PREFACE

The soils of Essex County were surveyed during the summer

of 1989.

Other Counties and Districts surveyed and maps published

are as follows:
1 . Norfolk ... .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. ... . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .Map only
Elgin. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Map only
8. Kent. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .Map only
Haldimand. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Map only
5. Welland. . .- . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Map only
6. Middlesex .. . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Map only
7. Carleton.. . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ..Map and Report
8. Parts of Northwestern Ontario . . . . . . .. . . Map and Report
9 . Durham .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. Map and Report
10. Prince Edward .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . ... . . .. . . . .. Map and Report
Soil Erosion and Land Use Survey,
Hope Township Project Area... . . . . . . .. . . .Map and Report

In addition to the above the- following Counties have been

surveyed.
Oxford Peel
Wentworth Dufferin
Halton Northumberland
York Grenville
Peterborough Perth ,
Brant Huron
Waterloo Simcoe
Lincoln Wellington
Dundas
 ONTARIO SOIL SURVEY COMMITTEE

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

PRESIDENT W. R. REEK PROFESSOR G. N. RUHNKE

PROFESSOR F. F. MORWICK MR . I, R. WEBBER

MR . A. L. WILLIS

DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DR . E. S. ARCHIBALD DR . E . S . HOPKINS
DR . A. LEAHEY DR . P. O. RIPLEY
MR . L. E. WRIGHT MR . P. C. STOBBE
MR . N. R. RICHARDS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Dominion Department of Mines and Resources, Sur-

veys and Engineering Branch, Hydrographic and Map Service,
supplied the base maps . The final copy of the Soil Map for
lithographing was prepared by the Cartographic Section of the
Field Husbandry Division, Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa.

Helpful suggestions pertaining to classification and correla-

tion, and assistance in critically reviewing the manuscript came
from Professor G . N. Ruhnke, Ontario Agricultural College,
Dr. P. 0. Ripley, Dr. A. Leahey, Mr. P. C. Stobbe, Dominion
Department of Agriculture and others .

Office space for the survey party was provided by the

Dominion Experimental Station, Harrow. The helpful sug-
gestions offered by the personnel of the Experimental Station,
Harrow and the Agricultural Representative of the Provincial
Department of Agriculture are gratefully acknowledged .
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE

Part 1 . GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE Aar:_k

Location and Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Countv Seat and Principal Towns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Population and Racial Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Transportation and -Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Part 11 . FACTORs AFFECTING THE FORMATION' OF, ESSEX C"oT- , ry SOILS

Parent Soil . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Natural Vegetation- . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 17

Part 111 . THE CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF EsSEA COUNTY

SOILS

The Soil Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Profile Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Regional Soil Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Units of Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Key to the Classification of the Soils of Essex County . . . . . ._ . . . 24
Description of Essex County Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
}'ARKIIILL loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
PARKHILL Loam--red sand spot phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
TUSCOLA fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
COLWOOIS fine sanely loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 29
TOLP',DO clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
TOLEDO silt, loam . . . . . . 30
( lyde clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 32
PERTH clay . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Pi:irru clay loam ... 33
BROOKSTON clay . . . . . . . . . . 35
13I(OOxSTON clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
BROOFSTON Clay- _Sand spot ph~csc . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
CAISTOR clay . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
CAISTO}{ Y loam . .
37
CmsTw3 clay sand spot, phase . . . . . . 37
,l r.nno chly 40
11,ximo" , sacldy loam 41
 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)

Part 111. THE CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF ESSEX COUNTY

SOILS-(Continued) PAGE
HARROW loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
PLAINFIELD sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Fox sandy loam .. ... .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . 45
GRANBY sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 46
BURFORD loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
BURFORD loam-shallow phase. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . 48
BERRIEN Sandy loam . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . : . . . 50
BERRIEN Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
WAUSEON sandy loam. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . 52
FARMINGTON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
EASTPORT Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
BOTTOM Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
MARSH. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
MUCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Part IV. AGRICULTURE

Present Agriculture . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Early Settlement and Agricultural Development .. . .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
The Utilization and Management of Essex County Soils. . .. . . . . 61
Heavy Textured, poorly drained soils. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .., . . . . 62
Heavy Textured, imperfectly drained soils.. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . ., . . 66
Medium Textured, imperfectly and poorly drained soils. . . . . . .. 68
Well drained light to medium textured soils .. ... .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 68
Light textured, imperfectly and poorly drained soils. . . . . . . . . . . .. 70
Crop Adaptability Ratings for Essex County Soils.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Good Cropland . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 71
Good to Fair Cropland.. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 72
Fair Cropland. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . :. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 72
Fair to Poor Cropland.. . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 72
Submarginal Cropland .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 73
Part V. DISCUSSION OF ANALYTICAL DATA
Mechanical Analyses . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . . . 76
Reaction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . 76
Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . 77
Potassium.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 77
Calcium and Magnesium . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 78
Organic Matter . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . .. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . 78
Base Exchange Capacity and Per Cent Base Saturation . . . . .. . . 79

APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
MAP-Soil Map of Essex County . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .in pocket back of report
 TABLES
No . PAGE
1 . Mean and Annual Averages of Daily Mean Temperature for Several
Selected Points . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2. Average Monthly and Annual Precipitation in Inches for Several
Selected Points ... .. . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3. Analysis of a Fox Sandy Loam Profile. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4. Comparative value of Farm Products in Essex County . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 58
5. Present Land Use (1941) Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6. Acreage and Distribution of Crops in Essex County (1941) Census .. 60
7. Acreage of Heavy Textured Poorly Drained Soils.. . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8. Acreage of Heavy Textured, Imperfectly Drained Soils . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 66
9 . Acreage of Medium Textured, Imperfectly and Poorly Drained Soils. 68
10 . Acreage of Well Drained, Light to Medium Textured Soils . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 68
11 . Acreage of Light Textured, Imperfectly and Poorly Drained Soils. . . . .. 70
12 . Soil Types and Acreage of Good Cropland . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . 71
13 . Soil Types and Acreage of Good to Fair Cropland . . . . . . . .. 72
14 . Soil Types and Acreage of Fair Cropland . . .. ... . . . . . . . 72
15. Soil Types and Acreage of Fair to Poor Cropland . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
16 . Acreage of Submarginal Cropland 73
17 . Crop Adaptability Rating for Essex County Soils. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74-75
18 . Chemical and Physical Composition of Surface Samples from Essex
County . . . . . . . . . .. . . 80
19 . Base Exchange Capacity and Per Cent Saturation of Surface Samples
from Essex County .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

ILLUSTRATIONS

l. Outline Map of Ontario showing location of Essex County and other

areas for which Soil maps have been published . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 8
2. Outline Map of Essex County showing townships, towns, railways,
etc . . . . . . . . . . 9
3. Outline Map of Essex County showing drainage systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ., . 13
4. Diagram showing mean Monthly Temperature and Precipitation
for Leamington . . . 15
5. Outline Map of Essex County showing distribution of the heavy,
medium and light textured soils .. 61
6. Outline Map of Essex County showing distribution of good, imperfect,
poorly and very poorly drained soils . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 62
FIG . 1-Outline map of Ontario showing location of Essex County and other
areas for which soil maps have been published .
 Soil Survey of Essex County, Ontario
b~"
N . R. RICHARDs, A. (.x. CALDZVELL AND F. F. MOHR'1C0
PART I
GENERAL DESCRIPTION O F THE AREA
Location and Area
Essex County lies in the soiithxvoster-n extremity of Southern Ontario.
Kent County on the cast is the only land boundary . It is hounded by Lake
St . Clair to the north, the Detroit River to the west and Lake Erie to the
south. The city of Windsor in the northwest section of the County is 108
miles from London and 241 miles from Toronto.
LAKE 57 CLAIR

FIG. 2-Outline INap of Essex County showing townships, towns, railways, etc.
*Mr. Ci . A. Hills (formerly with the Experimental Farms Service, and note with the Department
of Lands and Forest :, 'toronto) was in charge of the field party during the original survey and
was assisted by Mr . L. H. Webher ; the anal .vtieal work was done under the direction of Mr .
A. L. Willis ; Miss ( ; . V . Palmer assisted Avith the drawing of maps, charts, etc.
 The area of the County consists of approximately 452,480 acres (1941
census .) The area in farms is approximately 392,567 acres, the remainder
being taken up by roads, centres of population, etc.

County Seat and Principal Towns

The city of Windsor, a large industrial centre and Canada's motor capitol,
is situated at the junction of Lake St . Clair and the Detroit River.
Amherstburg, an important industrial centre, is located further down the
Detroit River. The town of Essex, the County Seat, is located~at the approxi-
mate centre of the County . At Harrow, in the southwestern part of the County,
is an important Dominion Experimental Farm . Leamington in the southeast
is in the centre of the early market gardening area .

Population and Racial Origin

The total population of Essex County according to the 1941 census was
174,230 persons of whom 24,596 or 14% were on farms, 129,791 were urban
dwellers and 19,843 were living in the rural areas but not carrying on agricul-
tural pursuits .
Total population . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__. . . . . . . . . . . . 174,230
British . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,141
French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,174
All others. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,915

Unlike most counties, the rural population of Essex County has shown
an increase in the last two decades. This trend may be attributed to the de-
velopment of the early vegetable and market gardening industry in the county .
The following population figures were prepared from the Census of Canada 1941 .

YEAR RURAL POPULATION URBAN POPULATION

1901 35,110 20,702
1911 35,196 32,351
1921 33,433 69,142
1931 40,808 118,972
1941 44,439 129,791

Transportation and Markets

Essex County is well supplied with roads and railways connecting all parts.
of the County with centres of population and other parts of the Province .
Highway No . 2 is the main east-west connection between Windsor, London
and other cities to the east . Running parallel to Lake St . Clair, Highway
No . 39 connects Stoney Point, Belle River and Tecumseh with Windsor.
Highway No . 98 provides an alternate east-west route from Tilbury to Windsor
south of No . 2 Highway.
Highway No . 3, the Talbot Road, one of Ontario's pioneer roads, con-
nects Leamington and the southern' part of the County with the centres to
the east along Lake Erie . From Leamington it extends northwest through
Ruthven and Essex to Windsor. Highway No . 18 travels south from Windsor
along the Detroit River through LaSalle and Amherstburg. Thence, High-
ways No . 18 and No . 18A swing east parallel to Lake Erie through Harrow,
Colchester and Kingsville to connect with Highway No . 3 at Leamington.
10
 In addition to these main arteries, there is an excellent network of County
and Township roads to serve the needs of the less travelled sections of the
County.
The Canadian National and Canadian Pacific main railway lines from
Toronto to Windsor run through the northern part of the County parallel
to Lake St. Clair. The Pere Marquette Railway connects Windsor, Harrow,
Kingsville, Leamington, Wheatly and St. Thomas to the east .
The Michigan Central Railway lines from Amherstburg and Windsor meet
at Essex to proceed east through Comber and Tilbury to St. Thomas. A branch
line connects Leamington and Comber. The Windsor and Amherstburg
Electric Railway connects these two centres along the Detroit River .
These railways and highways supply excellent facilities for marketing the
County's produce.
 PART II
FACTORS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF
ESSEX COUNTY SOILS
The soils in any region tend to reflect or indicate the factors affecting their
formation . Over a broad continental area the variations in climate and type
of natural vegetation are dominant factors, whereas locally the parent material
from which the soil is formed and the topography and drainage tend to be
more important. The length of time that the soil forming processes have
been operating also affects the nature of the soil . A detailed study of a cross-
section of a natural soil in depth will reveal much information regarding the
factors which have affected its formation . Conversely a study of the factors
affecting soil formation, will yield much 'information pertaining to the soils
themselves .

The Parent Soil Materials

The. glacial lakes had a most profound effect on the materials on which
Essex County soils developed. The glaciers which deposited large amounts
of glacial drift elsewhere also laid down unassorted stony materials in this
area . however, as the ice melted and the ice-front retreated, there were deep
glacial lakes covering most of this area for a long time . During this time the
waves smoothed out the ridges and considerable amounts of sediment and
outwash material were deposited.
The morainic influence is strongest in the southern part of the county .
Small, irregular stony ridges occur among the outwash (sands and gravels)
soils along Lake Erie in the Townships of Gosfield South and Colchester
South. These are remnants of light stony moraines whose finer materials have
since been removed by water to the closely associated gravelly and sandy
soils (beaches and bars) . In local areas, a morainic soil (Harrow loam) occurs
where the mixture of stones, silt, clay and sand has been little changed . In
the Perth soils in Malden Township, the morainic influence, though not so
marked, is evidenced by the large number of stones .
The broad hill in the Leamington-Ruthven area is composed of fluvio-
glacial materials. At the time of the first of the glacial lakes in this region
(Lake Maumee) the large stream which flowed between the two lobes of ice
had its delta in this area *. Much of the sand and gravel, no doubt accumu-
lated during this time . Later as the ice receded and the lake waters lowered,
this hill became an island and gravel beaches were formed around it at two
or more levels . Several other lower beach ridges or bars were formed during
this time, such as, the one extending northwest from this area through the
town of Essex.
The bedrock underlying the county is mostly limestone of Devonian age
but with the exception of the southwest corner near Amherstburg, and Pelee
Island, there is a considerable depth of drift over it, the deepest being about
one hundred and fifty feet .' . The following analyses of limestones from .quarries
*Leverett, F., and Taylor F.B . The Pleistocene of Indiana and Michigan and the History of
the Great Lakes. U. S. Geological Survey Monograph 53, 1915 .
tCaley, J. F. Paleozoic Geology of the Windsor-Sarnia Area . Dept . of Mines and Resources,'
Geological urvey, Memoir 240 .
12
near Amherstburg and on Melee Island indicate the presence of both high-
calcium and magnesian limestones$ .
Magnesian limestone (Amherstburg) Ca('()s 79 .32'' 119C03 18.76%
High-calcium limestone (lower in same quarry) C'aC0 3 97.16% 1VIgC0 ;i
0.97~J0
1VIagnesian limestone (Pelee Island) C,"aC()3 90 .-13 ATgC0 3 7.78°/0
The drift over all the county contains a considerable amount of limestone
as well as appreciable amounts of shale and some igneous rock material .
$Goudge, 11 . F., Limestones of Canada Part IV Dept . of Mines and Resources, fro. 781 .

Relief

ESSEX COUNTY
 Essex County is predominantly a smooth clay plain with scattered sandy
and gravelly knolls and ridges . One sizeable hill, which rises over a hundred
feet above the surrounding plain, occurs in the Leamington-Ruthven area .
Lake Erie to the south has an altitude of 572 feet above sea level and Lake
St . Clair to the north 576. Many cross-sections between the two lakes do not
rise above the 650 foot contour and some remain below the 625. The highest
point, near Ruthven is about 740 feet above sea level .

Numerous small rivers and creeks carry the drainage water into the lakes
and rivers which bound the county on three sides. The Ruscom and Belle
rivers are the largest, flowing northward into Lake St . Clair and the Canard
drains most of the central western part of the county into the Detroit River.
The streams flowing southward into Lake Erie are comparatively short.
Owing to the flat topography and heavy texture of most of the soils, arti-
ficial drainage is used extensively to improve the productivity of the land ..
The natural drainage system has been supplemented with open ditches and
dredge cuts to serve as outlets for the tile drains which have been installed
on many of the farms in this area .

Climate
Essex County is in a very favourable climatic position when compared
to other parts of Ontario. It is notably the earliest and warmest part of the
Province . However, there is considerable variation of climate within the
county . Putnam and Chapman* make a separate division for the Leamington
area, which includes the small area of lighter textured soils along the shore of
Lake Erie, as well as Pelee Island .

This Leamington area includes the southernmost part of Canada . Pelee

Island extends as far south as the northern border of the state of California .
Its warm climate and light soil are exceptionally well adapted to the growing
of early, tender vegetables. The growing season usually begins during the
first week of April, nearly ,a week earlier than any other area in the Province .
This places the grower of such crops as asparagus, strawberries, early potatoes
and early corn in a very favourable position . The average length of the grow-
ing season is about 216 days . The average frost-free period of 165 to 169 days
is of special importance to such crops as tomatoes, tobacco and corn .
The area suffers considerably from drought. As a region it has the lowest
annual precipitation, only 28 .1 inches ; its average snowfall is only 32 inches .
Chapman and Putnam state that there is little agreement as to what interval
or what amount of precipitation constitute a "drought," but it is generally
felt that 1.0 inch or less of rain has a distinctly detrimental effect . In the
Leamington area three years out of five are apt to have drought periods . The
annual mean of 48 ° F., winter mean of 26 °F., spring mean of 69 °F., and fall
mean of 51°F ., are all the warmest temperatures in the Province. Because
of the prevailing high summer temperatures, the effectiveness of the precipita-
tion is very low even though slightly more than half falls during the growing
season . In this area it would appear to be quite advantageous to grow early
crops which will be unaffected by the late summer droughts .
*Putnam, D.F., and Chapman, L. J. The Climate of Southern Ontario, Sei. Agr. Vol. XV111,
No. 8, April 1938.
14
 On Pelee Island the conditions are quite similar but there is a slightly
longer frost-free period .

In the rest of the county the mean annual temperature is 47 °F., one degree
lower. The growing season is from 203 to 213 days long . The area is all south
of the 70 ° July isotherm . The climatic environment is suitable for the growing
of a large number of crops which include sugar beets, seed corn, tobacco, etc.
The extreme low recorded in the district was -27°, seven degrees lower than
the low for the Leamington area . These factors, together with the heavy soils,
account for the lack of tender fruits in the area . The area is, however, inten-
sively cultivated supporting large acreages of corn, soybeans, sugarbeets and
canning crops.

The average precipitation varies from 28 to 30 inches per annum ; the snow-
fall averages about 40 inches . The drought period usually occurs two years
in five which is somewhat less than in the Leamington area .

e0

75

70

65 m
v
-60

55
0
MW 50 OVA 30
z

arc 45
w
M40 c
w
~- 3 5

30 1 .0 -

25

20
J F M A M J J A 5 0
C1
N
0
D

MONTHS

FIG. 4-Diagram showing Mean Monthly Temperature and

Precipitation for Leamington, Ontario (2l Year Period)

In tables (1) and (2) the precipitation and temperature of points within
the county are compared with distant points . Ottawa and Guelph, are in-
cluded to give the comparative figures for these experimental stations . Grimsby
and Simcoe give a comparison with the Niagara and Norfolk areas. The in-
formation in these tables was obtained from the Meteorological Division,
Department of Transport-Canada .

15
 TABLE I
MONTHLY AND ANNUAL AVERAGES OF DAILY MEAN TEMPERATURE FOR SEVERAL SELECTED POINTS
PERIOD
OF JAN. FEB. MAR. APR . MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT . OCT. Nov, DEC . YEAR
RECORD
IMMEDIATE STATIONS
Windsor ... . .... .. .... . . . ....... . . ...... . . ...... . . . 47 24 24 33 46 57 68 72 70 63 51 38 27 48
Harrow. . . . .. . . ...... . . . ..... . . . ...... .. .... . . .. . 20 25 26 35 45 57 68 72 70 64 52 40 29 49
Leamington .. . .... . . . . ...... . . .. .. . . .. ... . . . . . . 21 25 ' 25 34 44 56 67 73 71 65 52 40 29 48
Pelee Island . .. . . . . . . ...... . . ...... .. .... . . . . . 36 25 24 34 45 56 70 75 74 66 54 41 29 49
DISTANT STATIONS
Ottawa .... . ..... .. ...... . ...... . . . . .... . . . ...... . . 65 12 13 24 41 55 65 70 66 58 46 32 17 42
Guelph........ . ....... . . ...... . . ....... ...... . . . . . 44 20 IS 29 42 54 63 68 . 66 59 48 36 24 44
Stratford ...... . . .... . . . . .. .. . . . . ..... . . .... . . . . . 64 21 20 29 42 54 64 69 67 61 48 36 25 45
Kapuskasing . ....... . . . .... . . . . .... . . ....... . . 19 -2 2 14 31 46 57 62 60 51 39 22 6 32
Huntsville .... . . . ...... . . ...... . . ...... . ...... . . 30 1.4 12 24 39 52 61 66, 64 57 45 32 19 41
Simcoe.. . . . ... . . . . ....... . . .... . . . . ...... . ...... . . 21 24 24 31 43 54 65 69 67 62 50 38 28 46
Grimsby. . . . .... . . . . ...... . ...... . . ...... . . . .. . . 19 25 24 33 . 45 54 64 71 69 62 51 40 29 47
*Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
TABLE 2
AVERAGE MONTHLY AND ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN INCHES FOR SEVERAL SELECTED POINTS
PERIOD
OF JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT . OCT. Nov. DEC. YEAR
RECORD
IMMEDIATE STATIONS
Windsor. . . . ..... . . ...... . . . ...... . . ...... . . . ..... 47 2.31 2.16 2.42 2.24 3.08 3.35 3.42 2.69 2.59 2.17 2.45 2.24 31 .12
Harrow .. . .. . ..... . . ...... . . ....... . . ...... . . .... 20 1.99 1 .67 2.21 2.48 1.94 2.71 1 .88 2.04 2.61 1.87 1 .72 1.99 25 .11
Leamington . . . .......... . . . ...... . . ....... . .... 21 2.41 1.72 2.44 2.91 2.34 3.01 2.11 2.22 2.89 2.35 2.14 2.29 28 .83
Pelee Island .. . .. . ..... . . . ...... . . ...... . . . ... 36 2.41 1.99 2.27 2.74 2.83 3.04 2.58 2.52 2.55 2.21 2.35 2.01 29 .50
DISTANT STATIONS
Ottawa ... ........ . . .. ...... . . ....... . . ...... . . . ... 65 2.93 2.17 2 .77 2.70 2.47 3.52 3.39 2.56 3.23 2.93 2.98 2.58 34 .23
Guelph........... . . .. ...... . ......... . ...... . . . ... 44 2.39 1.74 1 .79 2.38 2.72 2.84 3.07 2.86 2.50 2.39 2.44 2.14 29 .26
Stratford. ...... . . .. .... . . . ...... . . . . ...... . . . ... 64 3.20 2.65 2 .93 2.67 3.08 3.17 3.36 3.04 3.31 3.29 3.59 3.42 37 .71
Kapuskasing ..... .... . . . ...... . . . . ...... . . . ... 19 2.00 1 .06 1 .56 1.82 2.12 2.33 3.43 2.94 3.54 2.50 2.39 1 .90 27 .59
Huntsville..... . . ...... . . . ..... . . . . . ..... . . .. ... 30 3.09 2.45 2.78 2.09 2.85 3.69 2.96 2.70 3.84 3.44 3.24 3.28 36 .41
Simcoe . . . . ....... . . ...... . . ....... . . . ....... . ..... 21 3.51 2.64 2 .93 3.20 2.51 2.81 2.92 2.59 3.00 2.68 3.31 3.05 35 .15
Grimsby.... . . ...... .... . . ...... .....;. .. . . ..... 19 2.81 2.23 2.37 3.01 2.89 3.18 2.81 3.01 2.71 2.82 2.38 2 .00 32 .22
Natural Vegetation
Although the natural forest that covered Essex County at the time of the
advent of the first settlers is nearly all gone there is sufficient evidence to
indicate that it was chiefly hardwood trees. Halliday places the county in
the deciduous forest region--'Niagara section.*
On the heavier soils the original forest was an association of broad-leaved
trees. The elms (American and Rock) probably occurred most frequently
and were intermingled with ash, oak, hickory, sycamore and soft maple. On
the lighter soils near Lake Erie there is an intermixing of maples, oak, cherry
and beech .
Due to the southerly position of the county, one finds many species that
do not grow in the more northerly sections of Ontario. Amongst these are
chestnut, tulip tree, moekernut and pignut hickories, scarlet, black and pin
oaks, black gum, blue ash, magnolia, popaw, Kentucky coffee tree, redbud,
red mulberry and sassafras. In the county, black walnut, sycamore, swamp
white oak and shagbark hickory are common .
However, the association consists primarily of beech and sugar maple,
together with basswood, red maple and (Northern) red, white and bur oak .
In two small areas, one north of Tecumseh and the other north of Tilbury,
a soil with a much deeper surface horizon rich in humus occurs . It is believed
that this area developed under a wet grassland type of vegetation . It is reasoned
that this caused the deep surface development similar to the prairie soils.
*Halliday, W. E. D., :1 Forest Classificatiou for Canada . Bull . 89, Forest Service, Dept . of
Mines and Resources.
 PART III
THE CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF
ESSEX COUNTY SOILS
The soil on any site is a complex body . It is the result of a definite set of
conditions of climate, vegetation, relief, drainage, parent material, and cul-
tural practices . The product of the interaction of these factors is'manifest in
the soil profile. It is upon the basis of soil profile that the soils in Essex County
are classified . In order to map soils it is necessary to consider length and
breadth as well as depth. Thus when making a soil map, areas, in which the
soil profile is reasonably similar, are shown on the soil map as the same soil type .
In a well drained soil one finds a series of well-defined horizontal layers
of material . These layers, or horizons, vary in thickness and such properties
as color, texture, structure, consistency, and clarity of demarcation. In poorly
drained soils the horizons are often not as well marked and are frequently
mottled. The series of layers from the surface down to and including the
parent material is called the soil profile .

The Soil Profile

Soil layers or horizons are grouped under three main headings-A, B, and
C . The A horizon has been leached of some mineral constituents but contains
an accumulation of organic materials in the upper part . Under forest vege
tation the Ao occurs as an accumulation of organic materials-leaves and
wood in varying stages of decay . In the A, layer the mineral particles are
coated with organic matter, endowing this layer with its dark color. The A2
layer has little or no organic coating and is the most leached layer in the pro-
file . The A22 is usually lighter in color and in this region is sometimes the
layer of maximum leaching .
The B horizons are usually darker in color and heavier in texture than the
A2 horizon and the structural aggregates are well formed . It is a layer of
accumulation of some of the materials removed from the A horizon in the
leaching process. It is chiefly iron, alumina, and fine clay that accumulate in
this layer. The B2 represents the layer of maximum accumulation and the B,
and B3 are transitional layers from A to B and B to C respectively .
The parent material from which the soil has developed is designated as
the C horizon. The upper slightly weathered part of the C horizon is some-
times designated as the C, horizon .

Profile Variations
Profiles vary in color, clarity of demarcation, and depth, depending on
such factors as parent material, drainage, relief, -texture, climate, vegetation
and farming practices. The normal type for the region, as diagrammatically
illustrated for the Fox Series on Page (19) occurs only under conditions of good
drainage with forest vegetation . The various combinations of characteristics
can be recognized and the soils classified on the basis of the appearance of the
soil profile. Under conditions of good drainage with open sandy parent material
a deeply, weathered profile exhibiting a shallow A, layer and a weakly devel-
oped B horizon occurs . On poorly drained sites relatively more organic matter
18
accumulates and the A, becomes deeper . Under these conditions the B horizon
is normally replaced by a "Glei" horizon . It is usually a drab grey color with
or without, rusty brown blotches or mottles. Although a great number of com-
binations of soil conditions are possible and can be classified, the result of the
dominant, type of development in Essex County are reflected in the Grey-Brown
Podsolic Great Soil Group on the well-drained soils, the Dark Grey Gleisolic
on the poorly drained intrazonal, the Wiesenboden on the poorly drained
intrazonal soils that developed under non-forest vegetation, and the Bogs on
the poorly drained peats and muck .

Regional Soil Survey

Under the vegetative and climatic environmental conditions that prevail
in Essex County the well drained soils exhibit Grey-Brown Podsolic charac-
teristics.
 The following description of a Fox sandy loam profile is typical of the
development on a well drained virgin site .
Location : Lot 5, Cone . A., Mersea Township .
Site : On a very slight slope towards Lake Erie (one quarter of a mile
to the south) .
Vegetation : Red and white oak, cherry ; thickly wooded .
Ao and Aoo horizons-(1-11/2 inches) . A covering of recent
leaves mixed with partially decomposed
leaves .
A1 horizon-(3-4 inches), dark grey brown sandy loam ;
high in organic matter ; medium crumb
structure ; very friable consistency ; stone-
free ; pH 6 .0 .

A21 horizon-(10-12 inches), light brown sandy loam ; weak

platy to single grain structure ; friable con-
sistency ; stonefree ; pH 5.9 .

A22 horizon-(15 inches), light yellow brown sandy loam ;

lighter than A2 ; weak platy structure ; very
friable consistency ; stonefree ; pH 5.8 .

B, horizon-(8 inches) slightly mottled, light orange and

greyish brown loam ; mixture of A and B
horizons ; granular structure ; friable con-
sistency ; stonefree ; pH 6 .2 .

B2 horizon-(12-15 inches) brown sandy clay loam ; med-

ium nuciform structure ; friable consist-
ency ; stonefree ; pH 6 .8 .

B3 horizon-(10 inches) mixed brown loam and grey

sandy loam (grading between B and par-
ent material) ; weakly developed nuciform
structure ; stonefree ; pH 6.8 .

C horizon-Grey calcareous stonefree sand ; large pro-

portion of dark colored fragments, pH
7.4 .-7.6 .

The chemical characteristics of this type are indicated in table (3) .

20
 TABLE 3

ANALYSIS OF A FOX SANDY LOAM PROFILE

(Moisture-Free Basis)

Location-Essex County, Mersea Township, Con . 1, Southwest of Leamington .

Site-Almost level.
Vegetation-Maple, beech, oak and hickory.
_ i- ;
DjPTH NITRO- ! Loss I f
OF SiOZ IL AL,% ( Fe'Oa CaO
HORIZON IN PH GEN Mg0 K,O Na~O P2O5
INCHES r70 I IGNITION!

0-3 6 .9 0.06 2.53 81 .02 -~ 9.25 2.21 1 .39 0.65 1.28 i 1.31 0.12
A, 3-6 7.0 0.04 1.38 81 .78 9.54 2.29 1 .36 0.65 % 1 .56 1.61 0.11
AZ 12-18 ! 6.6 1 0.01 0 .93 82 .17 9.65 2.25 ! 1 .38 0.69 1 .55 2 .01 0.07
A3 24-30 6.8 0.01 0 .85 81 .69 1 8.78 2.39 1 .51 0.69 1 .86 I 1.15 0 .09
B 42-48 I 6.3 f 0.02 i 1 .73 76.91 11 .48 I 3.91 1 .44 { 0.81 I 1.73 1 .26 0.09
C, 66-72 8.8 0.03 8.93 ! 66.53 8.13 1.93 !, 10 .22 1 .80 1.22 1 .35 0.07
CZ 84-90 8.9 0.03 9.19 66.71 8.22 ( 1.75 10 .10 1.49 1 .42 1 .20 0.06

*Analysis by :

Chemical Laboratories, L. E. kVR16HT,

Science Service, Department of Agriculture, Chemist.
Ottawa, March 23, 1945.
 On the heavy textured, poorly drained areas of the county, the soils exhibit
the characteristics of the Dark Grey Gleisolic . Great Soil Group. Soils in this
group are characterized by a fairly deep A, layer high in organic matter . The
glei A2 is usually a light grey, often mottled with yellow brown. The structure
ranges from medium nuciform to medium blocky. The G (gleiB) is usually
heavier and tends towards a massive structure.
The following description of a Brookston clay is typical of this type of
development.
Location : Lot 3, Cone. X Sandwich South.
Site : Level position on heavy ground moraine material, (possibly modi-
fied by lacustrine action .)
Vegetation : Elm predominant ; considerable oak, ash, and soft maple ; occa-
sional hard maple ; some grass-woodlot may have been
pastured .

A, horizon-(4-6 inches), very dark grey to black silty

clay ; medium to - fine crumb structure ;
very friable consistency ; stonefree ; pH 6 .7 .
Glei A2 horizon-(6-8 inches), drab grey clay ; yellow
brown mottlings which increase with
depth ; coarse nuciform structure ; stone-
free ; pH 6.6. ,

G, horizon-(18 inches), drab grey clay with yellow brown

mottling ; coarse blocky structure ; hard
consistency ; pH 7 .0.

G2 horizon-(6-8 inches), drab grey to light grey clay,

coarse blocky to massive structure; hard
consistency ; pH 7 .2.

C horizon-(at 36 inches), grey to light grey, heavy gritty

clay till; calcareous ; pH 7.6.

22
 Elm predominated the natural vegetation on the poorly drained, heavy -textured
soils

Under conditions of poor drainage and a vegetation of grasses, reeds and

sedges a soil has developed which has a. deep dark surface layer (usually over
ten inches) and a drab blue grey subsoil. These soils are classed with
the great soil group, Wiesenboden (or Meadow Soils.)
Under conditions of still poorer drainage layers of partially decomposed
organic matter accumulate . When this layer is shallow the soil developed is
usually considered to be a Half Bog. The deeper deposits, called Muck, are
classed as Bog soils.

Units of Classification
A soil series is a group of soils formed from similar parent materials and
having similar profiles but varying within a narrow range of texture, particu-
larly in the surface soil . The Fox series was first mapped in Norfolk County
and has been mapped in several counties since that time . Wherever it is mapped
it exhibits similar profile characteristics.
The soils within a soil series are divided into soil types on the basis of tex-
ture . The name Fox sandy loam refers to a soil in the Fox series with a sandy
loam surface.
Phases are used to indicate variation from the normal soil type in such
factors as surface stoniness; erosion, shallowness, etc. A Burford loam, shallow
phase, would be a soil of the Burford series, with a loam surface, but having a
relatively shallow gravelly deposit underlain by clay or other heavy materials
at depths less than three feet .
23
 Those soils developed on similar parent materials but differing in char-
acteristics of the solum due to differences of relief or drainage are referred to
as a "soil catena ." In the following key the catenary relationship of the soils
of Essex County is indicated .

KEY TO THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOILS IN ESSEX COUNTY

A. SOILS FORMED FROM LIMESTONE TILL
(a) Poor natural drainage
(i) Dark Grey Gleisolic Great Soil Group.
1. Parkhill loam ........... . ...... . ... ...... ....... . . ........ ......... ...... . . ....... . . ..... . . 5,000 acres
2. Parkhill loam ; red sand spot phase..... .. .... . . ........ . ........ . . ...... . . 5,000 acres
B. SOILS FORMED FROM LACUSTRINE MATERIALS
1. Medium Textured Materials.
(a) Imperfect natural drainage .
(i) Grey Brown Podsolic Great Soil Group
1. Tuscola fine sandy loam .......... . . ....... . ...... . ...... . . ...... . . . ......... . .... . . 6,000 acres
(b) Poor drainage
(i) Dark Grey Gleisolic Great Soil Group
1. Colwood fine sandy loam....... ........... . . . . ...... . ........ . . ..... ..., . . ..... 7,000 acres
II . Heavy Textured Materials
(a) Poor natural drainage .
(i) Formed under deciduous forest ; (dark surface usually less
than 10 inches.)
Dark Grey Gleisolic Great Soil Group.
1. Toledo clay . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . ..... ...... . . ...... . .. ...... . . ....... .. ...... ...... . . ....... . .. 17,500 acres
2. Toledo silt loam ... .. . . ...... .. . . . . . . . . .... . . ....... . . ...... . . ........ .......... .......̀ . .. 1,000 acres
(ii) Formed under grasses, reeds and sedges ; (dark surface usually
more than 10 inches .)
Wiesenboden Great Soil Group.
1. Clyde clay... ... .. ...... . . ....... . . ...... . . ....... . . .... . ...... ............. ........ . ...... . .. 2,500 acres

C. SOILS FORMED FROM LUCUSTRO-MORAINIC MATERIALS.

1. Limestone parent material with some shale.
(a) Imperfect natural drainage
(i) Grey Brown Podsolic Great Soil Group.
1. Perth Clay. .. . .. ........... . . .. ...... . ......_ .... . ...... . . . . ...... . . ..... . . ....__.... . . . 9,000 acres
2 . Perth clay loam ... ....... . ...... . . .... . . ...... . . . ...... . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . 8,000 acres
(b) Poor natural drainage
(i) Dark Grey Gleisolic Great Soil Group.
1 . Brookston clay . . . . . .. . . .. . . ...... ....... . . ...... . . ....... . ....... . . .... . . ...... . . ....... 250,000 acres
2. Brookston clay loam .... . . . .......... . . ....... . . ...... . . . .__ ....... . ....... .. ...... . 30,000 acres
3. Brookston clay, sand spot phase... . ....... ....... . . ...... . ....... . . ....... . 18,000 acres
II . Shaley limestone parent materials
(a) Imperfect natural drainage
(i) Grey-Brown Podsolic Great Soil Group.
1 . Caistor clay . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . ....... . . ...... . ....... ...... . . ...... . . ...... . . ....... ...... 13,500 acres
2. Caistor clay loam . . . .... . . ....... . . ...... . . .... . . ....... . ....... . . ....... . . ...... . ..... 2,500 acres
3. Caistor clay, sand spot phase......... . ...... .. . . ...... . ...... . . . ..... ......... 1,500 acres
(b) Poor natural drainage
(i) Dark Grey Gleisolic Great Soil Group
1 . Jeddo clay .. . . ........ ....... ...... . . . . ...... . .. .. . ... . . ....... ...... . ...... . ...... . . ........ . 3,500 acres
24
D . SOILS FORMED FROM POORLY SORTED OUTWASH MATERIALS
(a) Good natural drainage
(i) Grey Brown Podsolic Great Soil Group .
1 . Harrow sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,500 acres
2 . Harrow loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000 acres

E . SOILS FORMED FROM WELL SORTED OUTWASH MATERIALS

1 . Sandy Materials.
(a) Excessive natural drainage .
(i) Azonal Group .
1 . Plainfield sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,700 acres
(b) Good natural drainage .
(i) Grey Brown Podsolic Great Soil Group .
1 . Fox sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,300 acres
(c) Poor natural drainage
(i) Dark Grey Gleisolic Great Soil Group .
1 . Granny sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000 acres
11 . Gravelly Materials
(a) Good natural drainage
(i) Grey Brown Podsolic Great Soil Group .
1 . Burford loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,700 acres
2 . Burford loam, shallow phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,300 acres

F . SOILS FORMED FROM SHALLOW SANDS OVER CLAY

(a) Imperfect natural drainage
(i) Grey Brown Podsolic Great Soil Group .
1 . Berrien sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,000 acres
2 . Berrien sand . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,000 acres
(h) Poor natural drainage
(i) Dark Grey Gleisolic Great Soil Group .
1 . Wauseon sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,000 acres

G . MISCELLANEOUS SOILS
Farmington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000 acres
Eastport sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,500 acres
Bottom land . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,300 acres

H . ORGANIC SOILS
Marsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,000 acres
Muck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,700 acres

DESCRIPTION OF ESSEX COUNTY SOILS

A. SOILS FORMED FROM LIMESTONE TILL

Limestone tills are commonly found in physiographic forms, such as drum-

linized till plains and smooth till plains . The Parkhill is the poorly drained
member of the Guelph catena . The well drained member does not occur in
sufficiently large areas to warrant its separation in Essex County .
The Parkhill soils have developed from a mixture of Onondaga magnesian
limestone and smaller amounts of dark brown Huron shale, as well as occasion-
al Precambrian rocks . The unassorted till has been altered slightly by mixing

25
with sandy outwash and finer lacustrine materials . The parent material is
loamy in nature containing a small percentage of fine material and a consider-
able amount of pebbles and stones . The subsoil is freely permeable but be-
cause of the level or depressional topographic position occupied by the Park-
hill series it is poorly drained .

(a) Poor natural Drainage

Parkhill Loam (5,000 acres)
Parkhill Loam-Red Sand Spot Phase (5,000 acres)
Other than the sharp colour contrast between the dark surface and drab
grey lower layers the horizons in the profile are poorly defined. The profile
exhibits characteristics typical of the Dark Grey Gleisolic soils. The following
profile description is of a cultivated soil :

Ac-6-8 inches dark grey brown or very dark grey loam ;

medium crumb structure; friable consistency ;
stonefree ; high. in organic matter ; neutral,
pH 7.0.

G -20-24 inches of drab grey loam mottled with light

yellow brown; weak blocky_ structure ; gritty ;
pH 6 .8 7.2.

C -Light grey calcareous loamy till ; gritty ; chiefly de-

rived from limestone with some shale and pre-
cambrian rocks ; numerous stones ; pH . 7.8.

The topography of the Parkhill series is level to slightly undulating. Both

the external and internal drainage are poor . The natural forest vegetation in-
cludes elm, ash, oak, with some beech, maple, and sycamore .
26
 Parkhill loam occurs in two tracts . One immediately west of Harrow and
the other in the southeastern part of the Township of Go-field South .

Parkhill Loam (red sand spot phase)

The area mapped as red sand spot phase is characterized by shallow sandy
knolls scattered over the area . These knolls are slightly acid and the reddish
color, especially in summer, is quite noticeable . Chemical analyses from a
sample west of Harrow slrow the 1101 extract to coutairr 41 .!)'-,(' Fe z 0 3 It is
quite possible the pronounced reel colour is (tic to the high iron content.

Agriculture
The Parkhill types are mostly tile-drained and are intensively cropped.
Their chief use is in the growing of vegetables and canning crops, which in-
clude cabbages, lettuce, celery and tomatoes. Considerable corn, wheat, beans,
burley and black tobacco is grown . In the undrained condition, the Parkhill
soils produce fair forage crops. However before red clover and alfalfa can be
satisfactorily included in the seed mixture drainage improvement is desirable .
On the red sand spot phase, where the depth of sand exceeds two feet, orchards
grow fairly well, providing the drainage is satisfactory .
The chief fertility need on this type is phosphorus and to a lesser extent
potash and organic matter, particularly on the sand spot phase .

B . SOILS FORIAIED FROM LACUSTRINE NIATERIALS

While the continental glacier was receding much, and at times, all of
Essex County was submerged by water of the glacial lakes . Streams fed by
the melting ice carried fine materials into the lakes where they settled out in
the still water. The occurence of varves in the lacustrine soils of Essex County
is not uncommon .
The medium textured soils of Essex County occur in the Brant catena,the
Tuscola being the imperfectly drained member and the Colwood the poorly
drained member. The heavy textured lacustrine soils that developed under
a forest vegetation are members of the Brantford catena . Only the poorly
drained member, the Toledo, was mapped in Essex County.
The Clyde series presumably developed tinder grass vegetation and poor
drainage on heavy lacustrine materials .
 1. Medium Textured Materials

(a) Imperfect Natural Drainage

Tuscola Fine Sandy Loam (6,000 acres)
The Tuscola soils occur chiefly in an area south of Harrow and another
area north and east of Leamington . The profile exhibits characteristics similar
to the Grey Brown Podsolic soils. The following profile description is of a
cultivated soil .

A, 6-8 inches of dark brown fine sandy loam ; fine

crumb structure ; friable consistency ; high in
organic matter ; stonefree ; pH 6 .8 .

10-12
A2 inches of-light grey brown fine sandy loam ;
fine crumb structure ; friable consistency ; stone-
free ; some mottling on lower part of horizon ;
pH 7.0 .

B -30-36 inches stratified fine sand, silt and clay ; light

grey mottled with yellow brown ; friable con-
sistency ; stonefree ; pH 7.2 .

C -Light grey, calcareous, stratified silt and clay ;

stonefree; pH 7.8 .

The topography ranges from level to slightly undulating .

The natural drainage is imperfect.
Elm and soft maple are the dominant species native to this series .

28
Agriculture
This soil type is used extensively for the growing of vegetables, canning
crops, corn, beans, wheat, barley and black tobacco and to a lesser extent
grapes and tree fruits . Flue-cured tobacco is grown on some of the better
drained sites but the soil type is not well suited to its production . Clovers are
grown successfully . This type responds to improved drainage and some of the
above crops can be grown successfully only if the drainage is improved .
Where intensive cropping to intertilled crops is practised on the long, gentle
slopes erosion may- become a problem .
(b) Poor Drainage.
Colwood Fine Sandy Loans (7,000 acres)
The Colwood series is the poorly drained associate of the Tuscola and be-
longs to the great soil group, Dark Grey Gleisolic. The main area is in the
township of Sandwich West .
The profile horizons are often indistinct .

A,-6 inches dark grey, fine sandy loam ; fine granular

structure ; friable consistency ; stonefree ; pH 6.8.

A2-6 inches of grey loam and fine sandy loam with

yellowish brown mottlings ; very weak fine nuci-
form structure ; stonefree ; phl G.S.

G -20 inches grey loam and silt loam with light yellow-
ish brown mottlings; somewhat massive strttc-
tttre, stonefree ; pH 7 .2 .

C --Grey calcareous loam, fine sandy loam, and silt

loam ; stratified or varved ; stonefree ; pH 7 .6 .

29
 The topography is level to depressional . The natural drainage is poor.
The Colwood developed under deciduous tree cover consisting chiefly of soft
maple and elm.

Agriculture
When the Colwood-is artificially drained, it is well'suited to the production
of vegetables, canning crops, and sugar beets. Without improved drainage
it is used largely for hay and pasture or remains under tree cover.
The chief fertility need of this- soil is phosphorus in conjunction with the
improvement in drainage indicated above. -

11 . Heavy Textured Materials

(a) 'Poor Natural Drainage
(i) Formed under deciduous forest ; dark surface usually less than
10 inches deep .
Toledo clay (17,500 acres)
Toledo Silt Loam (1,000 acres) .
The Toledo soils developed from fine textured lacustrine materials under
a deciduous forest and exhibit the characteristics of the Dark Grey Gleisolic
Soils. The main areas occur in Sandwich West and the Point Pelee district of
Mersea Township . Toledo silt loam is mapped south of Windsor in the town-
ship of Sandwich West and differs from the clay in the higher proportion of
silt that it contains . The Toledo is the poorly drained member of the Brantford
catena . _
 The following is a general description of a profile under cultivated con-
ditions .

A,---8-10 inches of dark grey to black clay and silt

loam ; medium to large granular structure;
sticky to plastic when wet ; stonefree ; high in
organic matter ; pH 7 .0.

G --24-30 inches of heavy grey plastic clay with yellow

and orange brown mottles ; coarse blocky struc-
ture ; tough, plastic consistency ; stonefree ; pH
7.0.

C -Grey calcareous heavy clay ; stonefree ; pH 7.6.

The topography is level to slightly undulating. The natural drainage is

poor. The natural forest vegetation is dominantly elm with some ash and
red oak.

Agriculture
The chief limitation to successful crop production on the Toledo soils is
poor drainage . Provided drainage improvement is effected, wheat, corn and
beans grow satisfactorily . In the Point Pelee area draining and pumping are
necessary to provide satisfactory drainage . Once drained these soils are well
suited to the growing of tomatoes and onions .
31
 (ii) Formed under grasses, reeds and sedges ; dark surface usually more
than 10 inches deep .

Clyde Clay (2,500 acres)

Clyde clay, the only member of the series in Essex County, is mapped in
the Riverside-Tecumseh area and north of Tilbury. It is a highly organic soil
developed under very wet conditions with a vegetation of grass, reeds, cattails
and swamp cover. The Clyde series exhibits the characteristics of the Wiesen-
boden soils .
The profile is characterized by a deep black surface layer.

A,- .10-12 inches of dark grey to black clay ; coarse

crumb structure ; slightly plastic when wet ;
stonefree ; pH 7.0.

GI-10 inches of dark grey clay, slightly mottled ;

plastic ; weakly developed blocky structure ;
stonefree ; pH 6.8 .

G2-Grey clay with yellowish brown mottlings ; massive

structure ; plastic consistency ; stonefree ; pH 7.0

C -Grey calcareous stonefree clay ;

As it is mapped, in Essex. the Clyde series includes some small areas, of

shallow muck .
The topography is level to slightly depressional . The natural drainage
is poor .
32
Agriculture
Very little livestock is kept on the Clyde series . The land is devoted chiefly
to the production of canning crops, wheat, corn and beans. The land is in-
tensively cropped with very little land devoted to pasture. Artificial drainage
is essential for the type of farming practiced on this soil . The cost of drainage
is high as dykes and pumping stations must be maintained . The Clyde is a
highly productive and reliable soil once satisfactory drainage conditions are
effected . To maintain productivity and a satisfactory physical condition in
the Clyde soils adequate organic matter levels must be maintained .

C. SOILS FOR"NIED FRO-11 LACUSTRO-MORAINIC MATERIALS

The parent material of this group of soils is a heavy ground moraine which
has been altered to greater or lesser degree by wave action and lacustrine
deposition . The depth of sediment on the surface varies from practically nil
to two or three feet . Two catenas occur on the lacustro-morainic materials,
the Huron and the Haldimand . The Huron catena has developed from dolo-
mitic limestone materials intermixed with a fair proportion of shale. The im-
perfectly drained member, the Perth, and the poorly drained member, the
Brookston, were both mapped in Essex County .
The Haldimand catena, which is similar in mans- respects to the Huron
catena, is developed on parent material that is considerably higher in shale.
The well drained member is not represented but the imperfectly drained mem
ber; the Caistor series covers a considerable acreage. The poorly drained
member is the Jeddo series .
The favorable climatic environment of Essex Country increases the usability
of the Huron and Haldimand catenas over other areas. With improved drain-
age, the long growing season permits the growing of high value crops . Large
areas of similar types in Huron, Perth, and Wellington counties grow relatively
low value crops because of the higher snowfall and shorter growing season .
With low value crops it is doubtful if tile drainage on the poorly drained
member would be a profitable investment .

I. Limestone Parent Material With Some Shale

(a) Imperfect 'Natural Drainage .

Perth Clay (9,000 acres)
Perth Clay Loam (8,000 acres)
Although the Perth soils are imperfectly drained the profile exhibits sutli-
cient Grey Brown Podsolic characteristics to be included with that group.
 The following is a description of a profile on a 'cultivated soil .

A c-6 inches of dark grey clay loam ; medium crumb

structure ; friable 'consistency ; some stones ;
pH 6.5 .

A2-10 inches of mottled yellow brown clay loam ;

medium nuciform structure ; friable consist-
ency ; stony ; pH 6.5 .

B -10-12 inches of mottled brown clay ; coarse blocky

structure ; plastic when wet; stony; pH 7.0 .

C -Grey calcareous heavy clay till ; some brown

mottles; coarse blocky structure ; plastic con-
sistency ; gritty ; pH 7.4 .

Surface boulders occur but rarely in sufficiently large numbers to prohibit

cultivation . Occasionally it is necessary to pick and draw stones from the fields .
The topography of the Perth series in Essex County is nearly level to slightly
undulating . The natural drainage is fair but some poorly drained spots are
included in mapping. The natural forest vegetation is elm, ash, hickory, with
some oak and maple.
Fairly large areas of Perth clay and Perth clay loam occur in the south-
western section of the county .

Agriculture
The Perth types are used mostly for . general farming and dairying and are
fairly well adapted for these purposes . There are a few apple orchards on the
Perth Soils but the chief cash crops are corn, wheat, tobacco and canning crops.

34
 The chief fertility needs are organic matter and phosphate . Drainage
improvement is sometimes necessary for satisfactory crop production de-
pending on the crop to be grown.

(b) Poor 'Natural Drainage

Brookston Clay (250,000 acres)
Brookston Clay Loam (30,000 acres)
Brookston Clay-sand spot phase (18,000 acres)
The Brookston series is the poorly drained member of the Huron catena .
This series has a fairly high organic matter content in the surface soil .'and it
exhibits the characteristic of the Dark Grey Gleisolic soils.
The profile horizons (except the A,) are less distinct than in the associated
well drained soils.

A,:--6-8 inches of dark grey brown clay ; medium gran-

ular structure ; sticky when wet ; almost stone-
free ; pH 6 .8-7 .0 .

GA2-6 inches of grey drab clay with yellow brown

mottlings ; fine to medium nuciform structure ;
sticky when wet ; pH 6.8 .

G,-18 inches of grey clay with yellow brown mottling ;

coarse blocky structure ; tough and plastic ; pH 7.0 .

G2-6-8 inches of grey to light grey clay ; mottling less

intense than in G, ; very coarse blocky to mas-
sive structure ; tough and plastic ; pH 7 .2 .

C -Heavy calcareous clay till ; grey to light grey in

colour ; gritty ; containing shale and limestone
fragments ; tough and plastic pH 7.8 .

35
 There is usually a certain amount of grit and small stones throughout the
profile but occasionally there is none in the top 2 or 3 feet . The topography
is level to slightly undulating and the natural drainage is poor. The natural,
forest vegetation is elm with considerable ash, red oak, and soft maple, and
occasional hard maple, sycamore, and hickory . Brookston clay, the most
extensive soil type in Essex County, is mapped in every township. Brookston
clay loam is a large block covering most of Al'indsor Township and extending
south in the County.
Brookston clay (sand spot phase) occurs in large areas in --\-Iersea Township
both north and east of Leamington . Small areas are scattered throughout the
county . It is often found in association with the Berrien series . The sand spot
phase is a condition \\-here shallow sandy knolls similar to the Berrien are
scattered over an area of Brookston clay . Usually the sand does not. exceed
three feet in depth at the centre of the spot. These knolls are more acid having
a pH of 6.3 to (i .5 .

l Farmstead on Krookston Clav loain

Agriculture
A considerable amount of general farming, including dairying and beef-
raising, is practised on the Brookston series . It grows excellent forage crops
of red clover, sweet clover, grasses and alfalfa Nvhen drained. iVIost of the area
which has been improved by tile drainage grows large acreages of cash crops
such as corn, wheat, beans, canning crops, peas, burley and black tobacco .
A few young orchards on drained Brookston appear to be doing fairly NN- ell .
 The land use on the sand spot phase is similar to the rest of the series ex-
cept where the area of sandy surface is quite extensive. These areas are often
used for vegetable, strawberry and raspberry production. Maintenance of
adequate fertility and organic matter levels are more difficult, on the sand spots .
The greatest, limitation to crop production on the Brookston soils is poor
drainage . However, since Essex County is -ituated in an area where the climate
permits the growing of a large number of cash crops, drainage improvement
is usually a profitable investment . One of the major problems on the Brookston
soils is the maintenance of satisfactory organic matter levels under a short
rotation and concentrated cash cropping system of farming. Inherently the
Brookston soils are well supplied with organic matter, fairly well supplied
with potash and low in phosphorus. Depending on the crop to be grown both
potassic and phosphatic fertilizers may be necessary for satisfactory yields .

11 . Shalev Limestone Parent Alaterial

(a) Imperfect Natural Drainage
Caistor Clay (13,500 acres)
Caistor Clay Loam (2,500 acres)
Caistor-sand spot phase (1,500 acres)
The Caistor series is the imperfectly drained member of the Haldimand
catena . The well drained series does not occur in sufficiently large areas to
be mapped in the County. These soils developed from heavy ground morainic
tills. The parent material is fairly high in limestone but the shale is present
in such quantity that it has a pronounced effect on the profile developed .
The Caistor types are located principally in the townships of Gosfield South
and Colchester South .
 The profile horizons are less distinct than in the well drained Haldimand
soils .

Al-4-6 inches of dark grey clay or clay loam ; medium

granular structure; friable consistency, sticky
when wet ; medium to low in organic matter ;
pH 6.0 .-6.3 .

A2-6 inches of yellow brown clay ; mottled ; medium

nuciform structure; friable consistency ; pf 6.0 .

B,-8 inches of dark yellowish brown mottled heavy

clay ; coarse blocky structure ; hard consistency;
pH 5.8 .-6.0 .

B2-16 inches of brown heavy clay ; very coarse blocky

to massive structure ; very hard consistency;
pH 6 .4-7 .0 .

C -Grey heavy gritty clay till ; fragmental to massive

structure ; calcareous ; pH 7.4 .

The natural vegetation is hardwood association of elm, oak, ash, hickory

and some beech and maple. The topography is level to undulating and the
natural drainage is fair. On the more strongly undulating topography erosion
may be moderate, particularly when row crops are grown. The A2 horizon
usually shows up on the slopes imparting a distinct greyish cast to the knolls .
Caistor clay is mapped in South Colchester and South Gosfield . With good
farming practices it is a fairly productive soil .
Caistor clay loam is found in the area near the lake west of Kingsville .
General farming is the usual type of agriculture practised.
Caistor (sand spot phase) is found in association with the Caistor clay
loam . It represents a condition in which low lime sandy materials appear as
shallow knolls on the typical Caistor.
38
Agriculture
The clay and clay loam types of the Caistor series are used for general
agriculture, stock raising and some cash cropping . Maintenance of organic
matter and satisfactory fertility levels are the chief problems associated with
the Caistor soils. Liming should be beneficial since most of the Caistor soils
are acid in reaction . In addition to general farm crops commonly grown in a
dairy system of farming, cash crops such as wheat, corn, beans, tomatoes
burley and black tobacco are grown. Inherently the Caistor series is low in
organic matter, phosphorus, and calcium and only moderately well supplied
with potash .

The organic matter content of the acid Caistor soils can be built iij) throu h
the use of legurnes and litne.

On the Caistor ,and spot phase, where the sand is deeper and more ex-
tensive, truck crops, vegetables, strawberries, raspberries, burley and black
tobacco may be grown. The chief fertility needs of the Caistor sand spot phase
are organic matter, phosphate, lime and potash . The use and management
of the sand spot phase is similar to that of the Brookston sand spot phase.
 (b) Poor Natural Drainage
Jeddo Clay (3,500 acres)
Jeddo clay is the poorly drained member of the Haldimand catena . It
occurs in one fairly large tract northeast of Harrow. In part of the area it has
a shallow accumulation of lacustrine material. It exhibits the characteristics
of the Dark Grey Gleisolic soils.

At-3-4 inches of grey to dark grey clay ; fine granular

structure ; friable, sticky consistency ; stone-
free; pH 6.0 .

GA2-6-8 inches of drab grey clay with yellow brown

mottling ; weak blocky structure ; hard, sticky
consistency ; some grittiness ; pH 6.0.

Gt-18 inches of drab grey heavy clay with yellow

brown mottling ; medium blocky structure ;
sticky to plastic when wet; gritty ; pH 7 .0.

G27-12 inches of grey heavy clay ; less mottling than

in the G, horizon; medium blocky to massive
consistency ; gritty ; pH 7.0.

C -Grey calcareous heavy clay till ; a few stones and

grit of limestone and shale origin ; pH 7 .6.

The natural forest vegetation is mostly elm with some hickory. The topo-
graphy is almost level and the natural drainage is quite poor.

Agriculture
Drainage improvement has not been carried on as extensively on the
Jeddo soils as on the Brookston series . In Essex County the Jeddo series occurs
in an area where it appears difficult to obtain outlets. The depth of the organic
layer is deeper than in the Brookston and the stonefree, lacustrine over-
40
burden covering the underlying gritty till, ranges from a few inches to over
two feet in places. This is considerably greater depth than is usually found
on the Brookston series . Usually the Jeddo is slightly more acid than the
Brookston.
In Essex County the Jeddo soils are used chiefly for the growing of grain
and row crops such as wheat, corn, and beans. Only a very small proportion
of these soils are used for pasture and forage crop purposes . Poor drainage is
the greatest limitation to crop production.

D. SOILS FORMED FROM POORLY SORTED OUTWASH MATERIAL

1 . Good Natural Drainage
The poorly sorted materials probably resulted from the action of waves
on a sandy moraine. They are characterized by sandy materials containing
scattered stones and local bouldery ridges . The Harrow loam type is under-
lain by materials containing a large proportion of fine materials.
Harrow Sandy Loam (3,500 acres)
Harrow Loam (4,000 acres)
Both the sandy loam and loam types of the Harrow series are found in
the Harrow-Kingsville-Leamington area . The Harrow series is well
drained and is the only catenary member mapped and is characteristic of
Grey Brown Podsolic soils. The range in characteristics of the Harrow series
is wide . On a survey, where a larger scale of mapping was being used, much
of the Harrow loam would be correlated with the Guelph and Huron catenas .
 The following is a profile description of Harrow sandy loam .

A c -3-6 inches of dark grey brown sandy loam ; fine

crumb structure ; low in organic matter ; friable
consistency; occasional stones and large boul-
ders ; pH 6.2 to 6.5 .

A2-16-24 inches of light yellow brown sand ; ,friable

consistency ; weak platy structure ; occasional
stones ; pH 6.2.

$ -6 inches of reddish brown loam ; fine nuciform

structure; friable consistency ; pH 7.0 .

C -Grey sand with some grit and stones ; calcareous ;

pH 8.0 .

The types vary from sites that are free of stones to those that are quite
' bouldery . The bouldery ridges occur chiefly on the Harrow sandy loam type .
The Harrow loam is formed from slightly heavier parent material . The
profile is sometimes underlain by a clay loam till . The loam type as mapped
includes small areas which are imperfectly drained.
The natural forest vegetation is mostly hard maple, oak, and beech with
some walnut, ash and elm. The topography is undulating and the natural
drainage is good with inclusions of imperfectly drained areas in the Harrow
loam type .

42
Agriculture
The Harrow series is intensively farmed . Early vegetables, raspberries,
and strawberries are important crop,, . Peach, pear, and cherry orchards
appear to grow well. Tobacco is grown extensively but owing to the variabil-
ity of texture, the Harrow loam is less well suited to the growing of flue-cured
tobacco than is the lighter textured sandy loam type .
Important considerations when farming the Harrow series are fertility
and organic matter maintenance, and erosion control where intensive culti-
vation is practised. In dry years the use capability of the series would be
greatly increased if irrigation facilities were available . The main fertility
needs of the Harrow soils are organic matter, phosphate and potash .

E. SOILS FOR'VIED FROM WELL SORTED OUTWASH MATERIALS .

The parent material of this group of soils was deposited in still or slowly
moving water by the post glacial lakes that covered Essex County and occurs
as well sorted gravelly and sandy outwash deposits, which assume the form
of sand bars, outwash plains or beaches. The sandy materials are members
of the Fox catena, of which the Plainfield is the excessively drained, the Fox
the well drained, and the Granby the poorly drained members. The gravelly
material, are members of the Burford catena, of which the Burford is the well
drained and only member mapped in Essex County. Where pits are exposed
the gravel reaches several feet in depth as exhibited ,it Rutlrven . However
in other parts of the country the overburden of gravel is shallow and rests
on heavier materials at depths of three feet and less. Such conditions are
mapped as a shallow phase. In Essex County the outwash materials contain
a large proportion of limestone materials, with lesser amounts of dark brown
shale.

I . Sandy Materials
(a) Excessive Natural Drainage
Plainfield Sand (1,700 acres)
This type occurs as excessively drained sand ridges in Sandwich West and
Mersea Townships .
 The coarse nature of the materials allow for ready percolation of soil
moisture and an A/C type of profile has developed. Only occasionally is there
a faint trace of a B horizon . The Plainfield exhibits the characteristics of an
azonal soil .

A~-3-4 inches of yellow grey sand ; low in organic

matter ; single grain structure ; stone free ; pH 6.0 .

C -Light yellow sand grading into grey sand ; single

grain structure ;-grey sand usually calcareous ;
stonefree ; pH of upper part of horizon about
6.0 ; occasionally heavier textured materials
may occur at depths of 5 to 6 feet .

The natural forest vegetation is maple, beech and cherry. The drainage
is excessive and the topography strongly undulating and ridged .

Agriculture
Very little of this type is cultivated . It is quite droughty and subject to
wind and water erosion. For this reason much of the area has gone to waste-
land . A peach and cherry orchard appeared to be doing well on this type .
Because of inherent low fertility and susceptibility to wind erosion the
Plainfield would appear to serve its most useful purpose under permanent
tree cover . The phosphorus and potassium content is very low as well as very
low organic matter levels .
44
 Fox Sandy Loans (5,300 acres)
(b) food 'Natural Drainage
The Fox series is the well drained member of the catena bearing the same
name . It is developed on well sorted sandy and fine gravelly materials .
The Fox exhibits the characteristics of the Grey Brown Podsolic soils .
In woodlots, where the profile has been undisturbed shallow podsols have
developed in the A horizon of the former Grey Brown Podsolic profile.

A,--5-6 inches of dark brown sandy loam ; medium in

organic matter content ; medium crumb struc-
ture ; very friable consistency ; stonefree ; pH 6.0 .

A2---15-<12 inches of light brown sand and sandy loam ;

wavy horizon ; weak platy structure ; friable
consistency ; pI-I 5 .8 .

B --6-24 inches of reddish brown sandy clay loam or

loam ; wavy horizon ; medium nuciform struc-
ture ; sticky when x%et ; plI 6.6.

Well sorted grey sand and gravel at -I to 7 feet ;

derived chiefly from dolomitic limestone with
a fair proportion of shale and silica ; high in
carbonates ; pH 7.6 to 7.8 .

The natural forest vegetation is cherry, red oak and white oak . The topo-
graphy is level to undulating . The natural drainage is good to excessive.
45
 The Fox soils are used for the production of high ralue, cash crops.

Agriculture
The Fox series is used extensively for the production of specialized crops
being well suited to the growing of tree fruits, (peaches and cherries) early
vegetables, small fruits, and flue-cured tobacco. Its uniformity, good drainage,
workability, and light texture make it especially suited to the production of
early crops. It is probably the most highly valued soil type in the county .
Droughtiness, low fertility levels and low organic matter content are the
chief limitations to optimum crop production . Both the potassic and phosphatic
content are low. The use of cover crops is a commendable practice as it helps
maintain organic matter and prevents erosion. Because of the high value
crops grown on the Fox soils, heavy applications of fertilizer are profitable
and desirable.

(c) Poor Natural Drainage

Granby Sand (1,000 acres)
The Granby is the poorly drained member of the Fox catena and exhibits
the characteristics of the Dark Grey Gleisolic soils. It occurs chiefly in one
large block south of the city of Windsor .

46
 The following description is of a cultivated soil .

A,~--6 inches of very dark brown sandy loam ; high in

organic matter ; fine crumb structure; very
friable consistency ; pH 6.8.

G-30 inches of grey sand ; occasional rusty coloured

mottles ; structure poorly defined, usually single
grain ; stonefree ; pH 7.0.

C -Grey calcareous stonefree sand ; pH 7.6.

The topography of the Granby sand ranges from level to depressional .

Often it occurs in saucer shaped areas making it particularly difficult to drain.
The natural forest vegetation is mostly elm with some ash and soft maple, .

Agriculture
Some of it is cleared and cropped but most of the area is in permanent
pasture or woodlot. When cleared and drained the Granby is used for the
growing of vegetable crops. Usually the cost of drainage improvement is
warranted because of the high value crops that can be grown once drainage
improvement is effected .
II. Gravelly Materials
(a) Good Natural Drainage .
Burford Loam (3,700 acres)
Burford Loam-Shallow Phase (5,300 acres)
The Burford series is developed on well sorted gravelly materials derived
largely from dolomitic limestone and containing smaller proportions of shaley
and siliceous materials. The Burford is the well drained member of the catena
of the same name. The profile exhibits well developed Grey Brown Podsolic
characteristics. The following is a description of a cultivated profile.

At-6 inches of dark brown loam ; medium crumb

structure ; friable consistency ; medium organic .
matter content (under cultivation some areas
have become moderately gravelly, particularly
where the upper layers have been eroded) ;
pH 6.5.

Aa-12-18 inches of light yellow brown loam or sandy

loam ; medium nuciform structure ; friable con-
sistency ; moderately stony or gravelly ; pH 6.5
" to 6.8.

B -6-18 inches of light brown gravelly clay loam ;

' wavy horizon ; medium nuciform structure ;
hard consistency when dry, sticky when wet;
pH 7 .0 .

C -Grey, gravelly outwash; well sorted ; largely of

dolomitic limestone origin, with smaller pro-
portion of shale and siliceous, material ; cal-
careous; pH 7.8.

The Burford loam occurs as fairly large tracts, one north of Ruthven and
another between LaSalle and Windsor.
Shallow ridges occur in Essex County running across the area in a south-
east and northwesterly direction. Heavier textured clay till materials occur
at depths varying from 3-6 feet, such a condition being mapped as Burford
48
loam-shallow phase. Often the B horizon is less well defined in the shallow
phase than in the Burford loam and occurs at the juncture of the gravelly
and heavier textured underlying material .
The natural forest vegetation is chiefly hard maple and beech with some
ash and elm, especially on the shallow phase. The drainage is good and the
topography varies from level to undulating, except in the ridges where the
slopes become steeper .

Agriculture
The Burford series is intensively cultivated . It is an early soil supporting
good crops of vegetables and small fruit. The Burford loam type grows good
orchards of peaches, cherries, apples and pears. Peaches and cherries some-
times suffer on the shallow phase because the roots appear to confine them-
selves only to the gravelly materials . Corn, wheat, beans and some tobacco
are grown on this soil also. However it is not as well adapted to the growing
of flue-cured tobacco as is the Fox series .
The chief limitations of the series are moderately low content of potash,
phosphorus, and organic matter, and in the case of the shallow phase, depth
of gravel over clay .

F. SOILS FORMED FROM SHALLOW SANDS OVER CLAY

(e) Imperfect Natural Drainage
The shallow sands over day are a result of wave action in the post glacial
lakes which left sand bars from 3 to 6 feet in depth over the heavy clay till .
On the fairly level topography in Essex County this condition hinders internal
drainage to such an extent that no well drained profiles occur on this type of
formation. Large acreages of imperfectly drained soils occur and they are
mapped se the Berrien series . The Berrien is the imperfectly drained member
of the Bookton catena and the Wauseon is the poorly drained member.
 Berrien Sandy Loam (16,000 acres)
Berrien Sand (8,000 acres)
The Berrien series is imperfectly drained. The largest areas are in Mersea
township, Colchester South, and Sandwich West . Other smaller areas are
mapped throughout the county . Mottling occurs in the lower Az and B horizon
and although the horizons are less well defined than the well drained member
of the catena, the profile exhibits characteristics of the Grey Brown Podsolic
soils. '

A,-4-6 inches of grey brown sand or sandy loam ; weak

fine crumb structure; stonefree; pH 6.0 to 6.5 .

AZ-12-24 inches of yellow brown sand or sandy loam ;

colour becomes paler yellow with depth; usu-
ally contrasty mottlings in lower part of hori-
zon ; stonefree ; pH 5.8 .

B -18-24 inches of mottled yellow grey sandy loam ;

few to numerous rusty brown concretions ;
stonefree ; pH 6.5 .

C -Grey calcareous sand ; stonefree ; usually contains

a small amount of free carbonates ; pH 7.4.

D -Heavy calcareous clay till at 3 to 6 feet ; till similar

to the materials of the Huron catena .

As mapped the Berrien series contains inclusions of small poorly drained

spots which cannot be indicated on a map of one inch to the mile scale. Under
undisturbed virgin conditions a thin podsol profile has developed in the A
horizon of the former Grey Brown Podsolic profile. The formation of a second
profile in the deep_ A horizons of the Grey Brown Podsolic soils, particularly
the light textured materials, is not uncommon in Ontario.
50
 The topography is slightly undulating . The natural forest vegetation con-
sists of hard maple, beech, oak, elm, ash and hickory. The drainage is
imperfect over most of the area but approaches a Granby-like condition in the
saucer-shaped depressions that are characteristic of the topography, and which
are too small to be separated on an inch to the mile scale of mapping.

Agriculture
The Berrien sandy loam is fairly well suited to the growing of a wide range
of high value cash crops . Flue-cured tobacco, burley and black tobacco, can-
ning crops, early vegetables, raspberries and strawberries are grown on these
soils. The fruits such as apples, cherries and pears are usually confined to
those areas where the sand exceeds three feet in depth over clay . The Berrien
sand, particularly the area mapped south of Windsor, appears to be less well
suited to the growing of the above crops . This is due in some part to the lower
fertility levels that exist in the sand and to the greater frequency of poorly
drained saucer-shaped areas.

Flue-cured tobacco is grown on the Berrien sanely loam .

Erosion is slight on most, of the series . The chief fertility needs are phos-
phate, potash, and lime . Organic matter maintenance is necessary for success-
ful crop production . Drainage improvement greatly increases the use capabil
ity of the Berrien soils and a large proportion of the area mapped has been tile
drained.
51
 (b) Poor Natural Drainage .
Wauseon Sandy Loam (3,000 acres)
Wauseon sandy loam is the poorly drained member of the Bookton catena .
The greater part of. the type occurs along the shore of Lake St . Clair on . the
northern fringe of the county . The profile exhibits the characteristics of the
Dark Grey Gleisolic soils .

A,-8 inches of black sandy loam ; fine crumb structure ;

high in organic matter ; stonefree ; pH 7.0 .

0 G -20-40 inches of yellow and orange sandy loam with

occasional thin strata of clay ; pale yellow, low
contrast mottling ; stonefree ; pH 7.2 .

C -Grey calcareous sand ; stonefree ; pH 7.2 . to 7 .4 .

D -Heavy calcareous till ; occurs at depths of 3 to

6 feet .

The natural forest vegetation is mostly elm and ash. The topography is
level to depressional . The natural drainage is poor to very poor .
Agriculture
Much of the area is as yet uncleared. Under natural conditions the Wauseon
is wet and the nature of the topography and the underlying heavy textured
materials make drainage improvement difficult. However, once drainage im
provement is effected, the Wauseon functions similarly to the Berrien. Pro-
vided fertility levels are maintained fair crops of corn, tomatoes and forage
crops are produced. The phosphatic and potassic levels are very low.

G. MISCELLANEOUS SOILS
Farmington (2,000 acres)
The Farmington, for the most part, occurs on Pelee Island with one small
area being mapped on the mainland near the town of Amherstburg . The
outstanding characteristic of the Farmington is an overburden of variable
texture underlain by limestone bedrock at depths of three feet and less. Where
the overburden is shallow, one foot and less, this soil is very droughty and
used almost entirely for pasture purposes . However, where the depth to
bed rock retches three feet the soil functions similarly to a shallow phase of a
series to which it is most closely related .

The harniin-ton soils of Pelee Island serre a highly useful purpose as grazing
land .

()n Pelee Island much of the Farmington is devoted to pasture land and
scrub tree growth which makes an excellent haven for pheasants for which
the island is Well known . The moisture relationships of the Farmington soils
are variable . In the spring of the year the soil becomes saturated with water
53
and the internal drainage is restricted due to the underlying bed rock . Later
in the season the overburden dries out and a droughty condition prevails .
The Farmington is well supplied with lime and low in phosphorus and po-
tassium.

Eastport Sand (2,500 acres)

The Eastport sand occurs as dunes and beaches with very little or no vegeta-
tive cover. It is a very droughty soil . The Fertility levels are so low that
sufficient vegetative cover to prevent wind erosion is not produced .
The soil materials are derived from coarse grey sand and fine gravel . The
profile exhibits very little horizon differentiation. Where a scanty vegetative
cover has been established, there is usually a thin grey layer, underlain by
coarse yellowish brown sand which fades into grey sands and fine gravel at
depths of 24 inches and greater. The profile is stonefree and occasionally
calcareous throughout .
The Eastport sand serves its greatest use capability as recreational land
for summer cottages or when replanted to trees.
 Bottom Land (7,300 acres)
Soils adjacent to stream courses and subject, to flooding during part or
whole of the season are mapped as Bottom Land . The physical and chemical
characteristics of Bottom Land are variable . The horizons in the profile are
poorly differentiated . Bottom Land approaches an alluvial soil more closely
than any other soil mapped in the County . It is well suited to the growing
of pasture crops and is used extensively for this purpose .

Dark surface of variable depth ; underlying materials

vary in texture and colour ; usually strata of fine
and coarse; textured materials intermixed with one
another; pH usually neutral to slightly alkaline,
H . ORGANIC SOILS
Marsh (7,000 acres)
The Marsh land of Essex County is usually under water for all or part of
the growing season . For the most part it occurs along rivers or lake shores and
supports a vegetative cover of sedges, cattails, rushes and the occasional tree.
The agricultural potentialities of the marsh lands are practically nil. During
part of the season they sometimes provide pasture but for the most part the
chief use of marsh land is for recreational purposes such as duck hunting,
trapping etc . In areas where the land has been reclaimed it functions similarly
to the l!Iuck soils.

The Dykes /told buck the toasters of Lake Erie . This reclaimed land is highly
productive .
 Muck (1,700 acres)
The largest expanse of Muck used for agricultural purposes in Essex County
occurs in concessions A, B, C and D of Mersea Township, in the Point Pelee
area . About 1,300 acres are being used for the growing of vegetables, particu-
larly onions .
The Muck soils of the Point Pelee area have been reclaimed and the waters
of Lake Erie are dyked back . Fairly extensive pumping systems are in oper-
ation to remove the excess water. Irrigation is carried on to provide sufficient
moisture during the growing season .

Dark coloured organic layer ranging in depth from

15 to 30 inches ; usually about neutral in reaction ;
surface layer contains less peaty and fibrous material
than the lower layers ; underlain by sticky ; massive,
bluish grey clay .

The Muck soil- are low in phosphorus and potassium. Usually heavy
applications of fertilizer are required for the crops commonly grown. In
drought periods the Muck dries out and is subject to the ravages of wind
erosion . Erosion control measures in the form of windbreaks lessen the hazard
and increases the r ;se capability of these soils .
57
 PART IV

AGRICULTURE
Present Agriculture
Essex County is possibly the most intensively farmed county in Ontario .
General farming is carried on extensively and a fair proportion of the home
grown grains are fed and the livestock marketed as beef, pork and dairy pro
ducts . In Essex there is also considerable cash cropping with emphasis on the
growing of corn, wheat, and sugar_ beets for sale . In this category the large
acreages of canning crops grown throughout the county to supply the many
canning factories in the area might also be included.

Many Essex County farms are intensively cropped and highly mechanized

A large portion of Essex County's income is derived from the early vege-
tables and fruits that are grown in the southern part of the county .
The following table compiled from 1941 Census indicates the proportion
of the gross farm income from the major sources .

TABLE 4
COMPARATIVE VALUE OF FARM PRODUCTS IN ESSEX COUNTY
Field crops . ......... . . . . . .... . . . . . ... . . . . . .... . . . .. ... . . . . . .... . . . .. ... . . . 54.5 0 0 of the gross value
/

Animal products .. . . ........ . ...... . . . . . . ...... . . . ..... . . . ..... . . . ...... 15,7% cr ~a as ac

Stock sold alive. . ......... .. . . . .... . . . . ..... . . . .... . . . . . ..... . .. .... . . 12.80/0
Vegetables, fruits and greenhouse products ... . . .. . 14.30]0 " "
58
 These figures indicate that livestock and livestock products account for
less than 307 of the gross farm income in Essex County. Field crops, vegetables
and fruits make up nearly 7070 of the gross income . Hence it appears that
livestock is of secondary importance in the economy of Essex County with
cash cropping receiving the most attention.

Greater Windsor pros ides a lncrative fluid milk market .

With a large portion of the crops being sold off the land and little being
fed to livestock the depletion of soil fertility is accelerated . In this sort of
economy, soil-building legumes and green manuring crops should be grown
to balance the soil depleting crops .

TABLE 5

PRESENT LAND USE (1941 CENSUS)

ACRES
Total land area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452,480 100
Occupied land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392,567 87
Improved cleared land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357,357 79
Unimproved occupied land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,210 8
Including :
Natural pasture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,796 2 .8
Marsh or wasteland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,969 1 .1
wooded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,445 3.8
B.
Number of farms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,608
Average acres per farm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Average improved, cleared land pet-
farm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63.7

59
 From these figures it appears that the average size of an Essex County
farm is 70 acres, of which about 64 acres is under cultivation. The average
area of wooded land is approximately 3 acres per farm. This is indicative of
the intense type of agriculture practised and .the large proportion of land
cleared. The farms in the general farming area are larger than seventy acres
but the farms devoted to market gardening have a small acreage which greatly
reduces the average.

TABLE 6

ACREAGE AND DISTRIBUTION OF CROPS IN ESSEX COUNTY

(1941 CENSUS)
Wheat . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,468 acres
Barley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,097
Oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,986
Rye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892 "
Corn for husking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,412 "
Buckwheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .__ . . . . . . . . . . . 716 "
Corn for fodder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,884 "
Beans (including soybeans) . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,889 "
Peas (dry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . 83 <<
Mixed grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,549 ~C
Cultivated hay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,976 <<
TimothS- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,975 <<
Alfalfa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,272 <<
Sweet clover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,893 C(
Potatoes and Sugar beets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 6,746 "
Tobacco . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,676 <<
Tree and small fruits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,825 ` :

Early Settlement and Agricultural Development

Lumbering was an important industry in Essex County . In 1881 large
quantities of lumber and charcoal were being exported to the United States .
At this time two-thirds of the county was still under bush with twenty-five
saw mills and thirty charcoal kilns in operation.
According to the report of the "Ontario Agricultural Commission" of
1881, settlement of Essex County commenced about 1700 . These settlers
were principally French Canadian who took up land in Sandwich West . Settle-
ment began in Rochester Tmvnship -about 1790 and by 1881 nearly all the
county was settled.
Early agriculture was of the self-sustaining type but by the time of the
report of the "Ontario Agricultural Commission" of 1881, large acreages of
wheat, coarse grains and shelling corn were grown. About half a million
bushels of wheat were sold out of the County per year . Little corn was exported
but about 100,000 bushels were supplied to the distilling industry locally . "
Horses were exported to the United States and to Manitoba where they
brought good prices . -Beef cattle were exported alive to England. Large num-
bers of hogs were raised and pork packing was an important industry .
Tree fruits were still not very numerous but it was evident that successful
fruit growing endeavours could be established because of the favourable
climate and suitable soil conditions that prevailed in the County .
60
 The report of 1881 recognized the value of underdraining and already
large acreages of low land had been brought under cultivation through this
practice . Very few artificial fertilizers were used, the farmers relying on barn-
yard manure and the virgin fertility of their soils. With the clearing of the
land, agriculture has intensified in Essex County to a point where it is one
of the most productive areas in the Province .

The Utilization and 'Nianagement of Essex County Soils

Profitable farming, is dependent in a large measure, on the farmer's ability
to adapt his farming practices to the physical characteristics of his land.
Nutrient uptake by the plant is greatly influenced by these characteristics.
Such physical factors as topography, texture, depth to bedrock, etc- a farmer
does not attempt to alter, but fits his agriculture to the conditions as they ex-
ist. Other factors such as moisture-holding capacity, fertility, structure, and
natural drainage can be modified to increase the productivity of the soil.

TEXTURE

SINN HEAVY
MEDIUM
LIGHT
ORGANIC

FIG. 5-Outline Map of Essex County showing distribution of the heavy,

medium and light textured soils.
61
 For purposes of discussion the soils of Essex County have been grouped
on a textural basis, and the extent of distribution of the heavy, medium and
light textured soils of the County is shown in diagram (5) .

DRAINAGE

r GOOD
IMPERFECT
POOR
VERY POOR

FIG . 6-Outline Map of Essex County showing distribution of good, imperfect,

poorly and very poorly drained soils .

1. Heavy Textured, Poorly Drained Soils

TABLE 7

ACREAGE OF HEAVY TEXTURED, POORLY DRAINED SOILS

SOIL WE ACREAGE
Brookston clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250,000
Brookston clay loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,000
Clyde 2,500
Toledo day . ..... . ... . . . .. .... . . ..... . . . 17,500
Toledo silt loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000
301,00

62
 The heavy textured Brookston, Clyde, and Toledo soils make up approxi-
mately two-thirds of the area of Essex County. A" aintenance of satisfactory
physical condition and drainage improvement are the chief land use problems
of concern on these soils .
A large proportion of the poorly drained soils have been tile drained,
particularly the Brookston and Clyde and to a lesser extent the Toledo . Drain-
age improvement has been very effective on these soils, in that it has greatly
increased their use capability to grow a wider range of crops. However, in an
area where there is a high concentration of row crops, (tobacco, tomatoes,
corn, etc .) the organic matter content of the surface soil has been lowered .
This in turn has destroyed the soft, mellow crumb and granular structure that
prevailed under natural conditions . Consequently the soil has become less
permeable, and in areas where tile placed at four rod intervals formerly pro-
vided adequate drainage, it is now necessary to place them every two rods .

EFFEC 1 OF ORGANIC MATTER ON 'SOIL STRUCTURE

VIRGIN SOIL_ CULTIVATED SOIL

ORGANIC MATTER PER ACRE ORGANIC MATTER PER ACRE

198_ TONS 4 9 TUNS

The soil on the left was obtained from afence row. The soil on the right came
from afield where there had been. a very small proportion offorage crops in the
rotation . Note the difference in structure!

The importance of maintaining an adequate level of organic matter in

the heavy textured soils of Essex County cannot be over emphasized . The
increase or decrease of the organic matter content is a fair indicator of whether
the cultural practices are developing or destroying the productivity of the soil.
63
 Ott this farm the corm .stalks are raked arid hitrited

Soil organic matter . or more specifically humps, aids in conserving mineral

plant nutrients and by its rate of clecompositien partially cmltrols their liber-
ation . Humus also modifies soil structure, colour and moistmv holding calmeity .
In heavy soils, structure is extremely important . Soils \pith good structure
are easier to drain, earlier in the spring, and etlsler to work.
Experience has shown that even the best soih "Al not produce cereal crops
exclusively without declining yields . In some sections of the United States
the single crop system has been carried on for -10, 50 and even 60 years. In
every case, however, it was found necessary to adopt a more diversified type
of agriculture because of the low yields and excessive Nwccliness.
Conservation is the key to the situation . Organic matter is easily destroyed
blit is costly and difficult to rebuild. It can be easily maintained by huhiding
crops in the rotation which returns organic matter to the soil . (Top residues
(straw from combining, corn stalks, etc .) should be turned snider "ith 80 to
100 pmmds of nitrogen fertilizer to the acre to ensure rapid deeomposition .
Failure lo add the nitrogen may result in a depressed yield in the succeeding
crop. 'fhe value of legumes in the rotation cannot be overestimated but. they
do not take the place of fertilizer . For best results the rotation should include
forage crops and particularly legumes along with cereal grains and row crops.
Applications of manure and fertilizer must he made to avoid depleting the
soil of plant nutrients. As the livestock population is small the Essex County
farmer is not interested in growing too many fodder crops. Therefore, he might
grow alfalfa for alfalfa meal and turn down the second crop for green manure.
Another very good green manure crop is sweet clover . Some Essex County
GI
farmers have been very successful in growing alsike for seed. Alsike and red
clover are not as valuable from the soil building standpoint as alfalfa but,
nevertheless, they can make a valuable contribution to the rotation.

Ind this is what happens.'

The use of commercial fertilizers is recommended subject to a soil test .

:Most frequently these soils are low in phosphate . Fertilizers contribute to
higher yields of both grain and plant residues . If these residues are incorpor-
ated into the soil, they will add to its tilth and fertility.
Manures. where available, should be properly used for maximum value
from the limited supply . Careful attention should be given to methods of
handling the manure so there will be as little loss as possible .
These soils are well suited to general farming, dairying and stock raising
and to certain types of specialization . Wheat and clover are grown under
improved drainage conditions . The Brookston soils are well adapted for the
65
 Corn stalks plowed down with nitrogenousfertilizer add much needed organic
matter to the soil

production of canning tomatoes . Other cash crops are corn, wheat, barley,
burley and black tobacco, field beans, soybeans and sugarbeets . There are a
few orchards on drained Brookston soils but under natural conditions these
soils are not adapted to growing tree fruits . Once drainage improvement is
effected on the heavy textured soils they function similarly. The Toledo, being
a lacustrine soil is slightly more impervious than the Brookston and Jeddo .
The Jeddo, being formed from shale-limestone parent material, may require
lime in heavier applications and more frequently than the Brookston. How-
ever, according to table (18) the use of lime on the Brookston may be necessary
in some areas. The Clyde soils are high in organic matter and well supplied
with other plant nutrients . Once drained, caution should be exercised in
maintaining satisfactory organic matter levels in the heavy textured soils
and in avoiding the development of a physical condition that aggravates the
drainage problem .

2. Heavy Textured, Imperfectly Drained Soils

TABLE 8
Son. TYPE ACREAGE
Caistor clay .... . . 13,500
Caistor clay loam . .... . . ..... . . . . ... . . . . . ..... . . . .... . . . . ... . . . . . .... . . 2,500
Perth clay . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . .... . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . .... . . . . ... . . . . . .... . . 9,000
Perth clay loam ....... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ... . . . . . ..... . . . .... . . . . ...... . . . .... . . 8,000
TOTAL.. . . . . ..... . . . .. . ... . . . ...... . . .. .... . . . ..... . . . .. .... . . . .... . 33,000
66
 Soybeans are grown extensively on the level lands of Pelee Island and the
Mainland

The heavy textured, imperfectly drained soils occupy less than 10 0]0 of
the total occupied land area of Essex County . For the most part the crops that
are grown on the poorly drained heavy textured soils are also produced on
the Caistor and Perth soils with moderate to good success . Although these
soils are imperfectly drained, the lack of adequate drainage does not limit
their usefulness to as great an extent as on the poorly drained soils . Usually
on the poorly drained soils the tile should be placed at regular intervals . On
the imperfectly drained soils, however, because of the undulating topography,
the main objective in tile draining is to remove the water from the saucer-
shaped depressional areas that occur in association with the knolls and swells .

The Perth soils contain more organic matter and are less acid than the
Caistor soils . If adequate drainage is provided the main requirements for
satisfactory crop production is the maintenance of adequate organic matter
and fertility levels . The phosphorus levels are low and the potassium levels
are medium to low . In the Caistor soils the organic matter levels are very low .
Liming would prove beneficial for most crops, particularly legumes .
3. Medium Textured, Imperfectly and Poorly Drained Soils

TABLE 9
SOIL TYPE ACREAGE
Colwood fine sandy loam ..... . ......... . . . ...... . . . . ....... . . . ...... . . . . 7,000
Parkhill loam . ....... . .. ...... . . . ....... . . ..... . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . .... . . . . . . 5,000
Parkhill loam-red sand spot phase... . . . .... . . .... . . . ...... . . . .. 5,000
Tuscola fine sandy loam . .. .... . . .. ...... . . . ...... . . . .. .... . . . . . .... . . .. 6,000
TOTAL. . ...... . . ...... . . . ..... . . . . . ...... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,000

About 6% of the soils of Essex County are contained in this group. Under
natural conditions the reaction ranges from neutral to slightly alkaline . When
cultivated and drained there is a tendency for the alkalinity to be reduced and
the surface soil becomes slightly acid .
The fertility levels of these soils are usually fairly good in the natural
state. Due to the imperfect and poor drainage conditions that prevail the or-
ganic matter content is medium to high .
Drainage improvement is the main requirement that increases the use
capability_ of these soils. General farming is carried on extensively and fairly
large acreages are devoted to the growing of corn, tomatoes, sugar beets .and
truck crops. In the Windsor area the Colwood fine sandy loam .is used for the
growing of vegetable crops .
Drainage improvement is sometimes more difficult on the Parkhill soils
than either the Tuscola or Colwood because of the basin like topography
that often occurs . When the drainage conditions are improved through tiling
the problems of management, are similar to those found on the heavier textured
soils. Because of the prevalence of row crops the need for maintaining ade-
quate organic matter and fertility levels is very important .

4. Well Drained, Light to Medium Textured Soils

TABLE 10
SOIL TYPE ACREAGE
Burford loam ..... . . . ...... . . . . .... . . ...... . . . ..... . . . . ...... . . . ...... . . .... . . . . .. 3,700
Burford loam, shallow phase...... . . .... . . . . ..... . . . .. ... . . . .... . . . . .. 5,300
Fox sandy loam . .. .. . . . . . ...... . . . ..... . . . . . .... . . . ..... . . ...... . . . .... . . . . . . 5,300
Harrow loam ..... . . ....... . . . . .... . . . .. .... . . . . .... . . .... . . . . . ..... . . . ..... . . . . 4,000
Harrow sandy loam . . . . . . ...... . . . .... . . . . .... . . . ..... . . . .. .... . . . ..... . . . 3,500
TOTAL... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ...... . . . . .... .. . . . . . . . . . . 21,800

The Burford, Fox and Harrow soils make up slightly over 5% of the Essex
County area . The soils contained in this group are devoted largely to specialized
farming. The light to medium texture, and the open pervious materials per
mits early spring cultivation. Satisfactory physical characteristics make these
soils well suited for growing early vegetables, tree fruits and tobacco.

The Fox is well suited to the production of flue-cured tobacco and the
Harrow loam and Burford soils, because of the heavier texture, are more
adapted to the growing of burley and black tobacco. The Harrow series,
because of greater variability in texture, is somewhat less desirable and less
reliable than is the Fox series .
68
 Tree fruits, vegetables and canning crops are grou7n on the well drained sandy
soils.

The level of plant nutrients, under natural conditions is quite low. Often
the Fox and Harrow series are acid and require lime . Since the light textured
soils are used extensively for the production of high value cash crops, heavy
applications of phosphatic and potassic fertilizers are required for satisfactory
yields . The application of nitrogenous fertilizer will vary according to the
crop to be grown.
The Burford series, and the Harrow loam are slightly better supplied with
plant nutrients and are fairly well adapted to tree fruit production, small
fruits, vegetables, canning crops, etc . The rate of application of fertilizer
will vary with the crop to be grown .
The establishing and maintaining of adequate organic matter levels in
the well drained, light to medium textured soils is of prime importance . For
the most part, the Fox and Harrow occur in an area within the County that
has a relatively high occurrence of drought . In addition to providing a more
desirable physical condition in the surface soil, the organic matter assists in
moisture conservation . The rotation on these soils is usually short with a
minimum of forage crops included in it. This makes it necessary to rely on
green manure crops and barnyard manure to maintain satisfactory organic
matter levels .
5. Light Textured, Imperfectly and Poorly Drained Soils

TABLE 11
Son, TYPE ACREAGE
Brookston clay-sand spot phase. . ...... . . ..... . . . ...... . . . . . ..., . 18,000
Berrien sandy loam ... . . .... . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . ...... . . . . . ...... . . . .. .... . . . . . .. 16,000
-Berrien sand ..... . ........... . . . ...... . . . . . .. .. .. . . . .. .... . . . . . ...... . . . ...... . . . . 8,000
Caistor clay sand spot phase....... . ......... . . . . . ...... . . . ...... . . . ., 1,500
Granby sand . . . . . . . ... . . .. ...... . . . ...... . . ...... . . . . ...... . . . . ...... . . . ... . ... . 1,000
Wauseon sandy loam .... . . . ...... . . . . .....__.... . . . . . ...... . . . .. ... . . . . . 3,000
TOTAL. .. . ... .......... . . ...... . . . . . ..... . . . . ...... . . . ...... .. .... . . .. 47,500

About one-ninth of the soils of Essex County are .contained in this group .
With the exception of the Granby sand, the other types are all underlain by
heavier materials at fairly shallow depths . The presence of the heavy textured
layer inhibits drainage .
In the Brookston clay, sand spot phase, and the Caistor clay, sand spot
phase, the depth of sand is most variable . Often at the centre of the spot the
depth will be 3 to 4 feet thinning out to a few inches at the edge . Between
the spots the clay comes to the surface and exhibits the same characteristics
as the Brookston and Caistor series . The deposit of sand . over the heavy
materials in the Berrien series - is more uniform, usually reaching a depth of
3 to 4 feet . The Granby is a deep sandy type, and occurs in level to depressional
topography . Both the internal and external drainage in the Granby series
is poor . The sandy deposits are deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus, and po-
tassium. Heavy applications of barnyard manure and fertilizer are, required
for successful crop production, The sandy knolls are often quite acid and
liming should be beneficial, particularly if legumes are to be included in the
rotation .
Drainage improvement is needed on the Caistor clay, sand spot phase,
and the Berrien series, and is almost essential on the Granby sand and Brooks-
ton sand spot phase for crops commonly grown in the area . The light textured
soils underlain by heavy material's are used for the growing of specialized
crops such as, small fruits, canning crops, vegetables and flue-cured tobacco.
The' success of fruit. dairy, and general farming is dependent on local con-
ditions of drainage and management .
The main problems of management on these soils are drainage, and low
fertility . Rates of application of fertilizer will vary according to the crop to
be grown ., Use of green,manuring crops and barnyard manure is highly re-
commended to build up and maintain adequate organic matter levels .

Crop Adaptability Ratings for Essex County Soils

The ability of a soil to produce depends on a number of factors of which
drainage, fertility and climate are extremely important . As noted earlier in
this report the climate of Essex County is quite favorable to the growth of
general farm crops as well as some specialized crops. Most soils in the county
have a fairly good level of fertility. However, much of the land suffers from
poor or at least imperfect drainage . To produce good crops it is usually neces-
sary to improve the drainage of these soils by the use of tile drains . In view of

70
the fact that much of the land in the county is tile drained and as a result is
more productive, it was deemed advisable to make a dual rating . Thus the
expected improvement in the capability of a type to produce a specific crop
when the drainage is improved is indicated .
Throughout the report the limitations and special adaptabilities of soil
types to grow certain crops have been discussed . An estimate of the ability
of the soil types to grow specific crops is herewith presented . In making these
ratings the inherent characteristics of the soil were weighed against the re-
quirements of specific crops. The ratings do not carry an implication of mathe-
matical precision. They are made for crops commonly grown in the area under
prevailing systems of management . The rating may change with the intro-
duction of new varieties, new crops, etc., or other unforeseen factors. A knowl-
edge of the soil characteristics was supplemented with observation of the
crops being grown . Thus the expression of these ratings depends upon the
judgement of those responsible for preparing them .
As the requirements of crops differ very widely, a soil type which is placed
in the category, (rood Cropland, will not be good for the growing of all crops
grown in the area. Some soil types are classified as good because of their
adaptability to the production of specialized crops even though their fertility
level may not be high.

Good Cropland
TABLE 12
SOIL TYPES AND ACREAGE OF GOOD CROPLAND

8011 . TYPE ACREAGE

Brookston clap... . .. . ... . . . ....... . . ...... . . . . .... . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . . . 250,000
Brookston clay loam .... . .... . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 30,000
Burfcnd loam .. ..... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .... . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . ... 3,700
Burford loam, shallow phase . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... . . . ... 5,300
Clyde clay.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . 2,500
Fox sandy loam .. . . . ...... . . . . ..... . .... . . . . ....... . . .. .... . . . . . . . .... 5,300
Harrow loam . . . . . . .. . . . . ...... . . . . . .... . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... ... . . . . .... . . . . .... 4,000
Ha1Tow sandy" loam .... .. . . . .. .... . . .. ..... . . . . .... . . . . . . . ., ..._ 3,500
Perth clay . . . . . .. . . . .. ... . . . . . . .... . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 9,000
Perth clay loam . ._ ... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 8,000
Toledo clay . ...... . . . . ... .... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 17,500
Toledo silt, loam . . . . ... 1,000

TOTAL.... .. . . . . . . . ... . . . .... . . . . . .... . . . .. .... . . . . . ...... . . . ... 339,800

The Fox, Harrow and Burford series are rated as good cropland because
of their adaptability to the production of high value cash crops such as fruits,
early vegetables and flue-cured tobacco in spite of their relatively low fertility.
The heavy textured soils, (Brookston, Clyde, Perth and Toledo series) are
placed in the same group because of the high inherent fertility they possess.
For satisfactory yields the heavy textured soils should be drained. Table (17)
indicates that the heavy soils enjoy a much better rating when drained, than
do the light textured, well drained soils.
71
Good to Fair Cropland
TABLE 13
SOIL TYPES AND ACREAGE OF GOOD TO FAIR CROPLAND
SOIL TYPE ACREAGE
Berrien sandy loam . . ...... . ....... . . . ...... . . . . . ....... . ., ..... . . . ...... . .. . 16,000
Brookston, sand spot phase...... . ...... ...... . . . .. ...... . . . ...... . . . .. 18,000
Caistor clay...... . . . . ...... . . . ....... . . . . ....... . . . ........ . . . ...... . . . ........ . . 13,500
Caistor clay loam .... . . ....... . . .. ...... . . . . ...... . . . . .... ... . . . . . .... . . . . ... 2,500
Caistor, sand spot phase. . . . . .; ...... . ......... . . ......... . ........ . . ... 1,500
Colwood fine sandy loam . ...... ..... . . . .. ...... . . . ........ . ........ . . ... 7,000
Jeddo clay .... . ...... . . . . ....... . . ....... . . . . ...... . . . . ..... . . . ........ . . . ...... . . 3,500
Parkhill loam......... .. ...... . . . ...... . . . ........ . ........ .. ...... . .. ...... . . . .. 5,000
Parkhill loam, red sand spot phase.. .... . . ......... .:' ...... . . . .. 5,000
Tuscola fine sandy loam . ... . . ........ . ........ . . . ........ . ........ . . ... 6,000
Muck....... . ....... . . . . ....... .. ....... . . ........ . . . ....... . . ........ . ........ . . ...... 1,700
TOTAL.......... . ...... . . . . ....... .. ....... . . ...... .. . ... ..... . . ..... 79,700

In general the soils contained in this group are inadequately drained for
the production of most of the crops commonly grown in the area, and have
fair fertility levels . Muck is included in this group because when drained, and
under the climatic environmental conditions of Essex County it produces
excellent crops. In other areas of Ontario the Muck soils would receive a much
lower rating. The Caistor and Jeddo are rated lower than the Perth and
Brookston because of their more acid condition and lower organic matter con-
tent . The Parkhill and Tuscola soils are contained in this group because of
inadequate drainage and only medium fertility.

Fair Cropland
TABLE 14
SOIL TYPES AND ACREAGE OF FAIR CROPLAND
SOIL TYPE ACREAGE
Berrien sand.. .......... . . . . ....... . . ........ . ........ . . ....... . . ...... . . . ........ 8,000
Granby sand . ...... . . ...... . . ....... . ......... ...... . . ....... . . ....... . . ........ 1,000
Wauseon sandy loam ... . ..... . . ....... .. ....... . . ...... . . . ...... . . ........ 3,000
TOTAL.......... . ...... . . ........ . ...... . . . . ....... . . ....... . . ........ 12,000

Because of one or a combination of low fertility and inadequate drainage

these soils are not adapted to the production of crops commonly grown in the
area . The Berrien sand is imperfectly drained and very low in fertility while
the Granby and Wauseon series are poorly drained and low in fertility.

Fair to Poor Cropland

TABLE 15
SOIL TYPES AND ACREAGE OF FAIR TO POOR CROPLAND
SOIL TYPE ACREAGE
Farmington loam...... .... ..... .. . . .... ..... .. ..... . . . . ....` . .. ....... . ...... 2,000
Plainfield sand . . .. . ...... .. . . .... ... . . .. ...... . . ....... . . ........ . ...... . . ...... 1,700
Bottom Land ..... . . .. . . . . ... .. . . . .... .. . . . .... . . . . ..... .. . . . ....... .. ...... . . ... 7,300
TOTAL ... . . .. .... . . ....... . . ....... . ....... . . ........ . ......... . ...... 11,000
Generally the soils contained in this group are marginal for the production
of most farm crops. Where the soil materials reach a depth of thirty inches
and greater the Farmington produces fair crops of oats and barley, alfalfa,
72
red clover and pasture. Excessive drainage limits the usefulness of the Plain-
field sand for agricultural purposes . Bottom land produces fair to good pasture
crops and is used extensively for this purpose.

Submarginal Cropland
TABLE 16
ACREAGE OF SUBMARGINAL CROPLAND
SOIL TYPE ACREAGE
Eastport sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,500
Marsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,000

TOTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,500

The Eastport has practically no agricultural usefulness . The beach and

dune sand is used largely for recreational purposes . The marsh land is flooded
for most of the season and provides very little pasture for livestock . It too,
is used largely for recreational purposes .
 TABLE
CROP ADAPTABILITY RATING
FALL WHEAT OATS AND HUSKING Soy BEANS ALFALFA RED
BARLEY CORN CLOVER

T .D .* N .D.t T .D . N .D. T .D . N.D . T .D . N.D . T .D. N.D . T .D . N .D .

GOOD CROPLAND
Brookston clay .. .. . ., .. .. . . . . ., . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ., .  GA P G UP G F G F GA P - GA P
Brookston clay loam,. .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. . . GA P .0 F-P a F G F GA P GA P
Burford loam . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ........ F - G-F G-F GA ....... F ....... F
Burford loam (shallow phase) . .. . . . .. . . . . .... .... F - G-F GA GA ........ F I F
Clyde clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GA P G P G P a P CA P GA P
Pox sandy IF F . . . .. . . . F F F F
Harrow loam . .. .: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ., . . . . . . . ... F G-F . . . . . . . . GA GA F F
Harrow sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 .1-1 . F-P F . . . .. . . . G-F . . . . . . . GA UP F-P
Perth clay. .. .. . . . . . . . ., ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .,. . . . . . . Q IF a IF G G-F G CA 0 F 0 F
Perth day 0 F G F G CA G G-F a F G IF
Toledo am P a F-0 0 F C F GA P G-F P
Toledo silt loam . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . .. . . . . ., . . . . . ., GA P G UP G F G IF F P G-F P
FAIR
GOOD To CROPLAND
Berrien sandy loam. .. . .. .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . F UP F UP F F F F-P F UP
Brookston sand spot phase . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . F P GA UP G-F F-P GW UP IF P F P
CAstor . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . GA IF G-F F G-F F G-F F GA F G-F F
Caistor day G-F F GA F GA F G-F F CA F G-F F
Caistor sand spot phase . . :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., F UP F F-P F UP IF UP F UP IF F-P
Colwood fine sandy loam . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . F P GA P GA UP GA UP F P F P
Jeddo clay. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . F P F UP GA P GA P F P F P
Parkhill loam . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . G-F P GA F-P CA UP CA UP GA P GA P
Parkhill loam (red sand spot phase) GA P GA UP GA F-P GA UP CA P GA P
Tuscola fine sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . F UP G-F F G-F F GA F IF UP F F-P
Muck . . .. .. . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... ... ..... ... .. . ... . ..... . ...... .. ........ . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .... ... ........ .......

FAIR CROPLAND
Berrien sand . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P P P P ... ..... F-P UP P P P P
Granby sand . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . F-P P F P IF P F P UP P up P
Wausean sanh loam . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . F P F P F P F P F P F P

FAIR TO POOR CROPLAND

Farmington loam. . :. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........ F ........ ... ..... ... .... . . . .. . . F F
Plainfield sand . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . P P . . . . . . .. P - P P P
Bottom Land . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .... . . . .. . . . ....... ........ ......-

SUBMARGINAL CROPLAND
Eastport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... ... ..... ..... ........ ...... ........ ... .... ....... . . . . . .. . .. .....
Marsh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . ... ... . .... ... . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .

*MD-Tile Dined
fN,D .Natural Drainage
17

FOR ESSEX COUNTY SOILS

ALSIKE TiMOTRY POTATOES CANNING TREE SUGAR IFLuE-CURED BURLEY PASTURE

TOMATOES FRUITS BEET . TOBACCO TOBACCO

T .1) . N.D. T . D. N. D. T .D . N .D . T .D . N .D . T .D. N .D . T, D . N.D. '1'.1) . N.D. 1 T.D. N.D. T .D . N.D.

I
G F G F P Y G P F P G p 1' 1' G P G G-F
G F G F Y 1' G P F P G I' I' P G P G G-F
__ F F G F c; _ F G F F G-F
F F G -F G -F F F F F
G F'-P G F" -P f' 1' G I' P P G 1' I' I G P G F
- F-P F-P G F (j . G
F .. 1' G F-P F
. .... F F. GFI G-F
F I ( FP F F G-F
F F G F.. F
<; <; P Y C; -F F I (;-I , v I' I G-F F G G
G G P 1 ( ;- F F F I G -F F 1' 1' G-F F G G
G F G F P 1' G 1' I' 1' (: 1' P Y G P G G-F
C: F G F P 1' I G P 1' - P (* P P I' G 1' G G-F

F F G-F F G-IF F' P l' F F-P F

G-F F G-F F F-P (1-F F'-P F Y G-F P .. P G-F P G G-F
G G-F G G-F Y 1' F F-P F P F I. -I' P I' G-F F G-F G-F
G G-F G G--F P I' F F-I' F 1' F F-P P Y G-F F G-F G-F
11--P F F-P F P F' P Y 1' G-F F F F
G- -F '.. G-F
F F G-F P G-F F-I' P I' F 1' P P G-F 1' G-F F
G F G F P P G-F I' 1' P F' 1' P 1' G-F P G F
G-F F (:-F F F 1' G-F Y F P ( ;-1' 1' 1' P G-F P G-F F
G- F F I G-F F F Y G-F 1' F 1' G-F 1' I' P G-F P G-F F
.1 1 G-F I G-F G- F 1: G F F G- F P F 1 , -I' F P G-F F-P G-F F
G--F P G Y Y P

P P P 1' I F F-P I' P !', F .. .. . Y P

1,
F F-P F F- Y F 1' F. . 1' 1' F P I' -1' P F-P 1' F F
G- F F G-F F G- F. I' G-F F-1' I' P F P 1' Y , F 1' F P

F-P F--I' I' 1 _ . . .P . F-G

P P F P P
F

P
 PART V

DISCUSSION OF ANALYTICAL DATA

The physical and chemical composition of surface samples from the major
types in Essex County are given in tables (18) and (19) of the appendix . Samples
were procured from only the major soil types and where possible were taken
from permanent pasture fields . A brief discussion of the physical and chemical
results follows:

Mechanical Analysis
Mechanical analysis was conducted on the Essex County soils following
the Bouyoucos Hydrometer Method . The individual size groups of soil particles
contained in the soil separates were as follows-
Sand 1 .00 to 0 .05 millimeters in diameter .
Silt 0.05 to 0.002 millimeters in diameter .
Clay less than 0.002 millimeters in diameter .
The soil classes referred to in the report are :
A. Clay soils, a collective term referring to all soils with more than 20 0/0 clay .
Clay loam 207 to 3070 clay and less than 507 silt .
Silty clay loam, 20% to 3070 clay and more than 50 0]0 silt .
Clay, over 3070 clay .
B. Loam, soil with less than 2070 clay, less than 5070 silt and less than 5070
sand .
C. Sandy loam,-soil with less than 2070 clay and 5070 to 8070 sand .
D. Sand-soil with more than 8070 sand .
E. Silt loam-soil with more than 5070 silt and less than 2070 clay .

The results of the mechanical analyses in table (18) indicate that there is
a fairly wide variation in the sand, silt and clay content of the different soil
series . A large proportion of the Essex County soils are heavy textured, (i .e .
have 2070 or more clay .)

Reaction
The majority of the Essex county soils analysed have a pH ranging from
6.0 to 7.0 . There are, however, a number of series where liming should be bene-
ficial, particularly if legumes are to be included in the rotation . The light
textured soils (Fox, Berrien and Harrow) appear to be in need of lime . The
Caistor samples and the one Jeddo sample have a pH below 6.0 and should
respond to lime . For the most part the Brookston samples showed a pH in
excess of 6.0 . However samples (No. 26, 27, 28, 30, 54, 59, 68, 69, 71, 77) have
a soil reaction similar to those found on the Caistor and Jeddo series . It is
possible that the latter samples are more closely related to the Jeddo series
and were included with the Brookston on the inch to the mile scale of mapping.
The pH determinations indicate the need for lime on the well and im-
perfectly drained light textured soils and on the Caistor and Jeddo series .

76
Phosphorus
There are no figures available to indicate the total amount of phosphorus
present in Essex County soils. In developing the method used in determining
readily soluble phosphorus, the authors, Lohse and Ruhnke, state that soils
containing less than 60 pounds of phosphorus per acre appear to indicate very
marked phosphate deficiency . No figure had been previously suggested to
indicate what might be considered as a sufficient amount for general farm
crops. The results of analyses by this method, compared with those obtained
by- the Modified Thornton -.Nlethocl,* would indicate that 200 pounds per acre
might be accepted as a tentative figure for soils which are not too strongly
alkaline .
The results of 105 samples show 53 to have less than 60 pounds of phos-
phorus per acre and 83 or 79 °Jo to have less than 200 pounds per acre . The
above results indicate that, generally speaking Essex County is a phosphate
deficient area . The Toledo and Clyde soils contain the highest amounts of
phosphorus, although the one sample obtained from the Clyde is not sufficient
to indicate a trend. The Brookston soils, which occupy 280,000 acres in the
county (excluding the sand spot phase) shoe- a `vide variation in phosphorus
content. Of a total of 31 samples from this series, ten have less than 60 pounds
per acre, and twenty-six less than 200 pounds per acre . Only 2 samples from
the Perth series, which is the well drained associate of the Brookston, have an
excess of 200 pounds per acre, while the remaining J samples all had less
than (10 pounds per acre . The 14 samples from the Caistor series were all low
in phosphorus and contain less than 60 pounds per acre, which according to
Lohse and Ruhnke would indicate marked phosphate deficiency. The Harrow,
Fox, Berrien and Wauseon series all are low in phosphorus . Too few samples
Nvere procured from the Burford and Jeddo series to indicate a trend.
The chemical analyses of the phosphorus content of Essex County soils
by the Lohse and Ruhnke Method (KHS04) would indicate that they are
low to deficient in this element. In interpreting the results o£ the chemical
analyses, consideration must be given to (1) where possible that samples were
procured from long term pastures to minimize variability due to management
and (2) the figures herewith presented show the relative amounts of phos-
phorus contained in the Essex County soils according to soil type.

Potassium
Approximately 167 pounds potassium (200 pounds K20) per acre plow
depth is generally considered necessary for the production of general farm crops.
For specialized crops such as canning crops, tree fruits, vegetables and tobacco
larger amounts are required. The amount available to the growing plant in
the soil types of Essex County is indicated in table (18) .
Generally speaking the heavy textured soils are fairly well supplied with
this element. The Toledo samples all showed in excess of 200 pounds per
acre, ranging as high as over 600 pounds per acre . Five of the 31 samples pro-
cured from the Brookston clay and clay loam showed less than 167 pounds
per acre while the remaining 26 samples had an excess of that amount . The
*Ruhnke, Rivaz and Ewen-A Comparative Study of Rapid Chemical Tests and Neubauer
Analyses on some Typical Southern Ontario Soils, Scientific Agriculture 19 :4, 199-210, 1938.
77
 remaining series mapped in the County, particularly the medium and light
textured soils (Parkhill, Tuscola, Harrow, Fox,' Berrien, Wauseon, and the
sand spot phase of the Brookston) all appear to be deficient in potassium .
The level of potsassium will vary according to soil management but for
purposes of comparison these figures may be considered as reasonably con-
stant. In summary the heavy textured soils of Essex County appear to be
well supplied with potassium and the medium and light textured soils have a
low to very low content of this element.

Calcium and Magnesium

The elements calcium and magnesium are quite similar as regards their
available forms, and the conditions which affect their availability . In both
cases, the exchangeable form usually represents the great bulk of the readily
available supply, and according to Truog in fertile loam soils that are not more
than slightly acid this commonly amounts to 3000 to 5000 pounds per acre
plow layer of calcium and about one-fourth to one-third as much magnesium .
The Colwood series exhibits the lowest calcium content, none of the five
samples showing in excess of 1000 pounds per acre. The Caistor, Jeddo (one
sample), Fox, Harrow and Berrien are less well supplied with calcium than
the Brookston, Perth, Tuscola., Toledo and Clyde soils. The medium to low
amounts of calcium contained in many of the Essex County soils, together
with the slightly acid reaction reflect the need for lime in this area . There is
a fairly wide variation in calcium content in some of the series, Attention is
directed particularly to the Brookston series . Twenty-three of the 31 samples
procured from this series has in excess of 6000 pounds per acre, while 4 of the
samples show less than 3000 pounds per acre . The parent material of the
latter samples may be more closely related to those of the Haldimand catena
(Caistor and Jeddo) . On an inch to the mile scale of mapping areas too small
to be separated are included with other series . These samples show a calcium
content much lower than the average found on the Brpokston.
For the most part the soils of Essex County appear to be fairly well supplied
with magnesium . The Fox, Harrow, and Berrien generally speaking contain
less than the other series . The need for magnesium on these light textured
outwash soils warrants further investigational work .

Organic Matter
Generally speaking the heavy and medium textured soils of Essex County
are fairly well supplied with organic matter . The organic matter content
reported in table (18) indicates the levels that occur in permanent pastures .
It is reasonable to expect that the organic matter levels in permanent pasture
areas will be higher than those found in areas where a short rotation is prac-
tised and particularly where there is a high concentration of cash crops such
as corn, tobacco, soybeans, etc.
The organic matter content is highest in the heavy textured poorly drained
soils, and lowest in the well drained light textured soils. Thirteen of the 31
samples procured from the Brookston series show an organic matter content
of less than 6% . Of the 21 samples analysed from the Perth and Caistor series
only 3 show an organic matter content in excess of 6% .
78
 In interpreting the results of the organic matter content of Essex County
consideration must be given to (1) the results are from samples obtained from
long term pastures and (2) under natural conditions 417,000 acres (92-1-°/0 )
of the soils of Essex County are imperfectly or poorly drained. Inherently
these soils were well supplied with organic matter . With drainage improve-
ment and continuous cropping there has been a definite lowering of the organic
matter content. The. need for the maintenance of adequate organic matter
levels cannot be over-emphasized because therein lies the answer to mainten-
ance of desirable soil structure and permeability which are essentials in establish-
ing a satisfactory physical condition in Essex County soils.

Base Exchange Capacity and Per Cent Saturation

The base exchange capacity and per cent saturation of the Essex County
surface samples are presented in table (19) . In developing a fertility concept
for the soils of the area, a knowledge of the amounts of the various elements
present is important. However, according to the findings of investigational
work, more important still is the ratio of the occurrence of one element with
respect to another on the exchange complex. There appears to be little general
agreement as to what constitutes an optimum calcium/potassium ratio or
calcium/magnesium ratio. From table (19) it appears that a wide variation
in ratio exists within series . The results of the base exchange capacity and the
per cent base saturation are included in the Essex County Soil Survey Report
to be used as a guide in developing a fertility concept for the area and should
be interpreted in consideration of the crop to be grown.
According to table (19) the base exchange capacity varies within series
according to the organic matter content and the clay content . Generally
speaking the heavier textured soils have a higher exchange capacity than the
medium and light textured soils. The highest exchange capacity of 61.75
M.e./100 grams occurred on the Toledo clay, with clay content of 39 .4% and
an organic matter content of 18.18Q/o . The lowest base exchange capacity of
3.44 NI.e./100 grams occurred on the Wauseon series with a clay content of
11 .8 and an organic matter content of 9.81 O/c . The figures in table (19) indicate
that there is as great a variation in base exchange capacity within series, de-
pending on the range in fine clay and organic matter content, as there is be-
tween different series on the heavy textured soils.
 APPENDIX
TABLE 18
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OF SURFACE SOIL FROM ESSEX COUNTY, ONTARIO(1) .

I PROS- POT- MAGNE-

SAND SILT . CLAY
REACTION PHORUS '~.A
, SSIUM CALCIUM slum ORGANIC
' SOIL TYPE SAMPLE LOCATION PH READILY ;REPLACE- REPLACE- REPLACE- MATTER
NO . CLASS SOLUBLE ABLE ABLE ABLE (6)
, BOUYOUCos HYDROMETER
ELEC- (2) t (3) (4) (5) %C
PER CENT PER CENT PER CENT TRODE LB . LB . LB . LB. X1 .724
TOWNSHIP LOT CONC . 1 :05MM .05-002MM <, .002MM P/ACRE K/ACRE CA/ACRE MG/ACRE

Berrien sandy loam. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 64.- Colchester S 1 69.0 . 16 .0 15.0 6 .22 18 66 4,000 530 5 .82
53- Sandwich W . 28 3 74.9 15 .2 9 .9 5 .81 20 100 3,880 544 6 .57
78 "' Gosfield N . 25 8 76.6 ; 12.6 !'10.8 5 .74 16 94 2,320 1,274 7 .43

Berrien sand. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 " Sandwich W . 33 1 81 .3 10.2 8.5 5 .35 16 59 1,200 272 4 .05
102 Mersea 225 Learning- 80 .2 10.3 9 .5 5 .10 26 46 1,120 744 7 .03
ton Road
104- Mersea 224 Learning- 81 .2 9 .2 ! 9.6 6 .30 24 114 2,480 ..... ... 5 .84
. ton Side-
Road
Brookston'clay . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 1- Sandwich E . 51 .6 28.4 20.0 6 .42 84 124 6,720 846 8.70
3- Sandwich S. 13 9 35 .6 31 .4 33 .0 7 .04 166 ! 228 9,640 1,052 6 .30
4-- Anderdon 13 7 23.2 " 33 .2 43 .6 6 .62 220 ; 520 12,440 1,968 10 .58
92- Pelee Island 21 .6 34 .0 44 .4 6 .82 250 _ 444 9,600 1,166 5 .73
95 - Pelee Island 21 19.4 , 35 .4 45 .2 7 .02 320 ( 380 9,720 1,638 5 .09
- 96- Pelee Island 57 21 .4 41 .4 37 .2 5 .61 20 126 4,200 1,006 3 .87
67- Gosfield S . 6 4 29.2 31 .0 39 .8 6 .11 102 308 7,080 1,745 5 .85
17_ Malden . 9 28.8 34 .0 38 .2 6 .41 136 280 11,240 1,968 9 .09
99~ Mersea 16 A 17.4 30 .2 52 .4 7 .36 332 416 12,280 1,696 8 .04
424x Colchester N. 10 8 18.8 28 .2 53 .0 .40
6 174 ! 452 8,920 1,555 7 .06
43- Colchester N. 27 N. Gesto 30.8 31.6 37 .6 6 .40 120 298 11,040 1,832 9 .51
Road . -
44 .c Colchester IN. 4 13 31 .6 31 .8 36 .6 6 .89 216 464 12,480' 1,326 9.85
25- Rochester 25 3 26.4 36 .4 37 .2 6 .11 120 296 9,240 1,419 9.16
33~ Rochester WY214 4 20.6 35 .6 43 .8 6 .25 168 472 12,320 1,603 11 .85
34- Rochester Wg14 4 21 .2 35 .0 43 .8 6 .44 194 388 11,480 1,463 9 .75
85- Tilbury N . 14 2 30 .0 29 .2 40.8 6 .41 158 378 11,480 1,745 10.32
31 - Tilbury W . 22 .8 32 .0 45 .2 6 .19 140 400 10,360 1,647 9 .04
32 a Tilbury W . 4 6 24 .8 31 .8 43 .4 6 .05 194 700 11,680 1,419 11 .75
58- Sandwich E . 1 29 .6 36 .0 34 .4 6 .56 142 328 12,840 1,832 11 .56
71 - Maidstone 12 5 44 .4 27 .8 27 .8 5 .72 20 144 2,960 1,006 3 .40
72 - Maidstone 17 3 35 .4 31 .6 33 .0 6 .40 49 242 10,840 1,322 9 .90
59 Sandwich E .- 3 17 .6 43 .4 39 .0 5 .85 92 340 6,720 1,375 5 .95
54 Anderdon -- 31 4 27 .4 i 38.6 34 .0 5 .88 30 246 5,840 1,191 5 .61
 68-- IC;nsfield \ . 7 7 25 .4 I 29 .8 44 .8 5 .60 100 374 8,360 1,745 8.99
4 .54
77- Gosfield ti. 19 9 44 .8 24 .0 31 .2 5 .12 16 170 2,520 1,322
~I 6,280 1,006 4 .99
26- Rochester 25 6 27 .8 31 .8 40 .4 5 .94 53 198
28 ~ )Tilbur' N . 6 19 28 .8 32.6 38 .6 5 .03 is 228 2.640 870 4 .08
3,120 336 3 .85
27- ITilhurv R'. 15 10 28 .4 30.8 40 .8 5 .18 23 178
'N ! 2,800 729 4 .08
30 - Tilbury Vi'. i 5 11. ! 25 .0 32 .2 42 .8 5 .07 8 246
Maidstone 287 '28 .8 30 .4 '40 .8 5 .31 25 168 4,080 2,061 5 .12
69-
7 36 .4 26 .4 37 .2 6 .51 98 290 11,320 1,589 9 .4.5
70+. ;Maidstone 6

Hrookston ('lay-sand spot phase . 711- \lersea 19 8 60 .0 19 .2 20 .8 6 .59 41 100 6,180 1,274 6 .95
92 181 (i,320 1,638 5 .02
103 - 1 .N'Ier .ea 224 l .eaming-~~ 40 .2 2(i .(3 33 . .. 6 .30
ton side-
; Road ~
BurfordLoam ...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 .. IMalden 72 6 .51 .2 29 .(3 19 .2 6 .82 162 480 6,640 593 6.57

Caistor Clay . ...... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I 2 ^ (,Sandwich S . 2 (3 38.4 3 .5 .0 26 .6 5.65 22 112 3,800 522 5 .0 .5
24 - . IAnderdon Auld 28 .8 39 .2 32.0 5 .69 23 158 :3,600 593 3.81
29 .-'(Tilbury W . 15 6 30.8 32 .6 36 .6 4 .91 12 199 2,400 636 3 .95
35--'Colchester S. N !.?17 3 35 .0 25 .4 39 .6 5 .20 12 186 7,680 . .... . 3 .17
36 - Colchester S . 15 4 14 .8 26 .6 58 .6 5 .55 56 418 5,440 1,647 5 .64
41 - Colchester Iv . 16 .8 23 .0 60 .2 5 .05 22 362 3,800 1,832 4 .81
66- Gosfield S . 5 I 25 .4 33 .2 41 .4 5 .22 37 468 4,120 1,375 5 .18
73 - Gosfield . 3 1 33 .8 33 .2 33 .0 5 .22 15 156 2,000 1,851 2 .59
106A Colchester 4 . 36 .4 21 .0 42 .6 5 .13 302 1,834 .... . ... 4 .16
106E'olchester 5 . 34 .4 21 .0 44 .6 5 .43 13 516 2 .40(1 .... .... 4 .06
1107 - (Colchester 5 . 3 41 .4 19 .0 39 .6 5 .24 9 340 2 .234 .... . . .. 4 .40
40 Colchestei S . 2 6 37 .4 31 .6 31 .0 6 .15 26 208 3,440 685 3 .47
105+-- Gosfield 1V . I 31 % A 26 .2 40 .8 33.0 6 .94 80 274 8,240 1,274 .5 .07
9 f Colchester S . 13 j 1 32 .8 31 .2 36 .0 5 .75 42 234 6,400 336 7.44

60-°1Sandwich F. . 22 .8 I 33 .4 43 .8 6 .80 216 280 9,520 1,851 5 .18

Clyde Clay . . . . . . . . . .

49+- (Sandwich W. 16 67,0 21 .0 12 .0 7.47 57 57 6,560 879 5 .54

Colwood Fine Sandy Loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50- Sandwich W . 69 .2 20 .6 10 .2 7.28 32 55 5,080 1,419 5 .02
9 .14
52 - Sandwich W. 27 2 36 .0 40 .2 23 .8 6 .32 112 174 9,440 2,565
861-- Tilbury N . 13 1 67 .6 19 .4 13 .0 6 .94 68 71 8,440 1,322 8.90
88 - Colchester S . 14 2 54 .6 22 .0 23 .4 7 .04 134 120 12,600 11 .79

94- Pelee Island 38 32 .8 41 .6 25 .6 7 .58 148 174 15,880 8.72

Farmington Clay Loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 .8 5 :89 74 160 1,280 250 1 .61

Fox dandy Loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 - Mersea lm . W . Lea- 75 .2 12.0
mington
6- Mersea 1 . . . - . , 78 .8 9.0 12 .2 5 .74 106 88 880 136 1 .30
 TABLE 18-Cont'd
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OF SURFACE SOIL FROM ESSEX COUNTY ONTARIO

SOIL TYPE SAMPLE LOCATION

SAND ~ SILT I CLAY REACTION
PH
PHOS-
PHORUS
READILY
POT-
ASSIUM
REPLACE-
CALCIUM
REPLACE-
MAGNE-
slum
REPLACE-
ORGANIC
MATTER
NO, GLASS SOLUBLE ABLE ABLE ABLE (6)
BOUYOUCOS HYDROMETER ELEC- (2) (3) (3) (5) °%C
PERCENT PERCENT PERCENT TRODE LB . LB . LB . LB. X1 .724
TGwNSH19 LOT CONC . 1 .-05MM .05,002MM G .002mm P/ACRE K/ACRE CA/AC . MG/AC .

7 Gosfield S . 2 70 .4 15 .4 14 .2 " 5.34 43 70 680 88 1 .30

19 .. Gosfield S . A 66 .2 121 .8 12 .0 6 .19 34 9 3,480 501 ........
Harrow sandy loam .. . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Colchester S . 13 1 63 .2 23 .4 13 .4 5 .69 28 42 2,480 112 3.87
20 ~- Colchester S . 64 1 64 .0 21 .6 14 .4 6 .01 62 74 2,120 316 2 .39
89- Gosfield S . 1 73 .6 11 .6 14 .8 5 .55 28 I 86 960 321 3.43
65 - Colchester S . 1 64 .4 18 .8 16 .8 6 .23 16 , 106 3,440 374 4 .81

Harrow Loam . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21- Colchester S . 61 1 39 .0 31 .4 29 .6 5 .50 20 116 3,520 1,283 4.47 .

5 38 .8 22 .8 6 .90 31 1 150
74 .i Gosfield S . 2 38 .4 6,680 1,536 4 .59

Jeddo Clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37-- Colchester N . 16 6 13 .6 26 .0 60.4 5 .49 48 1498 5,480 2,017 7 .00

Parkhill Loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - Colchester S . 79 1 48 .2 30 .2 21 .6 6 .75 42 ( 212 9,120 636 8 .17

75- Gosfield S . W~46 1 53 .0 23 .0 24 .0 6 .22 26 106 7,600 1,745 7 .02
76- aosfield S . 6 3 52 .6 25 .8 21 .6 6 .45 60 142 8,880 1,798 9 .47

Perth Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 1i Malden 3 16 .8 1 38 .6 44.6 5 .92 84 ' 324 7,080 2,061 5.22
47+ Malden 22 1 19 .4 41 .2 39 .4 6 .77 56 246 7,360 1,234 5 .12
12 . .- Colchester S. 87 1 31. .6 34 .8 33.6 6 .08 26 182 4,800 593 3.49
22 - Colchester ~ . 9 4 28 .4 34 .4 37 .2 5 .56 18 158 3,160 336 3 .85
45 - Colchester S . 2 3 27 .4 35.8 36 .8 7 .24 276 212 13,080 1,234 8 .33
48 - Anderdon 28 1 20 .0 1 37 .6 42 .4 6 .94 224 292 11,960 1,603 7 .72

Perth Clay Loam . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-- Malden 4 39.2 36 .6 24 .2 6 .31 38 1122 8,000 549 6 .44

Toledo Clay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . ' 56 - Sandwich W. 13 & 14 2 23.4 I 45 .0 31 .6 6 .43 182 220 7,280 1,463 4 .95
26 .8 33 .4 39 .8 6 .73 284 ~, 374 12,240 3,071 11 .85
23 Colchester S .- Town
Line
12 22 .0 23.6 54 .4 5 .98 130 472 9,400 1,511 8 .22
38 Colchester S .- °5
7 16 .6 19.4 64 .0 6.29 144 636 9,520 1,326 8 .28
39 Colchester S .- 6
252 9,680 1,876 7 .33
55 Sandwich W- 7 3 15 .4 35.4 49 .2 6.32 486
7,240 1,555 4 .62
57 Sandwich W ." 1 21 .0 38.0 42 .0 6.87 116 376
19 .4 36.8 43 .8 6.45 330 282 10,240 1,429 6.88
93 Pelee Island _*
 97- Pelee Island 25 .2 35 .4 39 .4 6.94 1 460 308 18,560 1,059 8 .18
98- Pelee Island 24 .2 37 .4 38 .4 6 .61 332 400 15,000 2,061 16.54
100-= Mersea 16 C 13 .6 34 .0 52 .4 6.62 336 338 10,720 1,745 8.99
101 - Mersea 20 A 19 .8 32 .4 47 .8 6 .74 248 268 8,520 1,214 5.02

Tuscola Fine Sandy Loam . . . . . . . . . . 10 ... Colchester S. 55 1 67 .4 18 .2 14 .4 6 .90 90 46 10,080 1, .555 10.23
13-- Colchester S.
I
12 1 47 .8 36 .8 15 .4 5 .99 70 76 6,720 1,191 6.15
I
1
14- Colchester S. 81 1 61 .8 24 .6 13 .6 6 .10 22 108 5,200 1,098 6 .22
IS- Colchester S. 33 1 70 .2 18 .6 11 .2 6 .49 22 22 3,720 1,696 3 .87
63- Colchester S. 41 1 50 .0 29 .0 21 .0 6 .00 41 124 5,720 744 5 .18
90 - Mersea 239 Dundas 69 .2 14 .4 16 .4 5 .64 98 74 1,600 744 5 .00
Road
91- Mersea ! 239 Dundas) 43 .8 35 .0 21 .2 6 .74 20 130 9,240 1,322 7 .71
Road !
I I
Wauseon Sandy Loa m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I 61- Maidstone 1 8 78 .2 71 .0 10 .8 6 .01 23 ,50 3,720 530 4 .71
62- Maidstone 11 5 74 .2 14 .8 11 .0 6 .08 29 128 4,480 1,274 6 .81
87-+. Rochester 4 73 .2 15.0 11 .8 7 .05 72 60 8,360 1,536 9 .81

(1) Samples were taken during the course of the Essex County Soil Survey, 1939. Old pastures representative of the type were selected when ever possible. The analyses were done by
Mr . A . L . Willis .
00 (2) Lohse and Ruhnke's method of determining readily soluble phosphorus was employed . For discussion of this method see Lohse, 11 . W ., Ruhnke, G . \ ., "Studies of Readily Soluble
W Phosphorus in Soils"-Soil Science 35 :6 1933 .
(3) Replaceable potassium-Folk and Truog's method of determining replaceable potassium was employed . For discussion of this method see : Volk, N . J ., and Truog, E ., "A Rapid Method
of Determining the Readily Available Potash of Soils"-Jour . Amer. Soc . of Agron . 26,537-46, 1934 .
(4) The replaceable calcium was determined on the same extract that was used in the determination of potassium .
(5) Magnesium is determined from the filtrate remaining from the calcium determination .
(6) The organic matter data was obtained by applying the factor 1 .7_4 to the per cent organic carbon . The method described by Allison, L . E ., "Organic Soil Carbon by Reduction of
Chromic Acid"-Soil Science, Oct ., 1935, p . 311, was used to determined the per cent organic carbon,
 TABLE 19
BASE EXCHANGE CAPACITYI AND PER CENT SATURATION OF SURFACE
SAMPLES FROM ESSEX COUNTY ONTARIO
BASE
EX- PER CENT SATURATION RATIOS
CHANGE
SOIL TYPE SAMPLE CAP-
NO . ACITY
Me/100 2H+ Ca++ Mg++ K+ Ca :K Ca :Mg
gms.
Berrien sandy loam.... 64- 14.60 16 .5 68 .0 14 .9 0.6- 118 :1 4 .6 :1
Berrien sand . . .. ..... . . . .... 51- 7.54 44.1. 40 .0 14 .9 1 .0- 40 :1 2.7 :1
53 "- 15 .74 23 .0 62 .0 14 .2 0.8- 74 .8 :1 4.3 :1
78 11 .15 52 .0 46 .9 1 .1- 48 .3 :1 1.1 :1
1021- 15 .25 61 .6 18 .0 20 .0 0.4-- 47 .5 :1 0.9 :1
Brookston clay....... . . . . . 59 26 .57 14 .0 63 .0 21 .4 1 .6- 38 .6 :1 3.0 :1
3 25 .91 93 .0 16 .7 1 .1- 83 :1 5.6 :1
4, 34 .44 -- 90 .0 23 .6 1 .9-- 47 .1 :1 3.8 :1'
54 24 .11 18 .3 60 .0 20 .4 1 .3- 46 .2 :1 3.0 :1
92 33 .46 11 .9 72 .0 14 .4 1 .7- 42 .1 :1 5.0 :1
95 28 .78 84 .0 23 .4 1 .7-- 50 .0 :1 3.6 :1
96 14 .02 -- 75 .0 29 .4 1 .1-"- 65 .7 :1 2.5 :1
67 25 .75 1.6 69 .0 27 .9 1 .5- 17 .2 :1 2.5 :1
17 36 .74 1.0 76 .0 22 .0 1 .0~- 78 .3 :1 3.5 :1.
68 33 .78 15 .4 62 .0 21 .2 1 .4" 43 .5 : 1 2.9 :1
77 14 .60 18 .3 43 .0 37 .2 1 .5 28 .6 :1 1 .2 :1
99 36 .16 -- 85 .0 19 .3 1 .5- 57 .9 :1 4.4 :1
42 32 .80 10 .7 68 .0 19 .5 1 .8-" 38 .4 :1 3.5 :1
43 38 .21 7 .3 72 .0 19 .7 1 .0- 72 .8 :1 3.7 :1
44 38 .87 --- 95 .0 14 .0 1 .8-- 52 .8 :1 5.7 :1
25 33 .13 11 .2 70 .0 17 .6 ' 1 .2- 60 .9 :1 4.0 :1
26 23 .78 15 .5 66 .0 17 .4 1 .1°- 65 .2 :1 3.8 :1
33 41 .98 8.8 74 .0 15 .8 1 .4- 51 .3 :1 1.7 :1
34 39 .69 11 .5 72 .0 15 .2 1.3- 57 .4 :1 4.8 :1
2,8 16.73 36 .9 40 .0 . 21 .4 1.74 22 .7 :1 1.8 :1
85 29 .19 98 .0 24 .6 1.6- 59 .6 :1 4.0 :1
27 16.73 43.4 47 .0 8.2 1~4- 34 .9 :1 5.7 :1
30 17 .38 40.9 40 .0 17 .3 1.8- 22 .2 :1 2.3 :1
31 35 .59 14 .9 73 .0 10 .7 1.4- 50 .7 :1 3.8 :1
32 39 .20 8.8 74 .0 14 .9 2.3-- 32 .8 :1 5.0 :1
58 42.97 6.4 75 .0 17 .6 1.0-- 76 .5 :1 4.3 :1
69 21 .65 12.9 47 .0 39 .1 1.0- 47 .4 :1 1.2 :1
70 38.38 7.9 74 .0 17 .1 1 .0- 76 .4 :1 4.4 :1
71 13.12 10 .1 57 .0 31 .5 1.4- 41 .1 :1 1 .8 :1
72 37 .56 12 .7 72 .0 14 .5 0.8-- 90 .5 :1 5.0 :1
,103 22 .63 -- 70.0 29 .7 1.0- 68.6 :1 2.3 :1
Brookston clay loam
sand spot phase. . .... 1 23 .45 12 .5 72.0 14 .8 0.7- 105 :1 4.8 :1

Brookston clay loam. . 79 19 .02 81 .0 27.5 0 .7- 119 :1 3.0 :1

Burford gravelly loam 46 19 .52 85 .0 12.5 3.1- 27 .2 :1 6.8 :1

Caistor clay .. . ........ ...... . 2 13 .12 9.5 73 .0 16 .4 1 .1- 68 :1 4.4 :1

. 24 16 .40 28 .9 55 .0 14 .9 1 .2- 45 :1 3.7 :1
29 14 .60 39 .3 41 .0 18 .0 1 .7--- 24 :1 2.3 :1
36 27 .55 24 .5 49 .0 24 .6 1 .9 .: 25 .6 :1 2.0 :1
41 27 .22 35 .7 35 .0 27 .6 1 .7 - 20 .6 :1 1.3 :1
66 24 .11 32.0 . 42 .0 23 .5 2.5 -- 17 .2 :1 1 .8J

Caistor clay loam ...... .. 73 11 .48 43.5 66 .4 1.7- 25 .1 :1 0.7 :1

40 13 .94 15 .9 62 .0 20 .2 1.9- 32 .5 :1 3.0 :1
105 21 .16 98 .0 24 .8 1.7- 59 :1 3.9 :1
9 27 .40 35 .9 58 .0 5 .0 1.1- 53.3 :1 11 .6 :1

Clyde clay . . . ....... . ...... . . . 60 32 .14 1 .1 74 .0 23 .8 1 .1-- 66.1 :1. 3.1 :1

84
 TABLE 19--Cont'd
BASE EXCHANGE CAPACITY 1 AND PER CENT SATURATION OF SURFACE
SAMPLES FROM ESSEX COUNTY ONTARIO

BASE
Ex- RATIOS
CHANGE
SOIL TYPE (SAMPLE CAP-
No . ACITY
1Vl .e ./100
gms .

Colwood fine sandy

4 .5 :1
'~

49 I 16 .89 - 97 .0
2 .2 :1
. . . . . . . . . . .- 1
loam . . . . . . . . .

I
50 14 .92 -- 85 .0
52 33 .13 -- 71 .0 31 .9 2 .2 :1
86 26.90 1 .5 78 .0 20 .2 3 .9 :1
i
1'ox sandy loam . . . . . . . . . .', 5 4 .08 ___- ` 78.0 25 .1 3.1 :1
6 3 .61 20 .7 61 .0 15 .5 3 .9 :1
7 I 3 .47 1 38 .0 49 .0 10.4 4.7 :1
11 19 11 .97 8 .S 73 .0 17 .2 4.2 :1.
Harrow fine sandy 1
loam . . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . .1, 8 8 .85 24 .'2 70 .() 5.2
20 8 .53 21 .7 62 .0 15 .2
89 13 .7S 72 .1 17 .5 9.6
65 11 .97 14 .0 72 .0 12 .9
I;
l4arrow loam . . . . . . . . . . .' 2l 15 .58 9 .0 56 .0 34 .0 1 .0 "--, 59 :1 ' 1 .7 :1
74 20 .34 --- 82 .0 31 .1 0 .9- 88 :1 2 .6 1

Jeddo clay . . . . . . . . . . . 37 31 .82 l 29 .0 ; 43 .0 ! 26 .0 2 .0--I 21 :1 I 1 .7 :1

1'arkhill loam . . . . . . . . . . . 11 28 40 8 .8 8t 9 .2 1 .0-~ 841 ! 8.7 :1

75 23 .62 - 80 30 .4 0 .6--- 141 :1 2 .6 :1
76 26 .57 - 83 27 .9 0 .7-i 23 :1 3 .0 :1

Perth clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 26 .90 = 1 .3 66 .0 31 .2 1 .5- 43 :1 2 .1 :1

47 25 .5)1 I S .2 71 .0 19 .6 1 .2'- li 58.4 :1 3 .7 :1

Perth clay loam . . . . . . . . ', 12 18 .37 20 .4 65 .0 13 .3 1 .3`°! 2 :1 4.9 :1

22 15 .91 i 40 .5 49 .5 8 .7 1 .3-! 39.5 :1 5 .7 :1
45 35 .42 -- 92 .0 14 3 O .S-~ 21 :1 6 .4 :1
16 25 .91 13.7 ! 77 .0 8 .7 0 .6- 129 :1 8 .5 :1
18 37 .72 2.5 j 751 .0 17 5 1 .0"- 8 .9 :1 4 .5 :1

Toledo clay . . . . . . . . . 23 11 .16 `- 74 .0 . 30 7 63A) :1

1 .2-1 .4 :1
38 36 .4 1 17 .2 64.0 17 1 1 7-39,2 :1 3 8 :1
35) ! 3S .39 21 .Ei 62 .0 14 .3 2 .1-
29 .31 c 4. :1
05 26
5 .2- 5)5 .0 25 .3 2 .5 39 .1 3,1 :1
57 25 .26 - 0 .8 72 .0 25 .3 1 .9-7
7 .61 ` 2.8 :1
93 3395 6 .6 75 .0 17 .3 l .l---i
71 :1 1.4 :1
517 6175 17 .3 75 .0 ! 7 .1 0 .6--I
119 :1 110 .6 :1
98 49 .45 5 .8 76 .0 17 .2 1 .0--
73 .4 :1 ! 4 .4 :1
100 40 .10 14 .0 67 .0 17 .9 1 .1-,
62 .4 :1 3 .6 1
101 30 .75 13 .2 69 .0 16.3 45 .4 :1 4 .3 :1
561 34 .60 251 .8 52 .0 17 .4 iI 0 .65 :1 3 :1
Tuscola fine Sandy
loam 10 28 .60 88 .0 22 .4 I f) .2 -- I 2vr 2 :1 3 .9 :1
13 22 .96 5 .4 73 .0 21 .2 0 .4-- 173 .1 3 .4 :1
14 18 .37 3 .ti 71 .0 24 .6 O .8 ^--I 93 :1 ! 2 .9 :1
18 11 .S1 79 .0 59 .0 0 .2-i 332 :1 1 .3 :1
63 20 .53 15 .(i (i9 .0 14 .7 j 0 .7-- 515 .6 :1 4 .7 :1
.)0 11 .32 36 .7 3::r .,r 27 .0 0 .8-- 42 .2 .3
91 28 .78 0 .5 80 .11 0 .6-- 140 :1 4 .3 :1

Wttscon Svrndy loam . . lit 13 .12 11 .9 71_0 16 .6 0 .5-' 145 :1 4 .3 :1

62 15 .58 - I 72 .0 33 .6 1 .0- 70 :1 2 .1 :1
S7 3 .44 , 61 .0 183 .8 2 .2 271 :1 3 .3 :1

1-method props acd by Schollenlwrger, C . J . and Simon, 1' . 11 ., 'Soil Science 59 :1, 1945, "De-
termination of Exchange Capacity- and Exehangeahle lk,es in Soil, 11.rnmonium Acetate
method ." The alternate method was used on the E,-sex ( ;ount .v soils in which the soil is
leached with IN Iv'] .
2-Bv difference .
85