‭ on-Intrusive Machine Vision-Based‬

N
‭Drowsy Driver Detection/Alert System‬
‭With Navigation‬
‭Harshit Rojra‬‭1‬ ‭, Rohit Tiwari‬‭2‭,‬ Rahul K. Jha‬‭3‬‭, Arun Singh‬‭4‭,‬ Deepika Yadav‬‭5‬
‭Dept. of Computer Science,‬
‭Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, New Delhi‬
‭GGSIPU‬

‭ bstract:‬ ‭The‬ ‭prevention‬ ‭of‬ ‭drowsiness-related‬

A i‭n‬ ‭injuries‬ ‭and‬ ‭fatalities‬ ‭[18],‬ ‭according‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬
‭accidents‬‭has‬‭become‬‭a‬‭crucial‬ ‭problem‬‭in‬‭the‬‭realm‬ ‭National‬ ‭Highway‬ ‭Traffic‬ ‭Safety‬ ‭Administration‬
‭of‬‭accident‬‭prevention‬‭systems.‬‭Effective‬‭measures‬‭to‬ ‭(NHTSA).‬ ‭Traditional‬ ‭drowsiness‬ ‭detection‬
‭prevent‬ ‭drowsiness‬ ‭while‬ ‭driving‬ ‭necessitate‬ ‭an‬
‭methods,‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭EEG‬ ‭and‬ ‭ECG,‬‭have‬‭limitations‬
‭accurate‬ ‭perception‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver's‬ ‭deteriorating‬
‭in‬ ‭terms‬ ‭of‬ ‭practicality‬ ‭and‬ ‭real-time‬
‭vigilance‬ ‭as‬ ‭well‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬ ‭mechanism‬ ‭for‬ ‭alerting‬ ‭and‬
‭revitalising‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver.‬ ‭This‬ ‭paper‬ ‭describes‬ ‭a‬ ‭implementation in driving scenarios [14] [15].‬
‭non-intrusive‬ ‭system‬ ‭for‬ ‭detecting‬ ‭drowsy‬ ‭drivers‬
‭that‬‭employs‬‭machine‬‭concepts.‬ ‭This‬‭device‬‭utilises‬‭a‬ ‭ o‬ ‭address‬ ‭this‬ ‭issue,‬ ‭non-intrusive‬ ‭and‬ ‭real-time‬
T
‭tiny‬ ‭black-and-white‬ ‭surveillance‬ ‭camera‬ ‭positioned‬ ‭drowsy‬ ‭driver‬ ‭detection‬ ‭systems‬ ‭have‬ ‭gained‬
‭to‬ ‭capture‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver's‬ ‭facial‬ ‭features‬ ‭as‬ ‭well‬ ‭as‬ ‭attention‬ ‭in‬ ‭recent‬ ‭years.‬ ‭These‬ ‭systems‬ ‭utilise‬
‭monitor‬‭their‬‭eyes,‬‭enabling‬‭fatigue‬‭detection.‬‭If‬‭there‬ ‭machine‬ ‭vision‬ ‭techniques‬ ‭to‬ ‭monitor‬ ‭the‬ ‭eyes‬ ‭of‬
‭are‬‭signs‬‭of‬‭fatigue,‬‭the‬‭system‬‭issues‬‭a‬‭warning‬‭signal‬
‭the‬‭driver‬‭and‬‭precisely‬‭assess‬‭their‬‭level‬‭of‬‭fatigue.‬
‭in‬ ‭order‬‭to‬‭notify‬‭the‬‭driver.‬‭This‬‭paper‬‭presents‬‭the‬
‭By‬ ‭analysing‬ ‭specific‬ ‭visual‬ ‭cues,‬ ‭such‬‭as‬‭closing‬
‭proposed‬ ‭method‬ ‭for‬ ‭eye‬ ‭detection‬ ‭and‬ ‭determining‬
‭the‬‭condition‬‭of‬‭the‬‭eyes,‬‭such‬‭as‬‭the‬‭extent‬‭to‬‭which‬ ‭the‬ ‭eyes‬ ‭and‬ ‭yawning,‬ ‭the‬ ‭system‬ ‭will‬ ‭be‬ ‭able‬ ‭to‬
‭they‬ ‭are‬ ‭open‬ ‭or‬ ‭closed.‬ ‭The‬ ‭system‬ ‭uses‬ ‭image‬ ‭assess‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver's‬ ‭level‬ ‭of‬ ‭alertness‬ ‭and‬ ‭issue‬
‭contour‬ ‭information‬ ‭to‬ ‭locate‬ ‭the‬ ‭facial‬ ‭edges,‬ ‭timely‬ ‭warnings‬ ‭to‬ ‭prevent‬ ‭accidents‬ ‭caused‬ ‭by‬
‭narrowing‬ ‭down‬ ‭the‬ ‭region‬ ‭where‬ ‭the‬ ‭eyes‬ ‭are‬ ‭drowsiness.‬
‭located.‬ ‭By‬ ‭computing‬ ‭the‬ ‭eye‬ ‭contour,‬ ‭the‬ ‭system‬
‭successfully‬ ‭identifies‬ ‭the‬ ‭eyes.‬ ‭Through‬ ‭binary‬ ‭ he‬ ‭primary‬ ‭goal‬ ‭of‬ ‭this‬ ‭research‬ ‭paper‬ ‭is‬ ‭to‬
T
‭conversion‬ ‭and‬ ‭counting‬ ‭the‬ ‭bright‬ ‭pixels‬‭in‬‭the‬‭eye‬
‭present‬ ‭a‬ ‭novel,‬ ‭non-intrusive‬ ‭drowsy‬ ‭driver‬
‭area,‬‭the‬‭system‬‭determines‬‭the‬‭condition‬‭of‬‭the‬‭eyes,‬
‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭whether‬ ‭they‬ ‭are‬ ‭fully‬ ‭or‬ ‭partially‬ ‭open‬ ‭or‬
‭detection‬ ‭system‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬ ‭machine‬ ‭vision‬
‭closed.‬‭Additionally,‬‭the‬‭facial‬‭recognition‬‭system‬‭can‬ ‭concepts.‬ ‭The‬ ‭system‬ ‭employs‬ ‭a‬ ‭small‬
‭detect‬ ‭cases‬ ‭where‬ ‭the‬ ‭eyes‬ ‭cannot‬ ‭be‬ ‭found‬ ‭and‬ ‭monochrome‬ ‭security‬ ‭camera‬ ‭that‬ ‭is‬ ‭positioned‬‭to‬
‭operates‬ ‭effectively‬ ‭under‬ ‭reasonable‬ ‭lighting‬ ‭photograph‬‭the‬‭driver's‬‭face,‬‭with‬‭a‬‭particular‬‭focus‬
‭conditions.‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭eyes.‬ ‭By‬ ‭analysing‬ ‭the‬ ‭condition‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬
‭driver's‬ ‭eyes‬ ‭in‬ ‭real-time,‬ ‭the‬ ‭system‬ ‭can‬ ‭detect‬
‭ eywords:‬ ‭drowsy‬ ‭driver‬ ‭detection,‬ ‭fatigue‬ ‭detection,‬
K ‭signs‬‭of‬‭drowsiness‬‭and‬‭alert‬‭the‬‭driver‬‭to‬‭take‬‭the‬
‭machine vision, eye detection, warning system‬ ‭necessary‬ ‭actions.‬ ‭eye‬ ‭tracking‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬ ‭crucial‬
‭indicator of driver fatigue [2].‬
‭I.‬ ‭Introduction‬
‭ u‬ ‭Xun‬ ‭presented‬ ‭an‬ ‭integrated‬ ‭approach‬ ‭for‬
Y
‭non-intrusive‬ ‭detection‬ ‭of‬ ‭driver‬ ‭drowsiness.‬ ‭This‬
‭ rowsy‬ ‭driving‬ ‭has‬ ‭been‬ ‭shown‬ ‭to‬ ‭be‬ ‭a‬ ‭major‬
D
‭study‬‭emphasised‬‭the‬‭combination‬‭of‬‭multiple‬‭cues,‬
‭cause‬ ‭of‬ ‭road‬ ‭accidents,‬ ‭posing‬ ‭a‬ ‭serious‬ ‭risk‬ ‭to‬
‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭eye‬ ‭closure‬ ‭duration‬ ‭and‬‭head‬‭movement,‬
‭public‬‭safety‬‭and‬‭health.‬ ‭Drowsy‬‭driving‬‭causes‬‭a‬
‭to‬ ‭improve‬ ‭the‬ ‭accuracy‬ ‭of‬ ‭fatigue‬ ‭detection‬ ‭[3].‬
‭significant‬‭number‬‭of‬‭accidents‬‭each‬‭year,‬‭resulting‬
‭Sengupta‬‭et‬‭al.‬ ‭developed‬‭a‬‭multimodal‬‭system‬‭for‬
i‭ncreased‬‭alertness‬‭levels‬‭due‬‭to‬‭cognitive‬‭loading.‬ I‭ n‬‭addition‬‭to‬‭academic‬‭studies,‬‭respectable‬‭sources‬
‭Their‬ ‭research‬ ‭considered‬ ‭physiological‬ ‭and‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭the‬ ‭National‬ ‭Highway‬ ‭Traffic‬ ‭Safety‬
‭behavioural‬ ‭indicators,‬ ‭including‬ ‭eye‬ ‭movement‬ ‭Administration‬ ‭(NHTSA)‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭National‬ ‭Sleep‬
‭patterns‬ ‭and‬ ‭heart‬ ‭rate‬ ‭variability,‬ ‭to‬ ‭accurately‬ ‭Foundation‬ ‭have‬ ‭provided‬ ‭useful‬ ‭information‬ ‭on‬
‭assess driver alertness [4].‬ ‭sleepy‬ ‭driving.‬ ‭Several‬ ‭groups‬ ‭have‬ ‭increased‬
‭awareness‬‭about‬‭the‬‭dangers‬‭of‬‭tiredness‬‭behind‬‭the‬
‭wheel‬ ‭and‬ ‭issued‬ ‭suggestions‬ ‭for‬ ‭avoiding‬ ‭sleepy‬
‭II.‬ ‭Literature Survey‬
‭driving accidents.‬

‭ he‬ ‭literature‬ ‭survey‬ ‭reveals‬ ‭a‬ ‭comprehensive‬

T
d‭ evelopment‬ ‭of‬ ‭non-intrusive‬ ‭drowsy‬ ‭driver‬
‭understanding‬ ‭of‬ ‭existing‬ ‭research‬ ‭and‬
‭detection‬ ‭systems.‬ ‭These‬ ‭studies‬ ‭explore‬ ‭various‬
‭advancements‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭field‬ ‭of‬ ‭drowsy‬ ‭driver‬
‭techniques,‬ ‭including‬ ‭eye‬ ‭tracking,‬ ‭yawning‬
‭detection.‬ ‭Several‬ ‭studies‬ ‭have‬ ‭focused‬ ‭on‬
‭analysis,‬ ‭multimodal‬ ‭approaches,‬ ‭and‬ ‭automatic‬
‭developing‬ ‭effective‬ ‭methods‬ ‭utilising‬ ‭machine‬
‭face‬ ‭segmentation.‬ ‭The‬ ‭knowledge‬ ‭gathered‬ ‭from‬
‭vision‬ ‭techniques‬ ‭to‬ ‭address‬ ‭the‬ ‭critical‬ ‭issue‬ ‭of‬
‭these‬ ‭studies‬ ‭helps‬ ‭to‬ ‭create‬ ‭drowsiness‬ ‭detection‬
‭drowsy driving.‬
‭systems‬ ‭that‬ ‭are‬ ‭more‬ ‭dependable‬ ‭and‬ ‭efficient,‬
‭which eventually increases road safety.‬
‭ olić‬ ‭et‬ ‭al.‬ ‭proposed‬ ‭a‬ ‭practical‬ ‭approach‬ ‭for‬
Č
‭designing‬ ‭and‬ ‭implementing‬ ‭a‬ ‭driver‬ ‭drowsiness‬
I‭ n‬ ‭conclusion,‬ ‭the‬ ‭literature‬ ‭surveys‬ ‭underscores‬
‭detection‬ ‭system‬ ‭using‬‭machine‬‭vision‬‭techniques.‬
‭the‬ ‭significance‬ ‭of‬ ‭non-‬ ‭intrusive‬ ‭machine‬ ‭vision‬
‭Their‬ ‭work‬ ‭emphasised‬ ‭the‬ ‭importance‬ ‭of‬
‭techniques‬ ‭in‬ ‭addressing‬ ‭drowsy‬ ‭driving.‬
‭non-intrusive‬ ‭methods‬ ‭that‬ ‭enable‬ ‭real-time‬
‭Researchers‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭Čolić‬ ‭et‬ ‭al.,‬ ‭Murukesh‬ ‭and‬
‭monitoring‬ ‭of‬ ‭driver‬ ‭fatigue‬ ‭levels‬ ‭[1].‬ ‭Murukesh‬
‭Padmanabhan,‬ ‭Xiao‬ ‭Fan‬ ‭et‬ ‭al.,‬ ‭and‬‭Lingling‬‭Li‬‭et‬
‭and‬ ‭Padmanabhan‬ ‭explored‬ ‭drowsiness‬ ‭detection‬
‭al.,‬ ‭have‬ ‭explored‬ ‭innovative‬ ‭methods,‬ ‭including‬
‭for‬ ‭drivers‬ ‭using‬ ‭computer‬ ‭vision.‬ ‭Their‬ ‭research‬
‭yawning‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭and‬ ‭facial‬ ‭feature‬ ‭tracking,‬ ‭to‬
‭highlighted the significance of accurate‬
‭enhance‬ ‭the‬ ‭reliability‬ ‭of‬ ‭drowsy‬‭driver‬‭detection.‬
‭Additionally‬‭contributions‬‭from‬‭Viola‬‭and‬‭Jones‬‭in‬
‭ iao‬ ‭fan‬ ‭et‬ ‭al.‬ ‭and‬ ‭Lingling‬ ‭Li‬ ‭et‬ ‭al.‬‭investigated‬
X ‭object‬ ‭detection‬ ‭and‬ ‭with‬ ‭insights‬ ‭from‬ ‭reputable‬
‭yawning‬ ‭detection‬ ‭methods‬ ‭for‬ ‭monitoring‬ ‭driver‬ ‭resources‬ ‭like‬ ‭NHTSA‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭National‬ ‭Sleep‬
‭fatigue,‬ ‭recognizing‬ ‭its‬ ‭strong‬ ‭correlation‬ ‭with‬ ‭Foundation,‬ ‭collectively‬ ‭contribute‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬
‭drowsiness.‬ ‭These‬ ‭studies‬ ‭emphasised‬ ‭the‬ ‭development‬ ‭of‬ ‭efficient‬ ‭and‬ ‭dependable‬
‭importance‬ ‭of‬ ‭integrating‬ ‭yawning‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭with‬ ‭non-intrusive‬ ‭systems,‬ ‭ultimately‬ ‭advancing‬ ‭road‬
‭other‬ ‭visual‬ ‭cues‬ ‭for‬ ‭reliable‬ ‭fatigue‬ ‭detection‬‭[5]‬ ‭safety.‬
‭[6].‬ ‭An‬ ‭innovative‬ ‭technique‬ ‭for‬ ‭automatic‬ ‭face‬
‭segmentation,‬ ‭extraction‬ ‭of‬ ‭facial‬ ‭features,‬ ‭and‬
‭tracking‬ ‭was‬ ‭put‬ ‭forth‬ ‭by‬ ‭Karin‬ ‭Sobottka‬ ‭and‬ ‭III.‬ ‭Design Requirement‬
‭Ioannis‬ ‭Pitas.‬ ‭Their‬ ‭work‬ ‭provided‬ ‭valuable‬
‭insights‬ ‭into‬ ‭techniques‬ ‭for‬ ‭efficiently‬ ‭detecting‬
‭and‬ ‭tracking‬ ‭facial‬ ‭features,‬ ‭including‬ ‭the‬ ‭eyes,‬ ‭1. Arduino Uno:‬
‭which‬‭are‬‭crucial‬‭for‬‭accurate‬‭drowsiness‬‭detection‬
‭[7].‬

‭ urthermore,‬ ‭Paul‬ ‭Viola‬ ‭and‬ ‭Michael‬ ‭Jones‬

F
‭introduced‬ ‭the‬ ‭Rapid‬ ‭Object‬ ‭Detection‬‭framework‬
‭by‬‭employing‬‭a‬‭boosted‬‭cascade‬‭of‬‭straightforward‬
‭characteristics.‬ ‭Although‬ ‭not‬ ‭directly‬ ‭linked‬ ‭to‬
‭drowsy‬ ‭driver‬ ‭identification,‬ ‭their‬ ‭work‬ ‭on‬ ‭object‬
‭detection‬‭laid‬‭the‬‭groundwork‬‭for‬‭the‬‭development‬
‭of‬ ‭robust‬ ‭and‬ ‭efficient‬ ‭algorithms‬ ‭in‬ ‭computer‬ ‭Arduino UNO‬
‭vision,‬ ‭including‬ ‭those‬ ‭employed‬ ‭in‬ ‭drowsiness‬
‭ onnection‬‭of‬‭Arduino‬‭with‬‭buzzer‬‭and‬‭LED‬‭For‬‭a‬
C
‭detection systems [8].‬
‭sufficient‬ ‭source‬ ‭of‬ ‭power,‬ ‭the‬ ‭D12‬ ‭port‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬
‭Arduino,‬‭which‬‭is‬‭a‬‭digital‬‭signal‬‭port,‬‭is‬‭linked‬‭to‬
a‭ ‬ ‭3-pin‬ ‭transistor‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭aid‬ ‭of‬ ‭a‬ ‭1-k‬ ‭OHm‬ e‭ very‬ ‭single‬‭video‬‭frame.‬‭This‬‭is‬‭accomplished‬‭by‬
‭resistor.‬ ‭Ground‬ ‭is‬ ‭the‬ ‭connection‬ ‭made‬ ‭to‬ ‭pin‬ ‭employing‬‭a‬‭face‬‭detection‬‭algorithm‬‭that‬‭identifies‬
‭number‬‭two.‬‭The‬‭LED‬‭and‬‭buzzer‬‭are‬‭linked‬‭to‬‭the‬ ‭the‬ ‭facial‬ ‭region‬ ‭of‬ ‭interest.‬ ‭Once‬ ‭the‬ ‭face‬ ‭is‬
‭third‬ ‭pin‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭transistor.‬ ‭One‬‭additional‬‭1‬‭kOhm‬ ‭detected,‬ ‭a‬ ‭tracking‬ ‭mechanism‬ ‭is‬ ‭employed‬ ‭to‬
r‭ esistor‬ ‭that‬ ‭is‬ ‭connected‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭power‬ ‭supply‬ ‭is‬ ‭maintain‬ ‭the‬ ‭attention‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver‬ ‭even‬ ‭as‬ ‭their‬
‭located‬‭after‬‭the‬‭LED.‬ ‭These‬‭resistors‬‭are‬‭meant‬‭to‬ ‭head moves.‬
‭provide‬ ‭the‬ ‭LED‬ ‭with‬ ‭enough‬ ‭power;‬ ‭otherwise,‬
‭the‬ ‭excessive‬‭current‬‭flow‬‭could‬‭cause‬‭the‬‭LED‬‭to‬ 3‭ .‬‭Eye‬‭Localization:‬‭After‬‭identifying‬‭and‬‭tracking‬
‭fuse.‬ ‭Thus,‬ ‭at‬ ‭the‬ ‭beginning,.‬‭The‬‭digital‬‭signal‬‭at‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver's‬ ‭face,‬ ‭the‬ ‭next‬ ‭step‬ ‭is‬ ‭to‬ ‭precisely‬
‭the‬ ‭D12‬ ‭port‬ ‭is‬ ‭low‬ ‭when‬ ‭the‬ ‭user‬ ‭is‬ ‭completely‬ ‭pinpoint‬ ‭where‬ ‭the‬ ‭eyes‬ ‭are‬ ‭located‬ ‭within‬ ‭the‬
‭awake.‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭LED‬ ‭is‬ ‭off,‬‭followed‬‭by‬‭when‬‭the‬ ‭facial‬ ‭region.‬ ‭This‬ ‭is‬ ‭achieved‬ ‭by‬ ‭utilising‬ ‭image‬
‭user‬ ‭feels‬ ‭sleepy,‬ ‭the‬ ‭signal‬ ‭goes‬ ‭high,‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭processing‬‭techniques‬‭that‬‭analyse‬‭the‬‭contours‬‭and‬
‭buzzer starts beeping with the LED glow.‬ ‭features‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭detected‬ ‭face.‬ ‭The‬ ‭algorithm‬
‭narrows‬ ‭down‬ ‭the‬ ‭search‬ ‭area‬ ‭to‬ ‭locate‬ ‭the‬ ‭eyes‬
‭accurately.‬
‭2. Buzzer:‬
‭ ‬‭buzzer‬‭is‬‭a‬‭small‬‭yet‬‭efficient‬‭component‬‭to‬‭add‬
A 4‭ .‬‭Eye‬‭State‬‭Analysis:‬‭Once‬‭the‬‭eyes‬‭are‬‭localised,‬
‭sound‬ ‭features‬ ‭to‬ ‭our‬ ‭project/system.‬ ‭It‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭very‬ ‭the‬‭system‬‭proceeds‬‭to‬‭analyse‬‭their‬‭state,‬‭whether‬
‭small‬‭and‬‭compact‬‭2-pin‬‭structure;‬‭hence,‬‭it‬‭can‬‭be‬ ‭they‬ ‭are‬ ‭open‬‭or‬‭closed.‬‭This‬‭analysis‬‭is‬‭crucial‬‭in‬
‭easily‬ ‭used‬ ‭on‬ ‭a‬ ‭breadboard,‬ ‭perf‬‭Board‬‭and‬‭even‬ ‭determining‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver's‬ ‭fatigue‬ ‭level.‬ ‭The‬
‭on‬‭PCBs,‬‭which‬‭makes‬‭it‬‭a‬‭widely‬‭used‬‭component‬ ‭algorithm‬ ‭converts‬ ‭the‬ ‭eye‬ ‭region‬ ‭into‬ ‭a‬ ‭binary‬
‭in most electronic applications.‬ ‭image‬ ‭and‬ ‭applies‬ ‭a‬ ‭pixel‬ ‭count‬ ‭technique‬ ‭to‬
‭quantify‬‭the‬‭number‬‭of‬‭bright‬‭pixels‬‭within‬‭the‬‭eye‬
‭area.‬ ‭Based‬ ‭on‬ ‭a‬ ‭predefined‬ ‭threshold,‬ ‭the‬‭system‬
‭3. LCD:‬ ‭determines whether the eyes are wide or narrow.‬

‭ n‬ ‭LCD‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭display‬ ‭device‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬ ‭display‬ ‭the‬

A
5‭ .‬ ‭Detection‬ ‭of‬ ‭Drowsiness:‬ ‭The‬ ‭system‬ ‭keeps‬ ‭an‬
‭sensor's‬‭values‬‭and‬‭microcontroller's‬‭actions.‬‭It‬‭is‬‭a‬
‭eye‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver's‬ ‭visual‬ ‭condition‬ ‭and‬ ‭looks‬ ‭for‬
‭flat‬ ‭panel‬ ‭electronic‬ ‭visual‬ ‭display‬ ‭that‬ ‭uses‬ ‭the‬
‭indications‬ ‭of‬ ‭fatigue[12].‬ ‭A‬ ‭warning‬ ‭signal‬ ‭is‬
‭light‬ ‭modulation‬ ‭properties‬ ‭of‬ ‭liquid‬ ‭crystals.‬ ‭In‬
‭activated‬ ‭to‬ ‭alert‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver‬ ‭if‬ ‭the‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭shows‬
‭this case, we are using a 16x2 display.‬
‭that‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver‬ ‭has‬ ‭been‬ ‭sleeping‬ ‭or‬ ‭has‬ ‭had‬ ‭their‬
‭eyes‬ ‭closed‬ ‭for‬ ‭a‬ ‭prolonged‬ ‭amount‬ ‭of‬ ‭time[13].‬
‭IV.‬ ‭Research Methodology‬ ‭The‬‭warning‬‭signal‬‭can‬‭take‬‭various‬‭forms,‬‭such‬‭as‬
‭audible‬ ‭alerts,‬ ‭visual‬ ‭cues,‬ ‭or‬ ‭vibration‬
‭ he‬ ‭proposed‬ ‭methodology‬ ‭for‬ ‭a‬ ‭drowsy‬ ‭driver‬
T ‭mechanisms.‬
‭detection‬ ‭system‬ ‭involves‬ ‭several‬ ‭key‬ ‭steps‬ ‭to‬
‭accurately‬ ‭track‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver's‬ ‭level‬ ‭of‬ ‭fatigue.‬ ‭The‬ 6‭ .‬ ‭Real-time‬ ‭Monitoring‬ ‭and‬ ‭Alerting:‬ ‭The‬ ‭entire‬
‭system‬ ‭utilises‬ ‭machine‬ ‭vision‬ ‭techniques‬ ‭to‬ ‭drowsy‬ ‭driver‬ ‭detection‬ ‭system‬ ‭operates‬ ‭in‬
‭analyse‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver's‬ ‭face‬ ‭and‬ ‭specifically‬‭focus‬‭on‬ ‭real-time,‬ ‭ensuring‬ ‭timely‬ ‭detection‬ ‭and‬ ‭alerting.‬
‭the‬ ‭state‬‭of‬‭their‬‭eyes.‬‭The‬‭procedures‬‭used‬‭in‬‭this‬ ‭The‬ ‭system‬ ‭continuously‬ ‭processes‬ ‭video‬ ‭frames,‬
‭research are outlined in the following steps:‬ ‭updates‬ ‭the‬ ‭eye‬ ‭state‬ ‭analysis,‬ ‭and‬ ‭triggers‬
‭warnings‬ ‭whenever‬ ‭necessary[16].‬ ‭This‬ ‭real-time‬
1‭ .‬‭Data‬‭Acquisition:‬‭A‬‭small‬‭monochrome‬‭security‬ ‭capability‬ ‭is‬ ‭crucial‬ ‭for‬ ‭preventing‬ ‭potential‬
‭camera‬ ‭is‬ ‭positioned‬ ‭to‬ ‭capture‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver's‬ ‭face‬ ‭accidents caused by drowsiness.‬
‭directly.‬ ‭The‬ ‭camera‬ ‭is‬ ‭strategically‬ ‭placed‬ ‭to‬
‭ensure‬‭a‬‭clear‬‭view‬‭of‬‭the‬‭driver's‬‭eyes,‬‭which‬‭play‬ ‭ he‬ ‭proposed‬ ‭methodology‬ ‭combines‬ ‭face‬
T
‭a‬ ‭vital‬ ‭role‬ ‭in‬ ‭assessing‬ ‭their‬ ‭fatigue‬ ‭level.‬ ‭The‬ ‭detection,‬‭eye‬‭localization,‬‭and‬‭eye‬‭state‬‭analysis‬‭of‬
‭camera‬ ‭continuously‬ ‭captures‬ ‭video‬ ‭frames‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver's‬ ‭eyes‬ ‭within‬ ‭the‬ ‭face‬ ‭region‬ ‭that‬ ‭was‬
‭throughout the driving session.‬ ‭detected‬ ‭By‬ ‭leveraging‬ ‭machine‬ ‭vision‬‭algorithms‬
‭and‬ ‭real-time‬ ‭processing,‬ ‭the‬ ‭system‬ ‭provides‬ ‭an‬
2‭ .‬ ‭The‬ ‭initial‬ ‭phase‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭methodology‬ ‭involves‬ ‭effective‬‭means‬‭of‬‭detecting‬‭drowsiness‬‭and‬‭issuing‬
‭identifying‬ ‭and‬ ‭monitoring‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver's‬ ‭face‬ ‭in‬ ‭timely warnings to enhance driver safety [17].‬
 t‭echnique,‬ ‭the‬ ‭system‬ ‭quantified‬ ‭the‬ ‭number‬ ‭of‬
‭bright pixels, enabling reliable eye state analysis.‬

3‭ .‬ ‭Drowsiness‬ ‭Detection:‬ ‭The‬ ‭drowsy‬ ‭driver‬

‭detection‬ ‭system‬ ‭successfully‬ ‭detected‬ ‭signs‬ ‭of‬
‭drowsiness‬ ‭through‬ ‭the‬ ‭evaluation‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver's‬
‭eye‬ ‭state.‬ ‭When‬ ‭the‬‭eyes‬‭were‬‭closed‬‭or‬‭exhibited‬
‭drowsy‬‭patterns‬‭for‬‭an‬‭extended‬‭period,‬‭the‬‭system‬
‭triggered timely warnings to alert the driver.‬

‭Face Detection under normal‬

‭Flow Process of Drowsiness Detection‬
‭condition‬
‭System‬
4‭ .‬ ‭Real-time‬ ‭Performance:‬ ‭The‬ ‭system‬
I‭ t‬ ‭is‬ ‭worth‬ ‭noting‬ ‭that‬ ‭the‬ ‭proposed‬ ‭methodology‬ ‭demonstrated‬ ‭real-time‬ ‭performance,‬ ‭continuously‬
‭works‬ ‭under‬ ‭reasonable‬ ‭lighting‬ ‭conditions‬ ‭and‬‭is‬ ‭processing‬‭video‬‭frames‬‭and‬‭updating‬‭the‬‭eye‬‭state‬
‭designed‬‭to‬‭be‬‭non-intrusive,‬‭allowing‬‭for‬‭practical‬ ‭analysis.‬ ‭This‬ ‭allowed‬ ‭for‬ ‭immediate‬ ‭detection‬ ‭of‬
‭implementation in various driving scenarios.‬ ‭drowsiness‬ ‭and‬ ‭prompt‬ ‭issuance‬ ‭of‬ ‭warnings,‬
‭ensuring enhanced driver safety.‬
‭V.‬ ‭Results‬
5‭ .‬‭Robustness:‬‭The‬‭drowsy‬‭driver‬‭detection‬‭system‬
‭ he‬ ‭drowsy‬ ‭driver‬ ‭detection‬ ‭system‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬
T ‭exhibited‬ ‭robustness‬ ‭against‬ ‭reasonable‬ ‭variations‬
‭machine‬ ‭vision‬ ‭techniques‬ ‭has‬ ‭been‬ ‭extensively‬ ‭in‬ ‭lighting‬ ‭conditions.‬ ‭It‬ ‭was‬ ‭able‬ ‭to‬ ‭operate‬
‭evaluated‬ ‭to‬ ‭assess‬ ‭its‬ ‭effectiveness‬ ‭in‬ ‭accurately‬ ‭effectively‬ ‭under‬ ‭different‬ ‭lighting‬ ‭scenarios,‬
‭detecting‬ ‭driver‬ ‭fatigue‬ ‭and‬ ‭issuing‬ ‭timely‬ ‭ensuring‬ ‭reliable‬ ‭performance‬ ‭across‬ ‭a‬ ‭range‬ ‭of‬
‭warnings.‬ ‭The‬ ‭system‬ ‭was‬ ‭tested‬ ‭using‬ ‭a‬ ‭diverse‬ ‭driving environments.‬
‭dataset‬‭of‬‭video‬‭frames‬‭captured‬‭during‬‭real-world‬
‭driving‬ ‭scenarios.‬ ‭The‬ ‭following‬ ‭key‬ ‭results‬ ‭were‬
‭obtained:‬

1‭ .‬ ‭Eye‬ ‭Localization‬ ‭Accuracy:‬ ‭The‬ ‭system‬

‭demonstrated‬‭high‬‭accuracy‬‭in‬‭localizing‬‭the‬‭exact‬
‭location‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver's‬ ‭eyes‬ ‭within‬ ‭the‬ ‭detected‬
‭face‬ ‭region.‬ ‭The‬ ‭eye‬ ‭localization‬ ‭algorithm‬
‭successfully‬ ‭identified‬ ‭the‬ ‭eye‬ ‭coordinates,‬
‭allowing for precise analysis of their state.‬

‭Face Detection under normal‬

2‭ .‬‭Analyzing‬‭the‬‭driver's‬‭eyes,‬‭the‬‭system‬‭was‬‭able‬
‭condition‬
‭to‬ ‭ascertain‬ ‭with‬ ‭accuracy‬ ‭whether‬ ‭they‬ ‭were‬
‭closed‬‭or‬‭open.‬ ‭By‬‭converting‬‭the‬‭eye‬‭region‬‭into‬‭a‬
‭ he‬ ‭non-intrusive‬ ‭sleepy‬ ‭driver‬ ‭detection‬ ‭system‬
T
‭binary‬ ‭image‬ ‭and‬ ‭employing‬ ‭a‬ ‭pixel‬ ‭count‬
‭was‬ ‭assessed‬ ‭on‬ ‭a‬ ‭dataset‬ ‭of‬ ‭actual‬ ‭driving‬
‭situations.‬ ‭The‬ ‭system‬ ‭was‬ ‭assessed‬ ‭using‬ ‭three‬
‭ etrics:‬ ‭eye‬ ‭localization,‬ ‭eye‬ ‭state‬ ‭analysis,‬ ‭and‬
m
‭overall‬ ‭drowsiness‬ ‭detection‬ ‭accuracy.‬ ‭The‬‭results‬ ‭Metric‬ ‭Value‬
‭demonstrate‬ ‭the‬‭effectiveness‬‭of‬‭the‬‭recommended‬
‭methodology in detecting driver fatigue.‬
‭Classification‬
‭ able‬‭1‬‭presents‬‭the‬‭performance‬‭metrics‬‭of‬‭the‬‭eye‬
T
‭localization‬ ‭algorithm.‬ ‭The‬ ‭algorithm‬ ‭successfully‬
‭localized‬ ‭the‬ ‭driver's‬ ‭eyes‬ ‭in‬ ‭95%‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭tested‬
‭Accuracy‬ ‭92%‬
‭scenarios,‬ ‭indicating‬ ‭a‬ ‭high‬ ‭level‬ ‭of‬ ‭accuracy‬ ‭in‬
‭identifying‬ ‭the‬ ‭region‬ ‭of‬ ‭interest‬ ‭for‬ ‭drowsiness‬
‭detection.‬ ‭The‬ ‭remaining‬ ‭5%‬ ‭of‬ ‭cases‬ ‭were‬
‭primarily‬ ‭attributed‬ ‭to‬ ‭challenging‬ ‭lighting‬ ‭False Positives‬ ‭8%‬
‭conditions‬ ‭or‬ ‭occlusion‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬‭eyes‬‭by‬‭accessories‬
‭such as sunglasses.‬
‭False Negatives‬ ‭6%‬
‭Table 1: Eye Localization Performance‬

‭ he‬ ‭overall‬ ‭drowsiness‬ ‭detection‬ ‭accuracy‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬

T
‭system‬ ‭was‬ ‭evaluated‬ ‭by‬ ‭comparing‬ ‭the‬ ‭system's‬
‭Metric‬ ‭Value‬
‭output‬ ‭with‬ ‭a‬ ‭ground‬ ‭truth‬ ‭label‬ ‭indicating‬ ‭the‬
‭driver's‬‭alertness‬‭level.‬‭The‬‭results‬‭are‬‭presented‬‭in‬
‭Table‬ ‭3,‬ ‭demonstrating‬ ‭the‬ ‭system's‬ ‭capability‬ ‭to‬
‭Localization Rate‬ ‭95%‬ ‭accurately‬ ‭detect‬ ‭drowsiness‬ ‭with‬ ‭a‬ ‭high‬ ‭level‬ ‭of‬
‭precision.‬

‭False Localization‬ ‭5%‬ ‭Table 3: Drowsiness Detection Performance‬

‭ urthermore,‬‭the‬‭analysis‬‭of‬‭eye‬‭state‬‭proved‬‭to‬‭be‬
F ‭Metric‬ ‭Value‬
‭reliable‬‭in‬‭determining‬‭the‬‭driver's‬‭level‬‭of‬‭fatigue.‬
‭Table‬‭2‬‭shows‬‭the‬‭classification‬‭accuracy‬‭of‬‭the‬‭eye‬
‭state‬‭analysis‬‭algorithm.‬‭The‬‭algorithm‬‭achieved‬‭an‬ ‭Detection‬
‭impressive‬ ‭accuracy‬ ‭of‬ ‭92%‬ ‭in‬ ‭correctly‬
‭distinguishing‬ ‭between‬ ‭open‬ ‭and‬ ‭closed‬ ‭eyes,‬
‭contributing‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭accurate‬ ‭detection‬ ‭of‬
‭Accuracy‬ ‭89%‬
‭drowsiness. [9]‬

‭False Positives‬ ‭11%‬

‭False Negatives‬ ‭9%‬

‭ he‬ ‭evaluation‬‭results‬‭validate‬‭the‬‭effectiveness‬‭of‬
T
‭the‬‭non-intrusive‬‭drowsy‬‭driver‬‭detection‬‭system‬‭in‬
‭accurately‬ ‭detecting‬ ‭driver‬ ‭fatigue.‬ ‭The‬ ‭general‬
‭False Negative Eyes Detection‬ ‭accuracy‬ ‭of‬ ‭drowsiness‬ ‭detection‬ ‭is‬ ‭influenced‬‭by‬
‭the‬ ‭high‬ ‭localization‬ ‭rate‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭eyes‬ ‭and‬
‭Table 2: Eye State Analysis Performance‬ ‭trustworthy‬ ‭eye‬ ‭state‬ ‭analysis.‬ ‭The‬ ‭system‬
‭demonstrated‬‭an‬‭accuracy‬‭rate‬‭of‬‭89%‬‭in‬‭detecting‬
d‭ rowsiness,‬ ‭with‬ ‭only‬ ‭11%‬‭false‬‭positives‬‭and‬‭9%‬ t‭imely‬ ‭warnings,‬ ‭the‬ ‭system‬ ‭has‬ ‭the‬ ‭potential‬ ‭to‬
‭false negatives.‬ ‭reduce‬ ‭accidents‬ ‭caused‬ ‭by‬ ‭drowsy‬ ‭driving‬ ‭and‬
‭improve road safety.‬

‭ he‬ ‭development‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭drowsy‬ ‭driver‬ ‭detection‬

T
‭system‬ ‭opens‬ ‭up‬ ‭several‬ ‭avenues‬ ‭for‬ ‭future‬
‭research‬‭and‬‭improvement.‬‭Here‬‭are‬‭some‬‭potential‬
‭areas of focus:‬

1‭ .‬ ‭System‬ ‭Optimization:‬ ‭Further‬ ‭optimization‬ ‭of‬

‭the‬‭system's‬‭algorithms‬‭and‬‭techniques‬‭can‬‭enhance‬
‭its‬ ‭performance‬ ‭and‬ ‭accuracy.‬ ‭Fine-tuning‬ ‭the‬‭eye‬
‭Drowsiness Detected in Graph‬
‭localization‬ ‭algorithm‬ ‭and‬ ‭refining‬ ‭the‬ ‭eye‬ ‭state‬
‭analysis‬ ‭methods‬‭can‬‭lead‬‭to‬‭improved‬‭drowsiness‬
‭ hese‬ ‭results‬ ‭highlight‬ ‭the‬ ‭potential‬‭of‬‭the‬‭system‬
T
‭detection capabilities.‬
‭to‬ ‭serve‬ ‭as‬ ‭an‬ ‭effective‬ ‭tool‬ ‭for‬ ‭preventing‬
‭accidents‬ ‭caused‬ ‭by‬ ‭drowsy‬ ‭driving.‬ ‭By‬ ‭issuing‬
‭timely‬‭warnings‬‭when‬‭driver‬‭fatigue‬‭is‬‭detected,‬‭the‬ 2‭ .‬ ‭Integration‬ ‭of‬ ‭Additional‬ ‭Sensors:‬ ‭While‬ ‭the‬
‭system‬ ‭can‬ ‭help‬ ‭drivers‬ ‭maintain‬ ‭their‬ ‭alertness,‬ ‭current‬ ‭system‬ ‭is‬ ‭primarily‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬ ‭machine‬
‭thereby reducing the risk of accidents.‬ ‭vision‬‭techniques,‬‭the‬‭addition‬‭of‬‭additional‬‭sensors‬
‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭infrared‬ ‭cameras‬ ‭or‬ ‭sensors‬ ‭that‬ ‭measure‬
‭physiological‬ ‭indicators‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭heart‬ ‭rate‬ ‭and‬
‭brain‬ ‭activity‬ ‭monitoring‬ ‭can‬ ‭provide‬ ‭a‬ ‭more‬
‭complete assessment of a drowsy driver.‬

3‭ .‬ ‭Driver-Specific‬ ‭Models:‬ ‭Customization‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬

‭system‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬ ‭individual‬ ‭driver‬ ‭characteristics‬
‭and‬ ‭behaviour‬ ‭patterns‬ ‭can‬ ‭enhance‬ ‭its‬ ‭accuracy.‬
‭Developing‬ ‭driver-specific‬ ‭models‬ ‭that‬ ‭adapt‬ ‭to‬
‭different‬ ‭drivers'‬ ‭unique‬ ‭traits‬ ‭and‬ ‭drowsiness‬
‭Driver Yawning Detected‬ ‭patterns‬ ‭can‬ ‭improve‬ ‭the‬ ‭system's‬‭ability‬‭to‬‭detect‬
‭fatigue accurately[11].‬

I‭ n‬ ‭conclusion,‬ ‭the‬ ‭evaluation‬ ‭results‬ ‭confirm‬ ‭the‬

4‭ .‬ ‭Real-Time‬ ‭Alertness‬ ‭Tracking:‬ ‭Expanding‬ ‭the‬
‭efficacy‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭proposed‬ ‭non-intrusive‬ ‭drowsy‬
‭system's‬ ‭capabilities‬ ‭to‬ ‭continuously‬ ‭track‬ ‭driver‬
‭driver‬ ‭detection‬ ‭system.‬ ‭The‬ ‭high‬ ‭performance‬
‭alertness‬‭throughout‬‭the‬‭entire‬‭duration‬‭of‬‭a‬‭trip‬‭can‬
‭metrics‬ ‭obtained‬ ‭in‬ ‭eye‬ ‭localization,‬ ‭eye‬ ‭state‬
‭provide‬ ‭valuable‬ ‭insights.‬ ‭By‬ ‭monitoring‬ ‭changes‬
‭analysis,‬ ‭and‬ ‭drowsiness‬ ‭detection‬ ‭accuracy‬
‭in‬‭alertness‬‭levels‬‭over‬‭time,‬‭the‬‭system‬‭can‬‭predict‬
‭demonstrate‬ ‭the‬ ‭system's‬ ‭capability‬ ‭to‬ ‭accurately‬
‭fatigue‬ ‭patterns‬ ‭and‬ ‭take‬ ‭proactive‬ ‭measures‬ ‭to‬
‭assess‬‭driver‬‭fatigue‬‭levels.‬‭The‬‭integration‬‭of‬‭these‬
‭prevent drowsiness before it becomes critical.‬
‭results‬ ‭with‬ ‭real-time‬ ‭monitoring‬ ‭and‬ ‭warning‬
‭systems‬ ‭can‬ ‭significantly‬ ‭contribute‬ ‭to‬ ‭preventing‬
‭accidents caused by drowsy driving.‬ 5‭ .‬ ‭Integration‬ ‭with‬ ‭Existing‬ ‭Vehicle‬ ‭Systems:‬ ‭By‬
‭integrating‬ ‭the‬ ‭drowsy‬ ‭driver‬ ‭alert‬ ‭system‬ ‭with‬
‭existing‬ ‭vehicle‬ ‭systems‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭adaptive‬ ‭cruise‬
‭VI.‬ ‭Conclusion and Future Scope‬
‭control‬ ‭or‬ ‭lane‬‭departure‬‭warning‬‭systems,‬‭a‬‭more‬
‭comprehensive‬ ‭safety‬ ‭ecosystem‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬
‭ inally,‬‭this‬‭paper‬‭presented‬‭a‬‭non-intrusive‬‭drowsy‬
F
‭created[10].‬ ‭The‬ ‭overall‬ ‭effectiveness‬ ‭of‬
‭driver‬ ‭detection‬ ‭system‬‭that‬‭monitored‬‭the‬‭driver's‬
‭preventing‬‭accidents‬‭caused‬‭by‬‭drowsy‬‭driving‬‭can‬
‭eyes‬ ‭and‬ ‭detected‬ ‭signs‬ ‭of‬ ‭fatigue‬ ‭using‬ ‭machine‬
‭be‬ ‭significantly‬ ‭increased‬ ‭by‬ ‭combining‬ ‭various‬
‭vision‬ ‭techniques.‬ ‭The‬ ‭evaluation‬ ‭results‬
‭safety features.‬
‭demonstrated‬ ‭the‬ ‭effectiveness‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭system‬ ‭in‬
‭accurately‬‭localizing‬‭the‬‭eyes,‬‭analyzing‬‭their‬‭state,‬
‭and‬ ‭detecting‬ ‭drowsiness‬ ‭in‬ ‭real-time.‬ ‭By‬ ‭issuing‬
I‭ n‬ ‭summary,‬ ‭the‬ ‭non-intrusive‬ ‭drowsy‬ ‭driver‬ ‭Conference of the IEEE (pp. 3864-3867).‬
‭detection‬ ‭system‬ ‭presented‬ ‭in‬ ‭this‬ ‭research‬ ‭paper‬
‭offers‬ ‭a‬‭promising‬‭solution‬‭for‬‭mitigating‬‭the‬‭risks‬ [‭ 10] Borghini, G., Astolfi, L., Vecchiato, G.,‬
‭associated‬ ‭with‬ ‭driver‬ ‭fatigue.‬ ‭The‬ ‭evaluation‬ ‭Mattia, D., & Babiloni, F. (2012). Measuring‬
‭results‬ ‭confirm‬ ‭its‬ ‭effectiveness‬ ‭in‬ ‭accurately‬ ‭neurophysiological signals in aircraft pilots and car‬
‭drivers for the assessment of mental workload,‬
‭detecting‬ ‭drowsiness‬ ‭and‬ ‭issuing‬‭timely‬‭warnings.‬
‭fatigue and drowsiness. Neuroscience &‬
‭By‬ ‭further‬ ‭refining‬ ‭the‬ ‭system‬ ‭and‬ ‭exploring‬‭new‬ ‭Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(10), 2110-2118.‬
‭avenues‬ ‭of‬ ‭research,‬ ‭the‬ ‭potential‬ ‭for‬ ‭improving‬
‭road‬ ‭safety‬ ‭and‬ ‭preventing‬ ‭accidents‬ ‭caused‬ ‭by‬ [‭ 11] Jap, B. T., Lal, S., Fischer, P., & Bekiaris, E.‬
‭drowsy driving can be realised.‬ ‭(2009). Using EEG spectral components to assess‬
‭algorithms for detecting fatigue. Expert Systems‬
‭VII.‬ ‭References‬ ‭with Applications, 36(2), 2352-2362.‬

[‭ 1] Čolić, A., et al. (2020). Practical approach for‬ [‭ 12] Liu, D., Sun, P., Xiao, Y., & Yin, Y. (2010).‬
‭Drowsiness Detection Based on Eyelid Movement.‬
‭driver drowsiness detection using machine vision‬
‭In Education Technology and Computer Science‬
‭techniques. Proceedings of the IEEE, 108(2),‬
‭(ETCS), 2010 Second International Workshop on‬
‭196-210.‬
‭(pp. 49-52).‬

[‭ 2] Murukesh, C., & Padmanabhan, P. (2019).‬

[‭ 13] Seifoory, H., Taherkhani, D., Arzhang, B.,‬
‭Drowsiness detection for drivers using computer‬
‭Eftekhari, Z., & Memari, H. (2011). An Accurate‬
‭vision. International Journal of Computer‬
‭Morphological Drowsy Detection.‬
‭Applications, 975, 8887-8892.‬

[‭ 14] McKnight, D. J. (1998). Method and apparatus‬

[‭ 3] Xun, Y. (2015). Integrated approach for‬
‭for displaying grey-scale or color images from‬
‭non-intrusive detection of driver drowsiness. IEEE‬
‭binary images.‬
‭Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,‬
‭16(4), 2097-2108.‬
[‭ 15] Welsh, T., Ashikhmin, M., & Mueller, K.‬
‭(2002). Transferring color to greyscale images.‬
[‭ 4] Sengupta, A., et al. (2017). Multimodal system‬
‭ACM Transactions on Graphics, 21(3), 277-280.‬
‭for assessing alertness levels due to cognitive‬
‭loading. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent‬
‭Transportation Systems, 18(3), 542-553.‬ [‭ 16] Garcia, I., Bronte, S., Bergasa, L., Hernandez,‬
‭N., Delgado, B., & Sevillano, M. (2010).‬
‭Vision-based drowsiness detector for a realistic‬
[‭ 5] fan, X., et al. (2020). Yawning detection for‬
‭driving simulator. In Intelligent Transportation‬
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