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Magnet Resu

The document discusses magnetostatics and the magnetic force and field produced by steady currents. It covers the magnetic force on a current-carrying wire, motion of charged particles in a magnetic field, Biot-Savart law, and Ampere's law. Formulas are provided for calculating magnetic fields and forces based on properties of the current and magnetic field.

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16 views

Magnet Resu

The document discusses magnetostatics and the magnetic force and field produced by steady currents. It covers the magnetic force on a current-carrying wire, motion of charged particles in a magnetic field, Biot-Savart law, and Ampere's law. Formulas are provided for calculating magnetic fields and forces based on properties of the current and magnetic field.

Uploaded by

younessahli244
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER: MAGNETOSTATICS

❑ Magnetic Force and Lorentz law

- Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire

- Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field

❑ Biot-Savart Law

❑ Ampere’s Law
Introduction: In electrostatics, electric fields constant in time are produced by stationary charges.
In magnetostatics magnetic fields constant in time are produced by steady currents.

Electric Field Magnetic Field


Nature Created around electric charge Created around moving electric charge
(Current-carrying conductor) and
magnets
Units ▪ Newton per coulomb Gauss or Tesla
2
▪ volts per meter (Volt . second) per (meter)
Force ▪ Proportional to the electric Proportional to charge and speed of
charge electric charge

▪ Direction along E lines Direction: by the right hand rule


Work Electric force does work in No work because F ⊥ displacement
displacing a charged particle (point of application)

Movement In B field Perpendicular to the magnetic field Perpendicular to the electric field
Pole Monopole or Dipole Dipole
: The magnetic force
q: a particle of charge
v: The particle’s speed
: The magnetic field, the gauss is non-SI unit

❑ magnetic force cannot speed up or slow down a charged particle.


Consider a conductor of length ‘ l ’, carrying a steady current ‘I ’, kept inside a
uniform magnetic field B at right angle to it.
If ‘A’ is the cross-sectional area of the conductor and, ‘n’ = number of
charges per unit volume) and, e = charge of electron,
vd = drift velocity of electron ,
the Total force on conductor= Total No. of electrons × force on each
electron

For a straight conductor in a uniform magnetic field


For N parallel conductors flowing through the same current
The magnitude of the force is given by the familiar equation

For a wire of arbitrary shape, the magnetic force can


be obtained by summing over the forces acting on
the small segments that make up the wire
The force on a moving particle arising from combined
electric and magnetic fields is
Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field

If the direction of the initial velocity is not


perpendicular to the field, the velocity
component parallel to the field is constant
because there is no force parallel to the field.
Then the particle moves in a helix
❑ Biot-Savart Law: When charges move in a conducting wire and produce a current i,
the magnetic field at any point P due to the current can be
calculated by adding up the magnetic field contributions
from small segments of the wire
These segments be pointing in the direction of the current flow.
The infinitesimal current source can then be written as

where μ0 is a constant called the permeability of free space:

the magnetic field at the point P requires integrating over the current source

• Magnetic Field due to a Finite Straight Wire


Consider a differential element , carrying current i in the z-direction.

Is the corresponding unit vector

Is the cross product


The differential contribution to the magnetic field is obtained as

Integrating from –L to L :

we obtain

by choosing y = r >> L The magnetic field becomes :

For infinite length:

Unit vectors for the magnetic field of an infinite wire


❑ Ampere’s Law:
By placing compass needles near a wire. As shown in Figure a, all compass needles point in the
same direction in the absence of current. However, when i ≠ 0 , the needles will be deflected along
the tangential direction of the circular path.
Let us now divide a circular path of radius r into a large
number of small length vectors
by choosing a closed path,
or an “Amperian loop” that follows
one particular magnetic field line.
We Obtain:

Deflection of compass needles near


a current-carrying wire

The generalization to any closed loop of arbitrary shape


that involves many magnetic field lines is known as Ampere’s law:

Ampere’s law in magnetism is analogous to Gauss’s law in electrostatics.


In order to apply them, the system must possess certain symmetry.

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