Intermediate Practicals

Part 1
Physics
Experiment No. 1 To find the volume of a cylinder using Vernier Callipers.

Observations and Calculations:

Value of the smallest main scale division = x = 0.1 cm

No. of division on the vernier scale = y = 20

Vernier constant (V.C) = X/Y = 0.1/20 = 0.005 cm

Zero Error = Nil

Zero correction = -/+ Nil

No. of obs. Quantity to Main scale Vernier Total reading

be reading division Fraction to
measured coinciding be added
with any Observed Corrected
main scale
division
X1 n ∆x = n x V.C X = x1 + ∆x X ± zero
correction
cm div cm cm cm
1 Length of 3.8 5 0.025 3.825 3.825
2 cylinder 3.8 0 0 3.8 3.8
3 3.8 7 0.035 3.835 3.835
1 Diameter of 0.9 14 0.07 0.97 0.97
2 cylinder 0.9 12 0.06 0.096 0.096
3 0.9 15 0.075 0.975 0.975

Mean length of cylinder = L = 3.82 cm

Mean Diameter of cylinder = D = 0.968 cm

Radius of cylinder = R = D/2 = 0.484 cm

Volume of cylinder = V = πr2L = 2.80 cm3

Experiment No. 2 To find (a) Area of cross-section of a wire and

(b) Volume of a small sphere using micrometer screw guage

Observation and Calculations:

Pitch of screw gauge = x =1mm = 0.5 mm

No. of divisions on circular scale = y =50 div
Least Count (L.C) = 0.01mm
Zero Error = -0.01mm
Zero Correction (Z.C) = +0.01 mm
a) Area of cross-section were:

No. of obs. Linear scale Circular scale Fraction to be Total Diameter

reading division added Observed Corrected
coinciding
with any linear
scale division
R’ n X =n x L.C R = R’ + x D = R ±Z.C
mm div mm mm mm
1 1 49 0.49 1.49 1.5
2 1 45 0.45 1.45 1.46
3 1 48 0.48 1.48 1.49
4 1 46 0.46 1.46 1.47

Mean diameter = D = 1.48 mm

Radius r = D/2 = 0.74 mm
Area of cross-section of the wire = A =π r2 = 1.719 mm2
No. of obs. Linear scale Circular scale Fraction to be Total Diameter
reading division added Observed Corrected
coinciding
with any linear
scale division
’
R n X =n x L.C R = R’ + x D = R ±Z.C
mm div mm mm mm
1 6.5 30 0.3 6.8 6.8
2 6.5 30 0.3 6.8 6.8
3 6.5 30 0.3 6.8 6.8
4 6.5 30 0.3 6.8 6.8
Mean Diameter of small sphere = D = 6.8 mm

Radius = r = D/2 = 3.4 mm

Volume of small sphere =V =4/3 π r3 = 164.35 mm3

Experiment No. 3 To find the unknown weight of a body by the method of vector addition of
forces.

Observations and Calculations:

No. of Forces Angles Vertical Resultant of vertical Unknown weight

obs. components of components
forces
P Q Θ1 Θ2 P sin Q sin Θ2 R = P sin Θ1 + Q sin Θ2 W=R
Θ1
g-wt g-wt deg deg g-wt g-wt g-wt g-wt
1 60 60 42 41 40.1 39.5 79.6 80
2 80 80 30 30 41 40 80 80
3 100 100 26 21 44 36 80 80
Mean value of unknown weight = w = 80 g-wt
Experiment No. 4 Verification of following relations of the simple pendulum

a) Time period is independent of the amplitude ,when length is constant

Observation and Calculation:

Diameter of bob with vernier callipers = d = 1.92 cm

Radius of the bob = r = d/2 = 0.96 cm
Length of the simple pendulum (length of the pendulum +thread + hook+radius) =L = 100.96 cm

No. of obs. Amplitude time for 20 vibrations Time period

X t1 t2 t = (t1 + t2)/2 T = t/20
cm s s s s
1 6 41 41.1 41.05 2.05
2 8 41.1 41.2 41.1 2.05
3 10 41 41.3 41.2 2.05
4 12 41.1 41.4 41.15 2.05

b) Time period is independent of its mass, amplitude and length is constant.

Diameter of 1st bob = d1 = 1.92 cm
Radius of 1st bob = r1 = 0.96 cm
Diameter of 2nd bob = d2 = 1.5 cm
Radius of 2nd bob = d3 = 0.725 cm

No. of obs. Mass of Length of time for 20 vibrations Time period

the bob simple t1 t2 t = (t1 + t2)/2 T = t/20
m pendulum
l = l1 + r
g cm s s s s
1 mass 100.96 41 41.1 41.05 2.05
2 mass 100.90 41.1 41.2 41.1 2.05
3 mass 100.76 41 41.3 41.2 2.05
4 mass 100.61 41.1 41.4 41.15 2.05
,
 c) Time period is directly prortional to square root of length ,amplitude and
mass is constant
The deameter of the bob = d = 1.92 cm
The radius of the bob =r = 0.96 cm

No. Length of Length of simple Time for 20 vibrations Time T/√l

of thread +hook pendulum period =constant
obs. l1 l = l1 + r t1 t2 t 1 +t 2 T =t/20
t=
2
cm cm s s s s s/cm-1/2
1 89.04 90 38.4 38.5 38.45 1.92 0.203
2 79.04 80 36.4 36.35 36.35 1.82 0.203
3 69.04 70 34.20 34.19 34.19 1.71 0.203
Experiment No 5 To find the acceleration due to gravity by oscillating mass spring system.

Observation and calculation:

Initial position of the pointer = 0 cm

No of Mass Extension Time for 20 vibrations Time T2 Acceleration

obs suspended in the period due to
m spring gravity
x t1 t2 t 1 +t 2 T =t/20 4π
2
t= g= 2 x
2 T
−2
g cm s s s s 2
s cm s
1. 100 2.35 6.1 6.2 6.15 0.307 0.095 975.57
2. 150 7.9 11.5 11.5 11.5 0.575 0.330 942.25
3. 200 11 13.6 13.6 13.6 0.68 0.462 938.25
4. 250 14 15.09 15.10 15.10 0.755 0.754 970

Mean value of g = 957 cm s−2

Actual value = 980 cm s−2

Actual value−calculated value

Percentage error = × 100 %
actual value

980−957
= × 100 = 2.3 %
980
Experiment No 6 To verify the second condition of equilibrium using a suspended meter rod.

Observations and calculations:

Position of centre of gravity of meter rod = G = 50 cm

Weight of the meter rod = w = 150 g-wt

Axis of rotation of the meter rod = O = 0 cm

Zero error of spring balance S1 = Nill

Zero error of spring balance S1 = Nill

No of Forces Moment arm Torque about G ƩƬ =

obs P Q F=W OA OB OG Counter Counter clockwise Ƭ1+ Ƭ2
+w clockwise clockwis Ƭ3=F×OG - Ƭ3
Ƭ1=P×OA e
Ƭ2=Q×OB
g-wt g-wt g-wt cm cm cm g-wt cm g-wt cm g-wt cm g-wt
cm
1. 100 100 200 10 90 50 1000 9000 10000 0
2. 125 125 250 5 95 50 625 11875 12500 0
3. 80 80 160 15 85 50 1200 6800 8500 500
Experiment No 7 To determine the wave length of sound in ar using stationary waves and to
calculate the speed of sound by one resonance position and applying end
correction.

Observations and Calculations:

Internal diameter of the tube D = i) 1.5 cm ii) 1.5 cm

Mean diameter = D = 1.5 cm

End correction = 0.3 D = 0.3 × 1.5 = 0.45 cm

Lab temperature at start of experiment = t 1 = 25o C

Lab temperature at end of experiment = t 2 = 25o C

t 1 +t 2
Mean Lab temperature =t= = 25o C
2

No of obs Frequency Resonance position Length of Vt = f λ

Falling Rising L +L resonating =4f x l
L= 1 2 air column
2
f L1 L2 l = L + 0.3D
hertz cm cm cm cm cm/s
1 512 15.2 15.3 15.25 16.50 33798.1
2 512 15.6 15.8 15-7 16.15 333075.2
3 480 16.6 16.8 16.7 17.15. 32928
4 480 16.8 16.7 16.6 17.05 32736

Mean value of velocity of sound at lab temp. = Vt = 33134 cm/s

Velocity of sound at 00 C = V0 = Vt – 61t

Vt = 31609 cm/s
Experiment No. 7(b) To determine the wavelength of sound in air using stationary waves
and to calculate of speed of sound by using two resonance position.

Observations and Calculations:

Lab temperature at the start of experiment = t1 = 25 0C

Lab temperature at the end of experiment = t2 = 25 0C

Mean Lab temperature = t = (t1 + t2)/2 = 250 C

No of Frequency First position of resonance second position of resonance length v t=2 fl

obs f Falling Rising L A + LB Falling Rising L A + LB l = λ/2
L = L =
LA LB 1
2 LA LB 2
2 =
L2−L1
Hz cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm/s
1. 512 15.2 15.3 15.25 48.4 48.2 48.3 33.03 33825
2. 512 15.6 15.8 15.7 50.6 50.7 50.65 34.95 35788
3. 480 16.6 16.8 16.7 52.8 52.9 52.85 36.1 34656
4. 480 16.8 16.7 16.7 53 53 53 36.35 34896

Mean value of velocity of sound at lab temperature = v t = cm/s

Velocity of sound at 0 0C = v o=v t−61 t

= 33588 cm/s

Actual value = 33200 cm/s

33200−C .V
Percentage error = ×100 % = -1.1%
33200
Experiment No 8 To find the refractive index of the material of a prism by critical angle method.

Observations and calculations:

No of Obs ˂PMQ 1
Critical Angle = ˂ PMQ
2
degrees degrees
1. 81 40.5
2. 79 39.5
3. 83 41.5
4. 80 40

Mean critical angle of prism = C = 40.3o

Refractive index 0f glass prism = n = 1/sinC = 1.54

Experiment No 9 To find the refractive index of a liquid, using a concave mirror.

Observations and Calculations:

Approximate focal length of first concave mirror f1 = 16 cm

Approximate focal length of first concave mirror f2 = 13 cm

No of obs Height of the needle from the surface of mirror Refractive index of
after removing the parallax water
h1
n=
h2
without water with water
cm cm
1. 25.4 19.1 1.33
2. 28 21.5 1.30
3. 23 17 1.35
4. 29 22 1.32

Mean refractive ndex of water = n = 1.33

Intermediate Practicals
Part 2
Physics
Experiment No. 1 To find specific resistance of a wire by using slide wire bridge.

Observations and Calculations:

Least count of the screw guage = 0.01 mm = 0.001 cm

Diameter of the given wire:

i. 0.088 cm ii. 0.088 cm iii. 0.088 cm

Mean diameter = d= 0.088 cm

d
Radius of the wire = = r= 0.044 cm
2

Length of the wire = L = 100 cm

No. of Resistance taken out from Length AB = l1 Length BC = l2 = l2

X=R×
obs resistance box R 100 – l1 l1
Ohm Cm cm ohm
1 2 24.5 75.5 6.1
2 4 25.1 74.9 11.8
3 5 26.5 73.5 13.8
Mean resistance X = 10.57 ohm

X 10.57
Specific resistance = ρ = × π r2 = × 3.14 × (0.044)2
L 100

= 6.4 × 10−4 ohm-m

 Experiment No. 2 To find the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
Also find the current for full scale deflection.

Observations and Calculations:

No. Resistance Deflection of Shunt Half R-S R ×S Resistance of

of from H.R.B galvanomete resistance deflection galvanometer
Obs. R r S θ G=
θ 2 R×S
R−S
Ohm div. Ohm div. Ohm Ohm2 ohm
1. 4500 30 120 15 4380 540000 123.2
2. 4800 28 120 14 4680 576000 123
3. 5100 26 120 13 4980 612000 122.8
4. 5400 24 120 12 5280 648000 122.7
5. 5700 22 120 11 5580 684000 122.5
Mean value = G = 122.8 ohms

E 1.5
Current for full scale deflection = I g= = = 3.2 × 10−4 A
R +G 4500+122.8
Experiment No. 3: To find the resistance of voltmeter by graphical method.

Observations and Calculations:

No. of Resistance from H.R.B Voltmeter reading 1

obs. R V V
Ohm Volt Volt-1
1. 0 2.8 35 × 10−2
2. 500 2.4 41 × 10−2
3. 1000 2.1 47 × 10−2
4. 1500 1.9 52 × 10−2
5. 2000 1.7 58 × 10−2
6. 2500 1.6 62 × 10−2

From the graph:

The intercept on x – axis = Resistance of the voltmeter

RV = 3050 ohm
Experiment No. 4 To investigate relation between current and capacitance when different
capacitors are used in A.C. circuit.

Observations and Calculations:

No. of obs. Capacitance of Current I / C = constant

capacitor I
C
µF mA mA/ µF
1. 10 × 10−5 3 × 10−3 0.3 × 103
2. 22 × 10−5 8.3 × 10−3 0.37 × 103
3. 33 × 10−5 13 × 10−3 0.39 × 103
4. 47 × 10−5 19 × 10−3 0.40 × 103
5. 57 × 10−5 20 × 10−3 0.35 × 103
6. 80 × 10−5 22 × 10−3 0.27 × 103
Experiment No. 5: To study the variation of electric current with intensity of light using a
photocell.

Observations and Calculations:

No. of Distance of lamp from photo- Microammeter 1 I × d2 = constant

obs. cell reading d
2

d I
Cm µA cm-2 µA cm-2
1. 80 25 15 × 10−5 160000
2. 70 30 20 × 10−5 147000
3. 60 45 27 × 10−5 162000
4. 50 60 40 × 10−5 150000
5. 40 95 62 × 10−5 152000
6. 30 160 111 × 10−5 144000
Experiment No. 6: To investigate the relation between current passing through tungsten
filament lamp and the potential difference applied across it.

Observations and Calculations;

No. of Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading R = V/I

obs. V I
Volt mA ohm
1. 2 0.2 10
2. 2.5 0.4 6.25
3. 6 0.8 7.5
4. 11.5 1.2 9.6
5. 13.5 1.5 9
6. 14.5 1.7 8.52
Experiment No. 7: To determine the emf of a cell using a potentiometer.

Observations and Calculations:

Emf of cell E1 by voltmeter = E1 = 1.5 volts

Emf of cell E2 by voltmeter = E2 = 1.5 volts

No. of Balancing length with cell E1 = I1 Balancing length with cell E2 = E2= E1 l 1 /l 2
obs. I2
cm Cm Volt
1. 332 333 1.6
2. 329 332 1.5
3. 328 331 1.5
4. 327 329 1.5

Mean emf of cell = E2 = 1.525 volts

¿
Error in emf of E2 = ( Actual value of E2−Calculated value of E 2)¿ (Actual value of E ) × 100%
2

1.5−1.525
= × 100%
1.5

= -1.67 %
Experiment No. 8: To verify truth table of fundamental logic gate