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EX0402

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igualdi53
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MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 4th Ed.

Example 4-2-1

EXAMPLE 4-2

Determining Plane Stresses Using Mohr's Circles


Problem: A biaxial stress element as shown in Figure 4-2 has the given stress components. Use Mohr's
circles to determine the principal stresses. Check the result with a numerical method.
Given: Normal stresses σx  40 ksi σy  20 ksi
Shear stress τxy  10 ksi ccw

Solution: See Figures 4-2 and 4-6, and Mathcad file EX0402.
1. Construct the Mohr-plane axes as shown in Figure 4-6 and label them  and .
2. Lay off the given applied stress x (as line OA) to scale along the normal stress (horizontal) axis. Note that x
is a tensile (positive) stress in this example.
3. Lay off the given applied stress y (as line OB) to scale along the normal stress axis. Note that y is also a
tensile (positive) stress in this example and so lies in the same direction as x along the  axis.

4. Figure 4-2 shows that the shear stresses xy create a ccw couple on the element. This couple is baklanced for
equilibrium by the cw couple provided by the shear stresses yx. Recall that both these shear stresses, xy
and yx , are equal according to equation 4.2 and are positive according to the stress sign convention. But,
instead of using the stress sign convention, they are plotted on the Mohr circle according to the rotation
that they imply to the element, using Mohr's left-handed sign convention of cw+ and ccw-.
5. Draw a vertical line downward (ccw-) from the tip of x (as line AC) to represent the scaled magnitude of xy.
Draw a vertical line upward (cw+) from the tip of y (as line BD) to represent the scaled magnitude of yx.
6. The diameter of one Mohr's circle is the distance from point C to point D. Line AB bisects CD. Draw the circle
using this intersection as the center and the distance from the intersection to C or D as the radius.
σx  σy
Center at σcent  σcent  30 ksi
2

2
 σx  σy  2
Radius R     τxy R  14.142 ksi
 2 
7. Two of the three principal normal stresses are then found at the two intersections that this Mohr's circle makes
with the normal stress axis at points P1 and P2:

σ1  σcent  R σ1  44.142 ksi

σ2  σcent  R σ2  15.858 ksi

Note that if we stop at this point, the maximum shear stress appears to be
τ12  R τ12  14.142 ksi
as defined by the projection of a horizontal tangent from the top of one circle to the  axis, as shown in Figure
4-6b.
8. Since there were no applied stresses in the z direction in this example, it is a 2-D stress state and the third
principal stress, 3, is known to be zero, thus is located at point O, also labeled P3.
σ3  0  ksi

9. There are still two other Mohr's circles to be drawn. The three Mohr's circles are defined by the diameters
(1 - 3), (1 - 2), and (2 - 3), which in this case, are the lines P1P3, P1P2, and P2P3 as shown in Figure
4-6.

EX0402.xmcd
MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 4th Ed. Example 4-2-2

10. Extend horizontal tangent lines from the top and bottom extremes of each Mohr's circle to intersect the shear
(vertical) axis. This determines the value of the principal shear stress associated with each pair of principal
normal stresses:

σ1  σ3
τ13  τ13  22.071 ksi
2
σ1  σ2
τ12  τ12  14.142 ksi
2
σ2  σ3
τ23  τ23  7.929 ksi
2

The largest of these is τmax  τ13 , not the value τ12  14.142 ksi found in step 7.

11. Note that it is always the circle lying between the largest and smallest principal stresses that determines the
maximum shear stress. In the previous example the zero principla stress was not the smallest of the three
because one principal stress was negative. In the present example, the zero principal stress is the smallest.
Thus, failing to draw all three circles would have lead to a serious error in the value of τmax  22.071 ksi .

EX0402.xmcd

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