Worldwide Emissions Standards

Passenger Cars and Light Duty Vehicles

2011//2012
2011 2012
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents 1 Non-Methane Organic Gases 35-37 CARB OBD II – Diesel Vehicles 65-68
WW Testing Procedures & Standards 3 Supplemental Federal Test Procedure 38-39 Fuel Consumption – CO2 Emissions 70-76
Driving Cycles 40
Exhaust Emissions Standards Japan Fuels

Economic Commission for Europe 4-5 Gasoline Limits 42 EU Market Fuels 77-78
European Union Diesel Limits 43 EU Reference Test Fuels 79-80
Type Approval & Vehicle Categories 7 Other Requirements 44-45 US Reference Test Fuels 81-82
Euro 1 & Euro 2 8-9 Driving Cycles 46-47
South Korea 49 Evaporative Emissions Standards
Euro 3 & Euro 4 10-12
Diesel Smoke 13 Brazil 50-51 Conventional US/EU Test Procedures 83
Euro 5 & Euro 6 15-21 Other Areas of the World 52-54 Enhanced Evaporative Emissions 85-86
Driving Cycle 22 On-board Refuelling Vapour Recovery 87
Emissions Related Requirements
US Federal
Light Duty Vehicles 24 European On-board Diagnostics Motorcycles
Clean Air Act Amendments 25 Euro 3 / Euro 4 56 EU 89-91
Tier II Standard 26-28 Euro 5 / Euro 6 57-58 US Federal/California 92
Driving Cycles 29-30 US On-Board Diagnostics Other Areas of the World 93-95
California EPA OBD II 60
LEV 1 32 CARB OBD II – All Vehicles 61 Glossary 96
LEV 2 33-34 CARB OBD II – SI Gasoline Vehicles 62-64

1
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2
WORLDWIDE TESTING PROCEDURES AND STANDARDS

Standards on 2005 long Term 2009 Post new long

10/15 mode 2000/2002 Standards on
Japan 10/15 mode + Standards Term Proposal
11 mode 10/15 mode + 11 mode cycles
11 mode cycles 10/15 + 11 mode cycles Mode cycle JC 08

1993 1996 2000 2005 2009 2011 2014

EU
Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5 Euro 5+ Euro 6
ECE cycle
Europe ECE+EUDC
cycle ECE ECE ECE ECE ECE ECE ECE ECE
ECE
R 15/04 R 83 R 83/01 R 83/02 R 83/03 R 83/04 R 83/05 R83/6 1)

Tier 0 Tier 1
EPA NLEV Tier 2
FTP US 87 US 94
US test cycle
CARB Tier 0 Tier 1 LEV 1 TLEV1 LEV1 ULEV1 ZEV1 LEV 2 LEV2 ULEV2 SULEV2 ZEV2 LEV3 2)

European Union countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom.
Candidate Members: Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Iceland, Turkey 1)
to be issued in spring 2011 2) proposed

3
ECE
ECE regulations are similar to EU directives. A base regulation is updated with a consecutive series of amendments. Dates of implementation differ from country to
country, depending on the approval status of the respective amendment in that country.

ECE-R15/04 and ECE-R83/00-05 Leaded Gasoline (Approval A)

TEST EMISSIONS UNIT Ref. mass in kg, TA (COP)

≤ 1020 ≤ 1250 ≤ 1470 ≤ 1700 ≤ 1930 ≤ 2150 > 2150
Urban cycle HC+NOx g/test 19 (23.8) 20.5 (25.6) 22 (27.5) 23.5 (29.4) 25 (31.3) 26.5 (33.1) 28 (35)
CO 58 (70) 67 (80) 76 (91) 84 (101) 93 (112) 101 (121) 110 (132)

ECE-R83/01 Unleaded Gasoline (Approval B) ECE-R83/01 Diesel (Approval C)

TEST EMIS- UNIT Engine Displacement TEST EMIS- UNIT Engine Displacement
SIONS < 1.4 L 1) ≥ 1.4 L, ≤ 2 L 1) > 2 L 1) SIONS < 1.4 L 1) ≥ 1.4 L, ≤ 2 L 1) > 2 L 1)
Urban HC+NOx g/test 15 (19) 8 (10) 6.5 (8.1) Urban HC+NOx g/test 15 (19) 8 (10)
cycle CO 45 (54) 30 (36) 25 (30) cycle CO 45 (54) 30 (36)
NOx 6 (7.5) - 3.5 (4.4) NOx 6 (7.5) -
1)
These are manual transmission limits. Automatic transmission limits are multiplied by 1.3 (NOx) and 1.2 (HC+NOx).

Exhaust Emissions Standards 4

ECE
ECE-R83/01 includes requirements for Approval A (leaded gasoline, ECE-R-83/05 ⇒ Content equivalent to 98/69/EC European Directive
= ECE-R-15/04), B and C, as well as optional certification to US 87. = EC 00 & 05
Vehicles certified to group A and B also need to run Idle CO test (≤ 3.5 vol.%) ECE-R-83/05 supplement 1 to 9
and crankcase emissions test.
⇒ Contains provisions for OBD and access to repair information
ECE-R-83/00 ⇒ Content equivalent to 88/76/EEC European Directive, ⇒ Contains the emission test procedure for periodically
Regulation ECE-R15/04 (approval A) and Annex XXIII regeneration exhaust aftertreatment systems (e.g. particulate
of StVZO German Road Code. trap, DeNOx catalyst)
ECE-R-83/01 ⇒ Content equivalent to 91/441/EEC European Directive ⇒ Contains provisions for hybrid vehicles type approval
= EC 93 for passenger cars. ⇒ Contains specific provisions for gaseous LPG/NG vehicles
ECE-R-83/02 ⇒ Content equivalent to 93/59/EEC European Directive ⇒ Contains provisions for modified particulate mass
= EC 93 for passenger cars AND large passenger cars AND measurement procedures in line with the conclusions of the
light duty trucks. Particle Measurement Program
ECE-R-83/03 ⇒ Content equivalent to 94/12/EC European Directive ⇒ Contains provisions for particle number measurement
= EC 96 for passenger cars plus LPG/NG vehicles procedures in line with the conclusions of the Particulate
ECE-R-83/04 ⇒ Content equivalent to 96/69/EC European Directive Measurement Program
= EC 96 for PC & LCV and 98/77/EC (LPG/NG emissions ECE-R-83/06 ⇒ to be issued in spring 2011
& replacement catalytic converters). ⇒ content to be equivalent to 715/2007/EC

Exhaust Emissions Standards 5

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6
EUROPEAN UNION
Type Approval Vehicle Categories
Directive 70/156/EC, as amended by Directive 2007/46/EC
Test Description Requirement Category Description Sub- Number Mass Limit
Type I Tailpipe Emissions See pages 8-21 category of Persons
after a cold start Test cycle: see page 22 Up to
M1 GVW ≤ 3,500 kg 2)
Type II CO Emission test at idling speed Determination of reference 9 Persons
Carriage of
value for I/M 1) & COP.
M Passengers M2 GVW ≤ 5,000 kg
Type III Emissions of crankcase gases Standard: zero emission Over
Min. 4 wheels
Type IV Evaporative Emissions See page 83 PC 9 Persons
M3 5,000 kg < GVW
Type V Durability of anti-pollution devices See pages 8,10,12
Type VI Low temperature test See pages 12, 20-21 N1 Cl 1 RM ≤ 1,305 kg
- OBD See pages 56-58 Max GVW 1,305 kg < RM
N1 Cl 2
1)
I/M: Inspection & Maintenance Carriage of ≤ 3,500 kg ≤ 1,760 kg
N Goods N1 Cl 3 N.A. 1,760 kg < RM
Note: Type Approval is granted after compliance with tests and requirements: ≤ 3,500 kg
Min. 4 wheels
N2 3,500 kg < GVW ≤ 12,000 kg
N3 12,000 kg < GVW
2)
Until EU4: Two subgroups: M1 with GVW ≤ 2,500 kg and M1 with 2500 kg < GVW ≤ 3,500 kg

Exhaust Emissions Standards 7

EUROPEAN UNION
EC 93 and EC 96 (Euro 1 and Euro 2)
PASSENGER CARS (≤ 2.5 t GVW, ≤ 6 seats)
Directives 91/441/EEC or 93/59/EEC (“EC 93”) - Directives 94/12/EC or 96/69/EC (“EC 96”)

EC 93 2) EC 96
Test Emissions Unit TA - FR TA - FR
7/92 - 1/93 1/96 - 1/97
Gasoline = Diesel Gasoline Diesel 3)
Urban HC+NOx g/km 0.97 (1.13) 0.5 0.7
+ CO 2.72 (3.16) 2.2 1.0
EUDC PM 1) 0.14 (0.18) - 0.08

Assigned multiplicative deterioration factors for 80.000 km limits:

Gasoline: CO, HC+NOx: 1.2
Diesel: CO: 1.1, HC+NOx: 1.0, PM: 1.2

1)
Diesel vehicles 2)
In brackets = COP values
3)
Limits for IDI diesel. For DI diesel until 30/9/99: HC+NOx: 0.9 g/km, CO: 1.0 g/km, PM: 0.1 g/km

Exhaust Emissions Standards 8

EUROPEAN UNION
EC 93 and EC 96 (Euro 1 and Euro 2)
LARGE PASSENGER CARS AND LIGHT DUTY TRUCKS
(7-9 seats, > 2.5t GVW, LDT ≤ 3.5t GVW – Directive 96/69/EC)
Step I: TA: 10/93, FR 10/94 Step II: TA 1/97 (Cl. I), 1/98 (Cl. II, III), FR 10/97 (I), 10/98 (II, III)
Test Emissions Unit Class I 2) Class II 2) Class III 2) Test Emissions Unit Class I 2) Class II 2) Class III 2)
≤ 1250 kg 3) > 1250 kg > 1700 kg 3) ≤ 1250 kg 3) > 1250 kg > 1700 kg 3)

≤ 1700 kg 3)
≤ 1700 kg 3)
Urban HC+NOx g/km 0.97 (1.13) 1.4 (1.6) 1.7 (2.0) Urban HC+NOx g/km 0.5 0.6 0.7
+ CO 2.72 (3.16) 5.17 (6.0) 6.9 (8.0) + CO 2.2 4.0 5.0
EUDC PM
1)
0.14 (0.18) 0.19 (0.22) 0.25 (0.29) EUDC HC+NOx 1)
g/km 0.7/0.9 1.0/1.3 1.2/1.6
CO 1) 1.0 1.25 1.5
1)
Diesel vehicles 2) In brackets = COP values 3) Reference weight in
PM 1) 0.08/0.1 0.12/0.14 0.17/0.2
running order plus 25 kg
EC 93 – Euro 1: EC 96 – Euro 2:

⇒ 91/441/EEC Directive defines “EC 93” requirements for normal ⇒ COP limits = TA limits.
passenger cars. 93/59/EEC includes 91/441/EEC plus “EC 93” ⇒ No change in exhaust/evaporative procedure or durability requirements
requirements for large passenger cars and light duty trucks. ⇒ 96/44/EC is equivalent to 94/12/EC, tighter inertia weight
⇒ Evaporative emissions requirements, 80.000 km durability classes in line with Directive 93/116/EEC (fuel consumption)

Exhaust Emissions Standards 9

EUROPEAN UNION
EC 2000 and EC 2005 (Euro 3 and Euro 4)
Directive 70/220/EEC, as amended by Directive 98/69/EC and 2003/76/EC
⇒ Exhaust and evaporative emissions testing revisions for passenger cars
and light duty trucks
⇒ Quality of market gasoline and diesel fuels
(Directive 98/70/EC, as amended by 2003/17/EC)

Passenger cars (≤ 2.5 t GVW) EC 2000 / Euro 3 EC 2005 / Euro 4 Assigned multiplicative deterioration factors for 80.000 km limits (Euro 3)
Test Emissions Unit TA - FR TA - FR or 100.000 km limits (Euro 4):
1/2000 - 1/2001 1/2005 - 1/2006 Gasoline: CO, HC, NOx:1.2
Gasoline, Diesel 1) Gasoline, Diesel Diesel: CO: 1.1, NOx,HC+NOx: 1.0, PM: 1.2
LPG, NG LPG, NG
Rev. HC 0.20 - 0.10 -
Urban NOx 0.15 0.50 0.08 0.25
+ HC+NOx g/km - 0.56 - 0.30 1)
Until 12/2002, diesel cars with GVW > 2 t, and
EUDC CO 2.3 0.64 1.0 0.50
a) > 6 seats or
PM - 0.05 - 0.025
b) off-road vehicles were considered as N1 vehicles

Exhaust Emissions Standards 10

EUROPEAN UNION
EC 2000 and EC 2005 (Euro 3 and Euro 4)
LARGE PASSENGER CARS (> 2.5 t GVW) AND LIGHT DUTY TRUCKS (≤ 3.5t GVW)

Light Duty Trucks Class I Class II Class III 1)

EC 2000 / Euro 3 EC 2005 / Euro 4 EC 2000 / Euro 3 EC 2005 / Euro 4 EC 2000 / Euro 3 EC 2005 / Euro 4
Test Emis- Unit TA: 01/00 TA: 01/05 TA: 01/01 TA: 01/06 TA: 01/01 TA: 01/06
sions FR: 01/01 FR: 01/06 FR: 01/02 FR: 01/07 FR: 01/02 FR: 01/07

SI CI SI CI SI CI SI CI SI CI SI CI
Rev. HC 0.20 - 0.10 - 0.25 - 0.13 - 0.29 - 0.16 -
Urban NOx 0.15 0.50 0.08 0.25 0.18 0.65 0.10 0.33 0.21 0.78 0.11 0.39
+ HC+NOx g/km - 0.56 - 0.30 - 0.72 - 0.39 - 0.86 - 0.46
EUDC CO 2.3 0.64 1.0 0.50 4.17 0.80 1.81 0.63 5.22 0.95 2.27 0.74
PM - 0.05 - 0.025 - 0.07 - 0.04 - 0.10 - 0.06
1)
Included Large Passenger Cars (> 2.5 t GVW)

Exhaust Emissions Standards 11

EUROPEAN UNION
• More stringent exhaust limits for Euro3 and Euro4 • Measurement of HC and CO at -7°C (266K) during four Rev. urban driving
Separation of HC and NOx cycles (780 seconds - Urban/ECE portion)
• Modified exhaust emissions test cycle (MVEG B) • Deterioration factors are not applied
Deletion of first 40 s idle, start of bag sampling at engine crank. • Reference Fuel option with higher RVP and density
• Onboard diagnostics requirements for gasoline, LPG, NG and diesel • Gaseous Fuel (LPG or NG) vehicles are exempt from the low temperature test.

• Enhanced evaporative emissions requirements • Stricter in-use durability requirements

• Low temperature test for gasoline vehicles: Euro 3: 80.000 km or 5 years, ass. deterioration factors in place.
Euro 4: 100.000 km or 5 years.
Newly required recording of in-use durability.
Cat M1 and N1 Cl I ≤ 2.5t GVW and/or ≤ 6 seats CO 15 g/km
New types from 1 January 2002 HC 1.8 g/km

Cat N1 Cl. II, M1 > 6 seats, 2.5 t < GVW ≤ 3.5 t CO 24 g/km
New types from 1 January 2003 HC 2.7 g/km
Cat N1 Cl. III CO 30 g/km
New types from 1 January 2003 HC 3.2 g/km

Exhaust Emissions Standards 12

EUROPEAN UNION
SMOKE - Diesel Only
Directive 72/306/EEC amended by Directive 2005/21/EC
2 tests are required:
1 Speed stabilised under full load
6 measurements shall be made at engine speeds spaced out uniformly between as a reference for checking production which should not be greater than this
that corresponding to maximum power and the higher of the following two value more than 0.5 m-1.
engine speeds: 45 % of the engine speed corresponding to maximum power; Additional requirement for turbo engines: XM ≤ SL (corresponding to max SM)
and 1000 rpm. For each measuring point, the smoke measured should not +0.5 m-1.
Conversion of Diesel Smoke values
exceed the limit values (SL) specified in the directive, which are a function of
the air flow rate. The value selected will be the measured (SM) nearest the Light absorption coefficient [m-1]
relevant limit value.

0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,2
2,4
2,6
2,8
3,0

3,5

4,0

5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
2 Free acceleration
Hartridge smoke units [HSU]
With warm engine from idle to maximum engine speed giving an average (XM)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90
of 4 consecutive non-dispersed values.
Calculated according both tests: Bosch number [BN]
XL1= (SL/SM)*XM and XL2 = XM + 0.5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0

5,5

6,0

6,5
7,0
7,5
The lowest numerical XL value will be marked on the vehicle and will be used

Exhaust Emissions Standards 13

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14
EUROPEAN UNION
Euro 5 & 6 Regulation Test Cycle: similar to Euro 4: Revised Urban + EUDC
Split level Approach: Co-decision Regulation EC 715/2007 - June 20, 2007 New Reference Fuels (See page 80):
Comitology Regulation EC 692/2008 - July 18, 2008 For Type 1 test: Gasoline E5, Flex fuel E85; Diesel: B5
Repeal of Directive 70/220 and related amendments For Type 6 test: Gasoline E5, Flex fuel E75 (TBD)
Vehicle Scope: M1 and M2, N1 and N2 vehicles as defined in Unrestricted and standardized access to vehicle repair and maintenance
Directive 70/156/EC with reference mass ≤ 2,610 kg information
Extension possible at the manufacturer’s request to M1, M2, N1, N2 with CO2 and Fuel Consumption:
reference mass ≤ 2,840 kg Current regulation (EC) 443/2009 is merged into Euro 5 & 6 regulations
Exempted Vehicles at Euro 5 stage: CO2 is replaced by Greenhouse Gas; Test procedure not changed
Diesel M1 Vehicles designed to fulfill specific social needs: Implementation Schedule:
- Special purpose vehicles with Ref Mass > 2,000 kg (Ambulance, hearse, Euro 5a Euro 5b Euro 5b+ Euro 6
motor caravan…)
TA FR TA FR TA FR TA FR
- Vehicles w/ Ref Mass > 2,000 kg and designed to carry at least 7 occupants.
M
From 01Sept12, no more valid for ”true” off-road vehicle 01Sep09 01Jan11 01Sep11 01Jan13 01Sep11 01Jan14 01Sep14 01Sep15
N1 Cl I
- Vehicles w/ Ref Mass > 1,760 kg and built specifically for commercial
N1Cl II
purposes to accommodate wheelchair use inside the vehicle N1Cl III 01Sep10 01Jan12 01Sep11 01Jan13 01Sep11 01Jan14 01Sep15 01Sep16
These vehicles still have to meet the N1 Class III limits for Euro 5. N2
No more exemption for passenger cars from Euro 6. Diesel voluntary Euro 6 certification possible in advance of TA dates. See page 21

Exhaust Emissions Standards 15

EUROPEAN UNION
Euro 5 & 6 Spark Ignition Emission Limits
PC M1) , LDT N1 CL 1 LDT N1 Cl 2 LDT N1 Cl 3, N2
Emissions Unit
Euro 5a Euro 5b/b+ Euro 6 Euro 5a Euro 5b/b+ Euro 6 Euro 5a Euro 5b/b+ Euro 6
THC 100 100 100 130 130 130 160 160 160
NMHC 68 68 68 90 90 90 108 108 108
NOx mg/km 60 60 60 75 75 75 82 82 82
CO 1000 1000 1000 1810 1810 1810 2270 2270 2270
PM
2) 3)
5.0 4.5 4.5 5.0 4.5 4.5 5.0 4.5 4.5
PN # 3) 4) Nb/km - - TBD - - TBD - - TBD
1)
No exemption for gasoline Passenger Car 3)
Test procedure defined in UN Reg 83 Suppl 7
2)
Applicable to gasoline DI engines only 4)
PN valve for Euro 6 is planned to be adopted in a comitology proposal by the Commission 2nd semester 2011
Euro 5 & 6 Compression Ignition Emission Limits
PC M1) , LDT N1 CL 1 LDT N1 Cl 2 LDT N1 Cl 3, N2
Emissions Unit
Euro 5a Euro 5b/b+ Euro 6 Euro 5a Euro 5b/b+ Euro 6 Euro 5a Euro 5b/b+ Euro 6
NOx 180 180 80 235 235 105 280 280 125
HC+NOx 230 230 170 295 295 195 350 350 215
CO mg/km 500 500 500 630 630 630 740 740 740
PM 2) 5 4.5 4.5 5 4.5 4.5 5 4.5 4.5
PN # 2) Nb/km - 6.0 x 1011 6.0 x 1011 - 6.0 x 1011 6.0 x 1011 - 6.0 x 1011 6.0 x 1011
1)
Exempted M1 vehicles have to comply with N1Cl3 test I emissions limits, TA 01 Sep 2009, FR 01 Jan 2011 - No more exemption for passenger cars from Euro 6
2)
Test procedure defined in UN Reg 83 Suppl 7

Exhaust Emissions Standards 16

EUROPEAN UNION
Euro 5 & 6 Implementation Roadmap - Mandatory Certification Process

Spark Ignition Vehicles 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
M, N1 Cl I Type approval Euro 4 Euro 5a 01Sep09 Euro 5b OR Euro 5b+ 01Sep11 Euro 6 01Sep14

First registration Euro 4 Euro 5a Euro 5b Euro 5b+ Euro 6 01Sep15

N1 Cl II, III, N2 Type approval Euro 4 Euro 5a 01Sep Euro 5b OR Euro 5b+ 01Sep11 Euro 6 01Sep15

First registration Euro 4 Euro 5a Euro 5b Euro 5b+ Euro 6 01Sep16

Compression Ignition Vehicles

M, N1 Cl I Type approval Euro 4 Euro 5a 01Sep09 Euro 5b OR Euro 5b+ 01Sep11 Euro 6 01Sep14

First registration Euro 4 Euro 5a Euro 5b Euro 5b+ Euro 6 01Sep15

Exempted M1 off-road Type approval Euro 4 Euro 5a as N1 CI III Euro 5b OR Euro 5b+ 01Sep11 Euro 6 01Sep14

First registration Euro 4 Euro 5a N1 * Euro 5b as M Euro 5b+ Euro 6 01Sep15

Exempted non off-road Type approval Euro 4 Euro 5a as N1 CI III Euro 5b OR Euro 5b+ 01Sep11 Euro 6 01Sep14 as M

First registration Euro 4 as N1 Cl III Euro 5a Euro 5b Euro 5b+ Euro 6 01Sep15 as M

N1 Cl II, III, N2 Type approval Euro 4 Euro 5a 01Sep Euro 5b OR Euro 5b+ 01Sep11 Euro 6 01Sep15

First registration Euro 4 Euro 5a Euro 5b Euro 5b+ Euro 6 01Sep16

* Euro 5a as M as of 01Sep12

List of requirements at the different stages can be found on pages 18-19

Exhaust Emissions Standards 17

EUROPEAN UNION
Euro 5 & 6 Regulation
Main additional requirements Euro 5a / Euro 5b / Euro 5b+ / Euro 6 - Spark Ignition Vehicles
Euro 5a Euro 5b Euro 5b+ Euro 6
TA 1) 01Sep09 01Sep11 01Sep11 01Sep14
FR 1) 01Jan11 01Jan13 01Jan14 01Sep15
Gaseous Emissions Limits See page 16 See page 16
PM 5.0 mg/km Current method 4.5 mg/km Revised method
PN Not required TBD 3)
Tyres Euro 4 rules Highest or 2nd highest rolling resistance ISO 28580
DFs CO:1,5; THC/NMHC:1,3; NOx: 1,6; PM/PN: 1,0
Low temp test for flex-fuel vehicle Test on gasoline only Test on both gasoline and E75 (E75 TBD)
OBD thresholds Euro 5 TBD 4)
OBD: monitoring of catalytic conv. Against NMHC Against NMHC and NOx
OBD: IUPR Not required IUPR ≥ 0.1 2) IUPR ≥ 0.336 2)
1)
M Vehicle only. See page 15 for complete implementation schedule
2)
Detailed IUPR see on page 58
3)
PN limits to be adopted through a comitology proposal 2nd semester 2011
4)
OBD limits; special work group established intermediate proposal expected in 2011

Exhaust Emissions Standards 18

EUROPEAN UNION
Euro 5 & 6 Regulation
Main additional requirements Euro 5a / Euro 5b / Euro 5b+ / Euro 6 - Compression Ignition
Euro 5a Euro 5b Euro 5b+ Euro 6
TA 1) 01Sep09 01Sep11 01Sep11 01Sep14
FR 1) 01Jan11 01Jan13 01Jan14 01Sep15
Exempted M vehicles See page 15 No more exemption
Gaseous Emissions Limits See page 16 See page 16
PM 5.0 mg/km Current method 4.5 mg/km Rev. method
PN Not required 6 x1011
Tyres Euro 4 rules Highest or 2nd highest rolling resistance ISO 28580
DFs CO:1,5; NOx / NOx+THC: 1,1; PM/PN: 1,0 TBD 3)
OBD thresholds Euro 5 TBD 3)
OBD: relaxed PM thres. for veh.
Yes (PM thres. 80 mg/km) No (PM threshold 50 mg/km)
w/ RM > 1,760 kg
OBD: IUPR Not required IUPR ≥ 0.1 2) IUPR ≥ 0.336 2)
1)
M Vehicle only. See page 15 for complete implementation schedule
2)
Detailed IUPR see on page 58
3)
For veh. certified EU 6 in advance of date: real DFs used

Exhaust Emissions Standards 19

EUROPEAN UNION
Euro 5 & 6 Regulation - Voluntary Certification Process In-Service Conformity
Diesel Vehicles in advance of Euro 6 TA can be certified as: Up to 100.000 km or 5 years
- Emissions Euro 6a (current PM test procedure 5 mg/km, no PN); Low Temperature Test (- 7° C)
OBD Euro 6- (interim Euro 6 OBD thresholds) No change for spark ignition
- Emissions Euro 6b (revised PM 4.5 mg/km; PN 6x1011/km); Compression ignition: Demonstration at TA of
OBD Euro 6- (interim Euro 6 OBD thresholds) - performance of NOx aftertreatment device reaching
- Emissions Euro 6b; OBD Euro 6- plus IUPR (≥ 0.1) sufficiently high temperature for efficient operation within
Last date for first registration 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 400 sec after a cold start (- 7° C)
M, N1 Cl I Euro 6a / Euro 6- 31Dec12 - Operation strategy of the EGR including its functioning at
Euro 6b / Euro 6- 31Dec13 low temperature
Euro 6b / 6- plus IUPR 31Aug15 Evaporative emissions: no change (2 g/test)
N1 Cl II, III; Euro 6a / Euro 6- 31Dec12
SCR Provisions (Selective Catalyst Reduction with reagent)
N2 Euro 6b / Euro 6- 31Dec13
Reagent Indication
Euro 6b / 6- plus IUPR 31Aug16
Identification of incorrect reagent
Durability Requirements starting Euro 5: 160.000 km Reagent consumption monitoring
Assigned Euro 5 DFs: SI: CO: 1.5; THC and NMHC: 1.3; NOx: 1.6; PM: 1.0 NOx emissions monitoring
CI: CO: 1.5; NOx and THC+NOx: 1.1; PM/PN: 1.0 Driver warning strategy and inducement system
Alternatives: Calculated DFs based on Standard Road Cycle (SRC) Operating conditions of the aftertreatment
Test ageing bench: SI based on Standard Bench Cycle (SBC) Storage of failure information
CI based on Standard Diesel Bench Cycle (SDBC)
Assigned Euro 6 DFs: spark ignition: no change compression ignition: TBD

Exhaust Emissions Standards 20

EUROPEAN UNION
Amendments Proposal to Reg 692/2008 and 715/2007 EU Commission Communication (25Jan11)
- Particulate Mass and Particulate Number test procedure according to UN ”Future emission strategy for Euro 6 vehicles”
Reg 83, series of Amendments 05, supplement 7 The commission intends to define/review the following items for introduction
- Mandatory use of Daylight Driving Lamps during test cycle from 07Feb11 with Euro 6 (TA 01Sep14) or at a later date:
TA; 07 Aug 12 - Revised low temperature emission limits for Euro 6.
- OBD requirements: EC decision end of 2012, implementation date TBD
* Mandatory DPF total failure monitoring - Particulate number limits for Euro 6 petrol vehicles.
* Exemption for monitoring of short/open circuit failure EC decision end of 2011, implementation date Euro 6
* IUPR: Denominator for monitors requiring a cold start - Definition of the OBD limits.
* IUPR: Denominator for boost pressure control EC decision end of 2012 / intermediate decision possible 1st semester 2011
* IUPR: Statistical test procedure and in-service conformity check to allow TA of early Euro 6 vehicles (proposed values see page 58)
- SCR requirements: - NO2 emission limits (WLTP test procedure)
* Activation of SCR driving warning system for Euro 6- CI vehicles EC decision end of 2012, implementation TBD
* Record of activation of SCR driver inducement system - Definition of the THC (Total HydroCarbon) limits including Methane as CO2
equivalents in the green house gas balance of vehicles
EC decision end of 2012, implementation TBD
- Revised evaporative emissions test procedure and limits
EC decision end of 2012, implementation TBD
- Procedures for the assessment of real driving emissions of vehicles
EC decision end of 2012, implementation TBD (is not linked to Euro 6)

Exhaust Emissions Standards 21

EUROPEAN UNION
DRIVING CYCLE
Urban (ECE) + extra-urban cycle (EUDC)
Length : 11.007 km Total duration : 1180 s (ECE+EUDC)
Speed (km/h)
Max. speed : 120 km/h Average speed : 33.6 km/h
Part One Part Two
120
Cycle revision for Euro 3 onwards:
100
Modification of the start-up phase: Deletion of the 40 seconds idle period prior to
80
bag sampling start. Simultaneous engine crank and bag sampling start.
60
40 11 sec idle after crank.
20 ES Cycle named revised urban + extra-urban cycle or MVEG-B.
BS
0 Prior to Euro 3, start and 40 sec idle period prior to bag sampling start
0 Time (s)
195 195 195 195 400
1180
BS: Beginning of Sampling, engine start
ES: End of Sampling
Urban cycle = 820 seconds
Urban + extra-urban cycle = 1220 seconds (“MVEG-A”)

Euro 3 Rev. urb + extra-urban cycle = 1180 seconds (“MVEG-B”)

onw.
Rev. urban cycle = 780 s (-7°C test)

Exhaust Emissions Standards 22

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23
US FEDERAL
LDV ≤ 12 PASSENGERS

LIMITS IN GRAMS/MILE LIMITS IN GRAMS/KILOMETER

TEST EMIS- DURA- MY91→ MY 94→ MY 01→ MY 04→ TEST EMIS- DURA- MY91→ MY 94→ MY 01→ MY 04→
SIONS BILITY (mile) (Tier 0) (US 87) (Tier I) (US 94) NLEV (TIER II) SIONS BILITY (km) (Tier 0) (US 87) (Tier I) (US 94) NLEV TIER II
US HC 50.000 0.41 0.41 0.41 See US HC 80.000 0.25 0.25 0.25 See
FTP NMHC 50.000 0.25 0.075 3) Page 27 FTP NMHC 80.000 0.16 0.047 3) Page 27
100.000 0.31 0.090 3) 160.000 0.19 0.056 3)
CO 50.000 3.4 3.4 3.4 CO 80.000 2.1 2.1 2.1
100.000 4.2 4.2 160.000 2.6 2.6
CO (-7°C) 50.000 10 10 CO (-7°C) 80.000 6.2 6.2
NOx 1) 2) 50.000 1.0 0.4 0.2 NOx 1) 2) 80.000 0.62 0.25 0.124
100.000 0.6 0.3 160.000 0.37 0.186
PM 50.000 0.2 0.08 0.08 PM 80.000 0.124 0.05 0.05

100.000 0.10 0.08 160.000 0.06 0.05

1)
Diesel vehicles allowed 1.0 / 1.25 g/mi NOx until MY2003
2)
NOx (Highway)-standard: 1.33 X NOx (City)-standard as listed above 3)
NMOG measurement instead of NMHC

Exhaust Emissions Standards 24

US FEDERAL
CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS - IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

Model Year
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Phase-In (%)
Exhaust Emissions
Tier II 25 50 75 100
NLEV Nationwide
Evap. Emissions
Enh. EVAP
ORVR
Testing Procedures
Suppl. FTP (Cal./NLEV) 25 50 85 100
Revised durability
g CO2/mile
Fleet Wide Emissions
PC 261 253 246 235 224
Light Trucks 352 341 332 317 302
Combined 295 286 276 263 250

Exhaust Emissions Standards 25

US FEDERAL
Exhaust Emissions Standards Others
⇒ Cold CO: Standard must be met at all altitudes. ⇒ Clean fuel vehicle fleets: Starting in 1999, in certain US cities fleets of
⇒ Tier II standards, see page 27. ≥ 10 vehicles and central fuelling are required to purchase vehicles certified
NLEV on federal test fuel to LEV or cleaner standards.
⇒ Requires phase-in of LEVs and TLEVs in northeast US in 1999 and 2000. Tier II Standard
Requires 100% LEVs or equivalent in all states in 2001. ⇒ Same standards applicable to cars and trucks up to 8500 lbs GVWR (most
⇒ NLEV will be in place until MY2004, at which time Tier II standards will sport utility vehicles, pick up trucks and vans)
take effect. ⇒ Emissions limits are fuel neutral, i.e. applicable to gasoline, diesel and all
other fuels.
Revised Durability Schedule
⇒ Vehicles also have to meet new Tier II limits on Supplemental Federal Test
⇒ Manufacturer specific durability schedule allowed as an alternative to AMA
Procedure.
schedule.
⇒ New evaporative emissions standards, see page 85.
⇒ Durability shown through bench aging of components ⇒ 0.07 g/mi NOx fleet average at 120,000 mi/ 10 y phased-in 25/50/75/100%
⇒ Requires in-use reality check performed by manufacturer. Reality check from 2004-2007 for cars and trucks < 6000 lbs GVWR, and 50/100% in
procedures become more stringent 2000 onwards. 2008-2009 for heavier trucks.
⇒ No more carry-over of durability data from AMA schedule after MY2000. ⇒ 8 standards “bins” are available as long as the manufacturer’s fleet averages
Certification Streamlining (Compliance Assurance Plan 2000) 0.07 g/mi NOx. Bin 1 corresponds to 0.0 g/mi of all emission categories.
⇒ US & Calif. certification process changed in 2000 time frame. Focus moved ⇒ One new bin for MDPV. “Tier II” MDPV must be included in 0.07 g/mi NOx
from upfront self certification toward manufacturer performed in-use checks. fleet average.

Exhaust Emissions Standards 26

US FEDERAL
Tier II Standard (cont’d) 0.07 g/mi NOx fleet average
Two temporary options available for MY2007-09 diesel powered veh. g/mi Durab Bin 8 Bin 7 Bin 6 Bin 5 Bin 4 Bin 3 Bin 2
• US06 opt: Relaxed 4k NOx+NMHC std in exchange for 30% stricter NMOG 50 k 0.100 0.075 0.075 0.075
composite SFTP NOx+NMHC std. 120 k 0.125 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.070 0.055 0.010
Also extends SFTP useful life to 150k.
CO 50 k 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4
• High Alt. Option; Bin 7/8 veh. Allowed in-use NOx std of 1.2x the FTP std.,
when at high alt. In exchange, must meet Bin 5 PM std. 120 k 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 2.1 2.1 2.1
Also extends the useful life to 150k for ALL FTP based tests. NOx 50 k 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.05
120 k 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.02
New fleet average requirement for NMHC: PM 120k 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
• Provisions for carry forward and carry-back of credits HCHO 50 k 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015
• Prov. for carry-over programs with respect to in-use testing 120 k 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.011 0.011 0.004
• Test is on FTP cycle at 20 deg F
• Flex fueled vehicles only required to provide assurance that the same
emission reduction systems are used on non-gasoline fuel as on gasoline Tier II Phase-In Schedule in % (Vehicles < 6000 lbs GVWR)
• LDV < 6000 GVWR:
Meet sales weighted fleet average of 0.3 g/mi at 120k mi % ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08
Phase in 25/50/75/100 from MY2010 - 2013 NLEV 100 100 100
• 6000 ≤ LDV < 8500 GVWR and MDPV < 10,000 lbs (Interim Non-)Tier II, 0.3 NOx avg 75 50 25 0 0
Meet sales weighted fleet average of 0.5 g/mi at 120k mi Tier II, 0.07 NOx avg 25 50 75 100 100
Phase in 25/50/75/100 from MY2012 - 2015

Exhaust Emissions Standards 27

US FEDERAL
During phase-in period 2004-2006, vehicles up to 6000 lbs GVWR that do not During phase-in period 2004-2008, HLDT vehicles (> 6000 lbs GVWR) that
follow 0.07 NOx fleet average must meet 0.3 NOx fleet average. In addition to do not follow 0.07 NOx fleet average (see phase in) must meet 0.2 NOx fleet
bins 1-8, a manufacturer may choose, for that period, to certify to bins 9 or 10 average with a 0.6 g/mi maximum.
as shown in the table below as long as the 0.3 NOx fleet average is met. Differ-
ent interim standards and phase-ins apply to trucks for 6001-8500 lbs GVWR, Optional Bins for Interim HLDT & MDPV (until 2008)
as well as heavier trucks. g/mi Durability Bin 10 Bin 9 Bin 8
NMOG 50 k 0.160 0.140 0.125
Relaxed Bins available for 0.3 g/mi NOx fleet average 120 k 0.230 0.180 0.156
g/mi Durability Bin 9 Bin 10 Bin 11 (MDPV) CO 50 k 4.4 3.4 3.4
120 k 6.4 4.2 4.2
NMOG 50 k 0.075 0.125 0.195 NOx 50 k 0.4 0.2 0.14
120 k 0.090 0.156 0.280 120 k 0.6 0.3 0.20
CO 50 k 3.4 3.4 5.0 PM 120k 0.08 0.06 0.02
HCHO 50 k 0.018 0.015 0.015
120 k 4.2 4.2 7.3
120 k 0.027 0.018 0.018
NOx 50 k 0.2 0.4 0.6
120 k 0.3 0.6 0.9 Tier II Phase-In Schedule HLDT (Veh. > 6000 lbs GVWR) & MDPV in %
PM 120k 0.06 0.08 0.12 % ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09
HCHO 50 k 0.015 0.015 0.022
(Interim Non-)Tier II; 0.2 avg, 0.6 max NOx 25 50 75 100 50 0
120 k 0.018 0.018 0.032 Tier II, 0.07 NOx avg 50 100

Exhaust Emissions Standards 28

US FEDERAL
DRIVING SCHEDULES
CITY CYCLE 1)
Length : 11.04 mi. (17,77 km)
70 Total duration : 1874 s (+ hot soak: 540 s min; 660 s max)
Cold start phase Transient phase Hot start phase
60 0-505 s 505-1369 s 0-505 s Simultaneous engine crank and bag sampling start.
Initial idle is 20 sec.
50
Speed (mph)

Max. speed : 56.68 mph (91,2 km/h)

40
Average speed : 21.19 mph (34,2 km/h - stop excluded)
30
20 Between Phase II and Phase III, Hot Soak (9-11 min)
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Time (s)

505 s, (5,8 km) 864 s, (6,3 km) 505 s, (5,8 km)

Cold Transient Cold Stabilized Hot Transient

Phase I Phase II Phase III 1)
Also known as: FTP 75, EPA III
Phase I + II also known as: FTP 72, EPA II, UDDS, LA-4

Exhaust Emissions Standards 29

US FEDERAL
DRIVING SCHEDULES
HIGHWAY CYCLE 1)

Length : 10.26 mi. (16.5 km)

EPA Highway Fuel Economy Test Driving Schedule Total duration : 765 s
Length 765 seconds - Distance = 10.26 miles - Average Speed = 48.3 mph Max. speed : 59.91 mph (96.4 km/h)
60
Average speed : 48.30 mph (77.7 km/h)

50
Speed (mph)

40
30
20
10
0
0
29
58
87
116
145
174
203
232
261
290
319
348
377
406
435
464
493
522
551
580
609
638
667
696
725
754
Time (s)

1)
Also known as Highway Fuel Economy Test – HWFET

Exhaust Emissions Standards 30

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31
CALIFORNIA
LDV ≤ 12 PASSENGERS

LEV 1 emissions categories phasing out 2004 - 2007 Definition of emission classes
⇒ LEV Low Emission Vehicle (LEV1, LEV2)
In g/mi Durab. TLEV1 LEV1 ULEV1 ZEV1
⇒ TLEV Transitional Low Emission Vehicle
NMOG 50 k 0.125 0.075 0.040 0
⇒ ULEV Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV1, ULEV2)
100 k 0.156 0.090 0.055 0
⇒ SULEV Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle
CO 1) 50 k 3.4 3.4 1.7 0
⇒ ZEV Zero Emission Vehicle
100 k 4.2 4.2 2.1 0
⇒ Additional testing at 10°C/50°F for gasoline and alcohol vehicles.
NOx 50 k 0.4 0.2 0.2 0
Same CO, NOx, 2 x standard for NMOG, HCHO.
100 k 0.6 0.3 0.3 0
LEV 1 standards
PM 50 k - - - 0
• 4 emissions categories TLEV1, LEV1, ULEV1, ZEV1
100 k 0.08 0.08 0.04 0
• Application according to NMOG fleet average
HCHO 2) 50 k 0.015 0.015 0.008 0
100 k 0.018 0.018 0.011 0
1)
MY 96 onwards: Non-Diesel vehicles also need to meet cold CO limit: 10 g/mile at -7°C
2)
HCHO = Formaldehyde; Statement of compliance allowed

Exhaust Emissions Standards 32

CALIFORNIA
LDV ≤ 12 PASSENGERS
LEV 2 standards
LEV 2 emissions limits phasing in 2004 onwards • New stringent NOx and PM limits plus additional SULEV category
• Same emissions limits for passenger cars and trucks < 8500 lbs GVWR
In g/mi Durab. LEV2 ULEV2 SULEV2 ZEV2
(most sport utility vehicles, vans, pick up trucks)
NMOG 50 k 0.075 0.040 - 0 • LEV 2 standards phase-in 25/50/75/100 % from 2004 - 2007
120 k 0.090 0.055 0.010 0 • Durability limit extended to 120,000 mi
CO 1) 50 k 3.4 1.7 - 0 • Dual Fuel PZEVs must meet SULEV standards on both fuels
120 k 4.2 2.1 1.0 0 • NMHC to NMOG certification factor of 1.04 allowed.
NOx 50 k 0.05 0.05 - 0 • Additional NMOG credits possible for 150,000 mi durability certification
120 k 0.07 0.07 0.02 0 • NMOG fleet average limits defined through MY2010
PM 50 k - - - 0 • Mandatory phase-out of TLEV limits by MY2004
120 k 0.01 0.01 0.01 0 • Partial ZEV credits for vehicles certified to SULEV at 150,000 mi, zero
HCHO 2) 50 k 0.015 0.008 - 0 evaporative standard, and 150,000 mi emissions warranty/OBD
120 k 0.018 0.011 0.004 0
1)
MY 96 onwards: Non-Diesel vehicles also need to meet cold CO limit: 10 g/mile at -7°C
2)
HCHO = Formaldehyde; Statement of compliance allowed

Exhaust Emissions Standards 33

CALIFORNIA
LEV 2 standards (cont’d) Comparison of LEV emissions standards (“full useful life”)
• ZEV subcategories: ⇒ NEV Neighborhood Electrical Vehicle 0.30
⇒ PZEV Partial Zero-Emission Vehicle
⇒ AT-PZEV Advanced Technology PZEV 0.25
⇒ CEV City Electric Vehicle 0.20
⇒ FFEV Full-Function Electric Vehicle
⇒ HEV Hybrid Electric Vehicle 0.15 LEV 1 standards:
• Less stringent in-use NOx standard applies initially. 0.10 LEV 1, ULEV 1
• Additionally, new, less stringent standards for trucks: 8,500 – 14,000 lbs GVWR
• More stringent enhanced evaporative emissions requirements. See page 88 0.05 LEV 2 standards:
LEV 3 Proposal issued November 16th 2010 0.00 LEV 2, ULEV 2, SULEV 2
CARB’s primary objective is to require fleet average SULEV-level emissions perfor- NMOG NOx EVAPx10
mance from new vehicles by MY 2022. Proposed modifications from 2014 include: LEV 1 LEV 2 ULEV 1 ULEV 2 SULEV
• NMOG and NOx will be combined and in a single tighter limit;
Certification Phase-in of CARB LEV standards
• tighter PM standards;
• durability increased to 150.000 miles (241.402 km); 100%
• reference fuel to include up to 10% ethanol; 75%
• revised evaporative emission limits; 50%
• new full useful life requirements for the supplemental test procedure (SFTP);
25%
• increased 50°F test limit when run on E85 fuel.
0% LEV 1
The 3 emissions categories will be extended to 6. These are to be used for fleet average 2004 2005 2006 2007 LEV 2
compliance with the new standards. Annual fleet average limits have yet to be defined.

Exhaust Emissions Standards 34

CALIFORNIA
NMOG (Non-methane Organic Gases) Measurement NMOG fleet average
⇒ Reactivity-adjusted hydrocarbon mass concept ⇒ Manufacturers have to certify their vehicle fleet each model year such that
⇒ For individually determined Reactivity Adjustment Factors (RAFs), the sales-weighted NMOG fleet average is below the mandatory limits.
masses of HC compounds incl. aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols are The calculation is based on 50k standards for TLEV, LEV and ULEV, and
separately measured. The reactivity and mass of each compound are 120k standards for SULEV. Manufacturers can obtain credits for better fleet
taken into account in determining the RAF for the engine family average or buy credits from another manufacturer to balance possible
⇒ Manufacturer may choose between individually determined RAFs emission deficits. There are also provisions for carry forward and carry
or generic RAFs defined by CARB back of credits. Determination of introduction rate of TLEV, LEV, ULEV or
⇒ Generic RAF for LEV/ULEV: 0.94 (phase 2 fuel), 0.41 (M85), 0.43 (CNG), SULEV is up to the manufacturer
0.50 (LPG) ⇒ Less stringent fleet average applies to trucks > 3,750 lbs LVW
⇒ Reactivity Adjusted NMOG = NMOG mass X RAF ⇒ 10% ZEV mandate starts MY 2003. CARB and manufacturers have come
⇒ Eliminated gasoline generic RAF for MY04. The rest are unchanged.
to agreement on a modified ZEV plan. Plan provides flexibility and places
⇒ As an alternative to empirical determination of RAF, manufacturer may use
emphasis on hybrid technology (AT-PZEVs) and fuel cells
a NMHC to NMOG adjustment factor of 1.04 for gasoline
⇒ ZEV Mandate Percentage Requirements
⇒ HEV NMOG Factor. The HEV NMOG factor for light duty vehicles is
calculated as follows: Model Years Minimum ZEV Requirements
LEV HEV Contribution Factor = 0.075 - [(Zero-emission VMT Factor) x 0.035] 2009 through 2011 11%
ULEV HEV Contribution Factor = 0.040 - [(Zero-emission VMT Factor) x 0.030] 2012 through 2014 12%
where Zero-emission VMT Factor for HEVs is determined in accordance with 2015 through 2017 14%
section 1962. 2018 and subsequent 16%

Exhaust Emissions Standards 35

CALIFORNIA
NMOG Fleet Average (Cars and Trucks 0 – 3750 lbs LVW) The following US States have also adopted CARB Standards:
NMOG in g/mi (Dates shown are LEV II)
0,175
• Arizona MY 2011 • New York MY 2004
0,15 • Connecticut MY 2008 • Oregon MY 2009
TLEV
0,125 • Maine MY 2009 • Pennsylvania MY 2008
0,1 • Maryland MY 2011 • Rhode Island MY 2008
LEV • Massachusetts MY 2004 • Vermont MY 2004
0,075
ULEV • New Jersey MY 2008 • Washington MY 2009
0,05
• New Mexico MY 2011
0,025
SULEV
0
The following US States are considering adopting CARB Standards:
‘98 ‘99 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09 ‘10
Year • Colorado • North Carolina
Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 • Florida • Utah
• Montana • Wisconsin
g/mi 0.113 0.073 0.07 0.068 0.062 0.053
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
g/mi 0.049 0.046 0.043 0.04 0.038 0.035
California has modified the standards to include hybrid - electric vehicles (HEVs)

Exhaust Emissions Standards 36

CALIFORNIA
States Adopting California Vehicle emission Standards US States having adopted CARB Standards
US States considering adopting CARB Standards

Exhaust Emissions Standards 37

SUPPLEMENTAL FEDERAL TEST PROCEDURE (SFTP)
CARB LEV1 + ULEV1 – EPA NLEV, EPA Tier I, II Standard EPA
In parallel to the FTP (EPA III), an additional test procedure with separate emissions ⇒ NLEV -> follow CARB LEV 1 limits and phase-in for LDV/LDT1+2.
standards is phased in for passenger cars and light duty trucks. Different timing for heavier trucks.

2 portions: Air conditioning cycle (SC03) + High speed/high load cycle ⇒ Tier II standard -> CARB 4000 mi standards plus 100/120,000 mi
(US06). Both tests are hot starts. standards. 50k mi. intermediate standard available in lieu of 4k std.

AC cycle run in full environmental test cell. Alternative: Standard test cell ⇒ Phase-in: Passenger cars MY 2004 onwards with stringency levels
using simulation procedure. Correlation of simulation to environmental cell depending on Tier II FTP standard bin selected. (see next page)
required in MY 2004. Full life-time standards for NMHC+NOx are weighted (CO/ PM
weighting optional):
CARB
0.35x (FTP) + 0.28x (US06) + 0.37x (SC03)
⇒ Separate 4,000 mi standards apply to each test cycle only
Phase-in for LEV1+2: complete in MY04. Different timing/limits for heavier
trucks.

Exhaust Emissions Standards 38

Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (SFTP)
Applicable for both CARB LEV1 + LEV2 and EPA NLEV, EPA Tier I, II Standard

SFTP SC03 US06 Details on EPA SFTP Tier II standard

Test 10 min soak, 95°F ambient, 1-2 min idle, In addition to satisfying 4 k CARB standard, vehicles must certify to standards at
conditions: 40% rel. humidity, 850 W/m 2
ambient test 100/120 k mi. Limits are calculated based on formula:
Prep solar load, prop. air flow, temp. SFTP Tier II std = SFTP Tier I std – [0.35 x (Tier I FTP std – Tier II FTP std bin)]
scenarios AC max. cooling Consequently Tier II SFTP standards differ depending on Tier II standard bin
LDV & LDT 1 limits in g/mi selected. For details see page 28 for phase-in schedule.
CARB LEV1+ULEV1, EPA NLEV, EPA SFTP Tier II LDV & LDT1&2 limits in g/mi – SFTP Tier I
NMHC+NOx 4k 0.20 0.14
CO 4k 2.7 8.0 Limits in g/mi Cat. Dur. SC03 US06
LDT 2 limits in g/mi NMHC+NOx LDV/LDT1 0.91
100 k
NMHC+NOx 4k 0.27 0.25 weighted LDT2 1.37
CO 4k 3.5 10.5 CO LDV/LDT1 3.7 11.1
100 k
LDT2 4.9 14.6
Optional Tier I CO weighted std. is 4.2 (LDV/LDT1) and 5.5 (LDT2)
Temporary option available for diesel powered vehicles
MY2007 – 09 -> see Tier 2 section for additional details

Exhaust Emissions Standards 39

CALIFORNIA
Driving Cycles
SC03 Air Conditioning Cycle US 06 High speed/High load cycle
SC03 – Speed Correction Driving Schedule US 06 or Suplemental FTP Driving Schedule
Duration 598 seconds - Distance = 3.58 miles - Average Speed = 21.55 mph Duration 596 seconds - Distance = 8.01 miles - Average Speed = 48.37 mph
60 90
80
50
70
Speed (mph)

Speed (mph)
40 60
50
30
40
20 30
20
10
10
0 0
0
23
46
69
92
115
138
161
184
207
230
253
276
299
322
345
368
391
414
437
460
483
506
529
552
575

0
23
46
69
92
115
138
161
184
207
230
253
276
299
322
345
368
391
414
437
460
483
506
529
552
575
Time (s) Time (s)

Total duration: 598 s Initial Idle: 18 s Total duration: 596 s Initial Idle: 5 s
Length: 3.58 mi. (5,76 km) Max. speed: 54.8 mph (88 km/h) Length: 8.01 mi. (12,86 km) Max. speed: 80.3 mph (129 km/h)
Average speed: 21.55 mph (34,9 km/h) Average speed: 48.37 mph (77,2 km/h) Max.acceleration: 8 mph/second

Exhaust Emissions Standards 40

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41
JAPAN
Exhaust Emission Limit – Gasoline and LPG fuelled vehicles
Test Mode 1) Unit CO HC NOx PM 2) New Model All prod. / Imported veh.
New Short Term (Mean/Max)
PC 10-15 Mode g/km 0.67/1.27 0.08/0.17 0.08/0.17 - Oct 2000 Sep 2002
11 Mode g/test 19.0/31.1 2.20/4.42 1.40/2.50 -
Mini Com Veh 10-15 Mode g/km 3.30/5.11 0.13/0.25 0.13/0.25 - Oct 2002 Sep 2003
11 Mode g/test 38.0/58.9 3.50/6.40 2.20/3.63 -
Light CV 10-15 Mode g/km 0.67/1.27 0.08/0.17 0.08/0.17 - Oct 2000 Sep 2002
11 Mode g/test 19.0/31.1 2.20/4.42 1.40/2.50 -
Medium CV 10-15 Mode g/km 2.10/3.36 0.08/0.17 0.13/0.25 - Oct 2001 Sep 2003
11 Mode g/test 24.0/38.5 2.20/4.42 1.60/2.78 -
New Long Term (Mean/Max) NMHC
PC 1.15/1.92 0.05/0.08 0.05/0.08 - Oct 2005 Sep 2007
Mini Com Veh Combined 4.02/6.67 0.05/0.08 0.05/0.08 - Oct 2007 Sep 2008 / Sep 2007
g/km
LCV Mode 4) 1.15/1.92 0.05/0.08 0.05/0.08 - Oct 2005 Sep 2007
Medium LCV 2.55/4.08 0.05/0.08 0.07/0.10 - Oct 2005 Sep 2007
Post New Long Term (Mean/Max) 8th Recommendation from the Central Environmental Counxel – Amended in Nov07 (Mean/Max)
3)

PC 1.15/1.92 0.05/0.08 0.05/0.08 0.005/0.007 Oct 2009 Oct 2009 / Sep 2010
Mini Com Veh Combined 4.02/6.67 0.05/0.08 0.05/0.08 0.005/0.007 Oct 2009 Sep 2010
g/km
Light LCV Mode 4) 1.15/1.92 0.05/0.08 0.05/0.08 0.005/0.007 Oct 2009 Oct 2009 / Sep 2010
Medium LCV 2.55/4.08 0.05/0.08 0.07/0.10 0.007/0.009 Oct 2009 Oct 2009 / Sep 2010
1)
Test mode: see page 46-47 2)
PM limit applied only to direct injection gasoline engines equipped with NOx adsorber
3)
New PM measurement method; technically modified methods for CO and other gases 4)
Combined Mode: see page 44

Exhaust Emissions Standards 42

JAPAN
Exhaust Emission Limit – Diesel vehicles
Test Mode 1) Unit CO HC NOx PM New Model All prod. / Imported veh.
New Short Term (Mean / Max)
PC ≤ 1265 kg 0.63/0.98 0.12/0.24 0.28/0.43 0.052/0.11 Oct 2002 Sep 2004
PC > 1265 kg 0.63/0.98 0.12/0.24 0.30/0.45 0.056/0.11 Oct 2002 Sep 2004
10-15 Mode g/km
Light Com Veh 0.63/0.98 0.12/0.24 0.28/0.43 0.052/0.11 Oct 2002 Sep 2004
Med. Com Veh 0.63/0.98 0.12/0.24 0.49/0.68 0.06/0.12 Oct 2003 Sep 2004
New Long Term (Mean / Max) NMHC
PC ≤ 1265 kg 0.63/0.84 0.024/0.032 0.14/0.19 0.013/0.017 Oct 2005 Sep 2007
PC > 1265 kg Combined 0.63/0.84 0.024/0.032 0.15/0.20 0.014/0.019 Oct 2005 Sep 2007
g/km
Light Com Veh Mode 5) 0.63/0.84 0.024/0.032 0.14/0.19 0.013/0.017 Oct 2005 Sep 2007
Med. Com Veh 0.63/0.84 0.024/0.032 0.25/0.33 0.015/0.020 Oct 2005 Sep 2007
Post New Long Term 4) - 8th Recommendation from the Central Environmental Counsel - Amended in November 2007 (Mean/Max)
PC 0.63/0.84 0.024/0.032 0.08/0.11 3) 0.005/0.007 Oct 2009 Oct 2009 / Sep 2010
Light LCV Combined g/km 0.63/0.84 0.024/0.032 0.08/0.11 0.005/0.007 Oct 2009 Oct 2009 / Sep 2010
Mode 5)
Oct 2009
Medium LCV 0.63/0.84 0.024/0.032 0.15/0.20 0.007/0.009 Sep 2010 / Sep 2011 2)

Oct 2010 2)
1)
Test mode: see pages 46-47
2)
Oct 2009 for Medium Commercial Vehicle w/ 1.7 t < GVW ≤ 2.5 t or Oct 2010 for Medium Commercial Vehicle w/ 2.5 t < GVW ≤ 3.5 t
3)
For vehicles not exceeding 1.265 kg. For vehicles > 1.265 kg: 0.15/0.20
4)
New PM measurement method; technically modified methods for CO and other gases
5)
Combined Mode: see page 44

Exhaust Emissions Standards 43

JAPAN
Other Requirements: Durability: PC, truck and bus GVW < 3.5t: 80,000 km
From 2005: PC, truck and bus GVW > 3.5t: 250,000 km
HC is measured as NMHC DF: 10-15 Mode: CO: 0.15; HC: 0.15; NOx: 0.25
Light Weight Commercial Vehicles ≤ 1.7 t GVW (diesel and gasoline) 11 Mode: CO: 2.0; HC: 0.15; NOx: 0.20
Medium Weight Commercial Vehicles: 1.7 < GVW ≤ 3.5 t (diesel and gasoline) JC08 Mode: CO: 0.11; NMHC: 0.12; NOx: 0.21
For vehicles powered by fuels other than gasoline, LPG or diesel: Evaporative Emissions – Gasoline and LPG:
- Test method is 10.15 mode + JC08C until 31Mar11 (28Feb13 for Test similar to EC 2000 Evap test
imported vehicle); after: JC08H + JC08C (1 h hot soak at 27± 4°C + 24 h diurnal (20-35°C)),
- Emission limits are similar to the relevant 2009 vehicle regulation
(see pages 42 & 43) test limit: 2.0 g/test, run on 10-15 Mode (three times).
- Application date: domestic vehicle: 01Oct09; imported vehicle: 01Sep10
Preparation driving cycle for EVAP:
Combined Mode: 25 sec. Idle + 11 mode x4 + ((24 sec. Idle + 10 mode x3 + 15 mode) x3)
Exhaust Emission Level will be calculated as below: OBD – Diesel, Gasoline and LPG:
From Oct 2005: 10-15 mode hot start x 0.88 + 11 mode cold start x 0.12
From Oct 2008: 10-15 mode hot start x 0.75 + JC08 mode cold start x 0.25 J-OBDII: Enhanced OBD requirement for Passenger Cars and Commercial
From Oct 2011: JC08 mode hot start x 0.75 + JC08 mode cold start x 0.25 Vehicles with GVW ≤ 3.5 ton from Oct08
Mean/Max: EU/US OBD standards to be accepted as equivalent
Mean: to be met as a type approval limit and as a production average Smoke – Diesel: 4-mode: opacity limit 25%; free acceleration limit 25%; Max PM: 0.8 m-1
Max: to be met as type approval limit if sales are less than 2000 per vehicle model From 2009: diesel 4-mode is abolished.; Max PM: 0.5 m-1
per year and generally as an individual limit in series production Fuel quality – Sulfur content: Diesel: from Jan 07: 10 ppm
Idle CO & HC – Gasoline and LPG: Idle CO: 1%, Idle HC: 300 ppm Gasoline: from Jan 08: 10 ppm

Exhaust Emissions Standards 44

JAPAN
OTHER REQUIREMENTS – contd.
NOx – PM Law Local Ordinance on Diesel Vehicles – PM Emission Regulation
Applicable in following metropolis: Tokyo, Saitama, Chiba, Kanagawa, Aichi, Applicable in whole area of Tokyo (exclude island area), Saitama, Chiba,
Mie, Osaka, Hyogo Kanagawa
Weight category NOx PM Diesel truck & bus From Oct 2003 From April 2006*
Diesel PC - 0.25 g/km 0.026 g/km GVW ≤ 1.7 ton 0.08 g/km 0.052 g/km
Bus & truck GVW ≤ 1.7 ton 0.25 g/km 0.026 g/km 1.7 < GVW ≤ 2.5 ton 0.09 g/km 0.06 g/km
1.7 < GVW ≤ 2.5 ton 0.4 g/km 0.03 g/km 2.5 ton < GVW 0.25 g/kWh 0.18 g/kWh
2.5 < GVW ≤ 3.5 ton 4.5 g/kWh 0.09 g/kWh * In case of Tokyo and Saitama only

If a vehicle does not satisfy the regulation limit it cannot be registered in the Vehicles from outside the mentioned area will not be able to operate within the
applicable area after grace period. cities unless of equal standard to city vehicles.

Grace period from 1st registration: 2 exemptions:

Diesel PC: 9 years - Vehicles less than 7 years old (which must meet new vehicle emissions for 7
Small truck: 8 years years from registration)
Small bus: 10 years - Vehicles fitted with a PM filter

Exhaust Emissions Standards 45

JAPAN
Driving Cycles

11 MODE COLD CYCLE 10♦15 MODE HOT CYCLE

Japanese 10♦15 Exhaust Emission & Fuel Economy Driving Schedule
Duration = 892 seconds - Distance = 6.34 km - Average Speed = 25.61 km/h
(Preceeded by 15 min warm-up @ 60 km/h, idle test, 5 min warm-up at 60 km/h)
Japan 11 mode
70 120
60 No Emission Emission Sample
100
Sample Collected in Bag
50
Speed (km/h)

80 Collected

Speed (km/h)
40
60
30 15 Mode Idle 10 Mode 10 Mode 10 Mode 15 Mode
40
20
20
10
0 0

0
35
70
105
140
175
210
14
25
60
95
130
30
65
100
135
35
70
105
5
40
75
110
145
180
215
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time (s) Time (s)

Distance: 4.084 km Max. Speed: 60 km/h Emissions are measured during the last 4 segments:
Duration: 480 s Average speed: 30.6 km/h Distance: 4.16 km Duration: 660 s Max. Speed: 70 km/h Average speed: 22.7 km/h

Exhaust Emissions Standards 46

JAPAN
New Driving Cycle JC 08

100

80
Speed (km/h)

60

40

20

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Time (s)

Distance: 8.2 km Max. Speed: 80 km/h

Duration: 1205 s Average speed: 24.4 km/h

Exhaust Emissions Standards 47

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48
SOUTH KOREA
VEHICLE CATEGORIES PC only: limits at 160.000 km: CO: 1.31, NOx: 0.044, NMHC: 0.034, HCHO: 0.007 g/km
Category 1: Mini-car < 800cc K-ULEV diesel applications: GVWR ≤ 2.5t
Category 2: Small PC 800cc < PC, GVW ≤ 3.5t, 8 seats Euro 4 from 01SEP2009
Category 3: Mid PC 800cc < PC, GVW ≤ 3.5t, 9-15 seats K-OBD for PC:
Category 4: 800cc < Small commercial car, GVW ≤ 2t Gasoline Category 1,3,4,5: 01JAN06 (New Model), 01JAN07 (All Model)
Category 5: 800cc < Mid commercial car (Van), GVW ≤3.5t Gasoline Category 2: 10% (CY05), 30% (CY06), 100% (CY07)
Diesel Category 1,2: 01JAN06 (New Model), 01JAN07 (All Model)
From 01JAN2009, new vehicle categories:
Diesel Category 3,4,5: 01JAN07 (New Model), 01JAN08 (All Model)
Mini PC < 1.000cc
K-CAFÉ: from MAR2001, PC only with gasoline engine and < 10 seats
Small PC ≥ 1.000cc, GVW < 3.5t, 8 seats max.
Group 1 (< 1.600 cc): 12.4 km/l, Group 2 (≥ 1.600 cc): 9.6 km/l
Medium PC ≥ 1.000cc, GVW < 3.5t, 9 seats min.
Small commercial car ≥ 1.000cc, GVW < 2t Next emission regulation:
Medium commercial car ≥ 1.000cc, 2t ≤ GVW < 3.5t Mini-PC, small PC and small commercial vehicle
01SEP14 (New Model), 01JAN15 (All Model)
From 01JUL2002
Mid PC, mid commercial car
NLEV + OBD II gasoline: phase-in 2003-2006 (25-100%)
01SEP15 (New Model), 01JAN16 (All Model)
Gasoline limits PC: CO: 2.61, Cold CO: 6.3, NOx: 0.19, NMHC: 0.056 g/km
Gasoline: CARB LEV 2 from JAN2009 (phase-in until 2015)
HC SHED US: 1 g/test Introduction of NMOG FAS (Fleet Average System) for PC and Truck ≤ 1.7t
Diesel limits PC: CO: 0.5, NMHC: 0.01, NOx: 0.02, PM: 0.01 g/km 2009 FAS: 0.025, from JUL2012: 0.024, from 2015: 0.022
K-ULEV gasoline applications: Evaporative emission: 1hr hot soak + 1 day DBL: 2 g/test
Mini-car and PC: phase-in 2006-2009 (25-100%). Evap : 1g/test Durability: Diesel should follow EU 5 / EU 6
Limits at 80.000 km: CO: 1.06, NOx: 0.031, NMHC: 0.025, HCHO: 0.005 g/km Gasoline extension to 10 years or 192,000 km

Exhaust Emissions Standards 49

Brazil
Jan 1997: ≈ US 83 standard, incl. Aldehyde limit (0.03 g/km) On-board Diagnostics:
Br-1: Continuity Monitoring Only - Main actuators and sensors
Fixed DF’s from Jan 2002: CO and HC 20%, Nox and CHO 10% Br-2: Similar to EOBD (Approved by Gov’t Technical Chamber.
Awaiting final legislative approval)
only valid if annual production is < 15,000 vehicles Drive Cycle: FTP75
Durability: 80,000 km or 5 years No Fuel System Diagnostics
SHED: 2 g/test > Proposal Proconve L6: 1.5 g/test O2 Response & Cat Mon required only in % ethanol ranges of
19-30% and 90-100%
Certification required with Phase In Requirements (% of Total PC + Lt. Comm):
E22 fuel for E22 vehicle CY2007 CY2008 CY2009 CY2010 CY2011
E22/E60/E100 for a flexfuel vehicle Br-1 40% 70% 100% 100% 100%
E22/E60/E100 and CNG for a ”tri” fuel vehicle Br-2 60% 100%

Diesel Passenger Cars not allowed at this stage Br-2 OBD Emission Thresholds:
THC 1) NMHC 2) CO NOx
Wide range of fuels available on the market (g/km) (g/km) (g/km) (g/km)
PC 0.75 0.30 4.11 0.75
LDT ≤ 1700 kg 3) 0.75 0.30 4.11 0.75
LDT > 1700 kg 3)
1.25 0.50 8.22 1.50
1)
Only for LPG vehicles 2) Only for Spark Ignition vehicles except LPG
3)
Mass of the vehicle for the emission test

Exhaust Emissions Standards 50

Brazil

From 01/01/07, stricter standards for gasoline and diesel PC and LCV
Proconve L6 is still in proposal phase
CY NMHC 1) CO NOx 3) HCHO PM 4)
PC 2007+ PROCONVE L4 0.16 2.0 0.25 0.03
2009+ PROCONVE L5 0.05 2.0 0.12 0.02
2012+ PROCONVE L6 0.05 1.3 6)
0.08 0.02
LCV 2007+ PROCONVE L4 0.16 2.0 2) 0.25 (0.60) 0.03 0.08
(< = 1700 kg) 2009+ PROCONVE L5 0.05 2.0 2) 0.12 (0.25) 0.02 0.05
2012+ PROCONVE L6 0.05 1.3 6) 0.08 (0.08) 0.02 0.025
Lt. Comm 2007+ PROCONVE L4 0.20 5)
2.7 2)
0.43 (1.00) 0.06 0.10
(> 1700 kg) 2009+ PROCONVE L5 0.06 5) 2.7 2) 0.25 (0.43) 0.04 0.06
2012+ PROCONVE L6 0.06 5) 2.0 6) 0.25 (0.25) 0.03 0.03
1)
THC Reqmt of 0.30 1) g/km and 0.50 5) g/km for Nat.Gas engines
2)
Idle CO: 0.50%2) and 0.30% 6) of volume for Otto Cycle Engines
3)
Diesel limits in ( ) 4) Diesel Only
Phase In Requirements (% of Total PC + Lt. Comm):
CY05 CY06 CY07 CY08 CY09 CY10 CY11 CY12
PROCONVE L4 40% 70% 100% 100%
PROCONVE L5 100% 100% 100%
PROCONVE L6 (proposal) 100%

Exhaust Emissions Standards 51

OTHER AREAS OF THE WORLD
Argentina M1 & N1 vehicles Santiago:
Gasoline: Euro 4* since 2009 Gasoline: Euro 4 or US Tier 2 , bin 8 since 2010
Diesel: Euro 4 since 2009 Diesel: Euro 5 or US Tier 2, bin 5 in 2011
*
Low temperature tests not required PR of Nationwide:
Australia Euro 4 Diesel: all new registrations since Jan. 2006 China Euro 3 (incl. -7°C test): TA: 01 Jul 2007; FR: 01 Jul 2008
Euro 4 Gasoline: all new registrations since Jul. 2010 (N1 category LD Diesel vehicle: postponed to 01 Jul 2009)
Euro 5 targeted for 2012 OBD: Type I Gasoline vehicle: from 01 Jul 2008
Euro 6 targeted for 2016 Other types: from 01 Jul 2010
Bermuda Ban of diesel engines and LCV w/ displacement ≤ 4,000cc Euro 4: TA: 01 Jul 2010; FR: 01 Jul 2011
Bolivia Imported vehicles to be fitted w/ a catalytic converter (N1 category LD Diesel vehicle: postponed very likely; date TBD)
Decree 29836: ban of diesel vehicles ≤ 4,000cc Durability requirement: Euro 3: 80,000 km; Euro 4: 100,000 km
Euro 3 Diesel (350 ppm sulfur): before 30 Jun 2011
Canada PC & LDV: US Tier 2 Canada regulations for new on-road vehicle Euro 4 Diesel (50 ppm sulfur): before 30 June 2013 (proposed)
emissions are harmonized with US-EPA since 2004.
Fuel economy: Corporate Average Fuel Consumption (CAFC): Beijing:
8.6l/100km for PC; 10.6l/100km for LDT Euro 4 Gasoline: from 01 Mar 2008
GHG limitations planned to be introduced MY 2011. Proposed Euro 4 Diesel LDV: not allowed at the moment
programme is aligned to the US and included separate limits for NO2 Euro 4 Fuel: max. sulfur (both diesel & gas) 50 ppm,
and methan emissions from 01 Jan 2008
Chile Passenger Cars Gasoline: Guangzhou/ Zhujiang Delta:
US Tier 1 – FTP 75 – applicable for PC & LDV Euro 4: Gasoline: from 01 Sep 2010
Evap: Shed, 2g/test Alternative Euro 3 Diesel: TBD
No crankcase emissions allowed Euro 4: Gasoline: from 01 Aug 2010
Diesel: Euro 4 or Carb Tier 1 Diesel: supply date to be announced

Exhaust Emissions Standards 52

OTHER AREAS OF THE WORLD
Hong Kong: Iceland EU legislation applied
Passenger Cars (< 2,500kg) India Since Apr 2010
Gasoline: Euro 4; CARB Lev 2 or Jap. 2005 since 2006 13 cities: Bharat Stage IV (Euro 4 – max speed 90 km/h)
Euro 5 planned for 2011
Diesel: Euro 5 or Jap. 2009 since 2009 OBD I from 04/2010: OBD II from 04/2013
Light Duty Commercial vehicles Since Oct 2010
Euro 4 since 2007 Rest of India: Bharat Stage III
(Euro 3 w/ deviation in test procedure as above)
Shanghai: Fuels
Euro 4 Gasoline from 01 Nov 2009 Bharat III fuel (Diesel 350 ppm sulfur; gasoline 150 ppm Sulfur)
Euro 4 Diesel: max sulfur 50 ppm: from 01 Sep 2009 Available across the country since Oct 2010
Euro 4 Gasoline:max sulfur 50 ppm: from 01 Oct 2009 Bharat IV (50 ppm sulfur) Gasoline and Diesel available in 13 cities
Columbia US-87 Tier I (FTP 75 cycle) or Euro 1 (EDC cycle) Indonesia ECE R83.4 (Euro 2) applicable
EVAP: US or EU SHED at sea level, 2 g/test 01 Jan 05 for new type motor vehicles
Since June 2008: Euro 3 or US Tier 1 01 Jan 07 for motor vehicles in current production
Costa Rica US 87 (Tier 0) or Euro 1 Euro 4 2012
Croatia EU legislation applied Iran Gasoline: M1 & N1 Euro 3 since 2008
Egypt Imported gasoline cars to be equipped with catalytic converters Diesel: M1 not authorized in Iran
Emissions at idling speed (600-900 rpm): CO 4.5% N1 Euro 3 smoke ECE R24/03
Volume & HC: 900 ppm
Proposal: Euro 2 for new vehicles Israel MY 2002, Euro 3. US cars with equivalent US standards
From MY 2003 imported M1 & N1 Gasoline vehicles must meet
Ecuador US 87 or Euro 1 complete OBD
El Salvador US 87 3 way catalytic converter required for gas vehicles MY 2007, Euro 4
Kazakhstan Jan 2009: Euro 2 / Jan 2011: Euro 3 / Jan 2014: Euro 4 Euro 5 from Jan 2009

Exhaust Emissions Standards 53

OTHER AREAS OF THE WORLD
Malaysia Gasoline: M1 Euro 2 Euro 4 in 2012 Saudia As of MY 2004 : PC: Euro 2; LCV Euro 1
Diesel: M1 Euro 1 Arabia Proposal Euro 3 from MY 2010 (UN ECE Reg 83/05)
Mexico Since MY 2004: Standard A based on US 94. Us – FTP 75 Test South Car & LCV (category M1/N1)
OBD II EPA / EOBD from 2006 Africa Effective: Euro 2
Tier 2 (Euro 4 option) phase in 25% in 2007: 100% in 2009
Sulfur: Gasoline: 30-80 ppm Premium from 2006 Proposal: Euro 4 for 2012
Magna from 2008 in Mexico city Switzerland Has harmonised national requirements on EU requirements
from 2009 in rest of country
Diesel: 300 ppm from 2006; 15 ppm from 2008; Taiwan
Jan 08
2007 along the US border Gasoline: US 04 (Tier 2 bin 7): CP 2.1
New Same vehicle categories as Australia NMHC: 0.045; NOx: 0.07 g/km;
Zealand Gasoline: ADR79/01 or Euro 3 or US 20001 or Japan 00/02 Idle CO 0.5%; HC 100 ppm or Euro 4
Diesel: ADR79/01 AND 30/01 or Euro 4 or US 2004 or Japan 02/04 Diesel: PC: US Tier 1 or Euro 4
Diesel sulfur: max 50 ppm from Jan 20065 Commercial Vehicles: Tier 2 bin 5 or Euro 4
As of 2006: Euro 2 for Diesel and CNG vehicles
Proposal: EU 5 TA from 01 Jan 2011; FR from 01 Jan 2012 Thailand From Jan 06: Gasoline Euro 3 (TISI2160-2546) w/out OBD
(or US 2007 or Japan 2009) Diesel Euro 3 (TISI2155-2546) w/out OBD
Euro 4 in Jan 2012 for new model; Jan 2013 all model.
Norway EU legislation applied With EOBD, without in-use conformity
Philippines Euro 2: Dec 2006 Euro 4: target in 2012
Turkey Imported vehicles to comply with the last EU Amend. of 70/220/EEC
Russia Euro 2 (ECE R83.03): from 01 Apr 06 Euro 4 diesel and gasoline from 01.2008/01.2009 (TA/FR) w/ EOBD
Euro 3 (ECE R83.05 Stage III): Jan 2011
Euro 4 (ECE R83.05 Stage IV): Jan 2012 Ukraine Proposal: 01 Jul 2011: Euro 4
Proposal Euro 5: 2015 01 Jul 2014: Euro 5

Exhaust Emissions Standards 54

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European ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS
Identifies malfunctions and deterioration that cause emissions to exceed thresholds, based European revised urban + extra urban cycle. Driver is notified upon detection.

EOBD Thresholds CO HC NOx PM

Euro 3 / Euro 4 (g/km) Gasoline LPG/NG Diesel Gasoline LPG/NG Diesel Gasoline LPG/NG Diesel Diesel
M1 ≤ 2.5t GVW, LDT N1 Cl 1 3.20 3.20 0.40 0.40 0.60 1.20 0.18
LDT N1 Cl 2 5.80 4.00 0.50 0.50 0.70 1.60 0.23
LDT N1 Cl 3, M1 > 2.5t GVW 7.30 4.80 0.60 0.60 0.80 1.90 0.28
No OBD Euro 4 step was foreseen. More stringent OBD thresholds limits will be applied with Euro 5 (see page 57)
Vehicle Class Gasoline LPG/NG Diesel
TA FR TA FR TA FR
M1 ≤ 2.5t GVW, LDT N1 Cl 1 01 Jan 00 01 Jan 01 01 Jan 03 01 Jan 04 - -
M1 ≤ 6 seats and ≤ 2.5t GVW - - - - 01 Jan 03 01 Jan 04
M1 > 6 seats and ≤ 2.5t GVW, LDT N1 Cl 1 - - - - 01 Jan 05 01 Jan 06
M1 > 2.5t GVW, LDT N1 Cl 2, 3 01 Jan 01 01 Jan 02 01 Jan 06 01 Jan 07 01 Jan 06 01 Jan 07

Monitor area Gasoline Diesel Monitor area Gasoline Diesel Monitor area Gasoline Diesel
Catalyst converter (gasoline THC only) X X Fuel injection system X X Any other emis. Rel. comp. X X
Engine misfire X Circuit continuity of all or syst. (air flow, EGR,eg)
Oxygen sensor deterioration X emission-related if malfunction causes increase
powertrain components X X above thresholds
Particulate trap X

Emissions Related Requirements 56

European ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS
Euro 5 OBD requirements:
UN Reg 83, Annex 11 requirements are applicable, in addition to following points: as outlined in 70/220EC; 715/2007EC and 692/2008EC:
EOBD Thresholds Implementation Dates CO NMHC NOx PM
Euro 5 (mg/km) TA FR PI CI PI CI PI CI PI 1) CI 2)
M, LDT N1 CL 1 01Sep09 01Jan11 1900 1900 250 320 300 540 50 50
LDT N1 Cl 2 01Sep10 01Jan12 3400 2400 330 360 375 705 50 50
LDT N1 Cl 3, N2 01Sep10 01Jan12 4300 2800 400 400 410 840 50 50
1)
For GDI engines only 2)
80 mg/km until 01Sep2011 for M and N vehicles with RM > 1,760 kg

Expanded Monitoring area starting Euro 5

EGR system efficiency monitoring
EGR flow and cooler monitoring
Access to OBD information:
Catalyst against NMHC
- Similar to UN Reg 83 requirements
Catalyst against NOx (> Euro 5+)
- Access with generic scan tool, complying with ISO 15031-5 document
NOx aftertreatment device with or without reagent efficiency monitoring
Functional Aspects of OBD systems:
All O2 Sensors to monitor cat (in addition to front sensor)
- Technical requirements are similar to UN Reg 83
PM monitoring
- Starting Euro 6, on-board and off-board communication standard:
IUPR (> Euro 5+) ISO 15765-4 (CAN)

Emissions Related Requirements 57

european ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS
EOBD Thresholds – Euro 6 (mg/km)
CO NMHC NOx PM
for CI vehicles in advance of Euro 6
M, LDT N1 CL 1 1900 320 240 50
LDT N1 Cl 2 2400 360 315 50 1)
For PI vehicles, PM threshold applies only to direct injection engines
LDT N1 Cl 3, N2 2800 400 375 50 2)
Threshold to be determined once emission limit is set
Proposed EOBD Thresholds Implementation Dates CO NMHC NOx PM PN
Euro 6 (mg/km)
(to be confirmed in Sep 10) TA FR PI CI PI CI PI CI PI 1) CI PI 2) CI
M, LDT N1 CL 1 01Sep14 01Sep15 1500 750 100 140 90 140 9 9 1,2x1012
LDT N1 Cl 2 01Sep15 01Sep16 2700 940 130 140 110 180 9 9 1,2x1012
LDT N1 Cl 3, N2 01Sep15 01Sep16 3400 1100 160 140 120 220 9 9 1,2x1012
Additional requirement starting Euro 5+: Euro 5+: IUPR ≥ 0,1 for all monitors
In Use Performance Ratio Monitoring (IUPR) Euro 6- plus IUPR: IUPR ≥ 0,1 for all monitors
IUPR indicates how often a specific monitor is operating Euro 6: IUPR ≥ 0,260 for secondary air system monitors and other cold starts related monitors
relative to vehicle operation. Numerator ≥ 0,520 for evaporative purge control monitor
IUPR = DenominatorM ≥ 0,336 for all other monitors
M
NumeratorM measures number of times a monitoring function Separate IUPR reporting for:
has run and a malfunction could have been detected. - Catalysts - Exhaust gas sensors - Particulate filter - VVT system - Evap system
DenominatorM measures the number of vehicle driving events - EGR system - Secondary air system - NOx aftertreatment - Boost pressure control system
taking into account special conditions.

Emissions Related Requirements 58

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US ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS
US EPA OBD II - EPA “Harmonization” Final Rule MY 2001 onwards

Monitor area Condition for malfunction

Catalyst, engine misfire,O2 sensor OBD threshold = 1.5x standard measured on FTP test
EVAP system Leakage equivalent to a 0.040 inch hole
Other emis. rel. components Monitoring for continuity, rationality and functionality
• Option to comply with CARB OBD II instead of EPA OBD II
US CARB OBD II - ALL Vehicles (approved 09 Nov 07)
Monitor area Condition for malfunction
Cooling System Thermostat: within 20 deg F of normal operating temp (may use higher threshold if less than 50% emissions increase)
- May disable thermostat monitoring at ambient temperatures below 20 deg F
Unable to reach the enable temperature for other monitors:
- Stuck in range below the highest minimum enable temperature
- Stuck in range above the lowest maximum enable temperature
Time to reach Closed Loop fuel control enable (exemption if coolant temperature not used for closed-loop enable)
- Time threshold must be approved by the Executive Officer, and must be a function of intake air temperature or start-up ECT
- Maximum of 2 minutes allowed for engine start temperature up to 15 degrees below closed-loop enable temperature
- Maximum of 5 minutes allowed for engine start temperature between 15 and 35 degrees below closed-loop enable temperature
Crankcase Ventilation Disconnection of any portion of CV system
System (exemption possible for system design, w/ Exec. Officer approval)

Emissions Related Requirements 60

US ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS
US CARB OBD II - ALL Vehicles (approved 09 Nov 07)
Monitor area Condition for malfunction
Comprehensive Monitoring required for any component that can impact emissions (by any amount) under any reasonable driving condition
Components Those components/systems that affect only engine mechanical or electrical load (not related to fuel, air, or emissions control) are only to be monitored
if they are used by any other system or component monitor.
Hybrid monitoring requires Executive Officer approval: at a minimum, must monitor components used by any other system or component monitor, energy
input devices, battery and charging system performance, electric motor performance, and regenerative braking performance.
Continuous monitoring required for circuit and out of range failures.
MIL not required to be illuminated if the component is not used for any other monitoring strategy AND the malfunctioning component cannot, under any
driving condition or cycle, cause emissions to increase by:
- 25% or more for PC/LDT SULEV II vehicles
- 15% or more for all other vehicles
Input Lack of circuit continuity
Components Signal out of range: signal is too high or too low given the expected maximum signal range
Irrational signal (two-sided rationality): given other system performance parameters, the component signal is outside the expected operating envelope
VVT (and other precise cam/crank alignment systems) requires cam and crank sensor failure detection for a single tooth/cog error, or error that causes a
measurable increase in emissions
Executive Officer approval required to disable circuit continuity and out of range monitoring
Output Proper functional response to computer command
Components / - If not feasible, then detection of lack of continuity and circuit faults is required
Systems Proper functional response of the idle speed control
- For target error-based control strategies, must detect inability to control within 100 rpm below the target speed and within 200 rpm above the target speed
- Must additionally detect inability to control within the smallest engine speed range required by any other monitor in the OBD II system
Executive Officer approval required to disable circuit continuity and circuit fault monitoring

Emissions Related Requirements 61

US ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS
US CARB OBD II - SI GASOLINE Vehicles
Monitor area Condition for malfunction
Fuel System - Control 1.5 x standard (primary and secondary sensor-based controls)
Fuel System - Cylinder Imbalance
Air-fuel ratio for one or more cylinders is different than the others due to a cylinder specific malfunction (e.g. intake
manifold leak, fuel injector, individual EGR runner flow, individual variable cam lift, etc.)
Phase-in: 2011: 25%; 2012: 50%; 2013: 75%; 2014+: 100%
Emission Thresholds:
- 2011 through 2013: 3 x Standard (SULEV: 4.0 x Standard)
- 2014+: 1.5 x Standard (may carry-over prior MY threshold for 2014 only)
Misfire: Continuous Monitoring for 1.5 x standard and catalyst damage misfire thresholds
all positive engine torque speeds/loads Specific cylinder DTC required when > 90% misfires are occurring on a single cylinder
EGR (low and high flow rate) 1.5 x standard
Secondary Air 1.5 x standard, based on reduction in Secondary airflow
- monitoring required while control strategy is normally activated
Variable Valve Timing (target Error, Slow response) 1.5 x standard
Evaporative System
No purge flow
Cumulative evaporative system leak ≥ 0.020” orifice
- For tanks with > 25 gallon capacity, may monitor larger leakage with Executive Officer approval
- Executive Officer shall exclude leakage sizes that do not result in 1.5 x standard evaporative
and running loss emissions

Emissions Related Requirements 62

US ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS
US CARB OBD II - SI GASOLINE Vehicles
Monitor area Condition for malfunction
Exhaust Gas Sensors (primary and secondary)
1.5 x standard
Monitoring of lack of circuit continuity and out of range faults
Monitoring of sensor deterioration or failure that renders the sensor insufficient for use as a monitoring device
Primary Sensors: Monitoring of:
- Voltage, response rate, and any additional parameters that affect emissions
- Symmetric and asymmetric failure modes
- Sensor failure or deterioration that causes the fuel control system to open loop operation.
Secondary Sensors: Monitoring of voltage, activity, and response rate
Exhaust Gas Sensor Heaters Heater current or voltage insufficient for manufacturer specified limit
(unable to maintain sufficient sensor temperature)
Open or shorted circuit failures that conflict with the commanded heater state
Catalyst MY LEV II, ULEV II, MDV SULEV II SULEV II
NMOG NOx Conversion Efficiency NMOG NOx Conversion Efficiency
2008 1.75x 3.5x 50% 2.5x 3.5x 50%
2009+ 1.75x 1.75x 50% 2.5x 2.5x 50%
For threshold testing purposes, the catalyst system is to be aged simultaneously (full catalyst volume)
- If fuel is shut off for misfiring cylinder, the monitored volume catalyst(s) must be aged simultaneously to
the threshold limit, while unmonitored volume must be aged to the end of the vehicle’s full useful life

Emissions Related Requirements 63

US ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS
US CARB OBD II - SI GASOLINE Vehicles
Monitor area Condition for malfunction
Cold Start Emission Reduction Strategy
1.5 x standard
Monitoring of individual control strategy input error(s) and/or individual or combined functional output error
- monitoring required while control strategy is normally activated
Air Conditioning System 1.5 x standard
Monitoring required when off-idle fuel and/or spark modified when A/C system is on
Monitoring of all A/C components that may cause the system to invoke incorrect control
Direct Ozone Reduction (DOR) For vehicles with NMOG credit ≤ 50%:Monitor for no detectable amount of ozone reduction
For vehicles with NMOG credit > 50%:Monitor for loss in NMOG performance > 50% NMOG standard
DOR NMOG credit modifies malfunction criteria for other components/systems by the NMOG credit
- Example: Malfunction Threshold = (1.5 x standard + DOR NMOG Credit)
Cooling System; Crankcase Ventilation; Refer to General OBD II requirements (top of CARB OBD II section)
Comprehensive Components
Other Emission Related Components or Systems Must request Executive Officer approval prior to introduction on a particular vehicle
For air flow modifying devices (swirl, runner length, etc.), monitoring of the shaft(s) may suffice
- Non-metal or segmented shafts require segment monitoring (verification that the furthest segment properly
functions)
- If more than one shaft to operate valves in multiple banks, not required to add more than one set of detection
hardware
Exceptions to Monitoring Requirements PC/LDT SULEV II: Executive Officer shall approve Malf. Criterion of 2.5 x Std. in lieu of 1.5 x Std.
With data and/or engineering evaluation, may disable monitoring for battery voltage below 11.0 Volts upon Executive
Officer approval (high-side voltage disablement also possible, with high-side voltage monitor)

Emissions Related Requirements 64

US ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS
US CARB OBD II - DIESEL Vehicles (CCR Title 13, section 1968.2)
Monitor area Condition for malfunction
Reductant Injection System (Incl. SCR) A) Reductant System Failure – Same Fault Criteria as NOx converting catalyst (see p 63)
Continuous monitoring required B) If reductant is NOT engine fuel, must additionally diagnose empty reductant tank
Selective Catalytic reduction C) Improper Reductant
Misfire: Monitoring during idle (systems w/o combustion pressure
‘04+: one or more misfiring cylinders
sensors). Continuous monitoring for all positive engine torque
‘10+: veh. w/ comb. sensor: LDV: NMHC, NOx, CO, PM: 1.5x st; MDV: NMHC, CO, NOx: 2.0x St, PM +0.03
speed/loads (systems w. combustion pressure sensors)
Particulate Matter System A) Incomplete regeneration; B) Missing substrate; C) Active/intrusive injection
Exhaust Gas Sensor Heater Current or voltage outside manufacturer specification (requires CARB thresholds approval)
Feedback control Monitoring of proper feedback control to diagnose
Reductant injection, Fuel system, Exhaust gas A) Delayed entrance to feedback control
sensors, Boost press., EGR, NOx adsorber, B) Failure or deterioration causes open loop or default operation
PM system C) Feedback control adjustment at maximum authority
Cooling System; Crankcase Ventilation; Comprehensive Components Refer to General OBD II requirements (top of CARB OBD II section)
Other emission related components or systems Must request Executive Officer approval prior to introduction on a particular vehicle
Exceptions to monitoring requirements A) Emis. Thresholds may be modif. by Executive Officer, dependent on upon most reliable monitoring method capab.
B) 2007-09MY: Partic.matter filter malfunction criteria may be revised by Executive Officer to exclude cert. fail. Modes
C) PC/LDT SULEV II: Executive Officer shall approve Malf. Criterion of 2.5 x Std. in lieu of 1.5 x Std.
D) Engine cert. MDV: Executive Officer shall approve Malf. Criterion of (PM Std. +0.02) in lieu of 0.03.
Additionally, (PM Std. +0.04) in lieu of 0.05
E) Engine cert. MDV: 2007-09MY: Executive Officer shall approve PM malfunction criterion of 1.5 x standard
in lieu of PM ≥ 0.08

Emissions Related Requirements 65

US ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS
US CARB OBD II - DIESEL Vehicles
Monitor Area LDV Diesel Threshold MDV Diesel Threshold
If standard is given, unit is g/bhp-hr MY NMHC CO NOx PM MY NMHC CO NOx PM
NMHC cat 2007-2009 5.0x - - - 2007-2009 2.5x - - -
2010-2012 3.0x - - - 2010-2012 2.5x - - -
2013+ 1.75x - - - 2013+ 2.0x - - -
NOx Converting Catalyst 2007-2009 3.0x - 3.0x - 2007-2009 3.5x - +0.5 -
2010-2012 2.5x - 2.5x - 2010-2012 2.5x - +0.3 -
2013+ 1.75x - 1.75x - 2013+ 2.0x - +0.2 -
NOx Adsorber 2007-2009 3.0x - 3.0x - 2007-2009 3.5x - +0.5 -
2010-2012 2.5x - 2.5x - 2010-2012 2.5x - +0.3 -
2013+ 1.75x - 1.75x - 2013+ 2.0x - +0.2 -
Exhaust Gas Sensor Performance 2007-2009 3.5x 3.5x 3.5x 5.0x 2007-2009 2.5x - +0.5 0.05
NOx and PM sensors 2010-2012 2.5x 2.5x 2.5x 4.0x 2010-2012 2.5x - +0.3 0.05
2013+ 1.5x 1.5x 1.75x 2.0x 2013+ 2.0x - +0.2 0.03
EGR Low Flow, High Flow, 2007-2009 3.0x 3.0x 3.0x 3.0x 2007-2009 2.5x 2.5x +0.3 0.03
Response 2010-2012 2.5x 2.5x 2.5x 2.5x 2010-2012 2.5x 2.5x +0.3 0.03
Cooler Performance 2013+ 1.5x 1.5x 1.5x 2.0x 2013+ 2.0x 2.0x +0.2 0.03
Boost Pressure Ctrl (under & over) 2010-2012 2.0x 2.0x 2.0x 2.0x 2010-2012 2.5x 2.5x +0.3 0.03
Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT)
2013+ 1.5x 1.5x 1.5x 2.0x 2013+ 2.0x 2.0x +0.2 0.03
Resp., Charge Air Undercool.

Emissions Related Requirements 66

US ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS
US CARB OBD II - DIESEL VEHICLES
Monitor Area LDV Diesel Threshold MDV Diesel Threshold
If standard is given, unit is g/bhp-hr MY NMHC CO NOx PM MY NMHC CO NOx PM
Cold start Fault due to control strategy input error(s) and/or output error
Emission Reduction Strategy 2010-2012 2.5x 2.5x 2.5x 2.5x 2010-2012 - - - -
2013+ 1.5x 1.5x 1.5x 2.0x 2013+ 2.0x 2.0x +0.2 0.03
Variable Valve Train (VVT) 2006-2009 3.0x 3.0x 3.0x 3.0x 2006-2009 2.5x 2.5x +0.3 0.03
Target Error 2010-2012 2.5x 2.5x 2.5x 2.5x 2010-2012 2.5x 2.5x +0.3 0.03
Slow Response 2013+ 1.5x 1.5x 1.5x 2.0x 2013+ 2.0x 2.0x +0.2 0.03
Particulate Matter Filter 2004-2009 - - - 5.0 x 2004-2009 - - - 0.09
2010-2012 - - - 4.0 x 2010-2012 - - - 0.05
2013+ - - - 1.75 x 2013+ - - - 0.03
Particulate Matter Filter System 2007-2009 Regen. Freq. Exceeds Manuf. Design Limit 2007-2009 Regen. Freq. exceeds Manuf. Design Limit
- Frequent Regeneration 2010-2012 3.0 x 3.0 x 3.0 x - 2010-2012 2.5 x - +0.3 -
- NMHC Conversion (2010-2013+ only) 2013+ 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x - 2013+ 2.0 x - +0.3 -
Aftertreatment Assistance Function 2010 + loss function 2010 + loss function

Emissions Related Requirements 67

US ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS
US CARB OBD II - DIESEL VEHICLES
Monitor Area LDV Diesel Threshold MDV Diesel Threshold MDV Diesel Threshold
If standard mentioned, MY NOx cert. > 0.50 g/bph-hr NOx cert. ≤ 0.50 g/bph-hr
unit is g/bhp-hr NMHC CO NOx PM NMHC CO NOx PM NMHC CO NOx PM
Fuel System Pressure 2007-2009 3.0 x 3.0 x 3.0 x 3.0 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.03 2.5 x 2.5 x +0.3 0.03
Control 2010-2012 2.0 x 2.0 x 2.0 x 2.0 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.03 2.5 x 2.5 x +0.3 0.03
2013+ 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 2.0 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.03 2.0 x 2.0 x +0.2 0.03
Fuel System Injection 2010-2012 3.0 x 3.0 x 3.0 x 3.0 x Same Fault Criteria as Fuel System Pressure Control
Quality / Timing 2013+ 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 2.0 x Same Fault Criteria as Fuel System Pressure Control
Fuel Control System
Detect if compensation
using Tolerance 2013+ Detect if compensation does not match
does not match
compensation features
Downstream Exhaust 2007-2009 3.5 x 3.5 x 3.5 x 5.0 x 2.5 x 2.5 x +0.5 0.05 2.5 x 2.5 x +0.3 0.05
Gas Sensor Performance 2010-2012 2.5 x 2.5 x 2.5 x 4.0 x ? ? ? ? 2.5 x 2.5 x +0.3 0.05
A/F Sensors 2013+ 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.75 x 2.0 x ? ? ? ? 2.0 x 2.0 x +0.2 0.03
Upstream Exhaust Gas 2007-2009 2.5 x 2.5 x 2.5 x 2.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.03 2.5 x 2.5 x +0.3 0.03
Sensor Performance 2010-2012 2.0 x 2.0 x 2.0 x 2.0 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.03 2.5 x 2.5 x +0.3 0.03
A/F Sensors 2013+ 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 2.0 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.03 2.0 x 2.0 x +0.2 0.03

Emissions Related Requirements 68

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69
FUEL CONSUMPTION - CO2 EMISSIONS
EUROPEAN UNION ECE-R101 and Directive 80/1268/EEC, as amended by 93/116/EEC
ECE-R84 and Directive 80/1268/EEC, as amended by 89/491/EE Implementation: TA mandatory:1/96, FR mandatory: 1/97
Directive 80/1268/EEC shall be repeated with effect 02 Jan 13 Fuel consumption is determined according to the carbon balance method from the
European Union: TA up to 31 DEC 1995. FR up to 31 DEC 1996. CO2, CO and HC emissions measured in g/km during the urban/extra-urban cycle.
Average fuel consumption is determined in a test made up of 3 parts: FC (gasoline) = 0.1154 1) [(0.866×HC) + (0.429×CO) + (0.273×CO2)]
1. Urban cycle simulating urban driving D
2. Constant speed at 90 km/h 1)
Diesel: 0.1155, FC = Fuel consumption in l/100 km, D = Fuel density
3. Constant speed at 120 km/h
Directive 80/1268/EEC, as amended by 1999/100/EC and by 2004/3/EC
Test results are averaged and expressed in l/100 km.
Adaptation to driving cycle of Euro3 (deletion of the first 40sec idle).
For volumetric measurement fuel consumption (FC) is calculated: Scope extended to LPG and NG fuelled M1 vehicles.
FC = V (1 + a (T0 - Tf)) × 100 l/100 km Impl. M1 ≤ 2,5t GVW TA:1/00, FR: 1/01
D M1 > 2,5t GVW TA:1/01, FR: 1/02
V = Volume in litres of fuel consumed Scope extended to N1 vehicles.
a = Coefficient of volumetric expansion of fuel Impl. N1 Cl 1 ≤ 1305 kg TA:1/05, FR: 1/06
T0 = Reference temperature (°C) 1305 kg < N1 Cl 2 ≤ 1760 kg TA:1/07, FR: 1/08
Tf = Fuel temperature (°C) measured at volume measuring point N1 Cl 3 > 1760 kg TA:1/07, FR: 1/08
D = Distance covered during the test (km)

Emissions Related Requirements 70

FUEL CONSUMPTION - CO2 EMISSIONS
European Union - EU regulation on CO2 Emission Reduction for Passenger Car Emission limit curve:
Regulation (EC) 443/2009 250
- Fleet average CO2 emissions from new PC: 120 g/km by 2012
+ max 130 g CO2/km based on improvements in vehicle motor technologies Limit value

CO2 emission limit value [g/km]

+ complementary measures to deliver a further 10 g/km reduction 200 curve
(tires, air conditioning, greater use of alternative energy)
- Phase-in period: 2012- 2015
Manufacturers to be given interim targets ensuring average CO2 emission of: 150
+ 65% of their fleet in Jan 2012 + 75% of their fleet in Jan 2013 130 g/km
+ 80% of their fleet in Jan 2014 + 100% of their fleet from Jan 2015
- For each manufacturer, individual targets based on average mass of their EU car fleet, based on an 100
emission limit curve
- Eco-innovation credit: Valid until 2014
Innovative CO2 reducing technologies (called eco-innovations) are technologies not included in test 50
cycle CO2 measurement, nor included in complementary measures
Total contribution of eco-innovation limited to max 7 g CO2/km in each manufacturer’s average specific target
- 1 g CO2/km is the minimum a single eco-innovation can contribute. Eco-innovations are approved 0
as part of the vehicle TA procedure 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
- Excess emissions premium will be applied. The premium will be based on the # of g/km above Vehicle mass [kg]
the curve multiplied by the number of vehicles sold by the manufacturer.
+ From 2012 to 2018: 5 € for 1st g; 15 € for 2nd g; 25 € for 3rd g; 95 € 4th g onwards exceeding Formula for the limit value curve is:
the target (per vehicle sold)
+ From 2019: 95 €/g exceeding the target (per vehicle sold) Permitted specific emissions of CO2 = 130 + a × (M – M0)
- Long term target: 95 g CO2/km in 2020 Where: M = mass in kg
Proposal for regulation on CO2 reduction for LDT (M2, N1 and N2 vehicles)
Proposed target: 175 g CO2/km in 2012; 160 g CO2/km in 2015 M0 = 1372.0
Regulation proposal should be similar to the PC regulation a = 0.0457

Emissions Related Requirements 71

FUEL CONSUMPTION - CO2 EMISSIONS
US - FUEL ECONOMY MEASUREMENT METHOD (40 CFR Part. 600.113) MY 2011 and beyond:
Fuel consumption is determined in miles/US gallon according to the carbon - 5 cycle formulae based upon combination of FTP75, cold FTP (20F),
balance method with CO2, CO and HC measured in g/mile. US06, SC03, HWFET
FE (gasoline) = 5174×104×CWF×SG - MDPV (8.500 - 10.000 GVWR) require FE label for first time
[(CWF×HC)+(0.429×CO)+(0.273×CO2)]×[(0.6×SG×NHV)+5471] - Option remains to use old calculation method, but manufacturer must show
proof of accuracy
FE (diesel) = 2778
US - CAFE STANDARD (CORPORATE AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY)
(0.866×HC) + (0.429×CO) + (0.273×CO2)
The sales weighted average fuel economy limit of a car manufacturer’s vehicle
CWF = carbon weight fraction, SG = specific gravity of fuel, NHV = net heating fleet shall meet 27.5mpg LDV; 20.7 LDT. Debit/Credit balancing available +/- 3 yrs.
value of fuel A penalty to be paid by the manufacturer will result, if the average falls below the
Combined fuel economy value is calculated in miles/gallon by applying the results specified limits.
from US EPA III and Highway (HWFET) Cycle: Current Standard:
HWFET [mpg] = 1 LDT standards increased to 21 mpg in MY05; 21.6 in MY06; 22.2mpg in MY07+.
0.55 / EPA III + 0.45 / HFE Manufacturer may choose between Unreformed (current) and Reformed (new)
Conversion: Fuel consumption in l/100 km to fuel economy in mi/gal Calculation Method
FC (l/100 km) = 235.215 Reformed Path
FE (mi/gal) - SUVs, Light Pickups, Mini-Vans would be classified based upon wheelbase x track
- Limit for indiv. Models based upon a continuous function
Label requirements
- Manufacturer compliance based upon cumulative fleet performance
Up to MY 2010: City and Highway values calculated based upon Unreformed Path
FTP75 and HWFET results. - Manufacturer will use the current CAFE calculation method
5 cycle calculation is optional 2008-2010 - Limits would increase for Unreformed Path

Emissions Related Requirements 72

 FUEL CONSUMPTION - CO2 EMISSIONS
US - CAFE STANDARD (cont’d) - Groups PC and Trucks < 8500 lbs into a single fleet
Renewable Fuels, Consumer Protection, - Sets new fuel economy goals for combined PC and LDT fleet.
Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007
California CO2 Reduction Regulation (California AB 1493)
EPA and NHTSA proposed new fuel economy and GHG - State of California has enacted limits on CO2 emissions.
regulations for vehicles on 15Sep09. - Limits are broken down into two phases: (2009-2012) and (2013-2016)
CO2-equiv. limit (g/mi)
Pass. car CAFE
70 350 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
(mpg US)
Phase-In (%) 20 40 70 100 20 40 70 100
60 300 Light truck CAFE
Mile per gallon US

PC / LDT1 323 301 267 233 227 222 213 205

Grams GHG / mile

(mpg US)
250 g/ml LDT2 / MDPV 439 420 390 361 355 350 341 332
50 250 Combined car & - Credits for early compliance available over the 2000-2008 timeframe.
truck CAFE (mpg US)
40 200
- EPA has granted California’s CAA waiver request.
34.1 mpg Pass. car GHG - Several additional states are adopting the limits.
(g/mile)
30 150
Light truck GHG Canada is also considering such regulations: Mandatory fuel consumption stan-
(g/mile) dards for LDT to be published by end of 2008. Applicable from MY 2011
20 100
2011-base 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Combined car &
See also page 25 truck GHG (g/mile)

Emissions Related Requirements 73

FUEL CONSUMPTION - CO2 EMISSIONS
JAPAN CO2 Reduction Regulation 2015 Fuel Economy for all fuels
Fuel Efficiency Targets New Regulation will consider diesel and gasoline vehicles together
- Each manufacturer has to achieve the fuel efficiency as a weighted average in Test cycle: JC08 (cold and hot), applicable from March 2013
each weight class. Average:
- Consumption determined on 10-15 cycle Vehicle Class 2004 Avg value - km/l 2015 Avg value - km/l Change %
Vehicle weight in kg – Fuel Efficiency in km/l PC 13.6 16.8 23.5
Small buses 8.3 8.9 7.2
Gasoline Passenger Cars – Targets for 2010 LCV 13.5 15.2 12.6
< 703 828 1016 1266 1516 1766 2016 2266
702 - - - - - - - -
827 1015 1265 1515 1765 2015 2265 2500 Vehicle weight in kg – Fuel Efficiency in km/l
21.1 18.8 17.9 16.0 13.0 10.5 8.9 7.8 6.4 Gasoline Passenger Cars – Target for 2015
Diesel Passenger Cars – Targets from 2005 ≤ 601 741 856 971 1081 1195 1311 1421
≤ 1016 1266 1516 1766 2016 2266 600 - - - - - - - -
1015 - - - - - - 740 855 970 1080 1195 1310 1420 1530
1265 1515 1765 2015 2265 2500 22.5 21.8 21.0 20.8 20.5 18.7 17.2 15.8 14.4
18.9 16.2 13.2 11.9 10.8 9.8 8.7
LPG Passenger Cars – Targets for 2010 1531 1651 1761 1871 1991 2101 ≥ 2271
- - - - - -
< 703 828 1016 1266 1516 1766 2016 2266 1650 1760 1870 1990 2100 2270
702 - - - - - - - -
827 1015 1265 1515 1765 2015 2265 2500 13.2 12.2 11.1 10.2 9.4 8.7 7.4
15.9 14.1 13.5 12.0 9.8 7.9 6.7 5.9 4.8t
In June 2010, the Japanese governement started a study of further CO2 requirements for 2020 and plans to announce a proposal in the second half of 2011.

Emissions Related Requirements 74

FUEL CONSUMPTION - CO2 EMISSIONS
PR of China 2) Fuel consumption standard for Light Duty FC Limit Table 4 for cat N1 diesel veh. L/100km
1) Fuel consumption standard for Passenger Cars Commercial Vehicles (GB 20997-2007) Engine
(GB 19578-2004) Applicable for M1 vehicles (GVW ≤ 3500 kg) Applicable for N1 and M2 vehicles (GVW ≤ 3500 kg) Gross Vehicle Displacem. Phase Phase
Implementation dates for: Mass (M) kg (V), L 1 2
Implementation dates from:
new certific. veh.: Phase 1: 01Jul05 Phase 2: 01Jan08 M≤2000 All 7.6 7.0
01Feb08 Phase 2 for new certific. veh.
veh. in production: Phase 1: 01Jul06 Phase 2: 01Jan09 V≤2.5 8.4 8.0
01Jan09 Phase 1 for in-prod veh. (certif. before 01Feb08) 2000<M≤2500 2.5<V≤3.0 9.0 8.5
FC Limit Table L/100km 01Jan11 Phase 2 for all veh. V>3.0 10.0 9.5
Curb Mass (CM), kg Phase 1 Phase 2 V≤2.5 9.5 9.0
2500<M≤3000 2.5<V≤3.0 10.0 9.5
CM≤750 7.2 (7.6) 6.2 (6.6) FC Limit Table 3 for cat N1 gasoline veh. L/100km V>3.0 11.0 10.5
750<CM≤865 7.2 (7.6) 6.5 (6.9) V≤2.5 10.5 10.0
865<CM≤980 7.7 (8.2) 7.0 (7.4)
Engine
Gross Vehicle Displacem. Phase Phase 2.5<V≤3.0 11.0 10.5
980<CM≤1090 8.3 (8.8) 7.5 (8.0) M>3000
3.0<V≤4.0 11.6 11.0
Mass (M) kg (V), L 1 2
1090<CM≤1205 8.9 (9.4) 8.1 (8.6) V>4.0 12.0 11.5
1205<CM≤1320 9.5 (10.1) 8.6 (9.1) M≤2000 All 8.0 7.8 FC Limit Table 5 for cat M2 gasoline veh.
1320<CM≤1430 10.1 (10.7) 9.2 (9.8) V≤1.5 9.0 8.1 (GVW ≤ 3500 kg) L/100km
1430<CM≤1540 10.7 (11.3) 9.7 (10.3) 1.5<V≤2.0 10.0 9.0
2000<M≤2500 Engine
1540<CM≤1660 11.3 (12.0) 10.2 (10.8) 2.0<V≤2.5 11.5 10.4 Gross Vehicle Displacem. Phase Phase
1660<CM≤1770 11.9 (12.6) 10.7 (11.3) V>2.5 13.5 12.5 Mass (M) kg (V), L 1 2
1770<CM≤1880 12.4 (13.1) 11.1 (11.8) V≤2.0 10.0 9.0 V≤2.0 10.7 9.7
1880<CM≤2000 12.8 (13.6) 11.5 (12.2) 2500<M≤3000 2.0<V≤2.5 12.0 10.8 2.0<V≤2.5 12.2 11.0
2000<CM≤2110 13.2 (14.0) 11.9 (12.6) M≤3000
V>2.5 14.0 12.6 2.5<V≤3.0 13.5 12.2
2110<CM≤2280 13.7 (14.5) 12.3 (13.0) V>3.0 14.5 13.1
V≤2.5 12.5 11.3
2280<CM≤2510 14.6 (15.5) 13.1 (13.9) V≤2.5 12.5 11.3
M>3000 2.5<V≤3.0 14.0 12.6 M>3000 2.5<V≤3.0 14.0 12.6
2510<CM 15.5 (16.4) 13.9 (14.7)
( ) Applicable for automatic transmission (AT), ≥ 3 rows of seats or category G (M1) off-road vehicles
V>3.0 15.5 14.0 V>3.0 15.5 14.0

Emissions Related Requirements 75

FUEL CONSUMPTION - CO2 EMISSIONS
Many thanks to the people around
FC Limit Table 6 for cat. M2 diesel veh.
the world who helped to put this
(GVW ≤ 3500 kg)

L/100km book together!
Engine
Gross Vehicle Displacem. Phase Phase The
The information
information contained
contained in in this
this booklet
booklet isis general
general
Mass (M) kg (V), L 1 2 in nature.
nature. Although
in Although Delphi
Delphi believes
believes the
the information
information provided
provided
V≤2.5 9.4 8.5 is accurate
accurate as as of
of its
its date
date of
of publication,
publication, the
the applicable
applicable laws
laws
M≤3000
V>2.5 10.5 9.5 is
V≤3.0 11.5 10.5 and regulations
and regulations in in this
this area
area are
are complex
complex and and subject
subject to
to
M>3000 V>3.0 12.5 11.5 change, and
change, and Delphi
Delphi makes
makes no no representation
representation oror warranty
warranty
SOUTH KOREA regarding the
regarding the information
information andand assumes
assumes no no obligation
obligation to to
From 2010, for gasoline & diesel engines ≤ 1.600 cc: 12.4 km/l
> 1.600 cc: 9.6 km/l
update or
update or revise
revise this
this information.
information. Please
Please consult
consult the
the full
full text
text
From 2012: ≥ 17 km/l and ≤ 140 G GHG/km fleet average of all
of all applicable
applicable government
government laws,
laws, rules
rules and
and regulations
regulations
Introduction 30% in 2012; 60% in 2013; 80% in 2014;100% in 2015 prior to
prior to taking
taking any
any action
action in
in respect
respect of
of the
the matters
matters described
described
TAIWAN in this
this booklet.
booklet.
Fuel economy standards for PC, LDT ≤ 2.5 t
in

Class of Vehicle (kg) Under FTP 75 (km/l) Under EU Dir 199/100 (km/l) Global Fuel Economy Initiative Delphi
Delphi is
is pleased
pleased to
to offer
offer free
free of
of charge
charge to
to our
our customers
customers
(GFEI): “50 by 50” our
< 1200 16.2 14.1 our Worldwide
Worldwide Emissions
Emissions Standards
Standards Booklets.
Booklets. An
An electronic
electronic
Initiative jointly launched by UNEP
1200 to 1800 13.0 11.3 (UN Environment Program), IEA
version
version of this booklet is also available on our website:
of this booklet is also available on our website:
1800 to 2400 11.4 9.9 (International Energy Agency), delphi.com/emissions-pc
delphi.com/emissions-pc
2400 to 3000 10.0 8.7 ITS (International Transport
3000 to 3600 9.2 8.0 Forum), FIA Foundation. Call for
3600 to 4200 8.5 7.4 cars worldwide to be made 50%
4200 to 5400 7.2 6.3 more fuel efficient by 2050, along
> 5400 6.5 5.7 with interim targets

Emissions Related Requirements 76

EU MARKET FUELS
Unleaded Gasoline Fuel Oxygenates max % vol EN 1601, EN 13132
EN 228 standard harmonised with 98/70/EC (2003/17/EC) + (2009/30/EC) Methanol - 3
Ethanol - 5
Parameter Unit Min Limit Max Limit Test Methods
Iso-propyl alcohol - 10
Research Octane N° RON 95.0 - EN ISO 5164
Tert-propyl alcohol - 7
Motor Octane N° MON 85.0 - EN ISO 5163
Iso-butyl alcohol - 10
EN ISO 3675
Density at 15º kg/l 720 775 Ethers w/ ≥ 5 C atoms - 15
EN ISO 12185
Other oxygenates - 10
Oxidation Stability Minutes 360 - EN ISO 7536
Sulfur mg/kg 10.0 EN ISO 20846
Existent Gum Content mg/100 ml - 5 EN ISO 6246
EN ISO 20884
Copper Corrosion at 50°C - Class I EN ISO 2160
Lead mg/l - 5 EN 237
Appearance - Clear and bright Visual Control
Climatic Specifications for Class A RVP: 45-60 kPa
ASTM D 1319 % Evaporated at 70°C: 20.0-48.0 % (V/V)
Aromatics max % vol - 35.0
EN 14517 % Evaporated at 100°C: 46.0-71.0 % (V/V)
ASTM D 1319 % Evaporated at 150°C: 75.0 % (V/V)
Olefins max % vol - 18 Final Boiling Point: 210°C
EN 14517 Directive 98/70 amendment adopted by EU Parliament on 17 Dec 08:
EN 12177 - Until 2013, gasoline with max 2.7% oxygen and max 5% ethanol to be available on the
Benzene max % vol - 1 market
EN 238, EN 14517
- Countries w/ low ambient summer temperatures: max RVP of 70 kPa allowed
Oxygen % mass - 2.7 EN 1601, EN 13132 - MMT: 01 Jan 2011: max 6 mg/l; 01 Jan 2014: max 2 mg/l; limit review by end of 2012
(MMT: methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl)
- New gasoline quality with max ethanol: 10%, max oxygen: 3.7% allowed

Fuels 77
EU MARKET FUELS
Diesel Fuel
Directive 98/70 amendment adopted by EU Parliament on 17 Dec 08:
EN 590
- Max FAME: 7%
Parameter Unit standard harmonised - Countries with severe winter conditions: possibility of max distillation T10:
180°C
with 98/70/EC (2003/17/EC)
- Polycyclic aromatics: Max 8%
Cetane number - ≥ 51 - New diesel quality with FAME > 7%, with information on biofuel content
Density at 15ºC kg/m3 820-845 required.
Distillation T 95 ºC ≤ 360
Polycyclic aromatics % (m/m) ≤ 11
Viscosity at 40°C mm2/s 2.0-4.5
Sulfur ppm < 10
FAME 1) % (v/v) <7
1)
FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) must be in accordance with EN 14214

Fuels 78
EU REFERENCE TEST FUELS
These specifications apply to reference fuel used during certification/type approval. Parameter Unit ECE, EC 93,96 Euro 3 Euro 4
Unleaded Gasoline Fuel Sulfur ppm 400 100 10
Values for Euro 3 and Euro 4 are part of European Directive 98/69/EC and Lead g/l 0.005 0.005 0.005
2002/80/EC. For implementation timing see pages 10-11 Phosphorus g/l 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013
Parameter Unit ECE, EC 93,96 Euro 3 Euro 4 1)
Different values for cold temperature test fuel: RVP: 56-95 kPa,
Octane RON/MON 95/85 95/85 95/85 Density at 15°C: 748-775 kg/m3
RVP kPa 56-64 56-60 1) 56-60 1) Diesel Fuel
Density at 15ºC kg/l 0.748-0.762 0.748-0.762 1) 0.740-0.754 1) Parameter Unit ECE, EC 93,96 Euro 3,4
T 10 ºC 42-58 Cetane 49-53 52-54
T 50 ºC 90-110 Density at 15ºC kg/l 0.835-0.845 0.833-0.837
T 90 ºC 155-180 Distillation T 50 ºC ≥ 245 ≥ 245
Dist. at 100ºC % vol 49-57 50-58 T 95 ºC 320-340 345-350
at 150ºC % vol 81-87 83-89 FBP ºC ≤ 370 ≤ 370
FBP ºC 190-215 190-215 190-210 Flash point ºC ≥ 55 ≥ 55
Aromatics % vol 45 28-40 29-35 Viscosity at 40°C mm2/s 2.5-3.5 2.5-3.5 2)
Olefins % vol 20 ≤ 10 ≤ 10 Polycyclic aromatics % mass 3-6.0
Benzene % vol 5 ≤1 ≤1 Sulfur ppm ≤ 3000 ≤ 300 3)
Oxygen % mass ≤ 2.3 ≤1 2)
For Euro 4: 2.3-3.3 3)
Mandatory diesel sulfur level for Euro 4: ≤ 10 ppm

Fuels 79
EU REFERENCE TEST FUELS
Values for Euro 5 and Euro 6 are part of Comitology Reg 2008/692
Unleaded Gasoline Fuel Diesel Fuel
Parameter Unit Euro 4 Euro 5&6 Parameter Unit Euro 4 Euro 5&6
Octane RON/MON 95/85 95/85 Cetane 52-54 52-54
RVP KPa 56-60 1) 56-60 1) Density at 150°C kg/m3 833-837 833-837
Density at 15ºC kg/m3 748-775 743-756
Distillation T50 ºC ≥ 245 ≥ 245
Dist. at 100ºC % vol 50-58 48-60
T95 ºC 345-350 345-350
at 150ºC % vol 83-89 82-90
FBP ºC 190-210 190-210 FBP ºC ≤ 370 ≤ 370
Aromatics % vol 29-35 29-35 Flashpoint ºC ≥ 55 ≥ 55
Olefins % vol ≤ 10 3-13 Viscosity at 400°C mm2/s 2.3-3.3 2.3-3.3
Benzene % vol ≤1 ≤1 Polycyclic aromatics % mass 3.0-6.0 2.0-6.0
Oxygen % mass ≤1 Ethanol only Sulfur ppm ≤ 10 ≤ 10
Sulfur ppm ≤ 10 ≤ 10
FAME % vol - 4.5-5.5
Lead mg/l ≤5 ≤5
Oxydation stability mg/ml ≤ 0.025 ≤ 0.025
Phosphorus g/l ≤ 1.3 ≤ 1.3
Ethanol % vol - 4.7-5.3 Oxydation stability @ 110ºC hr - ≥ 20
1)
Different values for cold temperature test fuel: RVP: 56-95 KPa

Fuels 80
US REFERENCE TEST FUELS
These specifications apply to reference fuel used during certification/type approval.
Unleaded Gasoline Fuel

EPA EPA
CARB CARB
Parameter Unit Cold CO Cold CO Parameter Unit cold CO cold CO
Ambient Phase 3 Ambient Phase 3

low oct. high oct.
low oct. high oct.
Octane (R+M)/2 93 87.8±3 92.3±0.5 91 Sulfur ppm 15-80 2) 15-80 2) 15-80 2) 30-40
RVP 1) psi (kPa) 8.0-9.2 11.5±3 11.5±3 6.7-7.0 Lead g/gal 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01
(g/l) (0.013) (0.0026) (0.0026)
(55.2-63.4) (46.8-48.3)
Phosphorus g/gal 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
RVP Evap psi (kPa) 8.7-9.2 7
(g/l) (0.0013) (0.0013) (0.0013)
(60-63.4) (48.3)
T10 ºF 120-135 98-118 105-125 130-150 1)
RVP for altitude testing: 7.6-8.0 psi or 52-55 kPa
T50 ºF 200-230 179-214 195-225 200-210 2)
The road fuel will be 30 ppm avg. 80 ppm max.
T90 ºF 300-325 316-346 316-346 290-300 Note: CARB Phase 3 fuel may use ethanol as alternative oxygenates;
FBP ºF 415 413 413 390 phase-in 2003.
Aromatics % vol 35 26.4±4 32±4 22-25 Nationwide requirement for 2% oxygen content repealed.
Olefins % vol 10 12.5±5 10±5 4-6
Benzene limit for road fuel: 0.62% by vol. on an annual refinery average
Benzene % vol 0.8-1 beginning in 2012.

Fuels 81
US REFERENCE TEST FUELS
Certification Diesel Fuel for 2007 and later MY Vehicles
Fuel Property Unit Federal Specifications California Test 3)
1-D 2) 2-D Specifications
Cetane Number (natural) 40-54 40-50 47-55 D-613
Distillation Range °F (°C) D-86; 13 CCR section 2282(g) 3)
Initial Boiling Point °F (°C) 330-390 (166-199) 340-400 (171-204) 340-420 (171-216)
10% Point °F (°C) 370-430 (188-221) 400-460 (204-238) 400-490 (204-254)
50% Point °F (°C) 410-480 (210-249) 470-540 (243-282) 470-560 (243-293)
90% Point °F (°C) 460-520 (238-271) 560-630 (293-332) 550-610 (288-321)
End Point °F (°C) 500-560 (260-293) 610-690 (321-366) 580-660 (304-349)
API Gravity 40 - 44 32 - 37 33 - 39 D-287
Total Sulfur ppm (wt.) 7 - 15 7 - 15 7 - 15 D-2622; 13 CCR section 2282(g) 3)
Nitrogen Content (max.) ppm (wt.) 100 - 500 13 CCR section 2282(g)(3)
Total Aromatic Hydrocarbons % (vol.) 8 (min.) 1) 27 (min.) 1) 8 - 12 D-1319; 13 CCR section 2282(g) 3)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons % (wt.) 1.4 (max.)
Flashpoint (min.) °F (°C) 120 (49) 130 (54) 130 (54) D-93
Viscosity @ 40°F (4°C) mm2/sec 1.6 - 2.0 2.0 - 3.2 2.0 - 4.1 D-445
1)
Remainder shall be paraffins, naphthenes, and olefins
2)
Basic Certification fuel is the grade 2-D diesel. Grade 1-D is allowed only if the engine manufacturer demonstrates that this fuel will be the predominant in-use fuel.
3)
ASTM standards and/or California Title 13, CCR procedures.

Fuels 82
CONVENTIONAL US / EU TEST PROCEDURES
Co-decision Regulation EC715/2007. Comitology Regulation EC692/2008
Test sequence Annex VI. UN/ECE Regulation No. 83 Annex 7
Test sequence
Preconditioning Fill to 40% with test fuel (US: 8.7-9.2 RVP, EU: 8.1-9.3 RVP)
Fuel drain/ fill Fill to 40% with test fuel
US: EPA II (18 cycles) EU: Purge canister by driving or air
Canister Canister loading: Repeated diurnal heat builds or
purge 2X diurnal heat build, (heat fuel 16° to 30°C), 1 ECE
Preconditioning Butane/N2 loading to 2 g breakthrough
+ 2 EUDC cycles
Fuel drain/ fill Drain tank, Fill to 40% with test fuel
Soak 12-36 hours (68°-86°F/20°-30°C ambient)
Vehicle Preconditioning Drive at 20°-30°C:
Fuel drain / fill Drain tank, Fill 40 ± 2% with test fuel (US: fuel 45°-60°F / Preconditioning 1 ECE + 2 EUDC cycles
EU: fuel 10°-14°C) Soak 12-36 hours (20°-30°C ambient)
Diurnal test Heat fuel tank for 1 hour (US: from 60° to 84°F) / Exhaust test ECE + EUDC at 20°-30C
(SHED) (EU: from 16° to 30°C) Evap Cond. Drive Urban cycle max. 2 min later
Exhaust test US: EPA III (Emissions measured for TA) Hot Soak Test 1 hour at 23°-31°C ambient
EU: ECE + EUDC cycle (Emissions not measured for TA) Soak 6-36 h (min 6 h at 20 ± 2°C ambient)
Hot Soak Test US/EU: 1 hour at 68°-86°F/23°-31°C ambient Real Time 1 heat build in 24 hours in VT SHED
Diurnal Test Cycle from 20°- 35°C, ∆ T = 15 K
Emissions standard: Diurnal test + Hot Soak test: 2 grams
Emissions standard: Diurnal test + Hot Soak test: 2 grams
Implementation EU: EC 93, EC 96 Implementation As part of Euro3/4, TA: 01 JAN 2000

Evaporative Emissions Standards 83

Evaporative Emissions Systems for every
manufacturer and every region.
Delphi’s portfolio of innovative, cost-effective evaporative
emissions systems offers something for virtually any automotive
or non-automotive gasoline application. From passenger
vehicles to motorcycles, inboard marine engines, power
generators, lawn tractors, snowmobiles, personal watercraft
and personal all-terrain vehicles. Delphi also has a thorough
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and a proven manufacturing track record in many markets.
Visit: delphi.com/eb-evap

84
ENHANCED EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS
US FEDERAL / CALIFORNIA REQUIREMENTS
TEMP. TEST SEQUENCE TEMP. TEST SEQUENCE
3-day diurnal Supplemental 2-day 3-day diurnal Supplemental 2-day
68-86°F Fuel drain / fill Fuel drain / fill EPA: 90-100°F 1 hr Hot Soak Test 1 hr Hot Soak Test
(20-30°C) 6- hour minimum Soak 6- hour minimum Soak CARB: 100-110°F (EPA 95 / CARB 105°F) (68-86°F)
Preconditioning: 1 EPA II. Preconditioning: 1 EPA II. Stabilize Temp: 6-36 hr Stabilize Temp: 6-36 hr
Fuel drain/fill. 12-36 hr soak Fuel drain/fill. 12-36 hr soak (EPA 72 / CARB 65 °F) (EPA 72 / CARB 65 °F)
⇒ Canister purge: 300 ⇒ Canister load: Load to 2 g Diurnal emission test Diurnal Emission Test
BV at 0.8 cfm with 25-75 breakthrough at 40 g 3 heat builds in 72 hr 2 heat builds in 48 hr
gr/lb dry air butane/hr with 50/50 EPA: Cycle 72-96°F EPA: Cycle 72-96°F
⇒ Canister load: 1.5 X butane/N2 mix CARB: Cycle 65-105°F CARB: Cycle 65-105°F
WC at 15 g butane/hr Running Loss: 0.05 g/mi -
with 50/50 butane/N2 mix Standard for Hot Soak + Highest Diurnal (grams)
Exhaust test: EPA III Exhaust test: EPA III EPA/ 2.0 g/test 2.5 g/test
EPA: 90-100°F 1-6 hr Soak Not required CARB LEV I
CARB: 100-110°F Running loss test CARB LEV II 0.50 g/test 0.65 g/test
EPA II,2x NYCC,EPA II EPA Tier II 0.95 g/test 1.2 g/test
Note: Vehicle certification requires the 3-day diurnal, in-use vehicles the supplemental 2-day diurnal test.

Evaporative Emissions Standards 85

ENHANCED EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS
EPA and California now accept certification data generated using the other Further EPA Tier 2 requirements
agency’s test procedure. “Useful life” for standards extended to 120,000 mi.
Ethanol and HEV/ZEV vehicles regulated for first time
New EPA Evaporative Emission requirements
EPA Enhanced & Tier 2 CARB Enhanced & LEV II
• Harmonizes federal limits with CARB LEV II requirements
- 3-Day diurnal = 0.5 g/test for LDV Test temp. 95 ± 5°F 105 ± 5°F
- Supplemental 2-day = 0.85 g/test for LDV Fuel 9 psi RVP, 7.8 psi 7 psi RVP
- LLDT/HLDT/MDPV have less stringent requirements for altitude testing
• Now allows CARB LEV II certification data to be used for EPA cert. without Phase-in Enhanced: Enhanced:
prior approval 1996-1999: 20/40/90/100% 1995-1998: 10/30/50/100%
• Implemented in MY2009 for LDV/LLDT and in MY2010 for HLDT/MDPV Tier 2: 2004-2007: 25/50/75/100% LEV II: 2004-2006: 40/80/100%
Alternate phase in for FFV when operating on non-gasoline California is in the process of drafting LEV III standards and test
Further CARB LEV II requirements procedures to include plug-in hybrids
Proposed LEV III Evap Standards:
• Useful life for standards extended to 150,000 mi or 15 years • Lower whole vehicle diurnal + hot soak zero evaporative standards (g/test)
• 1.75x higher in-use standard for 3 model years for LEV II families introduced for all vehicles < 14K GVWR
prior to 2007 • Extend current zero evap technology to all vehicle categories
• Optional “Zero-Evap” standard is available to earn NMOG credits or partial • Same standards for both 3 days + hot soak and 2 days + hot soak
ZEV credits, 0.35 g/test for hot soak + highest diurnal (2 or 3 days) & 0.0 g • Eliminate the “rig” test
(< 0.054 g) from fuel system. • Change the cert fuel to E10

Evaporative Emissions Standards

Fuels 86
ON-BOARD REFUELLING VAPOUR RECOVERY
• Applicable in all US Federal States. CARB adopted EPA regulation. ⇒
Refuelling Disconnect canister(s)
Phase-in with 40/80/100% over 3 years. ⇒
Event Fuel drain + fill to 10%
Passenger cars: MY 1998/1999/2000 ⇒ 6-24 hours Soak at 80 ± 3°F (27°C)
LDT ≤ 6000 lbs GVW: MY 2001/2002/2003 ⇒ Reconnect canister(s)
LDT > 6000 lbs GVW: MY 2004/2005/2006 ⇒ Dispense fuel at 10 gal/min until automatic shut-off.
Small volume manufacturers for passenger cars do not need to follow phase-in, If < 85% of total tank capacity is dispensed, continue auto
but have to comply for 100% in MY 2000. refuelling until fuel dispensed is ≥ 85%. The Administrator
• No changes to ORVR procedures for CARB LEV II and EPA Tier 2. may use 4 gal/min rate (15 l/min). Dispense fuel temp: 67°F
• Measurement of emissions that escape from the vehicle during a refuelling ±1.5°F(19°C)
emissions event. Stand-alone test in addition to enhanced EVAP tests. HC standard: 0.20 grams/gallon (0.053 grams/litre)
Fuel used: US Federal Cert. fuel: 8.7-9.2 RVP
EPA FUEL DISPENSING SPITBACK TEST
Vehicle Fuel drain + fill to 40% 6 hours min. soak at 68-86°F ⇒ Applicable in all US Federal States for vehicles ≤ 14,000 GVW. Spitback
Pre-conditioning (20-30°C) 1 x EPA II Preconditioning Drive phase-in same as enhanced EVAP (100% phase-in by 1999)
Canister ⇒ Fuel drain + fill to 40% ⇒ Measurement of liquid fuel spitback from the fuel filler inlet during a
Pre-conditioning ⇒ 12-36 hours soak. Load canister with HC vapours until refuelling event. Stand-alone test in addition to enhanced EVAP tests. If
2 g breakthrough at 40g/h 50% butane/N2 ORVR compliant, manufacturer can request spitback test waiver
⇒ Exhaust test: EPA III (record emissions) 0-1 hr soak at 68-86°F ⇒ Fuel used: US Federal Certification fuel: 8.7-9.2 RVP
⇒ Canister purge drive at 68-86°F: EPA II, 2x NYCC, EPA II ⇒ Spitback standard: 1.0 g/test

Evaporative Emissions Standards 87

Finally. Electronic fuel injection custom-tailored
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Manufacturers of motorcycles and motor scooters no longer have
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Multec ® Electronic Fuel Injection (EFI) offers a complete systems
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Plus, driveability and reliability will also be improved.
To learn how Delphi Multec EFI can be customized to meet your
specific program go to: www.delphi.com/eb-efi

88
EUROPEAN UNION
Europe Directive 97/24/EC, as amended by Directive 2003/77/EC, Directive 2005/30/EC, Directive 2006/27/EC and Directive 2006/72/EC

Mopeds Two-stroke Motorcycles and tricycles

Emission Limits for TA and COP Emission Limits for TA and COP 1)
Type I test Test Cycle Stage Test Cycle
CO (g/km) HC+NOx (g/km) CO (g/km) HC (g/km) NOx (g/km)
Euro 1 (17-06-1999) 6 1) 3 1) UN-ECE Reg 47 Euro 1 (17-06-1999) 8 4 0.1 UN-ECE Reg. 40
Euro 2 (17-06-2002) 1 2) 1.2 UN-ECE Reg 47 1)
However, for tricycles and quadricycles, the limit values must be
1)
The limit value for the masses of CO and HC+Nox are multiplied by a factor multiplied by a factor of 1.5.
of 2 in the case of 3 wheeled mopeds and light quadricycles.
2)
The limit value for the mass of CO must be 3.5 g/km in the case of 3 Four-stroke motorcycles and tricycles
wheeled mopeds and light quadricycles. Emission Limits for TA and COP 1)
Stage Test Cycle
Type II test: measure of CO and HC at idling speed CO (g/km) HC (g/km) NOx (g/km)
Euro 1 (17-06-1999) 13 3 0.3 UN-ECE Reg. 40
1)
However, for tricycles and quadricycles, the limit values must be
multiplied by a factor of 1.5.

Motorcycles 89
EUROPEAN UNION
EUROPE - Euro 2 & Euro 3 emission limits for 2 and 3-wheeled vehicles and quadricycles
Class CO HC NOx Other items: In-Use Compliance: 30.000 km (Euro 3 stage)
(g/km) (g/km) (g/km) CO2 and Fuel Consumption measurement required from Euro 3 stage
TA of replacement and retrofit of catalytic converter as separate technical units
Limit values for motorcycles (2-wheels) for TA and COP
Proposal for new regulation for mopeds, motorcycles, tri- and quadricycles:
A (2003) TA: 01Apr04 I (< 150cc) 5.50 1.20 0.30 Intended 1st application 01Jan13
Euro 2 FR: 01Jul05 II (≥ 150cc) 5.50 1.00 0.30 - Referencing of UN-ECE regulations should be used
I (< 150cc) 2.00 0.80 0.15 - Stepped introduction of new emissions limits for motorcycles, Euro 4 in
2012,Euro 5 in 2017, Euro 6 in 2020
B (2006) TA: 01Jan06 UDC cold 1) - Single emissions test cycle (WMTC) applicable for all L-category vehicles
Euro 3 FR: 01Jan07 II (≥ 150cc) 2.00 0.30 0.15 - Anti tampering measures introduced
UDC+EUDC cold 2) - Mandatory introduction of OBD Stage I
- Evaporative emissions requirements defined
C (2006) Alternative V max < 130 km/h 2.62 0.75 0.17 - Measurement of CO2 emissions
GTR 2 3) TA: 01Jul07 - Revised test procedure for mopeds, Euro 3 in 2012 and Euro 4 in 2015
Euro 4 TBD V max < 130 km/h 1.97 0.25 0.17 - Durability requirements
- Additional legislation for 4-wheel mini-cars, off-road quads,
Limit values for tri- and quadricycles for TA and COP hydrogen-powered motorcycles, tri- and quadricycles
A (2003) TA: 01Jan03 7.00 1.50 0.40 - Hybrid motorcycle provisions should be considered as well
- Off-road quads are excluded from this regulation
Euro 2 FR: 01Jul04 2.00 1.00 0.65 1)
Test cycle = ECE R40 (with emissions measured for all 6 modes – sampling starts at T=0)
Proposal TBD 1.00 0.25 2)
Test cycle = ECE R40 + EUDC (emissions measured for all modes – sampling starts at T=0)
with a max speed of 120 km/h
1.00 0.15 0.65 3)
UN/ECE GTR2 is an alternative TA procedure for Euro 3 stage (Directive 2002/51/EC), based
on harmonized WMTC test cycle

Motorcycles 90
 WORLDWIDE REQUIREMENTS
Proposed WMTC DRIVING CYCLE
130 130 130
120 part 1, reduced speed 120 part 2, reduced speed 120
110 part 1 110 part 2 110
100 100 100
90 90 90
Speed (k/mh)

Speed (k/mh)

Speed (k/mh)
80 80 80
70 70 70
60 60 60
part 3, reduced speed
50 50 50
40 40 40 part 3
30 30 30
20 20 20
10 10 10
0 0 0
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
Time (s) Time (s) Time (s)

CLASS 1 CLASS 2
Engine capacity ≤ 50 cm3 and 50 km/h < vmax ≤ 60 km/h subclass 1-1 Engine capacity < 150 cm3 and 100 km/h ≤ vmax < 115 km/h or
50 cm3 < engine capacity < 150 cm3 and vmax < 50 km/h subclass 1-2 Engine capacity ≥ 150 cm3 and vmax < 115 km/h subclass 2-1
Engine capacity < 150 cm3 and 50 km/h ≤ vmax 100 km/h 115 km/h ≤ vmax< 130 km/h subclass 2-2
but not including subclass 1-1 subclass 1-3 CLASS 3
130 km/h ≤ vmax < 140 km/h subclass 3-1
vmax ≥140 km/h subclass 3-2

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US FEDERAL / CALIFORNIA
US Federal Motorcycle Limits (CFR 40 Part. 86.401) California Motorcycle Limits
1980 and later vehicles: 5.0 g/km HC; 12 g/km CO on FTP-75 test. California Motorcycle Standards (LIMITS IN GRAMS/KILOMETER)
No crankcase emissions allowed. No evaporative emission regulations for Year Class Disp. HC CO HC+NOx
MY2005 and prior. EPA has adopted new regulations in line with CARB corp. ave max corp. ave max
regulations with implementation delayed by 2 years.
88-03 I & II 50-279 1.0 2.5 12
EPA New Motorcycle Standards (LIMITS IN GRAMS/KILOMETER) 88-03 IIIa 280-699 1.0 2.5 12
Year Class Disp. (cc) HC corp. ave CO HC+NOx IIIb 700+ 1.4 2.5 12
corp. ave max 04-07 III ≥ 280 12 1.4 2.5
06+ I 50-169 1.0 12 08+ III ≥ 280 12 0.8 2.5
06+ II 170-279 1.0 12 Early Introduction Incentive program avail for 2008 standard.
06-09 III ≥ 280 1.0 12 1.4 5.0 Evap: 2.0 g beginning 1986.
10+ III ≥ 280 12 0.8 5.0 Small volume manufacturers:
Regulations are fuel neutral. Until 2007 need only meet HC+NOx stand. as HC only.
Class I: 0 to 169 cc Class II: 170 to 279 cc Class III: ≥ 280 cc 2008+: HC+NOx stand. at 1.4 g/km level.
Banking and early introduction credits available.
Three wheels vehicles included if they meet the On-Highway Motorcycle criteria.
Mopeds and scooters covered under Non-Road Recreational standards.

Motorcycles 92
Other Areas of the world
Country Requirements
Brazil Mopeds: Vehicle with 2 wheels or similar equipped with 3 or 4 wheels. Engine capacity < 50 cc and top speed < 50 km/h
Motorcycles: Vehicle with 2 wheels or similar equipped with 3 or 4 wheels. Engine capacity > 50 cc and top speed > 50 km/h
Small volume manufacturer provisions available
Emissions Limits in grams/kilometer

Class Application Date Displacement (cc) Equivalent to Cycle HC NOx HC+NOx CO

Mopeds CY 03+ All Euro 1 UN-ECE Reg 47 - - 3.0 6.0
CY 05+ All Euro 2 UN-ECE Reg 47 - - 1.2 1.0
Motorcycle 1)
CY 03+ All Euro 1 UN-ECE Reg 40 3.0 0.30 - 13.0
CY 06+ < 150 cc Euro 2 UN-ECE Reg 40 1.2 0.30 - 5.5
≥ 150 cc Euro 2 UN-ECE Reg 40 1.0 0.30 - 5.5
From April 09 2) < 150 cc Euro 3 UN-ECE Reg 40 0.8 0.15 - 2.0
≥ 150 cc Euro 3 UN-ECE Reg 40 0.3 0.15 - 2.0
+ EUDC
1)
Vehicles with 3 or 4 wheels CY 05+: HC+NOx 1.5 g/km; CO: 7.0 g/km; NOx: 0.4 g/km
2)
Min diameter for emissions rolls: 40”

Motorcycles 93
Other Areas of the world
Country Requirements Country Requirements
Chile Santiago: 2009: Euro 2 or US06 PR of Without WMTC provisions, idle CO test, different max speed
2010: Euro 3 or US10 China (all bikes > 150 c: max speed 90 km/h) and diff. reference fuel
India All motorcycles: India Drive Stage 2; CO: 1.5; HC+NOx: 1.5g/km Applicable to SI motorcycles of classes L3, L4 and L5 (2 or 3
Durability: 30.000km or DFs: 1.2 wheelers of engine displacement > 50cc and max speed > 50
Bharat Stage III: from 01Apr2010 km/h fuelled by gasoline, LPG or NG)
Gasoline: Classification Limits for emission (g/km)
2-wheel: CO: 1.0; HC+NOx: 1.0 g/km CO HC NOx
3-wheel: CO: 1.25; HC+NOx: 1.25 g/km 2-wheel < 150 cc (UDC) 2.0 0.8 0.15
Gasoline DFs: 1.2
Diesel: ≥ 150 cc (UDC + EUDC) 2.0 0.3 0.15
2- and 3-wheel: CO: 0.50; HC+NOx: 0.50; PM: 0.05 g/km 3-wheel All (UDC) 4.0 1.0 0.25
Diesel DFs: CO: 1.1; HC+NOx: 1.0; PM: 1.2 Durability: < 150 cc: 12.000 km
Indonesia UN-ECE Reg 40 Step 3: HC: 3 g/km; CO: 4.5 g/km ≥ 150 cc: < 130 km/h: 18.000 km
Japan Motorcycle ≤ 125cc: ISO 6460 (ECE R40-cold start): HC: 0.5; ≥ 130 km/h: 30.000 km
CO: 2; NOx: 0.15 g/km Durability test: 11-mode procedure adapted to engine capacity
Durability: 15.000 km Mode 1-9: speed of 45 to 70 km/h; Mode 10-11: speed of 70, 90
Motorcycle > 125 cc: ISO 6460 (ECE R40- cold + EUDC cold start): Or 110 km/h
HC: 0.3; CO: 2; NOx: 0.15 g/km No assigned DF; min test mileage: 1⁄2 durability requirement
Durability: 24.000 km Evaporative requirements (GB-20998-2008)
Requirements for mopeds (GB-18716-2007)
PR of China Stage III (GB-14622-2207): similar to EU Stage 3 Beijing: 2 and 4-stroke motorcycles: CO: 3.5; HC+NOx: 2 g/km
China TA: 01 Jul 08; FR: 01 Jul 09 Durability: 15.000 km
With specific stage III for 3-wheelers Test cycle: UN-ECE Reg 40

Motorcycles 94
Other Areas of the world
Country Requirements
Singapore All motorcycles: FTP: CO: 12 g/km; HC+NOx: 5 g/km
South ≤ 50 cc: Euro 1 – Test cycle: ECE R47
Korea > 50 cc 2-stroke: Euro 1 – Test cycle: ECE R40
> 500cc 4-stroke: Euro 1 – Test cycle: ECE R40
Durability for all: 6.000 km
Switzerland Euro 3
Taiwan CNS cold start (ECE R40 cold start test excl. 0-40 sec idle)
≤ 700 cc 2-stroke: CO: 7 g/km; HC+NOx: 1 g/km
≤ 700 cc 4-stroke: CO: 7 g/km; HC+NOx: 2 g/km
> 700 cc 2 or 4-stroke: CO: 12 g/km; HC+NOx: 2 g/km
Durability: all: 15.000 km
2-stroke motorcycle phase-out project by incentives over next
3 years (2008-2010)
Fuel economy standards required, based on eng. displacement
Thailand From end of 2008: Euro III
Vietnam Moped: ECE R47
CO: 1 g/km; HC+NOx: 1.2 g/km
Motorcycle: ECE R40
CO: 3.5 g/km; HC+Nox: 2 g/km

Motorcycles 95
GLOSSARY
AMA Accelerated Mileage Accumulation IUPR In-Use Performance Ratio SHED Sealed House for Evaporation Determination
ASM Acceleration Simulation Mode LBS Pounds (1 lb = 454 g) TA Type Approval
BV Bed Volume LDT Light Duty Trucks UDDS Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule
CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy (US) LLDT Light Light Duty Trucks VT SHED Variable Temperature SHED
COP Conformity of Production LVW Loaded Vehicle Weight WC Working Cycle
CWF Carbon Weight Fraction (US) MDPV Medium Duty Passenger Vehicle
DF Deterioration Factor MIL Malfunction Indication Lamp
DI Direct Injection MTBE Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS
EOBD European Union On-board Diagnostic NHV Net Heating Value of Fuel (US) PAGE 32 LEV, TLEV, ULEV, SULEV, ZEV
EUDC Extra Urban Driving Cycle NMHC Non-Methane Hydrocarbons PAGE 34 NEV, PZEV, AT-PZEV, CEV, FFEV, HEV
Evap Evaporative Emissions NMOG Non-Methane Organic Gases
FAME Fatty Acid Methyl Esters NYCC New York City Cycle ADMINISTRATIONS & ASSOCIATIONS
FC Fuel Consumption (EU) OBD On-board Diagnostic ACEA European Car Manufacturer Association
FE Fuel Economy (US) ORVR On-board Refuelling Vapour Recovery CARB California Air Resources Board
FR First Registration, entry into service PM Particulate Matter ECE Economic Commission for Europe
FTP Federal Test Procedure RAFs Reactivity Adjustment Factors EPA US Environmental Protection Agency
GHG Greenhouse Gas RM Reference Mass EU European Union
GVW Gross Vehicle Weight SEA Selective Enforcement Audit MVEG Motor Vehicle Emissions Group,
GVWR Gross Vehicle Weight Rating SG Specific Gravity of Fuel (US) advisory expert committee to the EU
IDI Indirect Diesel Injection SI Spark Ignition commission

96
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Delphi World Headquarters Delphi Asia Pacific Regional Headquarters Delphi is pleased to offer free of charge to our customers
and Customer Center #118, De Lin Road our Worldwide Emissions Standards Booklets.
5725 Delphi Drive Wai Gao Qiao Free Trade Zone, Pudong
Troy, Michigan 48098-2815 Shanghai, 200131 An electronic version of this booklet is also available on
USA China our website:
Tel: (1) 248.813.2000 Tel: (86) 21.2896.8866 delphi.com/emissions-pc
Fax: (1) 248.813.2673 Fax: (86) 21.5046.3937 For any Worldwide Emissions Regulation Information,
please call our emissions expert on: (352) 5018-4370
Delphi European Regional Delphi South American
or e-mail: [email protected]
Headquarters and Customer Regional Headquarters
Technical Center Av. Goiás, 1860
Avenue de Luxembourg São Caetano do Sul
L - 4940 Bascharage São Paulo 09550-050
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Tel: (352) 50.18.1 Tel: (55) 11.4234.9500
Fax: (352) 50.18.22.88 Fax: (55) 11.4234.9628 www.delphi.com

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