൌ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ‫ܲ כ‬ሺ‫ܤ‬തሻ ൌ  ǤͺͲ ‫  כ‬ǤͶͲ ൌ  Ǥ͵ʹ
ŐĂŵĞĂƌĞϮͬϯ͘&ŝŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚŚĞůŽƐĞƐƚŚĞŐĂŵĞ ;ĚͿ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧ  ‫ܤ ת‬ሻ ൌ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧሻ ‫ܲ כ‬ሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൌ  ǤʹͲ ‫  כ‬Ǥ͸Ͳ ൌ  Ǥͳʹ
ĂŶĚƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚŚĞǁŝŶƐƚŚĞŐĂŵĞ͘ ;ĞͿ ܲሺ‫ܤ ׫ ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ͳ െ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧ  ‫ܤ  ת‬തሻ ൌ ͳ െ  ǤͲͺ ൌ  Ǥͻʹ
୒୳୫ୠୣ୰୭୤୤ୟ୴୭୳୰ୟୠ୪ୣୡୟୱୣୱ ଶ
;ĨͿ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧ  ‫ܤ  ׫‬തሻ ൌ ͳ െ ܲሺ‫ܤ ת ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ͳ െ ǤͶͺ ൌ  Ǥͷʹ
Solution:††•‹ˆƒ˜‘—” ൌ
୒୳୫ୠୣ୰୭୤୳୬୤ୟ୴୭୳୰ୟୠ୪ୣୱୡୟୱୣୱ
ൌ 
ଷ ;ŐͿ ܲሺ‫ܤ  ת ܣ‬തሻ ൅ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧ  ‫ܤ ת‬ሻ ൌ Ǥ͵ʹ ൅ Ǥͳʹ ൌ ǤͶͶ
;ŚͿ ܲሺ‫ܤ ת ܣ‬ሻ ൅ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧ  ‫ܤ  ת‬തሻ ൌ  ǤͶͺ ൅ ǤͲͺ ൌ Ǥͷ͸
‫ ׵‬dŽƚĂů ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ĐĂƐĞƐ с ĨĂǀŽƵƌĂďůĞ ĐĂƐĞƐ н 
ƵŶĨĂǀŽƵƌĂďůĞĐĂƐĞƐсϮнϯсϱ Example Q:
yĐĂŶƐŽůǀĞϯƉƌŽďůĞŵƐŽƵƚŽĨϱ͕zĐĂŶƐŽůǀĞϮŽƵƚŽĨϱĂŶĚ
>ĞƚďĞƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƉůĂLJĞƌǁŝŶƐƚŚĞŐĂŵĞ͘dŚĞŶ͛ ĐĂŶƐŽůǀĞϯŽƵƚŽĨϰ͘tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚʹ
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚŚĞůŽƐĞƐƚŚĞŐĂŵĞ͘ Ă͘ dŚĞƉƌŽďůĞŵǁŝůůďĞƐŽůǀĞĚ
୒୳୫ୠୣ୰୭୤୤ୟ୴୭୳୰ୟୠ୪ୣୡୟୱୣୱ ଶ
ď͘ KŶůLJƚǁŽŽĨƚŚĞŵǁŝůůƐŽůǀĞĂƉƌŽďůĞŵ
ሺሻ ൌ ൌ  Đ͘ ƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽŽĨƚŚĞŵǁŝůůƐŽůǀĞĂƉƌŽďůĞŵ
୘୭୲ୟ୪୒୳୫ୠୣ୰୭୤ୡୟୱୣୱ ହ

 Solution:
୒୳୫ୠୣ୰୭୤୳୬୤ୟ୴୭୳୰ୟୠ୪ୣୱୡୟୱୣୱ ଷ
ሺᇱ ሻ ൌ ൌ  a. WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚƉƌŽďůĞŵǁŝůůďĞƐŽůǀĞĚ
୘୭୲ୟ୪୒୳୫ୠୣ୰୭୤ୡୟୱୣୱ ହ
сϭʹWƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚŶŽŶĞǁŝůůƐŽůǀĞ
ଶ ଷ ଵ ଺
сͳ െ ቂ ‫ כ כ‬ቃ ൌ ͳ െ ൌ ͲǤͻͶ
ହ ହ ସ ଵ଴଴
1.7 MULTIPLICATION THEOREM 
b. WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚyĂŶĚzĐĂŶďƵƚĐĂŶŶŽƚ
ଷ ଶ ଵ ଺
DEFINITION ʹdŚĞŵƵůƚŝƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƚŚĞŽƌĞŵƐƚĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚŝĨ с ‫ כ כ‬ൌ 
ହ ହ ସ ଵ଴଴
ƚǁŽĞǀĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĂƌĞŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚyĂŶĚĐĂŶďƵƚzĐĂŶŶŽƚ
ŽĨƚŚĞŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŽĨďŽƚŚŽĨƚŚĞŵ;ĂŶĚͿŝƐƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ ଷ ଷ ଷ ଶ଻
с ‫ כ כ‬ൌ 
ŽĨƚŚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŶĚ͘^LJŵďŽůŝĐĂůůLJ͕ ହ ସ ହ ଵ଴଴
ଶ ଶ ଷ
 WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚzĂŶĚĐĂŶďƵƚyĐĂŶŶŽƚс ‫ כ כ‬ൌ
ହ ହ ସ
ଵଶ
WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŚĂƉƉĞŶŝŶŐŽĨďŽƚŚƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƐ͗ 
ଵ଴଴
W;ĂŶĚͿŽƌW;∩ͿсW;ͿΎW;Ϳ ଺ ଶ଻ ଵଶ
ZĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJс ൅ ൅ 
dŚĞƚŚĞŽƌĞŵĐĂŶďĞĞdžƚĞŶĚĞĚƚŽƚŚƌĞĞŽƌŵŽƌĞ ଵ଴଴ ଵ଴଴ ଵ଴଴
ସହ ଽ
ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚĞǀĞŶƚƐ͘ ൌ ൌ 
ଵ଴଴ ଶ଴
 

WĂŐĞϰϰ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
c. WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽŽĨƚŚĞŵǁŝůůƐŽůǀĞƚŚĞ 
ƉƌŽďůĞŵ Case 1 (With Replacement)
сWƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚĂůůǁŝůůƐŽůǀĞнWƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚŽŶůLJ 
ƚǁŽŽĨƚŚĞŵǁŝůůƐŽůǀĞ
͵ ʹ ͵ ͻ
ൌ  ൤ ‫ כ כ‬൨ ൅ ሾܽ‫݁ݏܽܿݎ݁݌ݏ‬ሺܾሻሿ Assume the first card Assume the first card
ͷ ͷ Ͷ ʹͲ
ͳͺ ͻ ͸͵
ൌ ൅ ൌ ൌ ͲǤ͸͵ Drawn is a spade Drawn is a not a
ͳͲͲ ʹͲ ͳͲͲ
 n(S) = 52 spade
Example R: n(B) = 13 n(S) = 52
dŚĞŽĚĚƐĂƌĞϴƚŽϰĂŐĂŝŶƐƚDƌ͘ĂŐĞĚϱϱLJĞĂƌƐůŝǀŝŶŐƚŝůů
P(B) = 1/4 n(B) = 13
ŚĞŝƐϳϱĂŶĚϳƚŽϱĂŐĂŝŶƐƚDƌ͘ĂŐĞĚϲϱLJĞĂƌƐůŝǀŝŶŐƚŝůůŚĞ
ŝƐϴϱ͘&ŝŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚʹ P(B) = 1/4
;ĂͿ ŽƚŚǁŝůůĚŝĞĂĨƚĞƌϮϬLJĞĂƌƐ Ɛ ǁĞ ƌĞƉůĂĐĞ ƚŚĞ ĨŝƌƐƚ ĐĂƌĚ ĚƌĂǁŶ ŝŶ ĐĂƐĞ ϭ͘ dŚĞ
;ďͿ ŽƚŚǁŝůůďĞĂůŝǀĞĂĨƚĞƌϮϬLJĞĂƌƐ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ĐĂƌĚ ĚƌĂǁŶ ŝƐ Ă ƐƉĂĚĞ ĚŽĞƐ
;ĐͿ ƚůĞĂƐƚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵǁŝůůĚŝĞĂĨƚĞƌϮϬLJĞĂƌƐ ŶŽƚĚĞƉĞŶĚŽŶǁŚĂƚƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĐĂƌĚǁĂƐ͘
;ĚͿ ƚůĞĂƐƚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵǁŝůůďĞĂůŝǀĞĂĨƚĞƌϮϬLJĞĂƌƐ
 
Solution:
଼
Case 2 (Without Replacement)
;ĂͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚǁŝůůĚŝĞĂĨƚĞƌϮϬLJĞĂƌƐс  
ଵଶ
଻
WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚǁŝůůĚŝĞĂĨƚĞƌϮϬLJĞĂƌƐс  
ଵଶ
WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚǁŝůůĚŝĞĂĨƚĞƌϮϬLJĞĂƌƐ
଼ ଻ ହ଺ ଻ Assume the first card Assume the first card
с ‫ כ‬ൌ ൌ  
ଵଶ ଵଶ ଵସସ ଵ଼ Drawn is a spade Drawn is a not a spade

 n(S) = 51 n(S) = 51
;ďͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚǁŝůůďĞĂůŝǀĞĂĨƚĞƌϮϬLJĞĂƌƐ
ସ
с  n(B) = 12 n(B) = 13 ĨŝƌƐƚ
,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĐĂƐĞ͕ ǁĞĚŽŶŽƚƌĞƉůĂĐĞƚŚĞ
ଵଶ
WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚǁŝůůďĞĂůŝǀĞĂĨƚĞƌϮϬLJĞĂƌƐ ĐĂƌĚ ĚƌĂǁŶ͘ ^Ž͕ ૚૛ ૚૜ ĐĂƌĚ
P(B|A) = ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚP(B|A)
ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ
=
ହ
с  ĚƌĂǁŶ ŝƐ Ă ƐƉĂĚĞ ૞૚
ĐĂŶŶŽƚ ďĞ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ ƵŶůĞƐƐ ǁĞ૞૚ ŬŶŽǁ
ଵଶ
ସ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĐĂƌĚǁĂƐĂƐƉĂĚĞŽƌŶŽƚ͘/ŶŽƚŚĞƌǁŽƌĚƐ͕
WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚǁŝůůďĞĂůŝǀĞĂĨƚĞƌϮϬLJĞĂƌƐс ‫כ‬
ଵଶ ĞǀĞŶƚĚĞƉĞŶĚƐŽŶĞǀĞŶƚ͘
ହ ଶ଴ ହ
ൌ ൌ  dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĐĂƌĚĚƌĂǁŶŝƐĂ
ଵଶ ଵସସ ଷ଺
 ƐƉĂĚĞ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĂƐƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĨŝƌƐƚ ĐĂƌĚ ǁĂƐ Ă
;ĐͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚĂƚůĞĂƐƚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵǁŝůůĚŝĞ ƐƉĂĚĞ͕ĚŽŶĂƚĞĚďLJW;ͬͿсϭϮͬϱϭ͘
сϭʹWƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚǁŝůůďĞĂůŝǀĞ ^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ĐĂƌĚĚƌĂǁŶ ŝƐ Ă
ହ ଷଵ ƐƉĂĚĞ͕ƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞĂƐƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĐĂƌĚǁĂƐŶŽƚĂ
сͳ െ ൌ 
ଷ଺ ଷ଺
ƐƉĂĚĞ͕ ĞŶŽƚĞĚ ďLJ W;ͬ͛Ϳ

сϭϯͬϱϭ͘
;ĚͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚĂƚůĞĂƐƚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵǁŝůůďĞĂůŝǀĞсϭ
଻ ଵଵ 
ʹWƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚǁŝůůĚŝĞൌ ͳ െ  ൌ  W;ͬͿĂŶĚW;ͬ͛ͿĂƌĞĐĂůůĞĚconditional
ଵ଼ ଵ଼
 probabilities. 
1.8 CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY

>ĞƚƵƐĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚǁŽĐĂƐĞƐ͘ ܲሺ‫ܤ‬Ȁ‫ܣ‬ሻ ֜WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŐŝǀĞŶĞǀĞŶƚ
ŽĐĐƵƌƐ 
ϭ͘ tĞĚƌĂǁĂĐĂƌĚĨƌŽŵĂƉĂĐŬŽĨϱϮĐĂƌĚƐ͕ƌĞƉůĂĐĞŝƚ͕
ƐŚƵĨĨůĞƚŚĞĐĂƌĚƐĂŶĚĚƌĂǁĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĐĂƌĚ͘ ĂůĐƵůĂƚŝŶŐW;‫Ϳת‬/ĨĞǀĞŶƚŝƐĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ 
 ŽŶ͘
Ϯ͘ tĞĚƌĂǁĂĐĂƌĚĨƌŽŵĂƉĂĐŬŽĨϱϮĐĂƌĚƐ͕ŬĞĞƉŝƚĂƐŝĚĞ
W;∩ͿсW;Ϳ͘W;ͬͿ͕ǁŚĞƌĞW;Ϳ്Ϭ

ĂŶĚĚƌĂǁĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĐĂƌĚ͘
>ĞƚƵƐĨŝŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĐĂƌĚĚƌĂǁŶ
/ĨĞǀĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĂƌĞŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ͕ 
ŝƐĂƐƉĂĚĞ͘
>ĞƚƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĐĂƌĚĚƌĂǁŶŝƐĂƐƉĂĚĞďĞ W;ͬͿсW;ͿĂŶĚW;ͬͿсW;Ϳ

ĐĂůůĞĚ ͕ ĂŶĚ ůĞƚ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ĐĂƌĚ
ĚƌĂǁŶ ŝƐ Ă ƐƉĂĚĞ ďĞ ĐĂůůĞĚ ͘ ‫׵‬W;∩ͿсW;ͿΎW;Ϳ


>Ğƚ ^ ďĞ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵƉůĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŽĨ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ĐĂƌĚƐ ůĞĨƚ
ĂĨƚĞƌƚĂŬŝŶŐŽƵƚƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĐĂƌĚ͘





YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϰϱ
dŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨconditional probabilityĐĂŶďĞďĞƚƚĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͗

How to Calculate Conditional Probability in various cases

Case Formula How to compute term used in formula?

ܲሺ‫ܤ ת ܣ‬ሻ 
ϭ͘ W;ͬͿ ൌ 
ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ
ܲሺ‫ܤ ת ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൅ ܲሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ െ ܲሺ‫ܤ ׫ ܣ‬ሻ

ܲሺ‫ܤ ת ܣ‬ሻ Kƌ

Ϯ͘ W;ͬͿ ൌ 
ܲሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ
ܲሺ‫ܤ ת ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ͳ െ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧ  ‫ܤ  ׫‬തሻ

ܲሺ‫ܤ ת ܣ‬തሻ 
ϯ͘ ܲሺ‫ܤ‬തȀ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ 
ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ
ܲሺ‫ܤ ת ܣ‬തሻ ൌ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ െ ܲሺ‫ܤ ׫ ܣ‬ሻ
ܲሺ‫ܤ ת ܣ‬തሻ
ϰ͘ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬Ȁ‫ܤ‬തሻ ൌ  ܲሺ‫ܤ‬തሻ ൌ ͳ െ ܲሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ
ܲሺ‫ܤ‬തሻ

ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧ  ‫ܤ ת‬ሻ 
ϱ͘ ܲሺ‫ܤ‬Ȁ‫ܣ‬ҧሻ ൌ 
ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧሻ
ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧ  ‫ܤ ת‬ሻ ൌ ܲሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ െ ܲሺ‫ܤ ת ܣ‬ሻ

ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧ  ‫ܤ ת‬ሻ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧሻ ൌ ͳ െ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ

ϲ͘ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧȀ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൌ 
ܲሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ


ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧ  ‫ܤ ת‬തሻ 
ϳ͘ ܲሺ‫ܤ‬തȀ‫ܣ‬ҧሻ ൌ 
ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧሻ
ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧ ‫ܤ ת‬തሻ ൌ ͳ െ ܲሺ‫ܤ ׫ ܣ‬ሻ

ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧ  ‫ܤ ת‬തሻ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧሻ ൌ ͳ െ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ

ϴ͘ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧȀ‫ܤ‬തሻ ൌ 
ܲሺ‫ܤ‬തሻ
ܲሺ‫ܤ‬തሻ ൌ ͳ െ ܲሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ

Some Complimentary Relationships

ܲሺ‫ܤ‬Ȁ‫ܣ‬ሻ  ൌ ͳ െ ܲሺ‫ܤ‬തȀ‫ܣ‬ሻ
ϭ͘ ܲሺ‫ܤ‬Ȁ‫ܣ‬ሻܽ݊݀ܲሺ‫ܤ‬തȀ‫ܣ‬ሻ
ܲሺ‫ܤ‬തȀ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ͳ െ ܲሺ‫ܤ‬Ȁ‫ܣ‬ሻ

ܲሺ‫ܣ‬Ȁ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൌ ͳ െ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧȀ‫ܤ‬ሻ
Ϯ͘ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬Ȁ‫ܤ‬ሻܽ݊݀ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧȀ‫ܤ‬ሻ
ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ҧȀ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൌ ͳ െ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬Ȁ‫ܤ‬ሻ
ഥ
୆ ഥሻ
୔ሺ୅‫ת‬୆ Ǥଵହ ଷ
 ቀ ቁ ൌ ൌ ൌ ǡ
୅ ୔ሺ୅ሻ Ǥଶହ ହ
Example S: ĂŶĚĂƌĞƚǁŽĞǀĞŶƚƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚ ୔ሺ୅‫ת‬୆ഥሻ Ǥଵହ Ǥଵହ ଷ
ഥሻ
ሺȀ ൌ ൌ ൌ ൌ 
W;ͿсϬ͘Ϯϱ͕W;ͿсϬ͘ϭϱĂŶĚW;‫Ϳ׫‬сϬ͘ϯϬ ഥ
୔ሺ୆ሻ ଵି୔ሺ୆ሻ Ǥ଼ହ ଵ଻
&ŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ͗ 
;ĂͿ W;∩Ϳ͕W;ͬͿ͕W;ͬͿ ഥ  ‫ ת‬ሻ ൌ ሺሻ െ ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻ
;ĐͿ ሺ
;ďͿ ሺ ‫ ת‬ ഥሻǡ ሺ
ഥȀሻǡ ሺȀ ഥሻ ൌ Ǥͳͷ െ ǤͳͲ ൌ ǤͲͷ
;ĐͿ ሺ ഥ  ‫ ת‬ሻǡ ሺȀ
ഥሻǡ ሺഥȀሻ ୆ ୔ሺ୆‫ת‬୅ഥሻ Ǥ଴ହ ଴Ǥହ ଵ
 ቀ ഥ ቁ ൌ ഥሻ
ൌ ൌ ൌ ǡ
;ĚͿ ሺ ഥ ‫ת‬ഥሻǡ ሺ
ഥȀഥሻǡ ሺ
ഥ Ȁഥሻ ୅ ୔ሺ୅ ଵିǤଶହ Ǥ଻ହ ଵହ
ഥ
୔ሺ୅‫ת‬୆ሻ ଴Ǥ଴ହ ଵ
 ഥȀሻ ൌ
ሺ ൌ ൌ 
୔ሺ୆ሻ Ǥଵହ ଷ
Solution:
;ĂͿ ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻ ൌ ሺሻ ൅ ሺሻ െ ሺ ‫ ׫‬ሻ ഥ‫ת‬
;ĚͿ ሺ ഥሻ ൌ ͳ െ ሺ ‫ ׫‬ሻ ൌ ͳ െ Ǥ͵Ͳ ൌ Ǥ͹Ͳ
ൌǤʹͷ൅Ǥͳͷെ͵Ͳ ൌ ǤͳͲ ഥ ഥ
ഥ ‫ת‬୆
୔ሺ୅ ഥሻ Ǥ଻଴ Ǥ଻଴ ଵସ
୆ ୔ሺ୅‫ת‬୆ሻ Ǥଵ଴ ଶ ሺȀሻ ൌ ൌ
ഥሻ
ൌ ൌ 
୔ሺ୅ ଵି୔ሺ୅ሻ Ǥ଻ହ ଵହ
 ቀ ቁ ൌ ൌ ൌ ǡ ഥ ഥ
୅ ୔ሺ୅ሻ Ǥଶହ ହ
୔ሺ୅‫ת‬୆ሻ Ǥଵ଴ ଶ
ഥሻ ൌ ୔ሺ୅‫ת‬୆ሻ ൌ
ഥȀ
ሺ
Ǥ଻଴
ൌ
Ǥ଻଴
ൌ
ଵସ

ഥ
ሺȀሻ ൌ ൌ ൌ  ୔ሺ୆ሻ ଵି୔ሺ୆ሻ Ǥ଼ହ ଵ଻
୔ሺ୆ሻ Ǥଵହ ଷ
 Example T: &ŽƵƌĐĂƌĚƐĂƌĞĚƌĂǁŶĂƚƌĂŶĚŽŵĨƌŽŵĂǁĞůůͲ
ഥሻ ൌ ሺሻ െ ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻ ൌ Ǥʹͷ െ ǤͳͲ ൌ Ǥͳͷ
;ďͿ ሺ ‫ ת‬ ƐŚƵĨĨůĞĚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƉĂĐŬŽĨϱϮƉůĂLJŝŶŐĐĂƌĚƐǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ
ƌĞƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚ͘tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚ

WĂŐĞϰϲ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
;ĂͿ dŚĞLJĂƌĞĂůůŬŝŶŐƐ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚƌĂǁŝŶŐĂƐĞĐŽŶĚƌĞĚďĂůůŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚ
;ďͿ dŚĞLJĂƌĞĂŬŝŶŐ͕ĂƋƵĞĞŶ͕ĂũĂĐŬĂŶĚĂŶĂĐĞ ƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚďĂůůĚƌĂǁŶŝƐƌĞĚ
ସ ସ
;ĐͿ dŚĞLJĂƌĞĂůůŽĨĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƐƵŝƚƐ ܲሺ‫ܤ‬Ȁ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ൌ 
ଷାସାସ ଵଵ
;ĚͿ dŚĞLJĂƌĞŽĨƌĞĚĐŽůŽƵƌ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚďĂůůƐĚƌĂǁŶĂƌĞƌĞĚ
;ĞͿ dŚĞLJĂƌĞŽĨďůĂĐŬĐŽůŽƵƌ ହ ସ ଶ଴ ହ
ܲሺ‫ܤܣ‬ሻ ൌ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ‫ܲ כ‬ሺ‫ܤ‬Ȁ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ כ‬ൌ ൌ 
;ĨͿ dŚĞLJĂƌĞĨĂĐĞĐĂƌĚƐ ଵଶ ଵଵ ଵଷଶ ଷଷ
;ŐͿ dŚĞLJĂƌĞŶƵŵĞƌŝĐĐĂƌĚƐ ;ĚͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚƌĂǁŝŶŐĂďůĂĐŬďĂůůŝŶƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĂƚƚĞŵƉƚ
ଷ
;ŚͿ dŚĞLJĂůůŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƐĂŵĞǀĂůƵĞ ŝƐܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ 
ଵଶ
 WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚƌĂǁŝŶŐĂǁŚŝƚĞďĂůůŝŶƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƚƚĞŵƉƚ
Solution: ŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚďĂůůĚƌĂǁŶŝƐďůĂĐŬŝƐܲሺ‫ܤ‬Ȁ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ
ସ ଷ ଶ ଵ ଶସ ସ
;ĂͿWƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂůůŬŝŶŐƐс ‫ כ כ כ‬ൌ ൌ 
ହଶ ହଵ ହ଴ ସଽ ଺ସଽ଻ସ଴଴ ଵଵ
ଵ
 WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚĨŝƌƐƚďĂůůďĞŝŶŐďůĂĐŬĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚďĂůů
ଶ଻଴଻ଶହ
 ďĞŝŶŐǁŚŝƚĞŝƐ
ଷ ସ ଵଶ ଵ
ସ
;ďͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂŬŝŶŐ͕ĂƋƵĞĞŶ͕ĂũĂĐŬĂŶĚĂŶĂĐĞс ‫כ‬ ܲሺ‫ܤܣ‬ሻ ൌ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ‫ܲ כ‬ሺ‫ܤ‬Ȁ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ כ‬ൌ ൌ 
ହଶ ଵଶ ଵଵ ଵଷଶ ଵଵ
ସ ସ ସ ଶହ଺ ଷଶ ;ĞͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚƌĂǁŝŶŐĂǁŚŝƚĞďĂůůŝŶƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĂƚƚĞŵƉƚ
‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ൌ ൌ  ସ ଵ
ହଵ ହ଴ ସଽ ଺ସଽ଻ସ଴଴ ଼ଵଶଵ଻ହ
ହଶ ଷଽ ଶ଺ ŝƐܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ  ൌ 
;ĐͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐĂƌĚƐŽĨĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƐƵŝƚƐс ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ଵଶ ଷ
ହଶ ହଵ ହ଴ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚƌĂǁŝŶŐĂďůĂĐŬďĂůůŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚ
ଵଷ ଶଵଽ଻
ൌ  ĂƚƚĞŵƉƚŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚĨŝƌƐƚďĂůůĚƌĂǁŶŝƐǁŚŝƚĞŝƐܲሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ ൌ
ସଽ ଶ଴଼ଶହ
ଶ଺ ଶହ ଶସ ଶଷ ଵସଽହ଴ ଷ
;ĚͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌĞĚĐĂƌĚƐс ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬  ଵଵ

ହଶ ହଵ ହ଴ ସଽ ଶ଻଴଻ଶହ
ଶ଺ ଶହ ଶସ ଶଷ ଵସଽହ଴ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚĨŝƌƐƚďĂůůďĞŝŶŐǁŚŝƚĞďĂůůĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚ
;ĞͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨďůĂĐŬĐĂƌĚƐс ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ൌ 
ହଶ ହଵ ହ଴ ସଽ ଶ଻଴଻ଶହ
ଵଶ ଵଵ ଵ଴ ଽ ଵଵ଼଼ ďĂůďĞŝŶŐďůĂĐŬďĂůůŝƐ
;ĨͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨϰĨĂĐĞĐĂƌĚƐс ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ൌ  ଵ ଷ ଵ
ହଶ ହଵ
ଷ଺
ହ଴
ଷହ
ସଽ
ଷସ
଺ସଽ଻ସ଴
ଷଷ ଽଽ
ܲሺ‫ܤܣ‬ሻ ൌ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ‫ܲ כ‬ሺ‫ܤ‬Ȁ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ כ‬ൌ 
ଷ ଵଵ ଵଵ
;ŐͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨϰŶƵŵĞƌŝĐĐĂƌĚƐс ‫ כ כ כ‬ൌ  ଷ ଶ
ହଶ ହଵ ହ଴ ସଽ ସହହ ;ĨͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚďĂůůƐĚƌĂǁŶĂƌĞďůĂĐŬс ‫כ‬ ൌ
;ŚͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨϰĐĂƌĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐĂŵĞǀĂůƵĞĨƌŽŵϭƐĞƚс ଵଶ ଵଵ
଺
ସ ଷ ଶ ଵ ଵ 
‫ כ כ כ‬ൌ  ଵଷଶ
ହଶ ହଵ ହ଴ ସଽ ଶ଻଴଻ଶହ ସ
WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨϰĐĂƌĚƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƐĂŵĞǀĂůƵĞĨƌŽŵϭϯƐĞƚƐ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚďĂůůƐĚƌĂǁŶĂƌĞǁŚŝƚĞс ‫כ‬
ଵଶ
ଵ ଵ ଷ ଵଶ
сͳ͵ ‫כ‬ ൌ  ൌ 
ଶ଻଴଻ଶହ ଶ଴଼ଶହ ଵଵ ଵଷଶ
ହ ସ
 WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚďĂůůƐĚƌĂǁŶĂƌĞƌĞĚс ‫כ‬ ൌ
ଵଶ ଵଵ
Example U: ଶ଴

ďĂŐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐϯďůĂĐŬ͕ϰǁŚŝƚĞĂŶĚϱƌĞĚďĂůůƐ͘dǁŽďĂůůƐ ଵଷଶ

ĂƌĞĚƌĂǁŶŝŶƐƵĐĐĞƐƐŝŽŶĂƚƌĂŶĚŽŵ;ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚďĂůůƐĚƌĂǁŶĂƌĞŽĨƐĂŵĞĐŽůŽƵƌ
଺ ଵଶ ଶ଴ ଷ଼
ƌĞƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚͿ͘&ŝŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚʹ ŝƐс ൅ ൅ ൌ 
ଵଷଶ ଵଷଶ ଵଷଶ ଵଷଶ
ଷ ସ
;ĂͿ ŽƚŚďĂůůƐĚƌĂǁŶĂƌĞďůĂĐŬ ;ŐͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĨŝƌƐƚďůĂĐŬĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚǁŚŝƚĞс ‫כ‬ ൌ
ଵଶ ଵଵ
;ďͿ ŽƚŚďĂůůƐĚƌĂǁŶĂƌĞǁŚŝƚĞ ଵଶ

;ĐͿ ŽƚŚďĂůůƐĚƌĂǁŶĂƌĞƌĞĚ ଵଷଶ
ଷ ହ ଵହ
;ĚͿ &ŝƌƐƚŝƐďůĂĐŬĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝƐǁŚŝƚĞ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĨŝƌƐƚďůĂĐŬΘƐĞĐŽŶĚƌĞĚс ‫כ‬ ൌ 
ଵଶ ଵଵ ଵଷଶ
;ĞͿ &ŝƌƐƚŝƐǁŚŝƚĞĂŶĚƐĞĐŽŶĚŝƐďůĂĐŬ ସ ଷ
WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĨŝƌƐƚǁŚŝƚĞΘƐĞĐŽŶĚďůĂĐŬс ‫כ‬ ൌ
;ĨͿ ŽƚŚĂƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĐŽůŽƵƌ ଵଶ ଵଵ
ଵଶ
;ŐͿ dŚĞLJĂƌĞĂůƚĞƌŶĂƚŝǀĞůLJŽĨĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĐŽůŽƵƌ 
ଵଷଶ
ସ ହ ଶ଴
 WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĨŝƌƐƚǁŚŝƚĞΘƐĞĐŽŶĚƌĞĚс ‫כ‬ ൌ 
ଵଶ ଵଵ ଵଷଶ
Solution: ହ ଷ ଵହ
WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĨŝƌƐƚƌĞĚΘƐĞĐŽŶĚďůĂĐŬс ‫כ‬ ൌ 
;ĂͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚƌĂǁŝŶŐĂďůĂĐŬďĂůůŝŶƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĂƚƚĞŵƉƚ ଵଶ ଵଵ ଵଷଶ
ହ ସ ଶ଴
ŝƐܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ
ଷ ଷ
ൌ ൌ 
ଵ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĨŝƌƐƚƌĞĚΘƐĞĐŽŶĚǁŚŝƚĞс ‫כ‬ ൌ 
ଵଶ ଵଵ ଵଷଶ
ଷାସାହ ଵଶ ସ ଵଶ ଵହ ଵଶ
WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚƌĂǁŝŶŐĂƐĞĐŽŶĚďůĂĐŬďĂůůŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĐŽŵƉŽƵŶĚĞǀĞŶƚс ൅ ൅ ൅
ଵଷଶ ଵଷଶ ଵଷଶ
ƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚďĂůůĚƌĂǁŶŝƐďůĂĐŬ ଶ଴ ଵହ ଶ଴ ଽସ
൅ ൅ ൌ ൌ ͲǤ͹ͳʹ
ଶ ଶ ଵଷଶ ଵଷଶ ଵଷଶ ଵଷଶ
ܲሺ‫ܤ‬Ȁ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ൌ  
ଶାସାହ ଵଵ
WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚďĂůůƐĚƌĂǁŶĂƌĞďůĂĐŬŝƐ More Solved Examples
ଵ ଶ ଵ
ܲሺ‫ܤܣ‬ሻ ൌ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ‫ܲ כ‬ሺ‫ܤ‬Ȁ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ כ‬ൌ  1. The probability that at least one of the events A and B
ସ ଵଵ ଶଶ
;ďͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚƌĂǁŝŶŐĂǁŚŝƚĞďĂůůŝŶƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĂƚƚĞŵƉƚ occurs is 0.7 and they occur simultaneously with
ସ
ŝƐW;Ϳс ൌ 
ଵ
probability 0.2. Then P(࡭ഥ ) + P(࡮
ഥ) =
ଵଶ ଷ
WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚƌĂǁŝŶŐĂƐĞĐŽŶĚǁŚŝƚĞďĂůůŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚ Solution: tĞŚĂǀĞP;A ‫׫‬BͿсϬ͘ϳĂŶĚP;A ൘BͿсϬ͘Ϯ
ƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚďĂůůĚƌĂǁŶŝƐǁŚŝƚĞ EŽǁ͕P;A ‫׫‬BͿсP;AͿнP;BͿʹP;A ൘BͿ
ଷ ଷ ֜P;AͿнP;BͿсϬ͘ϵ֜ϭоP;‫ܣ‬ҧͿнϭоP;‫ܤ‬തͿсϬ͘ϵ
ܲሺ‫ܤ‬Ȁ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ൌ 
ଷାଷାହ ଵଵ ֜ P;‫ܣ‬ҧͿнP;‫ܤ‬തͿсϭ͘ϭ
WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚďĂůůƐĚƌĂǁŶĂƌĞǁŚŝƚĞ 
ଵ ଷ ଵ
ܲሺ‫ܤܣ‬ሻ ൌ ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ‫ܲ כ‬ሺ‫ܤ‬Ȁ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ כ‬ൌ  2. Let A, B, C be 3 independent events such that P(A) = ,
૚
ଷ ଵଵ ଵଵ
૜
;ĐͿ WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚƌĂǁŝŶŐĂƌĞĚďĂůůŝŶƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚĂƚƚĞŵƉƚŝƐ ૚ ૚
ହ P(B) = , P(C) = . Then find the probability of exactly 2
ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ ൌ  ૛ ૝
ଵଶ events occurring out of 3 events.

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϰϳ
 Solution: P ;ĞdžĂĐƚůLJƚǁŽŽĨA͕B͕C ŽĐĐƵƌͿ ‫׵‬P;A‫ת‬BͿ൑P;AͿ
сP;A ൘BͿнP;B ൘CͿнP;C ൘AͿʹϯP;A ൘B ൘CͿ ֜p ൑Ϭ͘ϴ
сP;AͿ͘P;BͿнP;BͿ͘P;CͿнP;CͿ͘P;AͿʹϯP;AͿ͘P;BͿ͘P;CͿ ,ĞŶĐĞ͕Ϭ͘ϳ൑p ൑Ϭ͘ϴ
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
с Ǥ ൅ Ǥ ൅ Ǥ െ ͵ Ǥ Ǥ с  
ଷ ଶ ଶ ସ ସ ଷ ଷ ଶ ସ ସ
 8. A dice is thrown 6 times. If ‘getting an odd number’ is a
3. Three coins are tossed together. What is the ‘success’, the probability of 5 successes is
probability that first shows head, second shows tail and Solution: >ĞƚA ďĞƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚŽĨŐĞƚƚŝŶŐĂŶŽĚĚŶƵŵďĞƌ͘
,ĞƌĞ͕n ;SͿсϲĂŶĚ
third shows head?
n ;AͿсϯ
Solution: >ĞƚA сdŚĞĞǀĞŶƚĨŝƌƐƚĐŽŝŶƐŚŽǁƐŚĞĂĚ ଷ ଵ
WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŐĞƚƚŝŶŐĂŶŽĚĚŶƵŵďĞƌс с 
B сdŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƐĞĐŽŶĚĐŽŝŶƐŚŽǁƐƚĂŝů ଺ ଶ
ଵ
C сdŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƚŚŝƌĚĐŽŝŶƐŚŽǁƐŚĞĂĚ ,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŶŽƚŐĞƚƚŝŶŐĂŶŽĚĚŶƵŵďĞƌсϭെ с
ଶ
ଵ
dŚĞƐĞƚŚƌĞĞĞǀĞŶƚƐĂƌĞŵƵƚƵĂůůLJŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚ͘ 
ଶ
^Ž͕P;A ൘B ൘CͿсP;AͿ͘P;BͿ͘P;CͿ ZĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨϱƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĞƐ
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
с Ǥ Ǥ с ͘ ଵ ହ ଵ ଷ
ଶ ଶ ଶ ଼ сϲϱൈቀ ቁ ൈ с ͘
 ଶ ଶ ଷଶ

4. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find 

9. The fair dice are thrown. The probability that the
the probability that the sum of the number appeared on
number appear are not all distinct is
two dice is 8, if it is known that the second dice always
Solution: KƵƚŽĨƚŚĞ͸ଷ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐϲ͘ϱ͘ϱŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐ
exhibits 4.
ǁŝůůŚĂǀĞĂůůĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚŶƵŵďĞƌƐ͘
Solution: >ĞƚA ďĞƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚŽĨŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞŽĨϰĂůǁĂLJƐŽŶ ଺ǤହǤସ ସ
dŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJсϭെ య с ͘
ƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚĚŝĐĞс΂;ϭ͕ϰͿ͕;Ϯ͕ϰͿ͕;ϯ͕ϰͿ͕;ϰ͕ϰͿ͕;ϱ͕ϰͿ͕;ϲ͕ϰͿ΃͕ ଺ ଽ

‫ ׵‬n ;AͿ с ϲ ĂŶĚ B ďĞ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŽĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƐƵĐŚ
ŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽŶďŽƚŚĚŝĐĞǁŚŽƐĞƐƵŵŝƐϴс΂;Ϯ͕ϲͿ͕;ϯ͕ϱͿ͕;ϰ͕ 10. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. What is the
ϰͿ͕;ϱ͕ϯͿ͕;ϲ͕ϮͿ΃ probability of obtaining a multiple of 2 on one of them
dŚƵƐ͕A ൘B с΂;ϰ͕ϰͿ΃ and a multiple of 3 on the other
‫׵‬n ;A ൘BͿсϭ Solution: &ĂǀŽƵƌĂďůĞĐĂƐĞƐĨŽƌŽŶĞĂƌĞƚŚĞƌĞi.e., Ϯ͕ϰĂŶĚ
஻ ௡ሺ஺‫ת‬஻ሻ ଵ ϲĂŶĚĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌĂƌĞƚǁŽŝ͘Ğ͕͘ϯ͕ϲ͘
‫ ܲ ׵‬ቀ ቁс с ͘
஺ ௡ሺ஺ሻ ଺ ,ĞŶĐĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ
 ଷൈଶ ଵ ଵଵ
5. A coin is tossed thrice. If E be the event of showing at сቂቀ ቁʹ െ ቃс 
ଷ଺ ଷ଺ ଷ଺
least two heads and F be the event of showing head in ΀ƐƐĂŵĞǁĂLJŚĂƉƉĞŶǁŚĞŶĚŝĐĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂŵŽŶŐ
ࡱ ƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ΁͘
the first throw, then find ࡼ ቀ ቁǤ
ࡲ 
Solution: S с΂HHH͕HHT͕HTH͕THH͕HTT͕THT͕TTH͕TTT΃ 11. Atul can hit a target 3 times in 6 shots, Bhola can hit the
E с΂HHH͕HHT͕HTH͕THH΃ target 2 times in 6 shots and Chandra can hit the 4 times
F с΂HHH͕HHT͕HTH͕HTT΃ in 4 shots. What is the probability that at least 2 shots
E ൘F с΂HHH͕HHT͕HTH΃ (out of 1 shot taken by each one of them) hit the target?
n;E ൘FͿсϯ͕n;FͿсϰ
ா ௡ሺா‫ת‬ிሻ ଷ
Solution: ŚĂŶĚƌĂ ŚŝƚƐ ƚŚĞ ƚĂƌŐĞƚ ϰ ƚŝŵĞƐ ŝŶ ϰ ƐŚŽƚƐ͘
‫׵‬ZĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƉƌŽď͘сܲ ቀ ቁс с ͘ ,ĞŶĐĞ͕ŚĞŚŝƚƐƚŚĞƚĂƌŐĞƚĚĞĨŝŶŝƚĞůLJ͘
ி ௡ሺிሻ ସ
 dŚĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ŝƐ ŐŝǀĞŶ ďLJ W ;ďŽƚŚ
6. The probability that a person will hit a target in shooting ƚƵůĂŶĚŚŽůĂŚŝƚͿн W;ƚƵůŚŝƚƐ͕ŚŽůĂĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŚŝƚͿн W
practice is 0.3. If he shoots 10 times, the probability that ;ƚƵůĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŚŝƚ͕ŚŽůĂŚŝƚƐͿ
ଷ ଶ ଷ ସ ଷ ଶ ଵ ଵ ଵ ସ ଶ
he hits the target is с ൈ ൅ ൈ ൅ ൈ с ൅ ൅ с с ͘
଺ ଺ ଺ ଺ ଺ ଺ ଺ ଷ ଺ ଺ ଷ
Solution: dŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƉĞƌƐŽŶŚŝƚƐƚŚĞƚĂƌŐĞƚс 
Ϭ͘ϯ 12. Suppose six coins are tossed simultaneously. Then the
‫׵‬dŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚŚĞĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŚŝƚƚŚĞƚĂƌŐĞƚŝŶĂƚƌŝĂůс probability of getting at least one tail is
ϭʹϬ͘ϯсϬ͘ϳ Solution: /Ĩ Ɛŝdž ĐŽŝŶƐ ĂƌĞ ƚŽƐƐĞĚ͕ ƚŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƚĂů ŶŽ͘ ŽĨ
‫׵‬dŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚŚĞĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŚŝƚƚŚĞƚĂƌŐĞƚŝŶĂŶLJŽĨ ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞƐсሺʹሻ଺ сϲϰ
ƚŚĞƚĞŶƚƌŝĂůƐсሺͲǤ͹ሻଵ଴  EŽǁ͕ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŐĞƚƚŝŶŐŶŽƚĂŝůс 
ଵ

‫׵‬WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚŚĞŚŝƚƐƚŚĞƚĂƌŐĞƚ ଺ସ
WƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŐĞƚƚŝŶŐĂƚůĞĂƐƚŽŶĞƚĂŝů
сWƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚĂƚůĞĂƐƚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝĂůƐƐƵĐĐĞĞĚƐсϭ ʹ ଵ ଺ଷ
ሺͲǤ͹ሻଵ଴ ͘ сϭെ с ͘
଺ସ ଺ସ
 
7. If P(A) = 0.8, P(B) = 0.9, P(AB) = p, which one of the 13. Two cards are drawn one by one from a pack of cards.
following is correct? The probability of getting first card an ace and second a
Solution: tĞŬŶŽǁ͕ coloured one is (before drawing second card, first card is
P;A‫׫‬BͿсP;AͿнP;BͿെP;A ‫ ת‬BͿ not placed again in the pack)
֜Ϭ͘ϴнϬ͘ϵʹp ൑ϭ Solution: >Ğƚ A ďĞ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŐĞƚƚŝŶŐ ĨŝƌƐƚ ĐĂƌĚ ĂŶ ĂĐĞ
֜ϭ͘ϳʹp ൑ϭ ĂŶĚ B ďĞ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŐĞƚƚŝŶŐ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ Ă ĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚ ŽŶĞ͘
֜Ϭ͘ϳ൑p ^ŝŶĐĞ͕ ďŽƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƌĂŶĚŽŵ
EŽǁ͕P;AͿ൏P ;BͿ ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ͘

WĂŐĞϰϴ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
 ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶŽĨƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJͿ ୉ ଵହ ହ
 ቀ మቁ ൌ ൌ 
୉భ ହଵ ଵ଻
dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŐĞƚƚŝŶŐĨŝƌƐƚĐĂƌĚĂŶĂĐĞ ୉ ଵ ହ ହ
ସ
W;Ϳс с 
ଵ ሺ‫ܧ‬ଵ ‫ܧ ת‬ଶ ሻ ൌ ሺଵ ሻ ൈ  ቀ మቁ ൌ ൈ ൌ 
୉భ ଵଷ ଵ଻ ଶଶଵ
ହଶ ଵଷ
ĂŶĚƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚƌĂǁŝŶŐĂĐŽůŽƵƌĞĚŽŶĞŝŶƐĞĐŽŶĚĚƌĂǁ 
ଵହ ହ 15. In a certain town, 40% of the people have brown
W;ͬͿс с 
ହଵ ଵ଻ hair, 25% have brown eyes and 15% have both
;ƐŝŶĐĞŽŶĞĐĂƌĚŚĂƐĂůƌĞĂĚLJďĞĞŶĚƌĂǁŶͿ brown hair and brown eyes. If a person selected at
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ďLJĐŽŶĚŝƚŝŽŶĂůƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ random from the town, has brown hair, the
୔ሺ୅‫ת‬୆ሻ
W;ͬͿс  probability that he also has brown eyes, is
୔ሺ୅ሻ
ౌሺఽ‫ాת‬ሻ ૝૙ ૛૞ ૚૞
ହ Solution: ‫۾‬ሺ‫ۯ‬ሻ ൌ ǡ ‫۾‬ሺ۰ሻ ൌ ‫۾܌ܖ܉‬ሺ‫ ת ۯ‬۰ሻ ൌ 
֜ с భ
 ૚૙૙
భఱ
૚૙૙ ૚૙૙
ଵ଻ ଵଷ
ହ ଵ ହ ୆ ୔ሺ஺‫ת‬஻ሻ ଷ
֜ ሺ ‫ ת‬ሻс ൈ с ͘
ଵ଻ ଵଷ ଶଶଵ
•‘ ቀ୅ቁ ൌ ୔ሺ୅ሻ
ൌ భబబ
రబ ൌ ଼

 భబబ

14. Two cards are drawn one by one from a pack of

cards. The probability of getting first card an ace
and second a colored one is (before drawing second
card first card is not placed again in the pack)
ସ ଵ
Solution:ሺଵ ሻ ൌ ൌ 
ହଶ ଵଷ




PRACTICE QUESTIONS

ଵ
ϭ͘ dŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŐĞƚƚŝŶŐŶƵŵďĞƌϱŝŶƚŚƌŽǁŝŶŐĂĚŝĐĞŝƐ͗ ϭϬ͘ dŚĞ ĐŚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ǁŝŶŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌĂĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŚŽƌƐĞ  ŝƐ ĂŶĚ
ଵ ଵ ହ ହ
;ĂͿϭ  ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ  ଵ
ଷ ଺ ଺ ƚŚĂƚŽĨŚŽƌƐĞ ŝƐ ͘tŚĂƚŝƐ ƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĂĐĞ
଺
 ǁŝůůďĞǁŽŶďLJŽƌ͍
Ϯ͘ ŶĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚLJŝĞůĚƐϯŵƵƚƵĂůůLJĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞĂŶĚĞdžŚĂƵƐƚŝǀĞ ଵ ଵ ଵଵ ଵ
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ 
ĞǀĞŶƚƐ͕͕͘/ĨW;ͿсϮW;ͿсϯW;ĐͿ͕ƚŚĞŶW;ͿŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽ͗ ଷ଴ ଷ ଷ଴ ଵହ
ଵ ଶ ଷ ଺ 
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ 
ଵଵ ଵଵ ଵଵ ଵଵ ϭϭ͘ ŵŽŶŐϭϱƉůĂLJĞƌƐ͕ϴĂƌĞďĂƚƐŵĞŶĂŶĚϳĂƌĞďŽǁůĞƌƐ͘&ŝŶĚ
 ƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚĂƚĞĂŵŝƐĐŚŽƐĞŶŽĨϲďĂƚƐŵĞŶĂŶĚϱ
ϯ͘ /ĨW;ƵŶŝŽŶͿсϬ͘ϴĂŶĚW;ŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶͿсϬ͘ϯ͕ƚŚĞŶ ďŽǁůĞƌƐ͗
W;͛ͿнW;͛ͿĞƋƵĂůƐƚŽ͗ ;ĂͿ;ϴϲൈϳϱͿͬϭϱϭϭ
;ĂͿϬ͘ϯ  ;ďͿϬ͘ϱ  ;ĐͿϬ͘ϳ ;ĚͿϬ͘ϵ ଶ଼
;ďͿ 
 ଵହ
ଵହ
ϰ͘ &ŝŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŐĞƚƚŝŶŐĂŵƵůƚŝƉůĞŽĨϮŝŶƚŚĞƚŚƌŽǁ ;ĐͿ 
ଶ଼
ŽĨĂĚŝĐĞ͗ ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ  
ଶ ସ ଷ ଺
 ϭϮ͘ ĨŽƵƌͲĚŝŐŝƚŶƵŵďĞƌŝƐĨŽƌŵĞĚďLJƚŚĞĚŝŐŝƚƐϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ͕ϰǁŝƚŚ
ϱ͘ dǁŽ ĚŝĐĞ ĂƌĞ ƚŚƌŽǁŶ ƐŝŵƵůƚĂŶĞŽƵƐůLJ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŶŽƌĞƉĞƚŝƚŝŽŶ͘dŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŝƐŽĚĚŝƐ͗
ଵ
ŽďƚĂŝŶŝŶŐĂƚŽƚĂůƐĐŽƌĞŽĨƐĞǀĞŶŝƐ͗ ;ĂͿĞƌŽ  ;ďͿ 
ଷ
ଵ ଵ ଶ ଵ ଵ
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ  ;ĐͿ   ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
଺ ଷ ଻ ଶ ସ
 
ϲ͘ dǁŽĚŝĐĞĂƌĞƚŽƐƐĞĚ͘dŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƚŽƚĂůƐĐŽƌĞŝƐ ϭϯ͘  ĐĂƌĚ ŝƐ ĚƌĂǁŶ Ăƚ ƌĂŶĚŽŵ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ƉĂĐŬ ŽĨ ϭϬϬ ĐĂƌĚƐ
ĂƉƌŝŵĞŶƵŵďĞƌŝƐ͗ ŶƵŵďĞƌĞĚϭƚŽϭϬϬ͘dŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĚƌĂǁŝŶŐĂŶƵŵďĞƌ
ଵ ହ ଵ ଻
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ  ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĂƐƋƵĂƌĞ͕ŝƐ͗
଺ ଵଶ ଶ ଽ ଵ ଵ ଽ ଻
 ;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ 
ଵ଴ ଵ଴଴ ଵ଴0 ଵ଴
ϳ͘ tŚĞŶ ƚǁŽ ĚŝĐĞ ĂƌĞ ƚŚƌŽǁŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ 
ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐŽŶƚŚĞĚŝĐĞŝƐϮŽƌϯŝƐ͗ ϭϰ͘ &ŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĚƌĂǁŝŶŐ Ă ũĂĐŬ Žƌ ĂŶ ĂĐĞ ĨƌŽŵ Ă
଻ ଷ ହ ଵ
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ  ƉĂĐŬŽĨƉůĂLJŝŶŐĐĂƌĚƐ͗
ଵ଼ ଵଵ ଵ଼ ଶ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଶ
 ;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ ;ĚͿ 
଼ ଺ ଷ ଵଷ
ϴ͘ dŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŐĞƚƚŝŶŐƐƵŵŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϳǁŚĞŶĂƉĂŝƌŽĨ 
ĚŝĐĞĂƌĞƚŚƌŽǁŶŝƐ͗ ϭϱ͘ &ƌŽŵ Ă ƉĂĐŬ ŽĨ ϱϮ ĐĂƌĚƐ͕ ƚǁŽ ĐĂƌĚƐ ĂƌĞ ĚƌĂǁŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ĨŝƌƐƚ
଻ ହ
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ  ďĞŝŶŐ ƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚ ďĞĨŽƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ŝƐ ĚƌĂǁŶ͘ tŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ
ଷ଺ ଵଶ
଻ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚŝƐĂĚŝĂŵŽŶĚĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚŝƐĂ
;ĐͿ   ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
ଵଶ ŬŝŶŐ͍
 ଵ ସ ଵ ସ
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ 
ϵ͘ ŶŝůĐĂŶŬŝůůĂďŝƌĚŽŶĐĞŝŶϯƐŚŽƚƐ͘KŶƚŚĞĂƐƐƵŵƉƚŝŽŶƚŚĂƚ ସ ଵଷ ହଶ ଵହ
ŚĞĨŝƌĞƐĂƐŚŽƚƐ͕ĨŝŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚƚŚĞďŝƌĚŝƐŬŝůůĞĚ͘ 
ଵ ଵ ଵଽ ଼ ϭϲ͘ dǁŽ ĐĂƌĚƐ ĂƌĞ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ Ăƚ ƌĂŶĚŽŵ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ĚĞĐŬ ŽĨ ϱϮ
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ 
ଷ ଶ଻ ଶ଻ ଽ ƉůĂLJŝŶŐ ĐĂƌĚƐ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ďŽƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƌĚƐ ĂƌĞ
 ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚĂŶϮďƵƚůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶϵŝƐ͗

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϰϵ
 
ସ଺ ଺ଷ ଼ଵ ଽଷ
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ  Ϯϲ͘ ŵĂŶĂŶĚŚŝƐǁŝĨĞĂƉƉĞĂƌĨŽƌĂŶŝŶƚĞƌǀŝĞǁĨŽƌƚǁŽƉŽƐƚƐ͘
ଶଶଵ ଶଶଵ ଶଶଵ ଶଶଵ ଵ
 dŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚƵƐďĂŶĚΖƐƐĞůĞĐƚŝŽŶŝƐ ĂŶĚƚŚĂƚŽĨ
଻
ଵ
ϭϳ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƚǁŽͲĚŝŐŝƚ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ĨŽƌŵĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ǁŝĨĞ͛Ɛ ƐĞůĞĐƚŝŽŶ ŝƐ ͘dŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ŽŶůLJ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ
ହ
ĚŝŐŝƚƐϭ͕Ϯ͕ϯ͕ϰ͕ϱŝƐĚŝǀŝƐŝďůĞďLJϰŝƐ͗ ƚŚĞŵǁŝůůďĞƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚŝƐ͗
ଵ ଵ
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ  ଺ ସ ଺ ଶ
ଷ଴ ଶ଴ ;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ 
ଵ ଻ ଷହ ଷହ ଻
;ĐͿ   ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ 
ହ
 Ϯϳ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƌĂŶĚŽŵ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ϭϴ͘ &ƌŽŵ ĞŝŐŚƚLJ ĐĂƌĚƐ ŶƵŵďĞƌĞĚ ϭ ƚŽ ϴϬ͕ ƚǁŽ ĐĂƌĚƐ ĂƌĞ ůĞƚƚĞƌƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌĚ ͚hE/sZ^/dz͕͛ ƚŚĞ ƚǁŽ /͛Ɛ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ
ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ ƌĂŶĚŽŵůLJ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ďŽƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƌĚƐ ĐŽŵĞƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌŝƐ͗
ସ ଵ ଵ ଽ
ŚĂǀĞƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐĚŝǀŝƐŝďůĞďLJϰŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďLJ͗ ;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ 
ଶଵ ଵଽ ହ ହ ଵ଴ ଵ଴
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ  
ଷଵ଺ ଷଵ଺
ଵ
;ĐͿ   ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ Ϯϴ͘ Ŷ ĂŝƌĐƌĂĨƚ ŚĂƐ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĞŶŐŝŶĞƐ ͕  ĂŶĚ Đ͘ dŚĞ ĂŝƌĐƌĂĨƚ
ସ
 ĐƌĂƐŚĞƐ ŝĨ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĞŶŐŝŶĞƐ ĨĂŝů͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚŝĞƐ ŽĨ
ϭϵ͘ /Ĩ‫ܣ‬ĂŶĚ‫ܤ‬ĂƌĞƚǁŽŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚĞǀĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚܲሺ‫ܣ‬ሻ  ൌ ͲǤ͸͕ ĨĂŝůƵƌĞ ĂƌĞ Ϭ͘Ϭϯ͕ Ϭ͘ϬϮ ĂŶĚ Ϭ͘Ϭϱ ĨŽƌ ĞŶŐŝŶĞƐ ͕  ĂŶĚ Đ
ܲሺ‫ܤ‬ሻ  ൌ ͲǤ͵͕ƚŚĞŶ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͘ tŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĂŝƌĐƌĂĨƚ ǁŝůů
ܲሺ‫ܣ‬ǯ ‫ܤ ת‬ǯሻŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽ͗ ŶŽƚĐƌĂƐŚ͍
;ĂͿϬ͘ϭϴ  ;ďͿϬ͘Ϯϴ  ;ĐͿϬ͘ϴϮ ;ĚͿϬ͘ϳϮ ;ĂͿϬ͘ϬϬϬϬϯ ;ďͿϬ͘ϵϬ
 ;ĐͿϬ͘ϵϵϵϵϳ ;ĚͿϬ͘ϵϬϯϬϳ
ϮϬ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŐĞƚƚŝŶŐ ŚĞĂĚ ĂŶĚ ƚĂŝů ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƚĞůLJ ŝŶ 
ƚŚƌĞĞƚŚƌŽǁƐŽĨĂĐŽŝŶŝƐ͗ Ϯϵ͘ dŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŚĂƉƉĞŶŝŶŐĂŶĞǀĞŶƚŝŶŽŶĞƚƌŝĂůŝƐϬ͘ϰ͘
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଷ dŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚŚĂƉƉĞŶƐĂƚůĞĂƐƚŽŶĐĞŝŶ
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ 
଼ ସ ଷ ଼ ƚŚƌĞĞŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚƚƌŝĂůƐŝƐ͗
 ;ĂͿϬ͘ϵϯϲ ;ďͿϬ͘Ϯϭϲ
Ϯϭ͘ /ŶĚŝĂ ĂŶĚ WĂŬŝƐƚĂŶ ƉůĂLJ Ă ϱ ŵĂƚĐŚ ƚĞƐƚ ƐĞƌŝĞƐ ŽĨ ŚŽĐŬĞLJ͕ ;ĐͿϬ͘ϵϬϰ ;ĚͿϬ͘ϳϴϰ
ƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚ/ŶĚŝĂǁŝŶƐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚŚƌĞĞŵĂƚĐŚĞƐŝƐ͗ 
ଵ ଷ
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ  ϯϬ͘ &ŽƵƌ ƉĞƌƐŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ Ăƚ ƌĂŶĚŽŵ ŽƵƚ ŽĨ ϯ ŵĞŶ͕ Ϯ
ଶ ହ
ସ ǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚϰĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘dŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĞdžĂĐƚůLJ
;ĐͿ   ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
ହ
ϮĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶŝŶƚŚĞƐĞůĞĐƚŝŽŶŝƐ͗
 ଵଵ ଽ
ϮϮ͘ KĨĂƚŽƚĂůŽĨϲϬϬďŽůƚƐ͕ϮϬйĂƌĞƚŽŽůĂƌŐĞĂŶĚϭϬйĂƌĞƚŽŽ ;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ 
ଶଵ ଶଵ
ଵ଴
ƐŵĂůů͘ dŚĞ ƌĞŵĂŝŶĚĞƌ ĂƌĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ƚŽ ďĞ ƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ͘ /Ĩ Ă ;ĐͿ   ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
ଶଵ
ďŽůƚ ŝƐ ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ Ăƚ ƌĂŶĚŽŵ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƚ ǁŝůů ďĞ 
ƐƵŝƚĂďůĞŝƐ͗ ϯϭ͘ dŚĞůĞƚƚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌĚ^K/dzĂƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚĂƚƌĂŶĚŽŵŝŶĂ
ଵ ଵ ଷ ଻
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ  ƌŽǁ͘dŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƚŚƌĞĞǀŽǁĞůƐĐŽŵĞƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ
ହ ଵ଴ ଵ଴ ଵ଴
 ŝƐ͗
௫ ଵ ଵ ଶ ହ
Ϯϯ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŐƵĞƐƐŝŶŐ Ă ĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ ĂŶƐǁĞƌ ŝƐ ͘ /Ĩ ƚŚĞ ;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ 
ଵଶ ଺ ଻ ଻ ଺
ଶ
ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ŶŽƚ ŐƵĞƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞ ĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ ĂŶƐǁĞƌ ŝƐ ͘ sĂůƵĞ 
ଷ
ŽĨdžĞƋƵĂůƐƚŽ͗ ϯϮ͘ KŶĞĐĂƌĚŝƐĚƌĂǁŶĨƌŽŵĂǁĞůůͲƐŚƵĨĨůĞĚƉĂĐŬŽĨϱϮ ĐĂƌĚƐ͘
;ĂͿϮ  ;ďͿϯ  ;ĐͿϰ ;ĚͿϲ tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ƚŚĂƚŝƚŝƐŶŽƚƚŚĞĂĐĞŽĨŚĞĂƌƚƐ͍
ହଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
 ;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ 
ହଶ ହଶ ଵଶ ଶ
ସ
Ϯϰ͘ dŚĞ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ƚŚĂƚ Ă ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƉĂƐƐĞƐ ŝŶ ŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƚŝĐƐ ŝƐ  
ଽ
ଶ ϯϯ͘ /ŶƐŝŶŐůĞĐĂƐƚǁŝƚŚƚǁŽĚŝĐĞƚŚĞŽĚĚƐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐϳŝƐ͗
ĂŶĚƚŚĂƚŚĞƉĂƐƐĞƐŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐƐŝƐ ͘ƐƐƵŵŝŶŐƚŚĂƚƉĂƐƐŝŶŐŝŶ ଵ ଵ
ହ ;ĂͿϱ  ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿϲ ;ĚͿ 
ŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƚŝĐƐĂŶĚƉŚLJƐŝĐƐĂƌĞŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚŽĨĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ͕ ହ ଺

ǁŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚŚĞƉĂƐƐĞƐŝŶŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƚŝĐƐďƵƚ 
ĨĂŝůƐŝŶƉŚLJƐŝĐƐ͍ ϯϰ͘ EƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƐĂŵƉůĞ ƐƉĂĐĞ ŽĨ ƌŽůůŝŶŐ ƚǁŽ
ସ ଼ ଶ଺ ଵଽ ƵŶďŝĂƐĞĚĚŝĐĞ͍
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ 
ଵହ ସହ ସହ ସହ ;ĂͿϭϮ  ;ďͿϮϰ  ;ĐͿϯϲ ;ĚͿϲ
 
Ϯϱ͘ dŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚ<ƌŝƐŚŶĂǁŝůůďĞĂůŝǀĞϭϬLJĞĂƌƐŚĞŶĐĞ͕ŝƐ ϯϱ͘ ĨĂŝƌĐŽŝŶŝƐƚŽƐƐĞĚ݊ƚŝŵĞƐ͘/ĨƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚŚĞĂĚ
଻ ଻
ĂŶĚƚŚĂƚ,ĂƌŝǁŝůůďĞĂůŝǀĞŝƐ ͘tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĐĐƵƌƐϲƚŝŵĞƐŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚŚĞĂĚŽĐĐƵƌƐ
ଵହ ଵ଴
ƚŚĂƚďŽƚŚ<ƌŝƐŚŶĂĂŶĚ,ĂƌŝǁŝůůďĞĚĞĂĚϭϬLJĞĂƌƐŚĞŶĐĞ͍ ϴƚŝŵĞƐ͕ƚŚĞŶ݊ŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽ
ଶଵ ଶସ ସଽ ହ଺
;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ   ;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ  ;ĂͿϭϱ  ;ďͿϭϰ  ;ĐͿϭϮ ;ĚͿϳ
ଵହ଴ ଵହ଴ ଵହ଴ ଵହ଴



NOTE: For Practice Questions Refer to Online Study Portal



END OF CHAPTER


WĂŐĞϱϬ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
Chapter 9
COORDINATE GEOMETRY


1. COORDINATE

Meaning: dŚŝƐďƌĂŶĐŚŽĨŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƚŝĐƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨĂůŐĞďƌĂĂƌĞƵƐĞĚƚŽƐŽůǀĞŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĂůƉƌŽďůĞŵŝƐ
ŬŶŽǁŶĂƐĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞŐĞŽŵĞƚƌLJ

1.1 DISTANCE FORMULA 1.2 SECTION FORMULAS

dŚĞ ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ĂŶLJ ƚǁŽ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ FOR INTERNAL DIVISION
ůĞŶŐƚŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶĞ ƐĞŐŵĞŶƚ ũŽŝŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞŵ͘ ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨĂƉŽŝŶƚWሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻǁŚŝĐŚĚŝǀŝĚĞƐ;‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ͿΘ
dŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚǁŽƉŽŝŶƚƐW;‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ͿĂŶĚܳሺ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ሻ ;‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ͿŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚŝŽŵ͗ŶĂƌĞ
ŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďLJ
࢓࢞૛ ା࢔࢞૚ ࢓࢟૛ ା࢔࢟૚
࢞ൌ ,࢟ ൌ
࢓ା࢔ ࢓ା࢔
PQ = ටሺ‫ ܠ‬૛ െ ‫ ܠ‬૚ ሻ૛ ൅ ሺ࢟૛ െ ࢟૚ሻ ૛ 

FOR EXTERNAL DIVISION

ŝ͘Ğ͕ܲܳ͘ ൌ
/ĨWĚŝǀŝĚĞƐĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůůLJŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚŝŽŵ͗ŶĂƌĞ
ඥሺ݂݂݀݅݁‫ݏܽݏݏ݅ܿݏܾ݂ܽ݋݁ܿ݊݁ݎ‬ሻଶ ൅ ሺ݂݂݀݅݁‫ݏ݁ݐܽ݊݅݀ݎ݋݂݋݁ܿ݊݁ݎ‬ሻଶ 
࢓࢞૛ ି࢔࢞૚ ࢓࢟૛ ି࢔࢟૚
࢞ൌ ,࢟ ൌ
࢓ି࢔ ࢓ି࢔

Distance Formula for 3D co-ordinate system: Example C:&ŝŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚǁŚŝĐŚ

ĚŝǀŝĚĞƐƚŚĞůŝŶĞƐĞŐŵĞŶƚũŽŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚƐ;ϲ͕ϯͿĂŶĚ
 ൌ  ሺšଵ ǡ ›ଵ ǡ œଵ ሻƬ ൌ ሺšଶ ǡ ›ଶ ǡ œଶ ሻ
;െͶǡ ͷሻŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚŝŽϯ͗Ϯ;ŝͿŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůůLJĂŶĚ;ŝŝͿĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůůLJ͘
‫ۯ‬۰ ൌ ඥሺ‫ ܠ‬૛ െ ‫ ܠ‬૚ ሻ૛ ൅ ሺ‫ܡ‬૛ െ ‫ܡ‬૚ ሻ૛ ൅ ሺ‫ܢ‬૛ െ ‫ܢ‬૚ ሻ૛
Solution:>ĞƚW;dž͕LJͿďĞƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƉŽŝŶƚ͘

Example A:&ŝŶĚƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚƐ ;ŝͿ&ŽƌŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞ
W;െ͸ǡ ͹ͿĂŶĚY;െͳǡ െͷͿ͘
ଷ‫ିכ‬ସାଶ‫଺כ‬ ଷ‫כ‬ହାଶ‫כ‬ଷ
džс ͕ĂŶĚLJс 
ଷାଶ ଷାଶ
Solution:tĞŚĂǀĞ͕WYсඥሺെͳ ൅ ͸ሻଶ ൅ ሺെͷ െ ͹ሻଶ ൌ
ଶଵ
ξʹͷ ൅ ͳͶͶсξͳ͸ͻсϭϯ͘ ֜džсͲĂŶĚLJс 
ହ
^ŽƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨWĂƌĞ;Ϭ͕ϮϭͬϱͿ
Example B:&ŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ‫ݔ‬ŝĨƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚƐ;‫ݔ‬ǡ െͳͿĂŶĚሺ͵ǡ ʹሻŝƐϱ͘ ;ŝŝͿ&ŽƌdžƚĞƌŶĂůĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞ

Solution:>Ğƚܲሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ െͳሻĂŶĚܳሺ͵ǡ ʹሻďĞƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶƉŽŝŶƚƐ͘ ଷ‫ିכ‬ସିଶ‫଺כ‬ ଷ‫כ‬ହିଶ‫כ‬ଷ
dŚĞŶ͕ܲܳ ൌ ͷ džс ͕ĂŶĚLJс 
ଷିଶ ଷିଶ

‘”‫ ݔ‬ൌ െʹͶƬ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͻ
֜ඥሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ሻଶ ൅ ሺെͳ െ ʹሻଶ ൌ ͷ
^ŽƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨWĂƌĞ;െʹͶǡ ͻͿ
‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͹‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݔ‬െ ͹ ൌ Ͳ

֜ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵ሻଶ ൅ ͻ ൌ ͷଶ 
Section Formula for 3D points:
֜ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͸‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳͺ ൌ ʹͷ
֜ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͸‫ ݔ‬െ ͹ ൌ Ͳ  ൌ  ሺšଵ ǡ ›ଵ ǡ œଵ ሻƬ ൌ ሺšଶ ǡ ›ଶ ǡ œଶ ሻ
֜ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͹ሻሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂůůLJ
֜ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͹‫ ݔݎ݋‬ൌ െͳǤ͘ ‫ ۾‬ൌ ሺ‫ܠ‬ǡ ‫ܡ‬ሻ ൌ ቀ
‫ ܠܕ‬૛ ା‫ ܠܖ‬૚ ‫ܡܕ‬૛ ା‫ܡܖ‬૚ ‫ܢܕ‬૛ ା‫ܢܖ‬૚
ǡ ǡ ቁ
‫ܕ‬ା‫ܖ‬ ‫ܕ‬ା‫ܖ‬ ‫ܕ‬ା‫ܖ‬

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϱϭ
džƚĞƌŶĂůůLJ
‫ ܠܕ‬૛ ି‫ ܠܖ‬૚ ‫ܡܕ‬૛ ି‫ܡܖ‬૚ ‫ܢܕ‬૛ ି‫ܢܖ‬૚
‫ ۾‬ൌ ሺ‫ܠ‬ǡ ‫ܡ‬ሻ ൌ ቀ ǡ ǡ ቁ 1.4 CO-ORDINATES OF THE CENTROID,
‫ܖିܕ‬ ‫ܖିܕ‬ ‫ܖିܕ‬
 IN-CENTRE
Co-ordinates of mid-point of a line for 3D points:
࢞૚ ା࢞૛ ࢟૚ ା࢟૛ ࢠǨ ାࢠ૛
/ĨƚŚĞǀĞƌƚŝĐĞƐŽĨĂƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞĂƌĞ
ࡼ ൌ ሺ࢞ǡ ࢟ሻ ൌ ቀ ǡ ǡ ቁ ‫ܣ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ሻǡ ‫ܤ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ሻǡ ‫ܥ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬ଷ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ሻ
૛ ૛ ૛

Example D: &ŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŽŝŶƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ (i) Centroid Of A Triangle
ĚŝǀŝĚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶĞ ƐĞŐŵĞŶƚ ũŽŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ;ϭ͕ ʹϮ͕ ϯͿ ĂŶĚ
ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌŽŝĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ ĂƌĞ
;ϯ͕ϰ͕ʹϱͿŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚŝŽϮ͗ϯ;ŝͿŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůůLJ͕ĂŶĚ;ŝŝͿĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůůLJ͘ ‫ ܠ‬ା‫ ܡ ܠ ܠ‬ା‫ ܡ‬ା‫ܡ‬
( ૚ ૛శ ૜ ǡ ૚ ૛ ૜ )
 ૜ ૜

Solution:;ŝͿ>ĞƚW;dž͕LJ͕njͿďĞƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚǁŚŝĐŚĚŝǀŝĚĞƐůŝŶĞ (ii) In-Centre Of A Triangle

ƐĞŐŵĞŶƚ ũŽŝŶŝŶŐ;ϭ͕ ʹ Ϯ͕ ϯͿ ĂŶĚ  ;ϯ͕ ϰ͕ ʹϱͿ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůůLJ ŝŶ
ƚŚĞƌĂƚŝŽϮ͗ϯ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶͲĐĞŶƚƌĞ ŽĨ Ă ƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ ĂƌĞ
‫ ܠ܉‬ା‫ ܠ܊‬ା‫ ܡ܉ ܠ܋‬ା‫ ܡ܊‬ା‫ܡ܋‬
‫ݔ‬ൌቀ
ଶሺଷሻାଷሺଵሻ ଽ
ቁൌ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ൌቀ
ଶሺସሻାଷሺିଶሻ ଶ
ቁൌ ǡ ‫ݖ‬ൌ ( ૚ ૛ ૜ , ૚ ૛ ૜)
‫܉‬ା‫܊‬ା‫܋‬ ‫܉‬ା‫܊‬ା‫܋‬
ଶାଷ ହ ଶାଷ ହ
ଶሺିହሻାଷሺଷሻ ଵ
ቀ ቁ ൌ െ  tŚĞƌĞ Ă͕ ď͕ Đ ĂƌĞ ůĞŶŐƚŚƐ ŽĨ ƐŝĚĞƐ ͕  ĂŶĚ 
ଶାଷ ହ
ଽ ଶ ଵ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͘
dŚƵƐƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƉŽŝŶƚŝƐ͗ቀ ǡ െ ቁ
ହ ହ ହ
;ŝŝͿ >Ğƚ W ;dž͕ LJ͕ njͿ ďĞ ƚŚĞ ƉŽŝŶƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĚŝǀŝĚĞƐ ƐĞŐŵĞŶƚ 1.5 SLOPE OF A LINE
ũŽŝŶŝŶŐ;ϭ͕ʹϮ͕ϯͿĂŶĚ;ϯ͕ϰ͕ʹϱͿĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůůLJŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚŝŽϮ
‫ܡ‬૛ ି‫ܡ‬૚ ۲ܑ܎܎‫ ܛ܍ܜ܉ܖܑ܌ܚܗ܎ܗ܍܋ܖ܍ܚ܍‬ο࢟
͗ϯ͘dŚĞŶ ࢓ = = =
‫ ܠ‬૛ ି‫ ܠ‬૚ ۲ܑ܎܎‫ ܛ܉ܛܛܑ܋ܛ܊܉܎ܗ܍܋ܖ܍ܚ܍‬ο࢞
ଶሺଷሻିଷሺଵሻ ଶሺସሻିଷሺିଶሻ
‫ݔ‬ൌቀ ቁ ൌ െ͵ǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ቀ ቁ ൌ െͳͶǡ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ
ଶିଷ ଶିଷ
ଶሺିହሻିଷሺଷሻ

ቀ ቁ ൌ ͳͻ Example F: &ŝŶĚƚŚĞƐůŽƉĞŽĨĂůŝŶĞǁŚŝĐŚƉĂƐƐĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ଶିଷ
dŚƵƐƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƉŽŝŶƚŝƐ͗ሺെ͵ǡ െͳͶǡ ͳͻሻ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ;ϯ͕ϮͿĂŶĚ;Ͳϭ͕ϱͿ͘

Solution: tĞ ŬŶŽǁ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ƐůŽƉĞ ŽĨ Ă ůŝŶĞ ƉĂƐƐŝŶŐ
Co-ordinates of centroid of triangle: ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚǁŽƉŽŝŶƚƐ;‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ͿĂŶĚሺ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ሻŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďLJ
‫ ܠ‬૚ ା‫ ܠ‬૛ ା‫ ܠ‬૜ ‫ܡ‬૚ ା‫ܡ‬૛ ା‫ܡ‬૜ ‫ܢ‬૚ ା‫ܢ‬૛ ା‫ܢ‬૜
۱ ൌ ሺ‫ܠ‬ǡ ‫ܡ‬ǡ ‫ܢ‬ሻ ൌ ǡ ǡ  
૜ ૜ ૜
‫ݕ‬ଶ െ ‫ݕ‬ଵ
 ݉ൌ 
‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଵ
1.3 AREA OF TRIANGLE
,ĞƌĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶĞ ƉĂƐƐĞƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ;ϯ͕ ϮͿ ĂŶĚ ;Ͳϭ͕ ϱͿ͘ ^Ž͕ ŝƚƐ
dŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ Ă ƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐ ŽĨ ǁŚŽƐĞǀĞƌƚŝĐĞƐ ƐůŽƉĞŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďLJ 
ĂƌĞ;šଵ ͕›ଵ Ϳ͕;šଶ ǡ ›ଶ ሻĂŶĚ;šଷ ͕›ଷ ͿŝƐ ͷെʹ ͵
݉ൌ ൌെ 
ଵ
െͳ െ ͵ Ͷ
΀šଵ ;›ଶ Ͳ›ଷ Ϳнšଶ ;›ଷ Ͳ›ଵ Ϳнšଷ ;›ଵ Ͳ›ଶ Ϳ΁͘Žƌ
ଶ
ଵ
ሾ‫ݕ‬ଵ ሺ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ሻ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ሺ‫ݔ‬ଷ െ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ሻ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ሺ‫ݔ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ሻሿ  1.6 ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES
ଶ
 ࢓૛ െ ࢓૚
Example E:&ŝŶĚƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨĂƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞǁŚŽƐĞǀĞƌƚŝĐĞƐĂƌĞ ࢚ࢇ࢔ࣂ ൌ േ 
૚ ൅ ࢓૚ ࢓૛
;ϯ͕ϮͿ͕;ϭϭ͕ϴͿĂŶĚ;ϴ͕ϭϮͿ͘
 tŚĞƌĞ݉ଵ ܽ݊݀݉ଶ ŝƐƚŚĞƐůŽƉĞŽĨƚŚĞƚǁŽůŝŶĞƐ
Solution: >Ğƚ  с ; ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݕ‬ଵ Ϳ с ሺ͵ǡ ʹሻǡ ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ሺ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ሻ ൌ
ሺͳͳǡͺሻܽ݊݀‫ ܥ‬ൌ ሺ‫ݔ‬ଷ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ሻ ൌ ሺͺǡ ͳʹሻ͘dŚĞŶ͕ 1.7 CONDITION FOR PARALLEL LINES
ƌĞĂŽĨȟ‫ ܥܤܣ‬
ଵ
с ȁሼ‫ݔ‬ଵ ሺ‫ݕ‬ଶ െ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ሻ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ሺ‫ݕ‬ଷ െ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ሻ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ሺ‫ݕ‬ଵ െ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ሻሽȁ tŚĞŶ ƚǁŽ ůŝŶĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƉĂƌĂůůĞů͕ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐůŽƉĞƐ ĂƌĞ ĞƋƵĂů͘
ଶ
ଵ
ൌ ȁሼ͵ሺͺ െ ͳʹሻ ൅ ͳͳሺͳʹ െ ʹሻ ൅ ͺሺʹ െ ͺሻሽȁ ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ ࢓૛ ൌ ࢓૚ 
ଶ
ଵ
ൌ ȁሼെͳʹ ൅ ͳͳͲ െ Ͷͺሽȁ 
ଶ 1.8 CONDITION FOR TWO LINES TO
ൌ ʹͷƐƋ͘ƵŶŝƚƐ

BE PERPENDICULAR
1.3A ON COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS tŚĞŶ ƚǁŽ ůŝŶĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƉĞƌƉĞŶĚŝĐƵůĂƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ
ƐůŽƉĞƐ ŝƐൌ  െͳ͘ଵ ଶ ൌ െͳŝĨ ŵ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƐůŽƉĞ ŽĨ Ă ůŝŶĞ͕
dŚƌĞĞƉŽŝŶƚƐ;‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ሻǡ ሺ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ሻĂŶĚሺ‫ݔ‬ଷ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ሻĂƌĞĐŽůůŝŶĞĂƌŝĨ ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞƐůŽƉĞŽĨĂůŝŶĞƉĞƌƉĞŶĚŝĐƵůĂƌƚŽŝƚŝƐȂ ͘
ଵ

ĂŶĚŽŶůLJŝĨ ௠

‫ݔ‬ଵ ሺ‫ݕ‬ଶ െ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ሻ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ሺ‫ݕ‬ଷ െ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ሻ ൅ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ሺ‫ݕ‬ଵ െ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ሻсϬ ࢓૚ ൈ ࢓૛ ൌ െ૚

࢞૚ ࢟૚ ૚
࢏Ǥ ࢋǤ อ࢞૛ ࢟૛ ૚อ ൌ ૙
1.9 DIFFERENT FORM OF EQUATION
࢞૜ ࢟૜ ૚
WĂŐĞϱϮ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
(i) First Form of Equation of a Line 1.10 Some more important formulae
&ŝƌƐƚĨŽƌŵŽĨĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĂ^ƚƌĂŝŐŚƚůŝŶĞŝƐ
ŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ Ă WŽŝŶƚሺ࢞૚ ǡ ࢟૚ ǡ ࢠ૚ ሻĨƌŽŵ Ă ůŝŶĞࢇ࢞ ൅ ࢈࢟ ൅
࢟ ൌ ࢓࢞ ൅ ࢉ ࢉࢠ ൅ ࢊ ൌ ૙

ࢇ࢞૚ ൅ ࢈࢟૚ ൅ ࢉࢠ૚ ൅ ࢊ

ǁŚĞƌĞŵŝƐŝƚƐƐůŽƉĞĂŶĚ͚Đ͛ŝƐƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĐĞƉƚŽŶLJĂdžŝƐ͘ ࢊൌฬ ฬ
ξࢇ૛ ൅ ࢈૛ ൅ ࢉ૛
Example G: &ŝŶĚƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĂůŝŶĞǁŝƚŚƐůŽƉĞʹϭĂŶĚ
ĐƵƚƚŝŶŐŽĨĨĂŶŝŶƚĞƌĐĞƉƚŽĨϰƵŶŝƚƐŽŶŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨ ΎEŽƚĞ͗ /Ĩ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ůŝŶĞ ŝƐ ŐŝǀĞŶ ŝŶ ϮͲ
LJͲĂdžŝƐ͘ ĨŽƌŵĂƚ͕ƚŚĞŶƉƵƚࢉ ൌ ૙

Solution: ,ĞƌĞ݉ ൌ െͳܽ݊݀ܿ ൌ െͶ͘ ^Ž͕ ƚŚĞ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚǁŽ ƉĂƌĂůůĞů ůŝŶĞƐ ࢇ࢞ ൅ ࢈࢟ ൅ ࢉࢠ ൅
ƚŚĞůŝŶĞŝƐ ࢊ૚ ൌ ૙ĂŶĚࢇ࢞ ൅ ࢈࢟ ൅ ࢉࢠ ൅ ࢊ૛ ൌ ૙ŝƐŐŝǀĞŶĂƐ͗

ࢊ ૚ െ ࢊ૛
‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݉‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ െ‫ ݔ‬െ Ͷ‫ݎ݋‬ǡ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬൅ Ͷ ൌ Ͳ͘ ࢊൌฬ ฬ
ξࢇ૛ ൅ ࢈૛ ൅ ࢉ ૛
(ii) Point-Slope Form of a Line
More Solved Examples
࢟ െ ࢟૚
ൌ࢓ 1. The perpendicular distance of the origin from the line 3࢞
࢞ െ ࢞૚ + 4y + 1 = 0 is
(a) -2 (b) 2
(iii) Two –Point Form of a Line ૚ ૚
(c) – (d)
૞ ૞
௬మ ି௬భ Solution:;ĚͿZĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĚŝƐĂŶĐĞ
 ‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ൌ ቀ ቁሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ሻǤor
௫మ ି௫భ ȁଷ‫כ‬଴ାସ‫כ‬଴ାଵȁ ଵ
ൌ మ మ
ൌ Ǥ
ඥଷ ାସ ହ
࢟ െ ࢟૚ ࢟૛ െ ࢟૚
ൌ 
࢞ െ ࢞૚ ࢞૛ െ ࢞ ૚ 2. Where does the point which divides the joint of (1, 2)
and (3, 4) externally in the ratio 1:1 lie?
Example H: &ŝŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶĞ ũŽŝŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ
(a) Lies in the first quadrant
ƉŽŝŶƚƐ;Ͳϭ͕ϯͿĂŶĚ;ϰ͕ͲϮͿ͘
(b) Lies in the second quadrant
(c) Lies in the third quadrant
Solution: ,ĞƌĞ ƚŚĞ ƚǁŽ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ĂƌĞሺ‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ሻ ൌ ሺെͳǡ ͵ሻĂŶĚ
(d) Cannot be found
ሺ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ሻ ൌ ሺͶǡ െʹሻ͘
Solution:;ĚͿŝǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨĂƐĞŐŵĞŶƚሾ‫ܤܣ‬ሿŝŶƚŚĞƌĂƚŝŽϭ͗ϭ
^Ž͕ƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞůŝŶĞŝŶƚǁŽͲƉŽŝŶƚĨŽƌŵŝƐ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůůLJŝƐŶŽƚƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĂƐǁĞĐĂŶŶŽƚŚĂǀĞĂƉŽŝŶƚŽŶ
ůŝŶĞ͕ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞƐĞŐŵĞŶƚ΀΁͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĞƋƵŝĚŝƐƚĂŶƚĨƌŽŵ
ଷିሺିଶሻ ĂŶĚ͘
‫ݕ‬െ͵ൌ ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻ ֜ ‫ ݕ‬െ ͵ ൌ െ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳ ֜ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬െ
ିଵିସ 
ʹ ൌ Ͳ͘ 3. The point on the axis of y which is equidistant from (-1,
2) and (3, 4) is
(iv) Intercept Form of a Line
(a) (0, 3) (b) (0, 5)
LJ š › (c) (3, 0) (d) none of these
൅ ൌ ͳǤ Solution: ;ďͿ/ĨƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƉŽŝŶƚŝƐ;Ϭ͕LJͿ͕ƚŚĞŶ
ƒ „
ď ඥሺͲ ൅ ͳሻଶ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹሻଶ ൌ ඥሺͲ െ ͵ሻଶ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ Ͷሻଶ 

֜  െͶ‫ ݕ‬൅ ͺ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹͲ ൌ Ͳ
 dž Ͷ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ʹͲ
Ă ‫ =ݕ‬ϱ
 ,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƉŽŝŶƚŝƐ;Ϭ͕ϱͿ͘

ǁŚĞƌĞ Ă ĂŶĚ ď ĂƌĞ ŝŶƚĞƌĐĞƉƚ ŽŶ džͲĂdžŝƐ Θ LJͲĂdžŝƐ

ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͘

Example I: &ŝŶĚƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞůŝŶĞǁŚŝĐŚĐƵƚƐŽĨĨĂŶ
ŝŶƚĞƌĐĞƉƚŽĨϰŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽ‫ݏ݅ݔ‬ĂŶĚĂŶ
ŝŶƚĞƌĐĞƉƚŽĨϯŽŶƚŚĞŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨLJͲĂdžŝƐ͘

Solution: ,ĞƌĞܽ ൌ Ͷǡ ܾ ൌ െ͵͘^Ž͕ƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞůŝŶĞ 4. The vertices of a triangle are A (-1, 3), B (1,-1) and C (5,
ŝƐ 1). The length of the median through A is
(a) ξૠ (b) 5
௫ ௬ ௫ ௬ ૠ
൅ ൌ ͳŽƌ ൅ ൌ ͳŽƌ͵‫ ݔ‬െ Ͷ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͳʹ͘ (c) 12 (d)
௔ ௕ ସ ିଷ ૛
Solution:;ďͿ/ĨŝƐƚŚĞŵŝĚͲƉŽŝŶƚŽĨ΀΁͕ƚŚĞŶ
*Note: ƚŚĞ ƐůŽƉĞ ŽĨ Ă ůŝŶĞ ࢇ࢞ ൅ ࢈࢟ ൅ ࢉ ൌ ૙ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ଵାହ ିଵାଵ
࢈ ‫ ؠ‬ቀ ǡ ቁ ൌ ሺ͵ǡ Ͳሻ
ଶ ଶ
ŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĂƐȂ
ࢇ ‫>׵‬ĞŶŐƚŚŽĨŵĞĚŝĂŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϱϯ
 ൌ ȁȁ ൌ ඥሺ͵ ൅ ͳሻଶ ൅ ሺͲ െ ͵ሻଶ  ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚůŝŶĞŝƐ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵‫ ݕ‬൅ Ͷ ൌ ͲǡǁŚŝĐŚŵĞĞƚƐLJͲĂdžŝƐǁŚĞƌĞ
ସ
ൌ ξͳ͸ ൅ ͻ ൌ ͷ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳŝ͘Ğ͕͘ǁŚĞƌĞ͵‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͷ‫ ݕݎ݋‬ൌ ͘
ଷ
 
  8. The vertices of a triangle are (0, 3), (-3, 0) and (3, 0). The
;Ͳϭ͕ϯͿ
 D orthocenter of the triangle is
 (a) (0, 4) (b) (0, 3)
 (c) (3,0) (d) (-4, 0)
 Solution͗;ďͿdŚĞƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞŝƐƌŝŐŚƚĂŶŐůĞĚĂƚ;Ϭ͕ϯͿ͘,ĞŶĐĞ
 ;ϭ͕ͲϭͿ B ;ϱ͕ϭͿ ƚŚĞŽƌƚŚŽĐĞŶƚĞƌŝƐĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚ;Ϭ͕ϯͿ͘
45ι

5. The area of the quadrilateral with vertices at (4,3), (2,-1),
(-1,2), (-3,-2) is
(a) 18 (b) 30
(c) 50 (d) none of these
Solution:;ĂͿ/ĨƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶƉŽŝŶƚƐĂƌĞሺͶǡ ͵ሻǡ ሺʹǡ െͳሻǡ
ሺെͳǡ ʹሻĂŶĚሺെ͵ǡ െʹሻǡƚŚĞŶƚŚĞLJůŝĞŝŶŽƌĚĞƌ͕͕
ĂŶĚ͘,ĞŶĐĞ͕ĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞƋƵĂĚƌŝůĂƚĞƌĂůĐĂŶďĞĨŽƵŶĚďLJ
ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ
ଵ
с ሾሺ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݕ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ሻ ൅ ሾሺ‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ଷ െ ‫ݔ‬ଷ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ሻ ൅ ሾሺ‫ݔ‬ଷ ‫ݕ‬ସ െ 
ଶ
‫ݔ‬ସ ‫ݕ‬ଷ ሻ ൅ ሾሺ‫ݔ‬ସ ‫ݕ‬ଵ െ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݕ‬ସ ሻ 
сϭϴƵŶŝƚŽĨĂƌĞĂ 9. The area of the triangle whose sides are along the lines ࢞
 = 0, y = 0 and 4࢞ ൅ ૞y = 20 is
 (a) 30 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 40
௫ ௬
 ;െϭ͕ϮͿ ;ϰ͕͵Ϳ Solution:;ďͿdŚĞůŝŶĞƐĂƌĞ‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳǡ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͲĂŶĚ ൅ ൌ ͳ͘
ହ ସ
 ^Ž͕ƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞŝƐƌŝŐŚƚĂŶŐůĞĚĂŶĚƚǁŽŽĨŝƚƐƐŝĚĞƐ;ĞŶĐůŽƐŝŶŐĂ
 ƌŝŐŚƚĂŶŐůĞͿĂƌĞϱĂŶĚϰ͘,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞŝƐ
 ଵ
‫ כ‬ͷ ‫ כ‬Ͷ ൌ ͳͲ͘
 ;͵ǡ െʹሻ ;Ϯ͕െϭͿ ଶ

 ϰ ϰdžнϱLJсϮϬ



6. If a line is drawn through the origin and parallel to the

line ࢞ െ ૛࢟ ൅ ૞ ൌ ૙ǡ its equation is ϱ

(a) ࢞ -2y -5 = 0 (b) 2࢞ + y = 0

(c) ࢞ + 2y = 0 (d) ࢞ - 2y = 0
10. The circles ࢞૛ ൅  ࢟૛ ൅ ૟࢞ ൅ ૟࢟ ൌ ૙and ࢞૛ ൅  ࢟૛ െ
Solution͗;ĚͿŶLJůŝŶĞƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽŐŝǀĞŶůŝŶĞŝƐ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ݕ‬൅ ߣ ൌ
૚૛࢞ െ ૚૛࢟ ൌ ૙
Ͳ͘dŚĞƉŽŝŶƚ͘;Ϭ͕ϬͿůŝĞƐŽŶƚŚŝƐůŝŶĞŝĨͲȂ Ͳ ൅ ߣ ൌ Ͳŝ͘Ğ͕͘ŝĨ
(a) touch each other internally
ߣ ൌ Ͳ͘
(b) touch each other externally
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚůŝŶĞŝƐ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ͘
(c) intersect in two points

(d) none of these
7. A line passes through ሺ૛ǡ ૛ሻ and is perpendicular to the
Solution͗;ďͿdŚĞĐĞŶƚĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞƚǁŽĐŝƌĐůĞƐĂƌĞ
line ૜࢞ ൅ ࢟ ൌ ૜. Its y-intercept is
૝
ሺെ͵ǡ െ͵ሻĂŶĚ‫ ܥ‬ᇱ ሺ͸ǡ ͸ሻƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͘dŚĞŝƌƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞƌĂĚŝŝ
(a) െ૝ (b) ĂƌĞ‫ ݎ‬ൌ ξ͵ଶ ൅ ͵ଶ ൌ ͵ξʹ
૜
૝
(c) െ (d) None of these ĂŶĚ‫ ݎ‬ᇱ ൌ ξ͵͸ ൅ ͵͸ ൌ ξ͹ʹ ൌ ͸ξʹǤ
૜
Solution:;ďͿŶLJůŝŶĞ٣ŐŝǀĞŶůŝŶĞŝƐ‫ ݔ‬െ ͵‫ ݕ‬൅ ߣ ൌ Ͳ͘;Ϯ͕ϮͿ ,ĞƌĞ͕ȁ‫ ܥܥ‬ᇱ ȁ ൌ ඥሺ͸ ൅ ͵ሻଶ ൅ ሺ͸ ൅ ͵ሻଶ 
ůŝĞƐŽŶƚŚŝƐůŝŶĞŝĨʹ െ ͵Ǥʹ ൅ ߣ ൌ Ͳ͘/Ĩߣ ൌ Ͷ͘,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞ ൌ ͻξʹൌ ͵ξʹ ൅ ͸ξʹ͕‫ ݎ‬൅ ‫ݎ‬Ԣ
֜ŝƌĐůĞƐƚŽƵĐŚĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůůLJ



PRACTICE QUESTIONS

ϭ͘ ^ůŽƉĞŽĨĂůŝŶĞŝƐŶŽƚĚĞĨŝŶĞĚŝĨƚŚĞůŝŶĞŝƐ ϯ͘ ϭĂŶĚϮĂƌĞƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŽĨƚǁŽĐŝƌĐůĞƐǁŚŽƐĞƌĂĚŝŝĂƌĞƌϭ
;ĂͿƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽyͲĂdžŝƐ ĂŶĚƌϮƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͘dŚĞƚǁŽĐŝƌĐůĞƐĐƵƚĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶƚǁŽ
;ďͿƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽƚŚĞůŝŶĞ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ ĚŝƐƚŝŶĐƚƉŽŝŶƚƐŝĨĨ
;ĐͿƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽƚŚĞůŝŶĞ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ ;ĂͿͮϭϮͮфͮƌϮȂƌϭͮ
;ĚͿƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽzͲĂdžŝƐ ;ďͿͮϭϮͮхƌϮ൅ƌϭ
 ;ĐͿͮƌϮȂƌϭͮфͮϭϮͮфƌϮ൅ƌϭ
Ϯ͘ ^ůŽƉĞŽĨĂŶLJůŝŶĞƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽyͲĂdžŝƐŝƐ ;ĚͿͮϭϮͮхƌϮെƌϭ͘
;ĂͿϭ   ;ďͿെʹ 
;ĐͿϬ   ;ĚͿെͳ ϰ͘ ‫ ܥ‬ϭĂŶĚ‫ ܥ‬ϮĂƌĞƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞƐŽĨƚǁŽĐŝƌĐůĞƐǁŚŽƐĞƌĂĚŝŝĂƌĞ‫ݎ‬ϭ
 ĂŶĚ‫ݎ‬Ϯ͘dŚĞƚǁŽĐŝƌĐůĞƐƚŽƵĐŚĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůůLJŝĨĨ

WĂŐĞϱϰ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
 ;ĂͿͮ‫ ܥ‬ϭ‫ ܥ‬Ϯͮс‫ݎ‬ϭ൅‫ݎ‬Ϯ 
;ďͿͮ‫ ܥ‬ϭ‫ ܥ‬ϮͮсͮƌϭȂƌϮͮ ϭϮ͘ dŚĞŵŝĚƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƐŝĚĞƐŽĨĂƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞĂƌĞ
;ĐͿͮ‫ ܥ‬ϭ‫ ܥ‬ϮͮсƌϭȂƌϮ ;Ͳϰ͕ϮͿ͕;ϲ͕ͲϮͿĂŶĚ;ϳ͕ϵͿ͘dŚĞĐĞŶƚƌŽŝĚŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞŝƐ
;ĚͿͮ‫ ܥ‬ϭ‫ ܥ‬ϮͮсƌϮെƌϭ͘ ;ĂͿ;ϯ͕ͲϰͿ  ;ďͿ;Ϭ͕ϬͿ
 ;ĐͿ;ϯ͕ϯͿ   ;ĚͿĐĂŶŶŽƚďĞĨŽƵŶĚ
ϱ͘ tŚŝĐŚŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŝƐĂƉŽŝŶƚŽŶƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨ͵‫ ݔ‬െ 
ʹ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͷǫ ϭϯ͘ dŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞůŝŶĞǁŚŝĐŚƉĂƐƐĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚ
;ĂͿ;Ϭ͕ϮͿ  ;ďͿ;ϭ͕ϰͿ ሺͳǡ െʹሻĂŶĚĐƵƚƐŽĨĨĞƋƵĂůŝŶƚĞƌĐĞƉƚƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĂdžĞƐŝƐ
;ĐͿ;Ϯ͕ϬͿ  ;ĚͿ;Ϯ͕ϭͿ ;ĂͿ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͳ  ;ďͿ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ
 ;ĐͿ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ͳ ൌ Ͳ ;ĚͿ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹ ൌ Ͳ
ϲ͘ dŚĞƐůŽƉĞŽĨƚŚĞůŝŶĞƐŚŽǁŶŝŶƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶĨŝŐƵƌĞ 
ϭϰ͘ dŚĞƉŽŝŶƚƐሺെܽǡ െܾሻǡ ሺͲǡ Ͳሻǡ ሺܽǡ ܾሻĂŶĚ;ܽଶ ͕ܾܽሻĂƌĞ
;ĂͿŽůůŝŶĞĂƌ
;ďͿsĞƌƚŝĐĞƐŽĨĂƌĞĐƚĂŶŐůĞ
;ĐͿsĞƌƚŝĐĞƐŽĨĂƉĂƌĂůůĞůŽŐƌĂŵ
;ĚͿsĞƌƚŝĐĞƐŽĨĂƐƋƵĂƌĞ

ϭϱ͘ dŚĞ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ሺܽǡ ܾ ൅ ܿሻǡ ሺܾǡ ܿ ൅ ܽሻǡ ሺܿǡ ܽ ൅ ܾሻ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ
ǀĞƌƚŝĐĞƐŽĨĂ

;ĂͿϮ   ;ďͿϭ ;ĂͿZŝŐŚƚƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ  ;ďͿƋƵŝůĂƚĞƌĂůƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ
;ĐͿͲϭ   ;ĚͿ-Ϯ ;ĐͿĐƵƚĞĂŶŐůĞĚƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
 
ϳ͘ tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞƌĞĨůĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚሺͶǡ െ͵ሻŝŶƚŚĞůŝŶĞ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ϭϲ͘ dŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞǁŝƚŚǀĞƌƚŝĐĞƐĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚƐሺܽǡ ܾ ൅
ͳ͍ ܿሻǡ ሺܾǡ ܿ ൅ ܽሻǡ ሺܿǡ ܽ ൅ ܾሻŝƐ
;ĂͿሺͶǡ െͷሻ  ;ďͿሺͶǡ ͷሻ ;ĂͿϬ   ;ďͿܽ ൅ ܾ െ ܿ
;ĐͿሺെͶǡ െͷሻ  ;ĚͿሺെͶǡ ͷሻ ;ĐͿϭ   ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
 
ϴ͘ ƚǁŚĂƚƉŽŝŶƚĚŽĞƐƚŚĞůŝŶĞ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ‫ ݕ‬ൌ െͳʹŝŶƚĞƌĐĞƉƚƚŚĞ ϭϳ͘ dŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞůŝŶĞƐ
ܻ െ ܽ‫͍ݏ݅ݔ‬ ϱ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳʹ‫ ݕ‬൅ ͸ͷ ൌ ͲĂŶĚͷ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳʹ‫ ݕ‬െ ͵ͻсϬŝƐ
;ĂͿሺͲǡ͸ሻ   ;ďͿሺͲǡ െ͸ሻ ;ĂͿͲϴ   ;ďͿϴ
;ĐͿሺെͶǡͲሻ  ;ĚͿሺͶǡͲሻ ;ĐͿͲϰ   ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
 
ϵ͘ &ƌŽŵWĂůŝŶĞƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽLJͲĂdžŝƐŝƐĚƌĂǁŶĂŶĚĨƌŽŵYĂůŝŶĞ ϭϴ͘ dŚĞǀĞƌƚŝĐĞƐŽĨĂƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞĂƌĞĂƚ;Ϭ͕ϬͿ͕;ϴ͕ϬͿĂŶĚ;Ϭ͕ϭϰͿ͘
ƉĂƌĂůůĞůƚŽdžͲĂdžŝƐŝƐĚƌĂǁŶ͘ŽƚŚƚŚĞƐĞůŝŶĞƐŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚĂƚƚŚĞ dŚĞŽƌƚŚŽĐĞŶƚĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞŝƐĂƚ
ƉŽŝŶƚZ͘/ĨƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨWĂŶĚYĂƌĞ;ϯ͕ϰͿĂŶĚ;ϭ͕ͲϳͿ͕ ;ĂͿ;ϲ͕ϳͿ   ;ďͿ;ϯ͕ϱͿ
ƚŚĞŶĨŝŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨZ͘ ;ĐͿ;Ϭ͕ϬͿ   ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
;ĂͿሺ͵ǡ ͹ሻ  ;ďͿሺ͵ǡ െ͹ሻ 
;ĐͿሺͳǡ െͶሻ  ;ĚͿሺͳǡͶሻ ϭϵ͘ dŚĞůŝŶĞƐϮ‫Ͳݔ‬ϯLJсϱĂŶĚϲ‫Ͳݔ‬ϵLJʹϳсϬĂƌĞ
 ;ĂͿWĞƌƉĞŶĚŝĐƵůĂƌ
ϭϬ͘ dŚĞŐƌĂĚŝĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚůŝŶĞ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͷŝƐ ;ďͿWĂƌĂůůĞů
ଷ ସ ;ĐͿ/ŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŶŐďƵƚŶŽƚƉĞƌƉĞŶĚŝĐƵůĂƌ
;ĂͿ    ;ďͿെ 
ସ ଷ ;ĚͿŽŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚ
ସ ଷ
;ĐͿ    ;ĚͿെ  
ଷ ସ
 ϮϬ͘ dŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞůŝŶĞƐͶ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͳͳĂŶĚϴ‫ݔ‬н
ϭϭ͘ dŚĞ ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ ƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ ǁŝƚŚ ǀĞƌƚŝĐĞƐሺͷ‫ݔ‬ǡ ʹ‫ݔ‬ሻǡ ሺ͹‫ݔ‬ǡ ͲሻĂŶĚ ϲLJсϭϱŝƐ
଺
ሺͷ‫ݔ‬ǡ ͲሻŝƐ͹ʹ‫͘ݏݐ݅݊ݑݍݏ‬/Ĩ‫ݔ‬ŝƐĂƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞŝŶƚĞŐĞƌ͕ǁŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞ ;ĂͿ    ;ďͿϯ
଻
ǀĂůƵĞŽĨ‫͍ݔ‬ ଻
;ĐͿ    ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
;ĂͿϲ   ;ďͿϯ ଵ଴

;ĐͿϵ   ;ĚͿϭϮ


NOTE: For Practice Questions Refer to Online Study Portal



END OF CHAPTER


YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϱϱ
 10


Chapter
STATISTICS


1. STATISTICS:^ƚĂƚŝƐƚŝĐƐŝƐƚŚĞ ƐĐŝĞŶĐĞŽĨŵĂŬŝŶŐĞĨĨĞĐƚŝǀĞƵƐĞŽĨŶƵŵĞƌŝĐĂů ĚĂƚĂƌĞůĂƚŝŶŐƚŽŐƌŽƵƉƐŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐŽƌ

 ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐ͘/ƚĚĞĂůƐǁŝƚŚĂůůĂƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨƚŚŝƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŶŽƚŽŶůLJƚŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƚŝŽŶ͕ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƐƵĐŚĚĂƚĂ͕
ďƵƚĂůƐŽƚŚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨĚĂƚĂ͕ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶŽĨƐƵƌǀĞLJƐĂŶĚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐ͘

1.1 SERIES ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ܽ ൅ ቀ෍ ݀ቁ Ȁ݊

(A) INDIVIDUAL SERIES
ǁŚĞƌĞ‫ ݔ‬ൌĂƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐŵĞĂŶ͕ĂсĂƐƐƵŵĞĚŵĞĂŶĂŶĚĚс
dŚĞƐĞƌŝĞƐĚĞĂůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůǀĂƌŝĂďůĞŝƐĐĂůůĞĚ ĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ;džʹĂͿ͘
ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐĞƌŝĞƐ
For discrete & continuous series
(B) DISCRETE SERIES
ஊ௙௫
ܺത ൌ ǁŚĞƌĞ͕&сĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ
ஊ௙
dŚĞƐĞƌŝĞƐĚĞĂůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĚŝƐĐƌĞƚĞǀĂƌŝĂďůĞŝƐĐĂůůĞĚ
ĚŝƐĐƌĞƚĞƐĞƌŝĞƐ͘dŚĞĚŝƐĐƌĞƚĞǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƌĞĨĞƌƐƚŽƚŚĂƚ dž;ǀĂůƵĞͿ ;&ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJͿ͚Ĩ͛ ȭˆš
ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƚŝĐƐǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶŶŽƚďĞĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚŝŶĨƌĂĐƚŝŽŶƐŽƌ ϭ ϯ ͳ ‫ ͵ כ‬ൌ ͵
ŝƚŝƐĂĨƌĂĐƚŝŽŶůĞƐƐǀĂƌŝĂďůĞ͘&ŽƌĞ͘Ő͕͘ƚŚĞƌĞĐĂŶŶŽƚďĞϮ͘ϱ Ϯ ϰ ʹ ‫ כ‬Ͷ ൌ ͺ
ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͘
ϯ ϱ ͵ ‫ כ‬ͷ ൌ ͳͷ
^ƚĞƉ/͗ȭˆ ൌ ͳʹ;ϯнϰнϱͿ
(C) CONTINUOUS SERIES ^ƚĞƉ//͗ȭˆš ൌ ͳ ‫ ͵ כ‬൅ ʹ ‫ כ‬Ͷ ൅ ͵ ‫ כ‬ͷ ൌ ͵ ൅ ͺ ൅ ͳͷ
ൌ ʹ͸
dŚĞƐĞƌŝĞƐĚĞĂůŝŶŐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŽŶƚŝŶƵŽƵƐǀĂƌŝĂďůĞŝƐĐĂůůĞĚ ஊ୤୶ ଶ଺
ĐŽŶƚŝŶƵŽƵƐƐĞƌŝĞƐ͘dŚĞĐŽŶƚŝŶƵŽƵƐǀĂƌŝĂďůĞŝƐŽŶĞǁŚŝĐŚ ^ƚĞƉ///͗ ൌ ൌ ʹǤͳ͸͹
ஊ୤ ଵଶ
ĐĂŶĂƐƐƵŵĞĂŶLJĐŽŶĐĞŝǀĂďůĞĨƌĂĐƚŝŽŶĂůǀĂůƵĞǁŝƚŚŝŶĂ ‫ܺ׵‬ത ൌ ʹǤͳ͸͹
ƌĂŶŐĞ͘&ŽƌĞ͘Ő͘ŝŶĐŽŵĞǁĞŝŐŚƚ͕ƉƌŽĨŝƚ͕ĞƚĐ͘
Example A:
1.2 ARITHMETIC MEAN dŚĞŵĂƌŬƐŽĨƐĞǀĞŶƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŝŶĂŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƚŝĐƐƚĞƐƚǁŝƚŚĂ
ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐĐŽƌĞŽĨϮϬĂƌĞŐŝǀĞŶďĞůŽǁ͗

For individual series
ϭϱϭϯ ϭϴϭϲϭϰϭϳϭϮ
௦௨௠௢௙௜௧௘௠௦
‫ܣ‬Ǥ ‫ܯ‬Ǥ ൌ  &ŝŶĚƚŚĞŵĞĂŶŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞƚŽĨĚĂƚĂǀĂůƵĞƐ͘
௡௨௠௕௘௥௢௙௜௧௘௠௦

ୗ୳୫୭୤ୟ୪୪ୢୟ୲ୟ୴ୟ୪୳ୣୱ
/ĨǁĞĚĞŶŽƚĞĂƐĞƚŽĨĚĂƚĂyсሼ‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ǥ ‫ݔ‬௡ ሽ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞ Solution: ‡ƒ ൌ ൌ
୒୳୫ୠୣ୰୭୤ୢୟ୲ୟ୴ୟ୪୳ୣୱ
ĂƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐŵĞĂŶŝƐƚLJƉŝĐĂůůLJĚĞŶŽƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂ ଵହାଵଷାଵ଼ାଵ଺ାଵସାଵ଻ାଵଶ ଵ଴ହ
ൌ ൌ ͳͷ
 ଻ ଻
ŚŽƌŝnjŽŶƚĂůďĂƌŽǀĞƌƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂďůĞሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ሻǁŚĞƌĞ ^Ž͕ƚŚĞŵĞĂŶƐĐŽƌĞŝƐϭϱ͘
௡
ͳ ͳ
‫ݔ‬ൌ ෍ ‫ݔ‬௜ ൌ ሺ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൅  ǥ ൅ ‫ݔ‬௡ ሻ 1.3 MEDIAN
݊ ݊
௜ୀଵ
dŚĞŵĞĚŝĂŶŽĨĂƐĞƚŽĨĚĂƚĂǀĂůƵĞƐŝƐƚŚĞŵŝĚĚůĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ
,ĞƌĞσ ‫ݔ‬௜ ൌ ݊‫ݔ‬ǡǁŚĞƌĞŶŝƐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶƐ͘ ƚŚĞ ĚĂƚĂ ƐĞƚ ǁŚĞŶ ŝƚ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĂƌƌĂŶŐĞĚ ŝŶ ĂƐĐĞŶĚŝŶŐ
 ŽƌĚĞƌ͘/͘Ğ͘ŝƐ͕ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŵĂůůĞƐƚǀĂůƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚǀĂůƵĞ
ஊ௫ For individual series & discrete series.
ቀ‫ݔ‬ҧ ൌ Ǥ ቁtŚĞƌĞ͕ŶсŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶ͘
௡

௡ାଵ 
Short-cut method: ݉݁݀݅ܽ݊ ൌ –Š‡–‡”™‹–Š ቀ ቁ ƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶ
ଶ

WĂŐĞϱϲ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ

ுି௅
For continues series ŽĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚŽĨZĂŶŐĞс ‫ͲͲͳ כ‬
ுା௅
௡ ǁŚĞƌĞ,с,ŝŐŚĞƐƚǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞĚĂƚĂ
ŵĞĚŝĂŶсƚŚĞƚĞƌŵǁŝƚŚቀ ቁƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶ >с>ŽǁĞƐƚǀĂůƵĞŽĨĚĂƚĂ
ଶ

೙
ି஼Ǥ௙
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ ݉݁݀݅ܽ݊ ൌ ݈ଵ ൅ మ
‫݅͘ כ‬ 1.7 STANDARD DEVIATION
௙

For individual series

tŚĞƌĞ

݈ଵ  ൌ>ŽǁĞƌĐůĂƐƐůŝŵŝƚ
ஊሺ௑ି௑ത ሻమ
‫ܥ‬Ǥ ݂Ǥ ൌƵŵƵůĂƚŝǀĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ ߪൌට 
௡
݂ ൌ&ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ
݅ ൌůĂƐƐůĞŶŐƚŚ &ŽƌĚŝƐĐƌĞƚĞΘĐŽŶƚŝŶƵĞƐƐĞƌŝĞƐ

Example B:
ஊ௙ሺ௑ି௑ത ሻమ
dŚĞŵĂƌŬƐŽĨŶŝŶĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐŝŶĂŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚLJƚĞƐƚƚŚĂƚŚĂĚĂ ߪൌට 
ஊி
ŵĂdžŝŵƵŵƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐĐŽƌĞŽĨϱϬĂƌĞŐŝǀĞŶďĞůŽǁ͗
ϰϳϯϱϯϳϯϮϯϴϯϵϯϲϯϰϯϱ͘&ŝŶĚƚŚĞŵĞĚŝĂŶ ߪ ଶ ൌsĂƌŝĂŶĐĞ
ŽĨƚŚŝƐƐĞƚŽĨĚĂƚĂǀĂůƵĞƐ͘ ߪ ൌ ξ‫݁ܿ݊ܽ݅ݎܽݒ‬
Solution:
ఙ
ƌƌĂŶŐĞƚŚĞĚĂƚĂǀĂůƵĞƐŝŶĂƐĐĞŶĚŝŶŐŽƌĚĞƌ͗ ŽĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚŽĨsĂƌŝĂƚŝŽŶ ത ‫͕ͲͲͳ כ‬ǁŚĞƌĞܺത ് Ͳ
௑
ϯϮϯϰϯϱϯϱϯϲϯϳϯϴϯϵϰϳ
ଽାଵ ܺത ൌƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐŵĞĂŶ
dŚĞŵŝĚĚůĞǀĂůƵĞŝƐ ൌ ͷ௧௛ ĚĂƚĂǀĂůƵĞ͕ϯϲ͕ŝƐƚŚĞŵŝĚĚůĞ ߪ ൌ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ
ଶ
ǀĂůƵĞŝŶƚŚŝƐĂƌƌĂŶŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ 
‫ ƒ‹†‡ ׵‬ൌ ͵͸ More Solved Examples
Alternative
1. The range of the following set of observations 2, 3, 5, 9,

8, 7, 6, 5, 7, 4, 3 is
dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨǀĂůƵĞ͕݊ǡŝŶƚŚĞĚĂƚĂƐĞƚсϵ
ଵ Solution: ZĂŶŐĞс,ŝŐŚĞƐƚŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶʹůŽǁĞƐƚ
DĞĚŝĂŶൌ ሺͻ ൅ ͳሻ–Š˜ƒŽ—‡ ൌ ͷ–Š˜ƒŽ—‡ ൌ ૜૟
ଶ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶ
1.4 MODE сϵʹϮсϳ͘

For individual series
2. If mean of 3, 4, ࢞, 7, 10 is 6, then what is the value of ࢞?
DŽĚĞŝƐĚĞĨŝŶĞĚĂƐƚŚĂƚǀĂůƵĞŝŶĂƐĞƌŝĞƐǁŚŝĐŚŽĐĐƵƌƐ ଷାସା୶ା଻ାଵ଴
Solution: ൌ ͸ ֜ ʹͶ ൅ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͵Ͳ ֜ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ͸
ŵŽƐƚĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJ͘/ŶĂĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶŵŽĚĞŝƐƚŚĂƚ ହ
ǀĂƌŝĞƚLJǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐƚŚĞŵĂdžŝŵƵŵĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ͘
3. The mean of a set of numbers is ࢞. If each number is
For continues series increased by ࣅǡ find the mean of the new set
௙ ି௙ ;ĂͿ‫ݔ‬   ;ďͿ‫ ݔ‬൅ ߣ
݉‫ ݁݀݋‬ൌ ݈ଵ ൅ భ బ ൈ ݅
ଶ௙భ ି௙బ ି௙మ ;ĐͿߣ‫ ݔ‬  ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
Solution: (b)
݈ଵ ൌ>ŽǁĞƌĐůĂƐƐůŝŵŝƚ
tŚĞŶĞĂĐŚŝƚĞŵŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚďLJߣǡƚŚĞŵĞĂŶŝƐĂůƐŽ
݂଴ ൌƉƌĞĐĞĚŝŶŐĐůĂƐƐĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ
ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚďLJߣ
݂ଵ ൌĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ 
݂ଶ ൌ^ƵĐĐĞĞĚŝŶŐĐůĂƐƐĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ
4. Mean of ࢔ observations ࢞૚ ǡ ࢞૛ ǡ ࢞૜ ǡ ǥ Ǥ ǡ ࢞࢔ is ࢞. If an
݅ ൌĐůĂƐƐůĞŶŐƚŚ observation ࢞࢖ is replaced by ࢞࢖ Ԣ , then what is the new
mean?
1.5 SYMMETRICAL DISTRIBUTION: Solution: ^ŝŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞŵĞĂŶс‫͕ݔ‬ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ƐƵŵŽĨĂůůƚŚĞ݊
ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶƐс݊‫͕ݔ‬tŚĞŶ‫ݔ‬௣ ŝƐƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚďLJ‫ݔ‬௣ Ԣ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞ
ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŵĞĂŶ͕ŵĞĚŝĂŶĂŶĚŵŽĚĞĐŽŝŶĐŝĚĞ ŶĞǁƐƵŵൌ ݊‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݔ‬௣ ൅ ‫ݔ‬௣ 
ŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂůĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶ͘ ௡௫ି௫೛ ା௫೛
^Ž͕ŶĞǁŵĞĂŶൌ
௡
/ĨƚŚĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶŝƐŵŽĚĞƌĂƚĞůLJĂƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂů͕ƚŚĞŶŵĞĂŶ͕ 
૝૟࢔
ŵĞĚŝĂŶĂŶĚŵŽĚĞĂƌĞĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂ͘ 5. If the mean of ࢔ observations૚૛ ǡ ૛૛ ǡ ૜૛ ǡ.....࢔૛ is ,
૚૚
then find࢔
DŽĚĞсϯDĞĚŝĂŶʹϮDĞĂŶ σ ௡మ
 Solution: DĞĂŶŽĨͳଶ ǡ ʹଶ ǡ ͵ଶ ͕͙͕݊ଶ ŝƐ 
௡
 ,ĞůƉĨƵůŵĞŵŽƌŝnjŝŶŐƚŽŽů ʹ݊ଶ ൅ ͵݊ ൅ ͳ Ͷ͸݊
 ֜ ൌ 
DĞĚŝĂŶ֜^ŽƵŶĚƐůŝŬĞDŝĚĚůĞsĂůƵĞ ͸ ͳͳ
֜ ʹʹ݊ଶ ൅ ͵͵݊ ൅ ͳͳ ൌ ʹ͹͸݊
 DŽĚĞ֜DŽƐƚKĐĐƵƌŝŶŐ ֜ ʹʹ݊ଶ െ ʹͶ͵݊ ൅ ͳͳ ൌ Ͳ
 ֜ ʹʹ݊ሺ݊ െ ͳͳሻ െ ሺ݊ െ ͳͳሻ ൌ Ͳ
1.6 RANGE ֜ ሺ݊ െ ͳͳሻሺʹʹ݊ െ ͳሻ ൌ Ͳ
 ֜ ݊ ൌ ͳͳǡĂƐ݊ĐĂŶŶŽƚďĞĂĨƌĂĐƚŝŽŶ
Zс,ŝŐŚĞƐƚǀĂůƵĞŽĨĚĂƚĂʹ>ŽǁĞƐƚǀĂůƵĞŽĨĚĂƚĂ

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϱϳ
 
AlternativelyŽŶĐĞĂƌĞůĂƚŝŽŶŝƐĨƌĂŵĞĚĐŚĞĐŬƵƐŝŶŐ 8. The standard deviation of 25 numbers is 40. If each of
ĐŚŽŝĐĞƐ the numbers is increased by 5, then what will be the new
 standard deviation?
6. The mean weight of a group of 10 items is 28 and that of Solution: /ĨĞĂĐŚŝƚĞŵŽĨĂĚĂƚĂŝƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ;ŽƌĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĚͿ
another group of ࢔ items is 35. The mean of combined ďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƋƵĂŶƚŝƚLJ͕ƚŚĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ;ĂŶĚƚŚĞ
group of ૚૙ ൅ ࢔ items is found to be 30. Find the value ǀĂƌŝĂŶĐĞͿŝƐŶŽƚĐŚĂŶŐĞĚ͘
of ࢔ 
ଵ଴‫כ‬ଶ଼ାଷହ‫כ‬௡ 9. An automobile driver travels from plain to a hill station
Solution: ŽŵďŝŶĞĚŵĞĂŶൌ 
ଵ଴ା௡
120 km distant at an average speed of 30 km per hour.
ʹͺͲ ൅ ͵ͷ݊
֜ ͵Ͳ ൌ  He then makes the return trip at an average speed of 25
ͳͲ ൅ ݊ km per hour. He covers another 120 km distance on plain
֜ ͵ͲͲ ൅ ͵Ͳ݊ ൌ ʹͺͲ ൅ ͵ͷ݊ at an average speed of 50 km per hour. What is his
֜ ͷ݊ ൌ ʹͲ ֜ ݊ ൌ ͶǤ average speed over the entire distance of 360 km?
 Solution: ǀĞƌĂŐĞƐƉĞĞĚ
7. In a group of students, mean weight of boys is 80 kg and ଵଶ଴ାଵଶ଴ାଵଶ଴ ଷ
ൌ భమబ భమబ భమబ ൌ భ భ భ 
mean weight of girls is 50 kg. if the mean weight of all ା ା ା ା
యబ మఱ ఱబ యబ మఱ ఱబ
the students taken together is 60 kg, then find the ratio 
of the number of boys to that of girls 10. Ram spends equal amounts on purchasing three kinds of
Solution: >ĞƚƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨďŽLJƐďĞ݊ଵ ĂŶĚƚŚĂƚŽĨŐŝƌůƐďĞ pens being sold at Rs. 5, Rs. 10 and Rs. 15 per piece.
݊ଶ ͕ƚŚĞŶ What is the average cost of each pen?
ͺͲ݊ଵ ൅ ͷͲ݊ଶ Solution: ZĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŵĞĂŶсƚŚĞŚĂƌŵŽŶŝĐŵĞĂŶŽĨϱ͕ϭϬ
͸Ͳ ൌ  ĂŶĚϭϱ
݊ଵ ൅  ݊ଶ
ଷ ଷൈଷ଴ ଽ଴
֜ ͸Ͳ݊ଵ ൅ ͸Ͳ݊ଶ ൌ ͺͲ݊ଵ ൅ ͷͲ݊ଶ  ൌభ భ భ ൌ ൌ 
ା ା ଺ାଷାଶ ଵଵ
ఱ భబ భఱ
֜ ͳͲ݊ଶ ൌ ʹͲ݊ଵ ֜ ݊ଵ ‫݊  ׷‬ଶ ‫ʹ ׷ ͳ ׸‬




PRACTICE QUESTIONS

ϭ͘ /ĨƚŚĞŵĞĂŶŽĨ͵ǡ Ͷǡ ‫ݔ‬ǡ ͹ǡ ͳͲŝƐ͸͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ‫ݔ‬ŝƐ ;ĂͿϭ   ;ďͿϮ
;ĂͿͶ   ;ďͿͷ ;ĐͿϭͬϮ   ;ĚͿϯͬϮ
;ĐͿ͸   ;ĚͿ͹ 
 ϴ͘ tŚŝĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ Ă ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞ ŽĨ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů
Ϯ͘ ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐ ƚĞŶĚĞŶĐLJ
sĂůƵĞ ϭ Ϯ ϯ ϰ 
&ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐLJ ϱ ϰ ϲ ݂ ;ĂͿDĞĂŶ  ;ďͿDĞĚŝĂŶ
/ĨƚŚĞŵĞĂŶŝƐŬŶŽǁŶƚŽďĞϯ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨĨŝƐ ;ĐͿDŽĚĞ  ;ĚͿZĂŶŐĞ
;ĂͿϯ   ;ďͿϳ 
;ĐͿϭϬ   ;ĚͿϭϰ ϵ͘ dŚĞŵŽƐƚƐƚĂďůĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨĐĞŶƚƌĂůƚĞŶĚĞŶĐLJŝƐ
 ;ĂͿDĞĂŶ  ;ďͿDĞĚŝĂŶ
ϯ͘ dŚĞ'͘D͘ŽĨƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐϯ x ͵ଶ x ͵ଷǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ x ͵ ௡ŝƐ ;ĐͿDŽĚĞ  ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
మ ౤షభ

;ĂͿ͵೙    ;ďͿ͵ మ 
೙ ౤శభ ϭϬ͘ dŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨĚŝƐƉĞƌƐŝŽŶŝƐ
;ĐͿ͵  
మ  ;ĚͿ͵  మ
;ĂͿDĞĂŶĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ ;ďͿ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ͘
 ;ĐͿYƵĂƌƚŝůĞĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ ;ĚͿůůŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
ϰ͘ tŚŝĐŚŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞƐŽĨŵĂƌŬƐŝƐƚŚĞŵŽƐƚ 
ƐƵŝƚĂďůĞŽŶĞŽĨĐĞŶƚƌĂůůŽĐĂƚŝŽŶĨŽƌĐŽŵƉƵƚŝŶŐŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞ ϭϭ͘ dŚĞ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ͘ŽĨͷƐĐŽƌĞƐͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ǡ Ͷǡ ͷŝƐ
ŽĨƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐ͍ ଶ ଷ
;ĂͿ    ;ďͿ 
;ĂͿDŽĚĞ  ;ďͿƌŝƚŚŵĞƚŝĐŵĞĂŶ ହ ହ

;ĐͿ'ĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐŵĞĂŶ ;ĚͿDĞĚŝĂŶ ;ĐͿξʹ   ;ĚͿξ͵

 
ϱ͘ dŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶƐŝƐĐĂůůĞĚ ϭϮ͘ dŚĞŵĞĂŶĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŵĞĚŝĂŶŝƐ
;ĂͿDĞĂŶ  ;ďͿDĞĚŝĂŶ ;ĂͿ'ƌĞĂƚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĂƚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚĨƌŽŵĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌǀĂůƵĞ
;ĐͿDŽĚĞ  ;ĚͿ'͘D͘ ;ďͿ>ĞƐƐƚŚĂŶƚŚĂƚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚĨƌŽŵĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌǀĂůƵĞ
 ;ĐͿƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĂƚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚĨƌŽŵĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌǀĂůƵĞ
ϲ͘ tŚŝĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ͕ ŝŶ ĐĂƐĞ ŽĨ Ă ĚŝƐĐƌĞƚĞ ĚĂƚĂ͕ ŝƐ ŶŽƚ ;ĚͿDĂdžŝŵƵŵŝĨĂůůŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶƐĂƌĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ
ĞƋƵĂůƚŽƚŚĞŵĞĚŝĂŶ 
;ĂͿͷͲ௧௛ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŝůĞ ;ďͿͷ௧௛ ĚĞĐŝůĞ ϭϯ͘ dŚĞǀĂƌŝĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞĚĂƚĂʹǡ Ͷǡ ͸ǡ ͺǡ ͳͲŝƐ
;ĐͿʹ௡ௗ ƋƵĂƌƚŝůĞ  ;ĚͿ>ŽǁĞƌƋƵĂƌƚŝůĞ ;ĂͿϲ   ;ďͿϳ
 ;ĐͿϴ   ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
ϳ͘ /Ĩ݉݁ܽ݊ ൌ ݇ሺ͵݉݁݀݅ܽ݊ െ ݉‫݁݀݋‬ሻ͕ ƚŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ǀĂůƵĞ ŽĨ݇ 
ŝƐ ϭϰ͘ dŚĞŵĞĂŶĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌƐϯ͕ϰ͕ϱ͕ϲ͕ϳŝƐ

WĂŐĞϱϴ YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ
 ;ĂͿϬ ;ďͿϭ͘Ϯ
;ĐͿϱ ;ĚͿϮϱ ϭϳ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞĐŝƉƌŽĐĂů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĞĂŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĐŝƉƌŽĐĂůƐ ŽĨ Ŷ
ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶƐŝƐƚŚĞŝƌ
ϭϱ͘  ƉŝĞ ĐŚĂƌƚ ŝƐ ƚŽ ďĞĚƌĂǁŶ ĨŽƌƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶŐƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ;ĂͿ‫ܣ‬Ǥ ‫͘ܯ‬  ;ďͿ‫ܩ‬Ǥ ‫ܯ‬Ǥ
ĚĂƚĂ ;ĐͿ‫ܪ‬Ǥ ‫͘ܯ‬  ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
/ƚĞŵƐŽĨ EƵŵďĞƌŽĨ
džƉĞŶĚŝƚƵƌĞ &ĂŵŝůŝĞƐ ϭϴ͘ dŚĞŚĂƌŵŽŶŝĐŵĞĂŶŽĨ͵ǡ ͹ǡ ͺǡ ͳͲǡ ͳͶŝƐ
ଷା଻ା଼ାଵ଴ାଵସ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
ĚƵĐĂƚŝŽŶ ϭϱϬ ;ĂͿ   ;ďͿ ൅ ൅ ൅ ൅ 
ହ ଷ ଻ ଼ ଵ଴ ଵସ
&ŽŽĚĂŶĚůŽƚŚŝŶŐ ϰϬϬ భ భ భ భ భ
ା ା ା ା ହ
,ŽƵƐĞZĞŶƚ ϰϬ య ళ ఴ భబ భర
;ĐͿ ;ĚͿభ భ భ భ భ
ůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJ ϮϱϬ ସ ା ା ା ା
య ళ ఴ భబ భర
DŝƐĐĞůůĂŶĞŽƵƐ ϭϲϬ
ϭϵ͘ /ĨƚŚĞĂůŐĞďƌĂŝĐƐƵŵŽĨĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨϮϬŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶƐĨƌŽŵ
dŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůĂŶŐůĞĨŽƌĨŽŽĚĂŶĚĐůŽƚŚŝŶŐǁŽƵůĚ ϯϬŝƐϮϬ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞŵĞĂŶŽĨŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶƐŝƐ
ďĞ ;ĂͿϯϬ ;ďͿϯϬ͘ϭ
;ĂͿͻͲι ;ďͿʹǤͺι ;ĐͿϮϵ ;ĚͿϯϭ
;ĐͿͳͷͲι ;ĚͿͳͶͶι
ϮϬ͘ /Ĩ YƵĂƌƚŝůĞ͘ĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ͘ ŝƐͳ͸͕ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ůŝŬĞůLJ ǀĂůƵĞ ŽĨܵǤ ‫͘ܦ‬
ϭϲ͘ dŚĞǀĂƌŝĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞĨŝƌƐƚŶŶĂƚƵƌĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƐŝƐ ǁŝůůďĞ
௡మ ିଵ ௡మ ିଵ ;ĂͿϮϰ   ;ďͿϰϮ
;ĂͿ ;ďͿ
ଵଶ ଺ ;ĐͿϭϬ   ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
௡మ ାଵ ௡మ ାଵ
;ĐͿ ;ĚͿ
଺ ଵଶ

NOTE: For Practice Questions Refer to Online Study Portal

END OF CHAPTER

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ WĂŐĞϱϵ
 EduMENTOR Educational Services Pvt. Ltd.

Chapter 11
GRAPHS

1. Graphs :-ƐĞƌŝĞƐŽĨƉŽŝŶƚƐ͕ĚŝƐĐƌĞƚĞŽƌĐŽŶƚŝŶƵŽƵƐ͕ĂƐŝŶĨŽƌŵŝŶŐĂĐƵƌǀĞŽƌƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͕ĞĂĐŚŽĨǁŚŝĐŚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂǀĂůƵĞ
ŽĨĂŐŝǀĞŶĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͘

1. WHAT IS A FUNCTION?
1.1. DEFINITION
ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݂ĨƌŽŵĂƐĞƚŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐܺƚŽĂƐĞƚŽĨĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐ
ܻŝƐĂƌƵůĞƚŚĂƚĂƐƐŝŐŶƐƚŽĞĂĐŚĞůĞŵĞŶƚ‫ݔ‬ŝŶܺĞdžĂĐƚůLJŽŶĞ
ĞůĞŵĞŶƚ‫ݕ‬ŝŶܻ

1.2. THE VERTICAL LINE TEST

dŚĞsĞƌƚŝĐĂů>ŝŶĞdĞƐƚƐƚĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚŝĨŝƚŝƐŶŽƚƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƚŽĚƌĂǁ
ĂǀĞƌƚŝĐĂůůŝŶĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂŐƌĂƉŚƐŽƚŚĂƚŝƚĐƵƚƐƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŝŶ
ŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞƉŽŝŶƚ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŝƐĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͘ 

1.3. MORE ABOUT FUNCTIONS
¾ Modifying functions by shifting
i. Vertical shift 
tĞĐĂŶĚƌĂǁƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ  ൅ ݇ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚ
ŽĨ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻĂƐƚŚĞĂĚĚŝƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ݇ƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐĂ
ǀĞƌƚŝĐĂůƐŚŝĨƚ͘dŚĂƚŝƐ͕ĂĚĚŝŶŐĂĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƚŽĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶŵŽǀĞƐ
 ƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚƵƉ݇ƵŶŝƚƐŝĨ݇ ൐ ͲŽƌĚŽǁŶ݇ƵŶŝƚƐŝĨ݇ ൏ Ͳ͘

A. DOMAIN OF A FUNCTION
&ŽƌĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݂ ‫ ܺ ׷‬՜ ܻƚŚĞĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨĨŝƐƚŚĞƐĞƚܺ͘

B. RANGE OF A FUNCTION
&ŽƌĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ ݂ ‫ ܺ ׷‬՜ ܻƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨ݂ŝƐƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨ‫Ͳݕ‬
ǀĂůƵĞƐƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻĨŽƌƐŽŵĞ‫ݔ‬ŝŶܺ͘^ƉĞĐŝĨLJŝŶŐŽƌ
ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚŝŶŐƚŚĞĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶtĞƐŽŵĞƚŝŵĞƐŐŝǀĞƚŚĞ
ƌƵůĞ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻĂůŽŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĚŽŵĂŝŶ ŽĨ ĚĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶ͘ dŚŝƐ 
ĚŽŵĂŝŶ ŵĂLJ ŶŽƚ ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůLJ ďĞ ƚŚĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů ĚŽŵĂŝŶ͘ &Žƌ 
ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŝĨǁĞŚĂǀĞƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ĨŽƌͲ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ʹ ii. Horizontal shift
ƚŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĚŽŵĂŝŶ ŝƐ ŐŝǀĞŶ ĂƐ Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ʹ͘ dŚĞ ŶĂƚƵƌĂů tĞĐĂŶĚƌĂǁƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻŝĨǁĞŬŶŽǁƚŚĞ
ĚŽŵĂŝŶ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƐƵďŝŶƚĞƌǀĂů Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ŐƌĂƉŚ ŽĨ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ĂƐ ƉůĂĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ ܽ ŝŶƐŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ
ʹ͘ ŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ ŝƐ Ăůů ƌĞĂů ‫ݕ‬ ďƌĂĐŬĞƚƐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐĂŚŽƌŝnjŽŶƚĂůƐŚŝĨƚ͘/ĨǁĞƌĞƉůĂĐĞ‫ݔ‬ďLJ‫ ݔ‬െ
ǁŚĞƌĞ Ͳ ൑ ‫ ݕ‬൑ Ͷ͘ tĞ ĐĂŶ ďĞƐƚ ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞ ƚŚŝƐ ďLJ ܽŝŶƐŝĚĞƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƚŚĞŶƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚǁŝůůƐŚŝĨƚƚŽƚŚĞůĞĨƚďLJ
ƐŬĞƚĐŚŝŶŐƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚ͘ ĂƵŶŝƚƐŝĨܽ ൏ ͲĂŶĚƚŽƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚďLJܽƵŶŝƚƐŝĨܽ ൐ Ͳ

WĂŐĞϲ0 YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗Advance
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¾ Modifying functions by stretching 2. GRAPHS OF REAL FUNCTIONS:
tĞĐĂŶƐŬĞƚĐŚƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ܾ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻሺܾ ൐ i. Constant function:- ;ŝͿ› ൌ ˆሺšሻ ൌ ǡ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽšԖ‫܀‬
ͲሻŝĨǁĞŬŶŽǁƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻĂƐŵƵůƚŝƉůLJŝŶŐďLJƚŚĞ tŚĞƌĞܿŝƐĂĨŝdžĞĚŶƵŵďĞƌĐĂůůĞĚĂĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ
ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ ܾǁŝůůŚĂǀĞƚŚĞ ĞĨĨĞĐƚ ŽĨƐƚƌĞƚĐŚŝŶŐƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŝŶ
ƚŚĞ‫ݕ‬ĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶďLJĂĨĂĐƚŽƌŽĨܾ͘dŚĂƚŝƐ͕ŵƵůƚŝƉůLJŝŶŐ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻďLJ
ܾ ǁŝůů ĐŚĂŶŐĞ Ăůů ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ‫Ͳݕ‬ǀĂůƵĞƐ ƉƌŽƉŽƌƚŝŽŶĂůůLJ͘ &Žƌ
ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ǁĞĐĂŶƐŬĞƚĐŚ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ĨƌŽŵŽƵƌŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŽĨ
‫ ݕ‬ൌ  ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ͗



š ൌ ˆሺ‫ݕ‬ሻ ൌ ǡ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›Ԗ‫ ܀‬


¾ Even and odd functions
Definition:-  ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͕ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ͕ ŝƐ ĞǀĞŶ ŝĨ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ  ൌ
݂ሺെ‫ݔ‬ሻĨŽƌĂůů‫ݔ‬ŝŶƚŚĞĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨ݂͘'ĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĂůůLJ͕ĂŶĞǀĞŶ
ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ ŝƐ ƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂů ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ‫ ݕ‬െ ܽ‫; ݏ݅ݔ‬ŝƚ ŚĂƐ ůŝŶĞ
ƐLJŵŵĞƚƌLJͿ͘dŚĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ  ൌ  ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ŝƐĂŶĞǀĞŶĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶĂƐ
݂ሺെ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ሺെ‫ݔ‬ሻଶ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ĨŽƌ Ăůů ǀĂůƵĞƐ ŽĨ ‫ ͘ݔ‬tĞ
ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞƚŚŝƐŽŶƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŐƌĂƉŚ͘

ii. Identity function: ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬


The graph of ࢟ ൌ  ࢞૛

Definition:-  ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͕ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ͕ ŝƐ ŽĚĚ ŝĨ ݂ሺെ‫ݔ‬ሻ  ൌ

െ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻĨŽƌĂůů‫ݔ‬ŝŶƚŚĞĚŽŵĂŝŶŽĨĨ͘'ĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐĂůůLJ͕ĂŶŽĚĚ
ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶŝƐƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂůĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶ;ŝƚŚĂƐƌŽƚĂƚŝŽŶĂů

ƐLJŵŵĞƚƌLJͿ͘dŚĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ  ൌ ‫ݔ‬ŝƐĂŶŽĚĚĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶĂƐ /ƚŝƐĂƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚůŝŶĞƉĂƐƐŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƌŝŐŝŶ^ůŽƉĞсϭ
݂ሺെ‫ݔ‬ሻ  ൌ  െ‫ ݔ‬ൌ  െ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ĨŽƌ Ăůů ǀĂůƵĞƐ ŽĨ ‫ ͘ݔ‬dŚŝƐ ŝƐ 
ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŐƌĂƉŚ iii. Linear function: ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ܽ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܾǡǁŚĞƌĞܽĂŶĚܾĂƌĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƐ
ܽ ൏ Ͳ

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ܽ ൐ Ͳ 
ȁ௫ȁ ௫
‫ ݎ݋‬ȁ௫ȁ ݂݅‫Ͳ ് ݔ‬
vii. Signum function: ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ൝ ௫ ൡ
Ͳ ݂݅‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ


ଶ
iv. Quadratic function: ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ܽ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͕ܿܽ ൏ Ͳ



viii.Greatest Integer function: ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ሾ‫ݔ‬ሿ ൌ ݊ŝĨ݊ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ݊ ൅ ͳ͕
ǁŚĞƌĞ݊߳ࡵ


ܽ ൐ Ͳ



ix. Exponential function͗Ͳ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ܽ ௫ ͕  ŚĞƌĞ ܽ ൐ ͳ
݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ܾ ௫ ͕ŚĞƌĞܾ ൏ ͳ

v. Square root function: ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ξ‫ݔ‬



x. Logarithmic function: ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ Ž‘‰ ௕ ‫ݔ‬ŽƌŽ ‫ ܾ;ݔ‬ൌ
ܾܽ‫ ݁ݏ‬൐ Ͳ ് ͳͿ


vi. Modulus : ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ȁ‫ݔ‬ȁ

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More Solved Examples
૛
1. Sketch the graph of ࢟ ൌ െ ࢞ ൅ ૜
૞
Solution:zŽƵĐĂŶƐŬĞƚĐŚƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚƵƐŝŶŐƚĂďůĞ
‫Ͳ ݔ‬Ϯ Ͳϭ Ϭ ϭ Ϯ

‫ݕ‬ ϯ͘ϱ ϯ͘ϰ ϯ Ϯ͘ϲ Ϯ͘Ϯ

 
xi. Square function: ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ 



ሺ࢞ି૛ሻ૛
 2. Graph ൅ ૝ሺ࢟ ൅ ૛ሻ૛ ൌ ૚
ૢ

xii. Cube function: ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ  Solution: dŚŝƐŝƐĂŶĞůůŝƉƐĞ͘dŚĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌŵŽĨƚŚĞĞůůŝƉƐĞ

ሺ௫ି௛ሻమ ሺ௬ି௞ሻమ
ŝƐ ൅ ൌͳ
௔మ ௕మ
dŚŝƐŝƐĂŶĞůůŝƉƐĞǁŝƚŚĐĞŶƚĞƌሺ݄ǡ ݇ሻĂŶĚƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚŵŽƐƚĂŶĚ
ůĞĨƚŵŽƐƚƉŽŝŶƚƐĂƌĞĂĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŽĨܽĂǁĂLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐĞŶƚĞƌ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞƚŽƉŵŽƐƚĂŶĚďŽƚƚŽŵŵŽƐƚƉŽŝŶƚƐĂƌĞĂĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŽĨ
ܾĂǁĂLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐĞŶƚĞƌ͘
dŚĞĞůůŝƉƐĞĨŽƌƚŚŝƐƉƌŽďůĞŵŚĂƐĐĞŶƚĞƌሺʹǡ െʹሻĂŶĚŚĂƐ
ଵ
ܽ ൌ ͵ĂŶĚܾ ൌ ͘EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚƚŽŐĞƚƚŚĞܾǁĞ͛ƌĞƌĞǁƌŝƚŝŶŐƚŚĞ
ଶ
ሺ௫ିଶሻమ ሺ௬ାଶሻమ
ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶĂƐ͕ ൅ ൌ ͳto get it into standard from.
ଽ ଵȀସ
,ĞƌĞ͛ƐĂƐŬĞƚĐŚŽĨƚŚĞĞůůŝƉƐĞ͘


xiii.Some more imp functions:-

a. ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ି ݔ‬ଶ 



3. Let ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൌ ૝࢞૜ െ ૡ࢞૛ െ ࢞ ൅ ૛
(a) Factorise ࢌሺ࢞ሻ
(b) Sketch the graph of ࢟ ൌ ࢌሺ࢞ሻ
(c) Solve ࢌሺ࢞ሻ ൒ ૙
 Solution:
 ;ĂͿŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚƚĞƌŵ͕ʹ͘tĞĐŚĞĐŬ
ƚŽƐĞĞŝĨേͳĂŶĚേʹĂƌĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ Ͳ
b. ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ି ݔ‬ଷ 
ďLJƐƵďƐƚŝƚƵƚŝŽŶ͘^ŝŶĐĞ݂ሺʹሻ ൌ Ͳ͕ǁĞŬŶŽǁƚŚĂƚሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻŝƐĂ
ĨĂĐƚŽƌ ŽĨ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ͘ tĞ ƵƐĞ ůŽŶŐ ĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ ƚŽ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ ƚŚĞ
ƋƵŽƚŝĞŶƚ͘


 ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻሺͶ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͳሻ

ൌ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻሺʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳሻሺʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͳሻ

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dŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨȁ‫ݕ‬ȁ ൌ ‫͘ݔ‬
;ďͿ dŚŝƐŝƐŶŽƚƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͘

5. Sketch the graph of ȁ࢞ȁ ൅ ȁ࢟ȁ ൌ ૚
Solution: dŚĞƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĐĂƐĞƐŽĨȁ‫ݔ‬ȁ ൅ ȁ‫ݕ‬ȁ ൌ ͳĂƌĞ
‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͳ ǥ ሺ݅ሻ
‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͳ ǥ ሺ݅݅ሻ
െ‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͳ ǥ ሺ݅݅݅ሻ
െ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͳ ǥ ሺ݅‫ݒ‬ሻ
 ‫׵‬dŚĞ'ƌĂƉŚĐĂŶďĞƐŬĞƚĐŚĞĚďLJŵĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĞĂĐŚ
dŚĞ'ƌĂƉŚŽĨ ĐĂƐĞĂŶĚƐŬĞƚĐŚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ Ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଷ െ ͺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ ‫݂݋݄݌ܽݎܩ݄݁ܶ ׵‬ȁ‫ݔ‬ȁ ൅ ȁ‫ݕ‬ȁ ൌ ͳŝƐ
ଵ ଵ
;ĐͿ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൒ ͲǁŚĞŶെ ൑ ‫ ݔ‬൑ ‫ݎ݋‬
ଶ ଶ
‫ ݔ‬൒ ʹ

4. Sketch the graph of ȁ࢟ȁ ൌ ࢞

Solution: tĞĐĂŶƐŬĞƚĐŚƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚďLJŵĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞƚĂďůĞĂƐ
ĚŽŶĞŝŶƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
ϭ͘ ݂ŝƐĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶŐŝǀĞŶďLJ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫͘ݔ‬
dŚĞ'ƌĂƉŚŽĨ݂ŝƐ

;ĂͿ 
;ĂͿ  ;ďͿ 

;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ  ;ďͿ 

Ϯ͘ 'ƌĂƉŚƚŚĞůŝŶĞĂƌĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݂ŐŝǀĞŶďLJ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ  ൌ ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷ͘

;ĐͿ 

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;ĚͿ  ;ďͿ 

ଵ ଵ
ϯ͘ /ĨƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݂ŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďLJ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ െ ‫ ݔ‬െ 
ଷ ଶ
ĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞ‫ ݕ݀݊ܽݔ‬െ ݅݊‫ݐ݌݁ܿݎ݁ݐ‬
ଷ ଵ ଷ ଵ
;ĂͿെ ǡ   ;ďͿ ǡ 
ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ
ଵ ଵ ଷ ଵ
;ĐͿ ǡ    ;ĚͿെ ǡ െ 
ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ

ϰ͘ dŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ݂ŝƐŐŝǀĞŶďLJ ;ĐͿ 
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ 

;ĚͿ 
;ĂͿ  
ϲ͘ tŝƚŚƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶĂŶĚŐƌĂƉŚ
&ŝŶĚƚŚĞĚŽŵĂŝŶĂŶĚƌĂŶŐĞŽĨ݂
;ĂͿܼ  ;ďͿܰ
;ĐͿܴ  ;ĚͿܴ െ ሼͲሽ

Directions (Q7-Q10): /Ĩ ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ͵‫ ݔ‬െ  ‫ ݔ‬ଶ  ŶƐǁĞƌ ƚŚĞ
ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƐĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ
;ďͿ  ϳ͘ ^ŬĞƚĐŚƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ

;ĂͿ 
;ĐͿ 

;ĚͿ  ;ďͿ 

Directions (Q5 & Q6): ŶƐǁĞƌƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƐĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ͗
ϱ͘ dŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨ݂ŝƐĂĐƵďŝĐĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶŐŝǀĞŶďLJ
݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ  െ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ͵‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ

;ĐͿ 

;ĂͿ 

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;ĂͿdƌƵĞ   ;ďͿ&ĂůƐĞ
;ĐͿĂŶŶŽƚďĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚ ;ĚͿ/ŶƐƵĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ

Direction (Q13-15)͗ /Ĩ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ȁ‫ݔ‬ȁ͕ ŶƐǁĞƌ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ
ƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƐĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ
;ĚͿ  
 ϭϯ͘ ^ŬĞƚĐŚƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŽĨ‫ݕ‬
ϴ͘ ǀĂůƵĂƚĞ݂ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሻ
;ĂͿ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ʹ‫ ݔ‬ଶ   ;ďͿ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ଷ 
;ĐͿ͵‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݔ‬ସ   ;ĚͿ͵‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ 

ϵ͘ tŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞĚŽŵĂŝŶĂŶĚZĂŶŐĞŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͍
;ĂͿdŚĞĚŽŵĂŝŶŝƐĂůůƌĞĂů‫͘ݔ‬dŚĞZĂŶŐĞŝƐĂůůƌĞĂů‫ݕ‬ǁŚĞƌĞ
‫ ݕ‬൑ ʹǤʹͷ
;ĂͿ 
;ďͿdŚĞĚŽŵĂŝŶŝƐĂůůƌĞĂů‫͘ݔ‬dŚĞZĂŶŐĞŝƐĂůůƌĞĂů‫ݕ‬ǁŚĞƌĞ
‫ ݕ‬൑ ʹ
;ĐͿdŚĞĚŽŵĂŝŶŝƐĂůůƌĞĂů‫͘ݕ‬dŚĞZĂŶŐĞŝƐĂůůƌĞĂů‫ݔ‬ǁŚĞƌĞ
‫ ݔ‬൑ ʹǤʹͷ
;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞ

௙ሺଶା௛ሻି௙ሺଶሻ
ϭϬ͘ &ŝŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨ ǡ ݄ ് Ͳ
௛
;ĂͿ݄ െ ͳ  ;ďͿെ݄ െ ͳ ;ďͿ 
;ĐͿ݄   ;ĚͿ݄ ൅ ͳ

Direction (Q11 and 12)
ŶƐǁĞƌƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƐĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐ

ϭϭ͘ ^ŬĞƚĐŚ‫ݔ‬ଶ  ൅  ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ ͳ ͸ 

;ĐͿ 
;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞ

ϭϰ͘ //ƚŝƐĐŽŶƚŝŶƵŽƵƐ‫׊‬ǀĂůƵĞƐĞdžĐĞƉƚĂƚϬ
///ƚŝƐĚŝƐĐŽŶƚŝŶƵŽƵƐĨŽƌĂůůǀĂůƵĞƐ
////ƚŝƐĐŽŶƚŝŶƵŽƵƐĨŽƌĂůůǀĂůƵĞƐ
;ĂͿ  ;ďͿ  /sEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
^ĞůĞĐƚƚŚĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚŽƉƚŝŽŶ
;ĂͿKŶůLJ/ŝƐƚƌƵĞ  ;ďͿ/ĂŶĚ//ĂƌĞƚƌƵĞ
;ĐͿKŶůLJ///ŝƐƚƌƵĞ  ;ĚͿ/͕//͕///ŝƐƚƌƵĞ

ϭϱ͘ //ƚŝƐĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂďůĞĨŽƌĂůůǀĂůƵĞƐ
///ƚŝƐĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂďůĞĨŽƌĂůůǀĂůƵĞƐĞdžĐĞƉƚĂƚϬ
////ƚŝƐĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂďůĞŽŶůLJĂƚϬ
/s/ƚŝƐŶŽƚĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŝĂďůĞ
;ĐͿ  ;ĚͿ 
^ĞůĞĐƚƚŚĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚŽƉƚŝŽŶ͍

;ĂͿKŶůLJ/ŝƐƚƌƵĞ  ;ďͿŽŶůLJ//ŝƐƚƌƵĞ
ϭϮ͘ /Ɛ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ ͳ͸ĂĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ͍
;ĐͿ/͕//͕///ĂƌĞƚƌƵĞ  ;ĚͿKŶůLJ/ǀŝƐƚƌƵĞ


NOTE: For Practice Questions Refer to Online Study Portal



END OF CHAPTER

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Chapter 12
CONIC SECTION

1. CONIC SECTION
Sections of Cone ͗Ͳ>Ğƚl ďĞĂĨŝdžĞĚǀĞƌƚŝĐĂůůŝŶĞĂŶĚm ďĞĂŶŽƚŚĞƌůŝŶĞŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŶŐŝƚĂƚĂĨŝdžĞĚƉŽŝŶƚsĂŶĚŝŶĐůŝŶĞĚƚŽ
ŝƚĂƚĂŶĂŶŐůĞߙ͘^ƵƉƉŽƐĞǁĞƌŽƚĂƚĞƚŚĞůŝŶĞm ĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞůŝŶĞl ŝŶƐƵĐŚĂǁĂLJƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĂŶŐůĞɲƌĞŵĂŝŶƐĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ͘dŚĞŶ
ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ŝƐ Ă ĚŽƵďůĞͲŶĂƉƉĞĚ ƌŝŐŚƚ ĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌ ŚŽůůŽǁ ĐŽŶĞ ŚĞƌĞŝŶ ĂĨƚĞƌ ƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚ ĂƐ ĐŽŶĞ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƚĞŶĚŝŶŐ
ŝŶĚĞĨŝŶŝƚĞůLJĨĂƌŝŶďŽƚŚĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶƐ

1. CONIC SECTIONS a. tŚĞŶߚ ൌ ͻͲι͕ƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂcircle ;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϰͿ͘

b. tŚĞŶ ߙ ൏ ߚ ൏ ͻͲι ф ϵϬŽ͕ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐƚŝŽŶ ŝƐ ĂŶ ellipse
;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϱͿ͘

c. tŚĞŶߚ ൌ ߙ͖ƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂparabola ;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϲͿ͘
;/Ŷ ĞĂĐŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĂďŽǀĞ ƚŚƌĞĞ ƐŝƚƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶĞ ĐƵƚƐ
ĞŶƚŝƌĞůLJĂĐƌŽƐƐŽŶĞŶĂƉƉĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĞͿ͘

d. tŚĞŶ Ͳ ൑ ߚ ൏ ߙ͖ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶĞ ĐƵƚƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ďŽƚŚ ƚŚĞ

ŶĂƉƉĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌǀĞƐ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶ ŝƐ Ă hyperbola
;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϳͿ͘


dŚĞƉŽŝŶƚܸŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞvertex͖ƚŚĞůŝŶĞ݈ ŝƐƚŚĞaxis ŽĨƚŚĞ
ĐŽŶĞ͘dŚĞƌŽƚĂƚŝŶŐůŝŶĞ݉ ŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĂgenerator ŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĞ͘
 
dŚĞ vertex ƚŚĂƚ ƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶĞ ŝŶƚŽ ƚǁŽ ƉĂƌƚƐ ĐĂůůĞĚ
nappes͘
/Ĩ ǁĞ ƚĂŬĞ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ƉůĂŶĞ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ĐŽŶĞ͕ ƚŚĞ
ƐĞĐƚŝŽŶ ƐŽ ŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚ ŝƐ ĐĂůůĞĚ Ă conic section͘ dŚƵƐ͕ ĐŽŶŝĐ
ƐĞĐƚŝŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌǀĞƐ ŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚ ďLJ ŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŶŐ Ă ƌŝŐŚƚ
ĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌĐŽŶĞďLJĂƉůĂŶĞ͘
tĞŽďƚĂŝŶĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚŬŝŶĚƐŽĨĐŽŶŝĐƐĞĐƚŝŽŶƐĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐŽŶ
ƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŶŐƉůĂŶĞǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽƚŚĞ
ĐŽŶĞĂŶĚďLJƚŚĞĂŶŐůĞŵĂĚĞďLJŝƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞǀĞƌƚŝĐĂůĂdžŝƐŽĨ
ƚŚĞĐŽŶĞ͘>ĞƚɴďĞƚŚĞĂŶŐůĞŵĂĚĞďLJƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŶŐƉůĂŶĞ
ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞǀĞƌƚŝĐĂůĂdžŝƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĞ;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϯͿ
dŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉůĂŶĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŽŶĞĐĂŶƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞ
ĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƚƚŚĞǀĞƌƚĞdžŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĞŽƌĂƚĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞ
ŶĂƉƉĞĞŝƚŚĞƌďĞůŽǁŽƌĂďŽǀĞƚŚĞǀĞƌƚĞdž͘
 
1.1 CIRCLE, ELLIPSE, PARABOLA AND 
HYPERBOLA 1.2 DEGENERATED CONIC SECTIONS
tŚĞŶƚŚĞƉůĂŶĞĐƵƚƐƚŚĞŶĂƉƉĞ;ŽƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĞǀĞƌƚĞdžͿŽĨ tŚĞŶƚŚĞƉůĂŶĞĐƵƚƐĂƚƚŚĞǀĞƌƚĞdžŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĞ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞƚŚĞ
ƚŚĞĐŽŶĞ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƐŝƚƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ͗ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĐĂƐĞƐ͗

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ι
a. tŚĞŶߙ ൏ ߚ ൑  ͻͲ ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞƐĞĐƚŝŽŶŝƐĂƉŽŝŶƚ;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϴͿ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƌĐůĞ ǁŝƚŚ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ Ăƚ
 ሺ݄ǡ ݇ሻĂŶĚƌĂĚŝƵƐ
b. tŚĞŶߚ ൌ ߙ͕ƚŚĞƉůĂŶĞĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐĂŐĞŶĞƌĂƚŽƌŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĞ 
ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐƚŝŽŶ ŝƐ Ă ƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚ ůŝŶĞ ;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϵͿ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ
ĚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚĐĂƐĞŽĨĂƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ͘ 1.4 PARABOLA
  ƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƐĞƚ ŽĨ Ăůů ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ŝŶ Ă ƉůĂŶĞ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ
ĞƋƵŝĚŝƐƚĂŶƚĨƌŽŵĂĨŝdžĞĚůŝŶĞĂŶĚĂĨŝdžĞĚƉŽŝŶƚ;ŶŽƚŽŶƚŚĞ
c. tŚĞŶ Ͳ ൑ ߚ ൏ ߙ͕ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĐƚŝŽŶ ŝƐ Ă ƉĂŝƌ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŶŐ
ůŝŶĞͿŝŶƚŚĞƉůĂŶĞ͘dŚĞĨŝdžĞĚůŝŶĞŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞdirectrix ŽĨƚŚĞ
ƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚ ůŝŶĞƐ ;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϭϬͿ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ ĐĂƐĞ ŽĨ Ă
ƉĂƌĂďŽůĂĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŝdžĞĚƉŽŝŶƚ&ŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞfocus ;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϭϯͿ͘
hyperbola͘
;͚WĂƌĂ͛ ŵĞĂŶƐ ͚ĨŽƌ͛ ĂŶĚ ͚ďŽůĂ͛ ŵĞĂŶƐ ͚ƚŚƌŽǁŝŶŐ͕͛ ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ ƚŚĞ

ƐŚĂƉĞĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚǁŚĞŶLJŽƵƚŚƌŽǁĂďĂůůŝŶƚŚĞĂŝƌͿ͘
/ŶƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƐĞĐƚŝŽŶƐ͕ǁĞƐŚĂůůŽďƚĂŝŶƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨ
ĞĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶŝĐƐĞĐƚŝŽŶƐŝŶƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌŵďLJĚĞĨŝŶŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞŵďĂƐĞĚŽŶŐĞŽŵĞƚƌŝĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƚŝĞƐ͘

 
ůŝŶĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĨŽĐƵƐĂŶĚƉĞƌƉĞŶĚŝĐƵůĂƌƚŽƚŚĞdirectrix
ŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞaxis ŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ͘
  dŚĞƉŽŝŶƚŽĨŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨƉĂƌĂďŽůĂǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂdžŝƐŝƐĐĂůůĞĚ
 ƚŚĞǀĞƌƚĞdžŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϭϰͿ͘
Standard equations of parabola dŚĞ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ Ă
parabola ŝƐ ƐŝŵƉůĞƐƚ ŝĨ ƚŚĞ ǀĞƌƚĞdž ŝƐ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ
ĂdžŝƐ ŽĨ ƐLJŵŵĞƚƌLJ ŝƐ ĂůŽŶŐ ƚŚĞ xͲĂdžŝƐ Žƌ yͲĂdžŝƐ͘ dŚĞ ĨŽƵƌ
ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƵĐŚŽƌŝĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨƉĂƌĂďŽůĂĂƌĞƐŚŽǁŶďĞůŽǁŝŶ
&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϭϱ;ĂͿƚŽ;ĚͿ͘



1.3 CIRCLE
ĐŝƌĐůĞŝƐƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨĂůůƉŽŝŶƚƐŝŶĂƉůĂŶĞƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĞƋƵŝĚŝƐƚĂŶƚ 
ĨƌŽŵĂĨŝdžĞĚƉŽŝŶƚŝŶƚŚĞƉůĂŶĞ͘dŚĞĨŝdžĞĚƉŽŝŶƚŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞ
centre of the circle ĂŶĚƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞ ƚŽĂ
ƉŽŝŶƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƌĐůĞ ŝƐ ĐĂůůĞĚ ƚŚĞ radius ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƌĐůĞ ;&ŝŐ
ϭϭ͘ϭϭͿ͘


tĞǁŝůůĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂƐŚŽǁŶĂďŽǀĞ
ŝŶ&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϭϱ;ĂͿǁŝƚŚfocus Ăƚ;a͕ϬͿa хϬ͖ĂŶĚĚŝƌĞĐƚƌŝĐdžx с
ʹa ĂƐďĞůŽǁ͗
  >Ğƚ & ďĞ ƚŚĞ focus ĂŶĚ l ƚŚĞ directrix͘ >Ğƚ &D ďĞ
dŚĞ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƌĐůĞ ŝƐ ƐŝŵƉůĞƐƚ ŝĨ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ƉĞƌƉĞŶĚŝĐƵůĂƌƚŽƚŚĞdirectrix ĂŶĚďŝƐĞĐƚ&DĂƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚܱ͘
ĐŝƌĐůĞ ŝƐ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶ͘ ,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ǁĞ ĚĞƌŝǀĞ ďĞůŽǁ ƚŚĞ
WƌŽĚƵĐĞ‫ܱܯ‬ƚŽܺ͘LJƚŚĞĚĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶŽĨƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ͕ƚŚĞŵŝĚͲ
ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƌĐůĞ ǁŝƚŚĂŐŝǀĞŶĐĞŶƚƌĞĂŶĚƌĂĚŝƵƐ ;&ŝŐ
ƉŽŝŶƚKŝƐŽŶƚŚĞ ƉĂƌĂďŽůĂĂŶĚŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞ vertex ŽĨƚŚĞ
ϭϭ͘ϭϮͿ͘'ŝǀĞŶ;h͕kͿďĞƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞĂŶĚr ƚŚĞƌĂĚŝƵƐŽĨĐŝƌĐůĞ͘
ƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ͘
>ĞƚW;x͕yͿďĞĂŶLJƉŽŝŶƚŽŶ ƚŚĞĐŝƌĐůĞ;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϭϮͿ͘dŚĞŶ͕ďLJ
dĂŬĞܱĂƐŽƌŝŐŝŶ͕ܱܺƚŚĞxͲĂdžŝƐĂŶĚܱܻƉĞƌƉĞŶĚŝĐƵůĂƌƚŽŝƚ
ƚŚĞĚĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶ͕ȁ‫ܲܥ‬ȁ ൌ ‫͘ ݎ‬LJƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞ
ĂƐƚŚĞyͲĂdžŝƐ͘>ĞƚƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĚŝƌĞĐƚƌŝdžƚŽƚŚĞĨŽĐƵƐ
ඥሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ݄ሻଶ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ݇ሻଶ ൌ ‫݅ݎ‬Ǥ ݁Ǥ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ݄ሻଶ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ݇ሻଶ ൌ ‫ ݎ‬ଶ  ďĞʹܽ͘dŚĞŶ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐŽĨƚŚĞ focus ĂƌĞሺܽǡ Ͳሻ͕ĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞdirectrix ŝƐ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽ ൌ ͲĂƐŝŶ&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϭϲ͘

WĂŐĞ68 YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗Advance
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To find the Length of the latus rectum of the parabola
࢟૛  ൌ ૝ࢇ࢞ (Fig 11.18).
LJƚŚĞĚĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ͕‫ ܨܣ‬ൌ ‫͘ܥܣ‬
Ƶƚ‫ ܥܣ‬ൌ ‫ ܯܨ‬ൌ ʹܽ
,ĞŶĐĞ‫ ܨܣ‬ൌ ʹܽ͘
ŶĚƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂŝƐƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽxͲĂdžŝƐ
‫ ܨܣ‬ൌ ‫ܤܨ‬ĂŶĚƐŽс>ĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚŚĞůĂƚƵƐƌĞĐƚƵŵൌ Ͷܽ͘


>Ğƚܲሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻďĞĂŶLJƉŽŝŶƚŽŶƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂƐƵĐŚƚŚĂƚܲ‫ ܨ‬ൌ
ܲ‫ܤ‬ǡ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺͳሻǁŚĞƌĞWŝƐƉĞƌƉĞŶĚŝĐƵůĂƌƚŽ݈͘dŚĞĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐ
ŽĨĂƌĞሺȂ ܽǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻ͘LJƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĨŽƌŵƵůĂ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞ
ܲ‫ ܨ‬ൌ ඥሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ܽ݊݀ܲ‫ ܤ‬ൌ ඥሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽሻଶ 
^ŝŶĐĞW&сW͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞ



1.5 ELLIPSE
Ŷ ellipse ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƐĞƚ ŽĨ Ăůů ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ŝŶ Ă ƉůĂŶĞ͕ ƚŚĞ ƐƵŵ ŽĨ

ǁŚŽƐĞ ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚǁŽ ĨŝdžĞĚ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉůĂŶĞ ŝƐ Ă
,ĞŶĐĞ͕ ĂŶLJ ƉŽŝŶƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ ƐĂƚŝƐĨŝĞƐ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ  ൌ
ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ͘dŚĞƚǁŽĨŝdžĞĚƉŽŝŶƚƐĂƌĞĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞfoci ;ƉůƵƌĂůŽĨ
Ͷܽ‫ݔ‬Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺʹሻ
͚focus͛ͿŽĨƚŚĞĞůůŝƉƐĞ;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϮϬͿ͘
ŽŶǀĞƌƐĞůLJ͕ůĞƚܲሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻƐĂƚŝƐĨLJƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ;ϮͿ
ܲ‫ ܨ‬ൌ ඥሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ ඥሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻଶ ൅ Ͷܽ‫ ݔ‬ൌ
ඥሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻଶ ൌ ܲ‫ܤ‬ĂŶĚƐŽܲሺ‫ݔ‬ǡ ‫ݕ‬ሻůŝĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ͘dŚƵƐ͕
ĨƌŽŵ;ϮͿĂŶĚ;ϯͿǁĞŚĂǀĞƉƌŽǀĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƚŽƚŚĞ
ƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ ǁŝƚŚ ǀĞƌƚĞdž Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶ͕ ĨŽĐƵƐ Ăƚ ;a͕ϬͿ ĂŶĚ
ĚŝƌĞĐƚƌŝdž‫ ݔ‬ൌȂ ܽ ŝƐ‫ ݕ‬ଶ  ൌ Ͷܽ‫͘ݔ‬

Discussion /ŶĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ;ϮͿ͕ƐŝŶĐĞa хϬ͕x ĐĂŶĂƐƐƵŵĞĂŶLJ

ƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞǀĂůƵĞŽƌnjĞƌŽďƵƚŶŽŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞǀĂůƵĞĂŶĚƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞ
ĞdžƚĞŶĚƐ ŝŶĚĞĨŝŶŝƚĞůLJ ĨĂƌ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĨŝƌƐƚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƵƌƚŚ 
ƋƵĂĚƌĂŶƚƐ͘dŚĞĂdžŝƐŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂŝƐƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ xͲĂdžŝƐ͘ dŚĞŵŝĚƉŽŝŶƚŽĨƚŚĞůŝŶĞƐĞŐŵĞŶƚũŽŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞĨŽĐŝŝƐĐĂůůĞĚ
^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕ǁĞĐĂŶĚĞƌŝǀĞƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂs ŝŶ͗ ƚŚĞcentre ŽĨƚŚĞĞůůŝƉƐĞ͘dŚĞůŝŶĞƐĞŐŵĞŶƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĨŽĐŝ
&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϭϱ;ďͿĂƐ‫ ݕ‬ଶ  ൌȂ Ͷܽ‫ݔ‬ǡ ŽĨƚŚĞĞůůŝƉƐĞŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞmajor axis ĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŶĞƐĞŐŵĞŶƚ
&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϭϱ;ĐͿĂƐ‫ ݔ‬ଶ  ൌ Ͷܽ‫ݕ‬ǡ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞĂŶĚƉĞƌƉĞŶĚŝĐƵůĂƌƚŽƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌĂdžŝƐŝƐ
&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϭϱ;ĚͿĂƐ‫ ݔ‬ଶ  ൌȂ Ͷܽ‫ݕ‬ǡ ĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞminor axis͘dŚĞĞŶĚƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌĂdžŝƐĂƌĞ
dŚĞƐĞĨŽƵƌĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐĂƌĞŬŶŽǁŶĂƐstandard equations ŽĨ ĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞvertices ŽĨƚŚĞĞůůŝƉƐĞ;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϮϭͿ͘
ƉĂƌĂďŽůĂs.
&ƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌĂďŽůĂƐ͕ &ŝŐϭϭ͘ϭϱ͕
ǁĞŚĂǀĞƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ
ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶƐ͗
1. WĂƌĂďŽůĂ ŝƐ ƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĂdžŝƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
ƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ͘/Ĩ ƚŚĞ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ ŚĂƐ Ă ‫ ݕ‬ଶ  ƚĞƌŵ͕ ƚŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĂdžŝƐ ŽĨ
ƐLJŵŵĞƚƌLJŝƐĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽ‫ݏ݅ݔ‬ĂŶĚŝĨƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŚĂƐĂŶ
xϮƚĞƌŵ͕ƚŚĞŶƚŚĞĂdžŝƐŽĨƐLJŵŵĞƚƌLJŝƐĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞ‫ ݕ‬െ ܽ‫͘ݏ݅ݔ‬

2. tŚĞŶƚŚĞĂdžŝƐŽĨƐLJŵŵĞƚƌLJŝƐĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞxͲĂdžŝƐƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ 
ŽƉĞŶƐƚŽƚŚĞ tĞĚĞŶŽƚĞƚŚĞůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌĂdžŝƐďLJʹ͕ܽƚŚĞůĞŶŐƚŚ
;ĂͿƌŝŐŚƚŝĨƚŚĞĐŽĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚŽĨx ŝƐƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ͕ ŽĨƚŚĞŵŝŶŽƌĂdžŝƐďLJʹܾ ĂŶĚƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞĨŽĐŝ
;ďͿůĞĨƚŝĨƚŚĞĐŽĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚŽĨx ŝƐŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ͘ ďLJʹܿ͘dŚƵƐ͕ƚŚĞůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŵŝŵĂũŽƌĂdžŝƐŝƐܽĂŶĚƐĞŵŝͲ
tŚĞŶƚŚĞĂdžŝƐŽĨƐLJŵŵĞƚƌLJŝƐĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞyͲĂdžŝƐƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ ŵŝŶŽƌĂdžŝƐŝƐb ;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϮϮͿ͘
ŽƉĞŶƐ 
;ĐͿƵƉǁĂƌĚƐŝĨƚŚĞĐŽĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚŽĨy ŝƐƉŽƐŝƚŝǀĞ͘ Standard equations of an ellipse :- dŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨ
;ĚͿĚŽǁŶǁĂƌĚƐŝĨƚŚĞĐŽĞĨĨŝĐŝĞŶƚŽĨy ŝƐŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞ ĂŶ ĞůůŝƉƐĞ ŝƐ ƐŝŵƉůĞƐƚ ŝĨ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞůůŝƉƐĞ ŝƐ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ
ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽĐŝĂƌĞŽŶƚŚĞxͲĂdžŝƐŽƌyͲĂdžŝƐ͘dŚĞƚǁŽƐƵĐŚ
ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŽƌŝĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶƐĂƌĞƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ&ŝŐϭϭ͘Ϯϲ͘
Latus rectum
>ĂƚƵƐƌĞĐƚƵŵŽĨĂƉĂƌĂďŽůĂŝƐĂůŝŶĞƐĞŐŵĞŶƚƉĞƌƉĞŶĚŝĐƵůĂƌ
ƚŽƚŚĞ ĂdžŝƐŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĨŽĐƵƐĂŶĚǁŚŽƐĞ
ĞŶĚƉŽŝŶƚƐůŝĞŽŶƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϭϳͿ͘

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1.7 ECCENTRICITY
௖
Definition :ƵƐƚůŝŬĞĂŶĞůůŝƉƐĞ͕ƚŚĞƌĂƚŝŽ݁ ൌ ௔ ŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞ
eccentricity of the hyperbola͘^ŝŶĐĞc шa͕ƚŚĞĞĐĐĞŶƚƌŝĐŝƚLJŝƐ
ŶĞǀĞƌůĞƐƐƚŚĂŶŽŶĞ͘/ŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƚŚĞĞĐĐĞŶƚƌŝĐŝƚLJ͕ƚŚĞĨŽĐŝ
ĂƌĞĂƚĂĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŽĨae ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞ͘
Standard equation of Hyperbola dŚĞ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ Ă
ŚLJƉĞƌďŽůĂŝƐƐŝŵƉůĞƐƚŝĨƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞŽĨƚŚĞŚLJƉĞƌďŽůĂŝƐĂƚƚŚĞ
ŽƌŝŐŝŶĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽĐŝĂƌĞŽŶƚŚĞxͲĂdžŝƐŽƌyͲĂdžŝƐ͘dŚĞƚǁŽƐƵĐŚ
ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŽƌŝĞŶƚĂƚŝŽŶƐĂƌĞƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϯϭ͘



Latus rectum
>ĂƚƵƐƌĞĐƚƵŵŽĨĂŶĞůůŝƉƐĞŝƐĂůŝŶĞƐĞŐŵĞŶƚƉĞƌƉĞŶĚŝĐƵůĂƌ
ƚŽƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌĂdžŝƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂŶLJŽĨƚŚĞĨŽĐŝĂŶĚǁŚŽƐĞĞŶĚ
ƉŽŝŶƚƐůŝĞŽŶƚŚĞĞůůŝƉƐĞ;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϮϴͿ͘



¾ Note  ŚLJƉĞƌďŽůĂ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ܽ ൌ ܾ ŝƐ ĐĂůůĞĚ ĂŶ
equilateral hyperbola͘
Latus rectum
>ĂƚƵƐƌĞĐƚƵŵŽĨŚLJƉĞƌďŽůĂŝƐĂůŝŶĞƐĞŐŵĞŶƚƉĞƌƉĞŶĚŝĐƵůĂƌ
ƚŽƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐǀĞƌƐĞĂdžŝƐ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂŶLJŽĨƚŚĞĨŽĐŝĂŶĚǁŚŽƐĞ
 ĞŶĚƉŽŝŶƚƐůŝĞŽŶƚŚĞŚLJƉĞƌďŽůĂ͘ƐŝŶĞůůŝƉƐĞ͕ŝƚŝƐĞĂƐLJƚŽ
 ଶ௕మ
ƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚƚŚĞůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚŚĞůĂƚƵƐƌĞĐƚƵŵŝŶŚLJƉĞƌďŽůĂŝƐ 
1.6 HYPERBOLA ௔

ŚLJƉĞƌďŽůĂŝƐƚŚĞƐĞƚŽĨĂůůƉŽŝŶƚƐŝŶĂƉůĂŶĞ͕ƚŚĞĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ
ŽĨǁŚŽƐĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƐĨƌŽŵƚǁŽĨŝdžĞĚƉŽŝŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞƉůĂŶĞŝƐĂ More Solved Examples
ĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚ͘ 1. Find the equation of the circle which touches the both
axes in first quadrant and whose radius is ܽ
Solution: 'ŝǀĞŶ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƌĐůĞ ŽĨ ƌĂĚŝƵƐ ͚ܽ͛ ƚŽƵĐŚĞƐ ďŽƚŚ
ĂdžŝƐ͘^Ž͕ŝƚƐĐĞŶƚƌĞŝƐሺܽǡ ܽሻ͘


dŚĞƚĞƌŵ͞difference͟ƚŚĂƚŝƐƵƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĚĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶŵĞĂŶƐ 
ƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƉŽŝŶƚŵŝŶƵƐƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞ ^Ž͕ƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĐŝƌĐůĞŝƐ͗
ĐůŽƐĞƌƉŽŝŶƚ͘dŚĞƚǁŽĨŝdžĞĚƉŽŝŶƚƐĂƌĞĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞĨŽĐŝŽĨƚŚĞ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽሻଶ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ܽሻଶ 
ŚLJƉĞƌďŽůĂ͘ dŚĞ ŵŝĚͲƉŽŝŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶĞ ƐĞŐŵĞŶƚ ũŽŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞ ൌ  ܽଶ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ  െ ʹܽ‫ ݔ‬൅  ܽଶ ൅  ‫ ݕ‬ଶ  െ ʹܽ‫ ݕ‬൅  ܽଶ 
ĨŽĐŝŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞcentre of the hyperbola͘dŚĞůŝŶĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ൌ ܽଶ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ  െ ʹܽ‫ ݖ‬െ ʹܽ‫ ݕ‬൅  ܽଶ  ൌ Ͳ
ƚŚĞĨŽĐŝŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞ transverse axis ĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŶĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ
ƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞĂŶĚƉĞƌƉĞŶĚŝĐƵůĂƌƚŽƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐǀĞƌƐĞĂdžŝƐŝƐĐĂůůĞĚ 
ƚŚĞ conjugate axis͘ dŚĞ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ Ăƚ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ŚLJƉĞƌďŽůĂ 2. If a circle passes through the point (0, 0) ሺܽǡ Ͳሻǡ ሺͲǡ ܾሻ then
ŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚƐƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐǀĞƌƐĞĂdžŝƐĂƌĞĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞvertices of the find the coordinates of its centre
hyperbola ;&ŝŐϭϭ͘ϮϵͿ͘ Solution: tĞŚĂǀĞĐŝƌĐůĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚ;Ϭ͕ϬͿ͕‫ܤ‬ሺܽǡ Ͳሻ
 ĂŶĚ‫ܥ‬ሺͲǡ ܾሻ͘
tĞĚĞŶŽƚĞƚŚĞĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƚǁŽĨŽĐŝďLJ ʹ͕ܿƚŚĞ ůĞĂƌůLJƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞŝƐƌŝŐŚƚĂŶŐůĞĚĂƚǀĞƌƚĞdž͘
ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚǁŽ ǀĞƌƚŝĐĞƐ ;ƚŚĞ ůĞŶŐƚŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ^Ž͕ĐĞŶƚƌĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƌĐůĞŝƐƚŚĞŵŝĚƉŽŝŶƚŽĨŚLJƉŽƚĞŶƵƐĞ
ƚƌĂŶƐǀĞƌƐĞĂdžŝƐͿďLJʹܽ ĂŶĚǁĞĚĞĨŝŶĞƚŚĞƋƵĂŶƚŝƚLJܾ ĂƐܾ ൌ ௔ ௕
ξܿ ଶ െ ܽଶ  ůƐŽ ʹܾ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ůĞŶŐƚŚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶũƵŐĂƚĞ ĂdžŝƐ ;&ŝŐ ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐቀ ǡ ቁ
ଶ ଶ
ϭϭ͘ϯϬͿ͘


WĂŐĞ70 YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗Advance
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ଵ ଷ
ܾ ଶ ൌ Ͷܾ ଶ ሺͳȄ ݁ ଶ ሻ ֜ ͳȄ ݁ ଶ ൌ ֜ ݁ ଶ ൌ 
ସ ସ
ξଷ
‫݁׵‬ൌ 
ସ

6. Find the length of the line-segment joining the vertex of
the parabola ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ Ͷܽ‫ ݔ‬and a point on the parabola
where the line-segment makes an angle 6 to the ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽ‫ݏ݅ݔ‬.
Solution: 'ŝǀĞŶĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂŝƐ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ Ͷܽ‫ݔ‬
>ĞƚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚŽŶƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂďĞܲሺ‫ݔ‬ଵ ǡ ǡ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ሻ͘


3. If the lines ͵‫ݔ‬Ȃ Ͷ‫ ݕ‬൅ Ͷ ൌ Ͳ and ͸‫ݔ‬Ȃ ͺ‫ݕ‬Ȃ ͹ ൌ Ͳ are
tangents to a circle, then find the radius of the circle.
Solution: 'ŝǀĞŶůŝŶĞƐĂƌĞ͸‫ݔ‬Ȃ ͺ‫ ݕ‬൅ ͺ ൌ ͲĂŶĚ
͸‫ݔ‬Ȃ ͺ‫ݕ‬Ȃ ͹ ൌ Ͳ
dŚĞƐĞƉĂƌĂůůĞůůŝŶĞƐĂƌĞƚĂŶŐĞŶƚƚŽĂĐŝƌĐůĞ
ŝĂŵĞƚĞƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƌĐůĞ с ŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶĞƐ
଼ିሺି଻ሻ ଵହ ଷ
сቚ ቚൌ ൌ 
ξଷ଺ା଺ସ ଵ଴ ଶ
ଷ
֜ ܴܽ݀݅‫ ݈݁ܿݎ݄݅ܿ݁ݐ݂݋ݏݑ‬ൌ 
ସ

4. Find the equation of a circle which touches both the axes
and the line ͵‫ݔ‬Ȃ Ͷ‫ ݕ‬൅ ͺ ൌ Ͳ and lies in the third 
௬భ
quadrant. &ƌŽŵƚŚĞĨŝŐƵƌĞ͕ƐůŽƉĞŽĨKWൌ –ƒ ߠ ൌ ǥ ሺ݅ሻ
௫భ
Solution:  ůƐŽ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ൌ Ͷܽ‫ݔ‬ଵ ǥ ሺ݅݅ሻ
EŽǁ͕ܱܲ ൌ ඥ‫ݔ‬ଵଶ ൅ ‫ݕ‬ଵଶ ൌ ඥ‫ݔ‬ଵଶ ൅ –ƒଶ ߠ ‫ݔ‬ଵଶ 
ൌ ඥ‫ݔ‬ଵଶ •‡ ଶ ߠ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ଵ •‡ ߠ
&ƌŽŵሺ݅ሻܽ݊݀ሺ݅݅ሻ
ସ௔
–ƒଶ ߠ ‫ݔ‬ଵଶ ൌ Ͷܽ‫ݔ‬ଵ ֜ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ 
୲ୟ୬ ఏ
ସ௔ ୱୣୡ ఏ ସ௔ ୡ୭ୱ ఏ
‫ ܱܲ ׵‬ൌ ൌ 
୲ୟ୬మ ఏ ୱ୧୬మ ఏ

7. If the points (0, 4) and (0, 2) are respectively the vertex
and focus of a parabola, then find the equation of the
parabola.
 Solution: 
^ŝŶĐĞĐŝƌĐůĞƚŽƵĐŚĞƐďŽƚŚƚŚĞĂdžĞƐ͕ŝƚƐĐĞŶƚƌĞŝƐ;ͲĂ͕ͲĂͿĂŶĚ
ƌĂĚŝƵƐ ŝƐ Ă͘ ůƐŽ͕ ĐŝƌĐůĞ ƚŽƵĐŚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶĞ ϯdž Ͳ ϰLJ н ϴ Ͳ Ϭ͘
ŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĨƌŽŵĐĞŶƚƌĞƚŽƚŚŝƐůŝŶĞŝƐƌĂĚŝƵƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƌĐůĞ͘
ିଷ௔ାସ௔ା଼ ௔ା଼
ZĂĚŝƵƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƌĐůĞ͕ܽ ൌ ቚ ቚൌȁ ȁ
ξଽାଵ଺ ହ
௔ା଼
ൌ േܽ
ହ
֜ ܽ ൅ ͺ ൌ ͷܽ‫ ܽݎ݋‬൅ ͺ ൌ  െͷܽ
ସ
֜ ܽ ൌ ʹ‫ ܽݎ݋‬ൌ  െ ֜ ܽ ൌ ʹ
ଷ
^Ž͕ƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĐŝƌĐůĞŝƐ͗н
ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሻଶ  ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬൅ ʹሻଶ  ൌ  ʹଶ  
'ŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǀĞƌƚĞdžŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂŝƐ;Ϭ͕ϰͿĂŶĚŝƚƐĨŽĐƵƐ
‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ Ͷ‫ ݔ‬൅ Ͷ‫ ݕ‬൅ Ͷ ൌ Ͳ
ŝƐ ^;Ϭ͕ ϮͿ͘ ^Ž͕ ĚŝƌĞĐƚƌŝdž ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ ŝƐ LJ с ϲ͘ EŽǁ ďLJ

ĚĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ ĨŽƌ ĂŶLJ ƉŽŝŶƚ W;dž͕ LJͿ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ
5. If the latus rectum of an ellipse is equal to half of minor
ƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ͕ܵܲ ൌ ܲ‫ܯ‬
axis, then find its eccentricity.
଴ା௬ି଺
௫మ ௬మ ֜ ඥሺ‫ ݔ‬െ Ͳሻଶ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹሻଶ ൌ ቚ ቚ
Solution: ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞůůŝƉƐĞŝƐ ൅ ൌ ξ଴ାଵ
௔మ ௕మ ଶ
ͳ ֜ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͺ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͵ʹ
/ƚŝƐŐŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚ͕ůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨůĂƚƵƐƌĞĐƚƵŵсŚĂůĨŽĨŵŝŶŽƌĂdžŝƐ 
ଶ௕మ ϴ͘ Find the equation of a circle of radius 5 which is touching
֜ ൌ ܽ ֜ ʹܾ ൌ ܽ  another circle 
௕
Now, ܾ ଶ ൌ ܽଶ ሺͳȄ ݁ ଶ ሻ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅  ‫ ݕ‬ଶ Ȃ ʹ‫ݔ‬Ȃ Ͷ‫ݕ‬Ȃ ʹͲ ൌ Ͳ at ሺͷǡ ͷሻ.

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗Advance WĂŐĞ71
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Solution:  >ĞƚƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĐŝƌĐůĞĐŝƌĐƵŵƐĐƌŝďŝŶŐƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞ
ďĞ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ݃‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ݂‫ ݕ‬൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ
^ŝŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ‫ܣ‬ሺ͸ǡ ͻሻǡ ‫ܤ‬ሺͶǡ ͸ሻ ĂŶĚ ‫ܥ‬ሺͲǡ Ͳሻ ůŝĞ ŽŶ ƚŚŝƐ
ĐŝƌĐůĞ͕ǁĞŚĂǀĞ͵͸ ൅ ͸Ͷ ൅ ͳʹ݃ ൅ ͳ͸݂ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ
֜ ͳʹ݃ ൅ ͳ͸݂ ൅ ܿ ൌ െͳͲͲ ǥ ǥ ሺ݅‫ݒ‬ሻ
ůƐŽ͕ͳ͸ ൅ ͵͸ ൅ ͺ݃ ൅ ͳʹ݂ ൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ
ͺ݃ ൅ ͳʹ݂ ൅ ܿ ൌ  െͷʹ ǥ ǥ ሺ‫ݒ‬ሻ
ŶĚܿ ൌ Ͳ ǥ Ǥ ሺ‫݅ݒ‬ሻ
 WƵƚƚŝŶŐܿ ൌ ͲŝŶƋƐ͘ሺ݅‫ݒ‬ሻĂŶĚሺ‫ݒ‬ሻ͕ǁĞŐĞƚ͵݃ ൅ Ͷ݂ ൌ െʹͷ
'ŝǀĞŶ ĐŝƌĐůĞ ŝƐ ͘‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ Ͷ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹͲ ൌ Ͳ Kƌ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ
ĂŶĚʹ݃ ൅ ͵݂ ൌ െͳ͵
ͳሻଶ  ൅  ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ʹሻଶ ൌ ͷଶ 
KŶƐŽůǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĞ͕ǁĞŐĞƚ
ĞŶƚƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƚŚŝƐĐŝƌĐůĞŝƐ‫ܥ‬ଵ ሺͳǡ ʹሻ͘
݃ ൌ  െʹ͵݂ܽ݊݀ ൌ ͳͳǤ
EŽǁ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ ĐŝƌĐůĞ ŽĨ ƌĂĚŝƵƐ ΖϱΖ ƚŽƵĐŚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĂďŽǀĞ
^Ž͕ƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĐŝƌĐůĞŝƐ͗
ĐŝƌĐůĞĂƚܲሺͷǡ ͷሻ͘
‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ Ͷ͸‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹʹ‫ ݕ‬൅ Ͳ ൌ Ͳ
>ĞƚƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĐŝƌĐůĞďĞ‫ܥ‬ଶ ሺ݇ǡ ݇ሻ͘ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ  െ Ͷ͸‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹʹ‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͳ
^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĂĚŝƵƐŽĨƚŚĞŐŝǀĞŶĐŝƌĐůĞĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĐŝƌĐůĞ 
ŝƐƐĂŵĞ͕ƉŽŝŶƚܲŝƐŵŝĚƉŽŝŶƚŽĨ‫ܥ‬ଵ ‫ܥ‬ଶ  10. Find the equation of a circle passing through the point (7,
ଵା௛ ଶା௞
‫׵‬ͷൌ ֜ ݄ ൌ ͻܽ݊݀ͷ ൌ ֜ ݇ ൌ ͺ 3) having radius 3 units and whose centre lies on the line
ଶ ଶ
^Ž͕ƚŚĞĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĐŝƌĐůĞŝƐ͗ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳ.
ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͻሻଶ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ͺሻଶ ൌ ʹͷ Solution: 'ŝǀĞŶƚŚĂƚĐŝƌĐůĞƉĂƐƐĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚ;ϳ͕ϯͿ
‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͳͺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͺͳ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ͳ͸‫ ݕ‬൅ ͸Ͷ ൌ ʹͷ ĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĂĚŝƵƐŝƐϯ͘ůƐŽ͕ĐĞŶƚƌĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƌĐůĞůŝĞƐŽŶƚŚĞůŝŶĞ
‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ͳͺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳ͸‫ ݕ‬൅ ͳʹͲ ൌ Ͳ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬െ ͳ͘
 dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ĐĞŶƚƌĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƌĐůĞŝƐ‫ܥ‬ሺ݄ǡ ݄Ȅ ͳሻ͘EŽǁ͕ƌĂĚŝƵƐ
9. The equation of the circle circumscribing the triangle ŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƌĐůĞŝƐ‫ ܥܣ‬ൌ ͵;ŐŝǀĞŶͿ
whose sides are the lines ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹǡ ͵‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͷ‫ݔ‬ǡ ʹ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͵‫ݔ‬ ‫ ׵‬ሺ݄Ȅ ͹ሻଶ ൅Ǥ ሺ݄Ȅ ͳȄ ͵ሻଶ  ൌ ͻ
is_______. ʹ݄ଶ Ȅ ʹʹ݄ ൅ ͷ͸ ൌ Ͳ
Solution: 'ŝǀĞŶĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨůŝŶĞĂƌĞ͗ ֜  ݄ଶ Ȅ ͳͳ݄ ൅ ʹͺ ൌ Ͳ
‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹ ǥ Ǥ ሺ݅ሻ ሺ݄Ȅ Ͷሻሺ݄Ȅ ͹ሻ ൌ Ͳ ֜ ݄ ൌ Ͷǡ ͹
͵‫ ݕ‬ൌ Ͷ‫ ݔ‬ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺ݅݅ሻ dŚƵƐ͕ĐĞŶƚƌĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƌĐůĞŝƐ;ϰ͕ϯͿŽƌ‫ܥ‬ሺ͹ǡ ͸ሻ͘
ʹ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͵‫ ݔ‬ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ሺ݅݅݅ሻ ,ĞŶĐĞ͕ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŝƌĐůĞĐĂŶďĞ͗
^ŽůǀŝŶŐ ƚŚĞƐĞ ůŝŶĞƐ͕ ǁĞ ŐĞƚ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶ ;ϲ͕ ϴͿ͕ ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ Ͷሻଶ ൅ ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ͵ሻଶ ൌ ͻĂŶĚሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͹ሻଶ ൅  ሺ‫ ݕ‬െ ͸ሻଶ  ൌ ͻ
;ϰ͕ϲͿĂŶĚ;Ϭ͕ϬͿ͘ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅  ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ͺ‫ ݔ‬െ ͸‫ ݕ‬൅ ͳ͸ ൌ Ͳܽ݊݀‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ െ ͳͶ‫ ݔ‬െ
ͳʹ‫ ݕ‬൅ ͹͸ ൌ Ͳ



PRACTICE QUESTIONS

௫మ ௬మ
ϭ͘ ƉŽŝŶƚŽŶƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞ మ െ మ ൌ ͳŝƐ ;ĂͿට 
ଽ
  ;ďͿʹට 
ଵ
஺ ஻ ହ ଽ
;ĂͿሺ‫ߠݏ݋ܿܣ‬ǡ ‫ߠ݊݅ݏܤ‬ሻ ;ďͿሺ‫ߠܿ݁ݏܣ‬ǡ ‫ߠ݊ܽݐܤ‬ሻ
ଵ
;ĐͿሺ‫ߠʹݏ݋ܿܣ‬ǡ ‫ߠʹ݊݅ݏܤ‬ሻ ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ ;ĐͿ͵ට    ;ĚͿϮ
଼


Ϯ͘ dŚĞĞĐĐĞŶƚƌŝĐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚLJƉĞƌďŽůĂ‫ ݔ‬ଶ о‫ ݕ‬ଶ сϮϱŝƐ
ଵ ϲ͘ dŚĞƐƵŵŽĨĨŽĐĂůĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƐŽĨĂŶLJƉŽŝŶƚŽŶƚŚĞĞůůŝƉƐĞǁŝƚŚ
;ĂͿξʹ   ;ďͿ  ŵĂũŽƌĂŶĚŵŝŶŽƌĂdžĞƐĂƐʹܽĂŶĚʹܾƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŝǀĞůLJ͕ŝƐĞƋƵĂů
ξଶ
;ĐͿϮ   ;ĚͿϭнξʹ ƚŽ
 ଶ௔
;ĂͿʹܽ   ;ďͿ 
ϯ͘ dŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ŝƐƐLJŵŵĞƚƌŝĐĂďŽƵƚ ௕
ଶ௕ ௕మ
;ĂͿ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽ‫ݏ݅ݔ‬ ;ĐͿ
௔
   ;ĚͿ 
௔
;ďͿ‫ ݕ‬െ ܽ‫ݏ݅ݔ‬ 
;ĐͿŽƚŚ‫ ݔ‬െ ܽ‫ݏ݅ݔ‬ĂŶĚ‫ ݕ‬െ ܽ‫ݏ݅ݔ‬ ϳ͘ dŚĞ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĨŽĐĂů ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĂŶLJ ƉŽŝŶƚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ
;ĚͿdŚĞůŝŶĞ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݔ‬ ŚLJƉĞƌďŽůĂͻ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ͳ͸‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ ͳͶͶŝƐ
 ;ĂͿϴ   ;ďͿϳ
ϰ͘ dŚĞ ůŽĐƵƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉŽŝŶƚ ŽĨ ŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůŝŶĞƐ ܾ‫ ݐݔ‬െ ;ĐͿϲ   ;ĚͿϰ
ܽ‫ ݐݕ‬ൌ ܾܽĂŶĚܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ܾܽ‫ݐ‬ŝƐ 
;ĂͿƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ  ;ďͿŶĞůůŝƉƐĞ ϴ͘ dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉŽŝŶƚƐŽĨŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚǁŽĐƵƌǀĞƐ‫ ݕ‬ൌ
;ĐͿŚLJƉĞƌďŽůĂ  ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ ʹ‫ݔ݊݅ݏ‬ĂŶĚ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͷ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͵ŝƐ
 ;ĂͿϬ   ;ďͿϭ
ϱ͘ dŚĞĞĐĐĞŶƚƌŝĐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŚLJƉĞƌďŽůĂĐĂŶŶĞǀĞƌďĞĞƋƵĂůƚŽ ;ĐͿϮ   ;ĚͿλ

WĂŐĞ72 YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗Advance
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ϵ͘ dŚĞĨŽĐŝŽĨƚŚĞŚLJƉĞƌďŽůĂϮ‫ ݔ‬ଶ о͵‫ ݕ‬ଶ сϱ͕ŝƐ ௫మ ௬మ ௫మ
ϭϱ͘ dŚĞĨŽĐŝŽĨƚŚĞĞůůŝƉƐĞ ൅ ൌ ͳĂŶĚƚŚĞŚLJƉĞƌďŽůĂ െ
ହ ହ ଵ଺ ௕మ ଵସସ
;ĂͿቀേ ǡ Ͳቁ  ;ďͿቀേ ǡ Ͳቁ ௬మ ଵ ଶ
ξ଺ ଺ ൌ ĐŽŝŶĐŝĚĞ͘dŚĞŶƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨܾ ŝƐ
ξହ ଼ଵ ଶହ
;ĐͿቀേ ǡ Ͳቁ  ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ ;ĂͿϭ   ;ďͿϱ
଺
 ;ĐͿϳ   ;ĚͿϵ
ϭϬ͘ sĞƌƚĞdž ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ʹ‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ Ͳ ůŝĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ 
ƋƵĂĚƌĂŶƚ ϭϲ͘ ƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ
;ĂͿ&ŝƌƐƚ   ;ďͿ^ĞĐŽŶĚ ඥሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሻଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൅ ඥሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ʹሻଶ ൅ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ ͶƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ
;ĐͿdŚŝƌĚ  ;ĚͿ&ŽƵƌƚŚ ;ĂͿWĂƌĂďŽůĂ  ;ďͿůůŝƉƐĞ
 ;ĐͿŝƌĐůĞ  ;ĚͿWĂŝƌŽĨƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚůŝŶĞƐ
ϭϭ͘ sĞƌƚĞdžŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂϵ‫ ݔ‬ଶ оϲdžнϯϲLJнϵсϬŝƐ 
;ĂͿሺͳȀ͵ǡ െʹȀͻሻ  ;ďͿሺെͳȀ͵ǡ െͳȀʹሻ ϭϳ͘ /Ĩ ሺʹǡ Ͳሻ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ǀĞƌƚĞdž ĂŶĚ ‫ ݕ‬െ ܽ‫ ݏ݅ݔ‬ƚŚĞ ĚŝƌĞĐƚƌŝdž ŽĨ Ă
;ĐͿሺെͳȀ͵ǡ ͳȀʹሻ  ;ĚͿሺͳȀ͵ǡ ͳȀʹሻ ƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ͕ƚŚĞŶŝƚƐĨŽĐƵƐŝƐ
 ;ĂͿሺʹǡ Ͳሻ  ;ďͿሺെʹǡ Ͳሻ
௫మ
ϭϮ͘ dŚĞ ĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĚŝƌĞĐƚƌŝĐĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĞůůŝƉƐĞ ൅ ;ĐͿሺͶǡ Ͳሻ  ;ĚͿሺെͶǡ Ͳሻ
ଷ଺
௬మ 
ൌ ͳŝƐ ϭϴ͘ dŚĞĞŶĚƐŽĨůĂƚƵƐƌĞĐƚƵŵŽĨƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ
ଶ଴
;ĂͿϴ   ;ďͿϭϮ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ͺ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͲĂƌĞ
;ĐͿϭϴ   ;ĚͿϮϰ ;ĂͿሺെͶǡ െʹሻĂŶĚሺͶǡ ʹሻ ;ďͿሺͶǡ െʹሻĂŶĚሺെͶǡ ʹሻ
 ;ĐͿሺെͶǡ െʹሻĂŶĚሺͶǡ െʹሻ ;ĚͿሺͶǡ ʹሻĂŶĚሺെͶǡ ʹሻ
ϭϯ͘ dŚĞƉŽŝŶƚƐŽŶƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ‫ ݕ‬ଶ ൌ ͳʹ‫ݔ‬ǁŚŽƐĞĨŽĐĂůĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ 
ŝƐϰ͕ĂƌĞ ϭϵ͘ /Ĩ ሺͲǡ േͶሻܽ݊݀ሺͲǡ േʹሻďĞ ƚŚĞ ĨŽĐŝ ĂŶĚ ǀĞƌƚŝĐĞƐ ŽĨ Ă
;ĂͿሺʹǡ ξ͵ሻǡ ሺʹǡ െξ͵ሻ ;ďͿሺͳǡ ʹξ͵ሻǡ ሺͳǡ െʹξ͵ሻ ŚLJƉĞƌďŽůĂ͕ƚŚĞŶŝƚƐĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶŝƐ
;ĐͿሺͳǡ ʹሻ  ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ ௫మ ௬మ ௫మ ௬మ
;ĂͿ െ ൌ ͳ  ;ďͿ െ ൌ ͳ
 ସ ଵଶ ଵଶ ସ
௬మ ௫మ ௬మ ௫మ
ϭϰ͘ ŶŐůĞŽĨŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐƵƌǀĞƐ‫ ݎ‬ൌ ‫ ߠ݊݅ݏ‬൅ ܿ‫ߠݏ݋‬ĂŶĚ ;ĐͿ െ ൌ ͳ  ;ĚͿ െ ൌ ͳ
ସ ଵଶ ଵଶ ସ
‫ ݎ‬ൌ ʹ‫ߠ݊݅ݏ‬ŝƐĞƋƵĂůƚŽ 
గ గ ϮϬ͘ KŶƚŚĞƉĂƌĂďŽůĂ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ͕ƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚůĞĂƐƚĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
;ĂͿ    ;ďͿ 
ଶ ଷ ƐƚƌĂŝŐŚƚůŝŶĞ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ʹ‫ ݔ‬െ ͶŝƐ
గ
;ĐͿ    ;ĚͿEŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ ;ĂͿ;ϭ͕ϭͿ  ;ďͿ;ϭ͕ϬͿ
ସ
 ;ĐͿ;ϭ͕ͲϭͿ  ;ĚͿ;Ϭ͕ϬͿ


NOTE: For Practice Questions Refer to Online Study Portal



END OF CHAPTER

YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗Advance WĂŐĞ73
ANSWER KEY RELATION AND FUNCTIONS
1 2 3 4 5
CHAPTER – 1 TRIGONOMETRY & INVERSE TRIGONOMETRY
a c b c c
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
b b c c d
a d c b a
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
a a a d b
b c d b c
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
d b d a c a b c a d
16 17 18 19 20 CHAPTER - 7 PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION
c a b d d 1 2 3 4 5
21 22 23 24 25 c c b b c
d b c c b 6 7 8 9 10
CHAPTER – 2 SERIES d d d b a
1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15
a d d a a b a b c b
6 7 8 9 10 16 17 18 19 20
a b b a d b a a b a
11 12 13 14 15 21 22 23 24 25
b b c b c a a c b c
16 17 18 19 20 26 27 28 29 30
b c a d b c d c a c
21 22 23 24 25 31 32 33 34 35
d b b d c b d a b d
26 27 28 29 30 CHAPTER - 8 PROBABILITY
c a d b d 1 2 3 4 5
31 32 33 34 35 c d d a a
d a d a c 6 7 8 9 10
CHAPTER - 3 EQUATIONS & INEQUALITIES b a b c c
1 2 3 4 5 11 12 13 14 15
b d b d a a d c d c
6 7 8 9 10 16 17 18 19 20
a b b b c a c b b b
11 12 13 14 15 21 22 23 24 25
d d a c d a d c a b
16 17 18 19 20 26 27 28 29 30
d c c d b d a c d c
21 22 23 24 25 31 32 33 34 35
d a a c c b a a c b
CHAPTER - 4 COMPLEX NUMBERS CHAPTER - 9 COORDINATE GEOMETRY
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
b b b b a d c c b d
6 7 8 9 10 6 7 8 9 10
c a a c a d b b b d
11 12 13 14 15 11 12 13 14 15
d d d b c a c c a d
16 17 18 19 20 16 17 18 19 20
c d a d a a b c b c
21 22 23 24 25 CHAPTER - 10 STATISTICS
a a a a d 1 2 3 4 5
CHAPTER - 5 LOGARITHMS c d d d b
6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5
d c d a d
c a d d d
11 12 13 14 15
6 7 8 9 10
c b c b d
c d a a a
16 17 18 19 20
11 12 13 14 15
a c c d a
b a c d b
16 17 18 19 20 CHAPTER - 11 GRAPHS
c c d b d 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CHAPTER – 6 SETS
a a d b d c b c a b
1 2 3 4 5
11 12 13 14 15
d a c c d
6 7 8 9 10 a b a c b
a c c b c CHAPTER CONIC SECTIONS
-7
11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
d c a c c b a a c b a a a a d
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
a c b c c d c c c a

WĂŐĞ74 YƵĂŶƚŝƚĂƚŝǀĞƉƚŝƚƵĚĞ͗ĚǀĂŶĐĞ