8 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

04
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

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MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT 9

Chapter 04

Magnetic Effects of Current

1. Magnetic Field Lines 4. The magnitude of magnetic field at any point is
represented by the number of magnetic field lines
Magnetic field line is an imaginary curve, the tangent to
passing normally through unit area around that point.
which at any point gives us the direction of magnetic field
Therefore, crowded lines represent a strong magnetic
at that point. field and lines which are not so crowded represent a
If we imagine a number of small compass needless around a weak magnetic field.
magnet, each compass needle experiences a torque due to 5. No two magnetic field lines can intersect each other. If
the field of the magnet. The torque acting on a compass they intersect then there will be two tangent at the
needle aligns it in the direction of the magnetic field. same point which gives two directions of magnetic
The path along which the compass needles are aligned is field which is not possible.
known as magnetic field line.

Fig. 4.3

2. Magnetic Force
In order to define the magnetic field , we deduce an
expression for the force on a moving charge in a magnetic
field.
Consider a positive charge q moving in a uniform magnetic
Fig. 4.1
field , with a velocity V . Let the angle between V and
Properties of magnetic field lines
B be .
1. The magnetic field lines of a magnet (or of a solenoid
carrying current) form closed continuous loops.
2. Outside the body of the magnet, the direction of
magnetic field lines is from north pole to south pole.
3. At any given point, tangent to the magnetic field line
represents the direction of net magnetic field ( B ) at
that point.

Fig. 4.4
• The magnitude of force F experienced by the
moving charge is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the charge i.e. F  q
Fig. 4.2

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10 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

• The magnitude of force F is directly proportional Definition of

to the component of velocity acting If v = 1, q = 1 and sin  = 1 or  = 90°, then from (1),
perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field,
F = 1 × 1 × B × 1 = B.
i.e. F  vsin 
Thus the magnetic field induction at a point in the
• The magnitude of force F is directly proportional magnetic field is equal to the force experienced by a
to the magnitude of the magnetic field applied unit charge moving with a unit velocity perpendicular
i.e., F  q to the direction of magnetic field at that point.
Combining the above factors, we get Special Cases
F  qvsin B or F = kqv B sin  Case (i) If  = 0° or 180°, then sin = 0.
where k is a constant of proportionality. Its value ⸫ From (1),
is found to be one i.e. k = 1. F = qv B (0) = 0.
⸫ F = qv B sin  ...(1) It means, a charged particle moving along or opposite

( )
to the direction of magnetic field, does not experience
F = q vB ...(2)
any force.
The direction of F is the direction of cross- Case (ii) If v = 0, then F = qv B sin  = 0.
product of velocity and magnetic field , It means, if a charged particle is at rest in a magnetic
which is perpendicular to the plane containing field, it experiences no force.
and . It is directed as given by the Right- Case (iii) If  = 90°, then sin  = 1
Handed-Screw Rule or Right-Hand Rule.
⸫ F = qv B (1) = qv B (Maximum).
If and are in the plane of paper, then Unit of . SI unit of B is tesla (T) or weber/(metre) 2
according to Right-Hand Rule, the direction of F i.e. (Wb/m ) or Ns C-1 m-1
2

on positively charged particle will be Thus, the magnetic field induction at a point is said to
perpendicular to the plane of paper upwards and be one Tesla if a charge of one coulomb while moving
on negatively charged particle will be at right angle to a magnetic field, with a velocity of 1
perpendicular to the plane of paper downwards,
ms–1 experiences a force of 1 newton, at that point.
as shown in figure 4.5
MLT −2
Dimensions of B = =  MA −1T −2 
(
AT LT −1 )
Lorentz Force

The force experienced by a charged particle moving in

space where both electric and magnetic fields exist is
called Lorentz force.
Force due to electric field: When a charged particle
carrying charge +q is subjected to an electric field of
strength , it experiences a force given by
Fe = qE ... (3)

whose direction is the same as that of .

Force due to magnetic field: If the charged particle is
moving in a magnetic field , with a velocity it
experiences a force given by
Fig. 4.5
(
Fm = q v  B )

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The direction of this force is in the direction of v  B

i.e. perpendicular to the plane containing v and B is
directed as given by Right hand screw rule.
Due to both the electric and magnetic fields, the
total force experienced by the charged particle will be
given by

( ) (
F = Fe + Fm = qE + q v B = q E + v B )
(
F = q E + vB ) ... (4)
Fig. 4.6
This is called Lorentz force.
Here, magnetic field is shown perpendicular to the plane of
Special cases paper directed inwards and particle is moving in the plane of
Case I. When v, E and B , all the three are paper. When the particle is at points A, C and D the
direction of magnetic force on the particle will be along AO,
collinear. In this situation, the charged particle is
CO and DO respectively, i.e., directed towards the centre O
moving parallel or antiparallel to the fields, the
of the circular path.
magnetic force on the charged particle is zero. The
electric force on the charged particle will produce The force F on the charged particle due to magnetic
qE field provides the required centripetal force necessary
acceleration a = , for motion along a circular path of radius r.
m
along the direction of electric field. As a result of this, mv 2
Bq v =
there will be change in the speed of charged particle r
⸫
along the direction of the field. In this situation there Bqr
v=
will be no change in the direction of motion of the m
charged particle but, the speed, velocity, momentum  The angular velocity of rotation of the particle in
and kinetic energy of charged particle will change.
v Bqr Bq
magnetic field will be  = = =
Case II. When v, E and B are mutually r mr m
perpendicular to each other. In this situation if E  The frequency of rotation of the particle in
magnetic field will be
and B are such that F = Fe + Fm = 0 , then
 Bq
F f= = ... (1)
acceleration in the particle, a = = 0 . It means the 2 2m
m
 The time period of revolution of the particle in the
particle will pass through the fields without any
change in its velocity. Here, Fe = Fm magnetic field will be
1 2m
so qE = q v B or v = E/B. T= = ... (2)
f Bq
This concept has been used in velocity-selector to get From (1) and (2), we note that f and T do not depend
a charged beam having a definite velocity.
upon velocity v of the particle. It means, all the

3. Motion of a Charged
charged particles having the same specific charge
(charge/mass) but moving with different velocities at a
Particle in a Uniform point, will complete their circular paths in the same
time.
Magnetic Field Case II : Charge particle enters a magnetic field at
Case I : Charge particle enters magnetic an angle θ.
field perpendicularly

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12 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

Suppose a particle of mass m and charge q, entering a 2m

uniform magnetic field induction at O, with velocity , d = v1T = v cos 
Bq
making an angle q with the direction of magnetic field
acting in the plane of paper as shown in figure Important points
1. If a charged particle having charge q is at rest in a
magnetic field , it experiences no force; as v = 0
and F = q v B sin  = 0.
2. If charged particle is moving parallel to the direction
of , it also does not experience any force because
angle  between and is 0° or 180° and sin 0° =
sin 180° = 0. Therefore, the charged particle in this
situation will continue moving along the same path
with the same velocity.

Fig. 4.7 3. If charged particle is moving perpendicular to the

Resolving into two rectangular components, direction of , it experiences a maximum force
we have : v cos (= v1) acts in the direction of the magnetic which acts perpendicular to the direction as well as
field and v sin (= v2) acts perpendicular to the direction of . Hence this force will provide the required
centripetal force and the charged particle will describe
magnetic field.
a circular path in the magnetic field of radius r, given
For velocity component v2 , the force acting on the charged
mv 2
(
particle due to magnetic field is F = q v2  B ) by
r
= Bqv .

F = q v2  B = qv2 Bsin 90 = q ( vsin ) B

4. Cyclotron
or .

• The direction of this force F is perpendicular to the

4.1 Velocity Selector
plane containing and v2 and is directed as given
Velocity filter is an arrangement of cross electric and
by Right hand rule. As this force is to remain always magnetic fields in a region which helps us to select from a
perpendicular to v2 it does not perform any work and beam, charged particles of the given velocity irrespective of
hence cannot change the magnitude of velocity v2 . It their charge and mass.
changes only the direction of motion of the particle. A velocity selector consists of two slits S1 and S2 held
Due to it, the charged particle is made to move on a parallel to each other, with common axis, some distance
circular path in the magnetic field, as shown in above apart. In the region between the slits, uniform electric and
figure. magnetic fields are applied, perpendicular to each other as
• For component velocity v1 ( = v cos ) , there will be no well as to the axis of slits, as shown in figure. When a beam
force on the charged particle in the magnetic field, of charged particles of different charges and masses after
because the angle between v1 and B is zero. Thus the passing through slit S1 enters the region of crossed electric

charged particle covers the linear distance in direction field and magnetic field , each particle experiences a
of the magnetic field with a constant speed v cos . force due to these fields. Those particles which are moving
Therefore, under the combined effect of the two with the velocity v, irrespective of their mass and charge,
component velocities, the charged particle in magnetic the force on each such particle due to electric field (qE) is
field will cover linear path as well as circular path i.e. equal and opposite to the force due to magnetic field (q v B),
the path of the charged particle will be helical, whose then q E = q v B or v = E/B
axis is parallel to the direction of magnetic field.
• The linear distance covered by the charged particle in
the magnetic field in time equal to one revolution of its
circular path (known as pitch of helix) will be

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MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT 13

slightly separated from each other. The dees are connected

to high frequency oscillator which can produce a potential
difference of the order of 104 volts at frequency  107 Hz.
The two dees are enclosed in an evacuated steel box and are
well insulated from it. The box is placed in a strong
magnetic field produced by two pole pieces of strong
electromagnets N, S. The magnetic field is perpendicular to
the plane of the dees. P is a place of ionic source or
positively charged particle figure.
Working and theory. The positive ion to be accelerated is
produced at P. Suppose, at that instant, D1 is at negative
potential and D2 is at positive potential. Therefore, the ion
Fig. 4.8
will be accelerated towards D1. On reaching inside D1, the
Such particles will go undeviated and filtered out of the ion will be in a field free space. Hence it moves with a
region through the slit S2. Therefore, the particles emerging constant speed in D1 say v. But due to perpendicular
from slit S2 will have the same velocity even though their magnetic field of strength B, the ion will describe a circular
charge and mass may be different.
mv 2
path of radius r (say) in D1, given by Bqv = where m
The velocity filter is used in mass spectrograph which helps r
to find the mass and specific charge (charge/mass) of the and q are the mass and charge of the ion.
charged particle.
mv
⸫ r=
4.2 Cyclotron Bq

A cyclotron is a device developed by Lawrence and Time taken by ion to describe a semicircular path is given
Livingstone by which the positively charged particles like r m 
by, t = = = = a constant
proton, deuteron, alpha particle etc. can be accelerated. v Bq B ( q / m )
Principle. The working of the cyclotron is based on the fact
that a positively charged particle can be accelerated to a This time is independent of both the speed of the ion and
sufficiently high energy with the help of smaller values of radius of the circular path. In case the time during which
oscillating electric field by making it to cross the same the positive ion describes a semicircular path is equal to the
electric field time and again with the use of strong magnetic time during which half cycle of electric oscillator is
field. completed, then as the ion arrives in the gap between the
two dees, the polarity of the two dees is reversed i.e. D 1
becomes positive and D2 negative. Then, the positive ion is
accelerated towards D2 and it enters D2 with greater speed
which remains constant in D2. The ion will describe a
semicircular path of greater radius due to perpendicular
magnetic field and again will arrive in a gap between the
two dees exactly at the instant, the polarity of the two dees is
reversed. Thus, the positive ion will go on accelerating
every time it comes into the gap between the dees and will
go on describing circular path of greater and greater radius
with greater and greater speed and finally acquires a
sufficiently high energy. The accelerated ion can be
removed out of the dees from window W, by applying the
Fig. 4.9 electric field across the deflecting plates E and F.
Construction. It consists of two D-shaped hollow evacuated Maximum Kinetic Energy of positive ion
metal chambers D1 and D2 called the dees. These dees are
placed horizontally with their diametric edges parallel and

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14 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

Let v0, r0 = maximum velocity and maximum radius of the N = nA

circular path followed by the positive ion in cyclotron. ⸫ Total force on the conductor is equal to the force
mv02 Bqr0 acting on all the free electrons inside the conductor while
Then, = Bqv0 or v0 = moving in the magnetic field and is given by
r0 m
2 2 2 ( )
F = Nf = nA − e vd  B  = −nA e vd  B
  ( ) ... (1)
1  Bqr0  = B q r0
2
⸫ 1
Max. K.E. = mv02 = m   We know that current through a conductor is related with
2 2  m  2m
drift velocity by the relation
Cyclotron Frequency
I = nAevd
If T is the time period of oscillating electric field then
⸫ I = nAevd .
2m
T = 2t = We represent I as current element vector. It acts in the
Bq
direction of flow of current i.e. along OX. Since I and
1 Bq vd have opposite directions, hence we can write
The cyclotron frequency is given by f = =
T 2m
I = − nA evd ... (2)
5. Force on a Current From (7) and (8), we have
F = I B ... (3)
Carrying Conductor F = I B

Placed in a Magnetic field F = I Bsin  ... (4)

were  is the smaller angle I between and .
Expression for the force acting on the conductor carrying
Special cases
current placed in a magnetic field
Case I: If  = 0° or 180°, sin  = 0,
Consider a straight cylindrical conductor PQ of length l,
From (4), F = I B(0) = 0 (Minimum)
area of cross-section A, carrying current I placed in a
It means a linear conductor carrying a current if placed
uniform magnetic field of induction, . Let the conductor
parallel to the direction of magnetic field, it experiences no
be placed along X-axis and magnetic field be acting in XY
force.
plane making an angle  with X-axis. Suppose the current I
flows through the conductor from the end P to Q, figure. Case II: If  = 90°, sin  = 1 ;
Since the current in a conductor is due to motion of From (4), F = I B(1) = I B (Maximum)
electrons, therefore, electrons are moving from the end Q to It means a linear conductor carrying current if placed
P (along X’ axis). perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field, it
experiences maximum force. The direction of which can be
given by Right-hand screw rule.

6. Magnetic Dipole
A magnetic dipole consists of two unlike poles of equal
strength and separated by a small distance.
Fig. 4.10 For Example - a bar magnet, a compass needle etc. are
Let, vd drift velocity of electron magnetic dipoles. We shall show that a current loop behaves
– e = charge on each electron. as a magnetic dipole. An atom of a magnetic material
behaves as a dipole due to electrons revolving around the
Then magnetic Lorentz force on an electron is given by
nucleus.
(
f = − e vd  B ) The two poles of a magnetic dipole (or a magnet), called
If n is the number density of free electrons i.e. number of north pole and south pole are always of equal strength, and
free electrons per unit volume of the conductor, then total of opposite nature. Further such two magnetic poles exist
number of free electrons in the conductor will be given by always in pairs and cannot be separated from each other.

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MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT 15

The distance between the two poles of a bar magnet is called The direction of magnetic dipole can be identified by using
the magnetic length of the magnet. It is a vector directed right hand thumb rule.
from S-pole of magnet to its N-pole and is represented by Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field
2 Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field is
Magnetic dipole moment is the product of strength of either the energy possessed by the dipole due to its particular
pole (m) and the magnetic length ( 2 ) of the magnet. It is position in the field.
represented by M .
When a magnetic dipole of moment M is held at an angle 
Magnetic dipole moment = strength of either pole ×
magnetic length with the direction of a uniform magnetic field , the
magnitude of the torque acting on the dipole is
M=m 2 ( )
= (MBsin ) ... (1)
Magnetic dipole moment is a vector quantity directed from
South to North pole of the magnet, as shown in figure This torque tends to align the dipole in the direction of the
field. Work has to be done in rotating the dipole against the
action of the torque. This work done is stored in the
magnetic dipole as potential energy of the dipole.
Now, small amount of work done in rotating the dipole
through a small angle d against the restoring torque is
Fig. 4.11
dW =  d = (MBsin )d
We shall show that the SI unit of M is joule/tesla or ampere
Total work done in rotating the dipole from  = 1 to  = 2
metre2.
is
⸫ SI unit of pole strength is Am.
2

 MBsin  d = MB  − cos 12 = − MB cos 2 − cos 1 


Current carrying loop as a magnetic dipole W=
1
According to Ampere’s hypothesis, all magnetic phenomena
can be explained in terms of circulating currents. ⸫ Potential energy of the dipole is

U = W = − MB ( cos 2 − cos 1 )

When 1 = 90°, and 2 = , then

U = W = – MB (cos  – cos 90°)

W = – MB cos 
In vector notation, we may rewrite as

U = − M.B
Fig. 4.12
Particular Cases
Every current carrying loop is a magnetic dipole. It has two
poles: south (S) and North (N). This is similar to a bar 1. When  = 90°
magnet. Magnetic field lines emanates from the north pole U = – MB cos  = – MB cos 90° = 0
and after forming a closed path terminate on south pole.
i.e., when the dipole is perpendicular to magnetic
Each magnetic dipole has some magnetic moment ( M ). field its potential energy is zero.
The magnitude of M is M = NIA Hence to calculate potential energy of dipole at any
position making angle  with B, we use
Here, N = number of turns in a loop
I = current in the loop U = – MB (cos 2 – cos 1) and take 1 = 90° and 2

A = area of cross-section of the loop. = . Therefore,

U = – MB (cos  – cos 90°) = – MB cos 

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16 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

2. When  = 0° Let F1 , F2 , F3 and F4 be the forces acting on the four current

U = – MB cos 0° = – MB carrying arms PQ, QR, RS and SP of the coil.
which is minimum. This is the position of stable The force on arm SP is given by,
equilibrium, i.e., when the magnetic dipole is aligned
along the magnetic field, it is in stable equilibrium
( )
F4 = I SP  B or F4 = I (SP) B sin (180° – ) = Ib B sin

having minimum P.E.

( )
The direction of this force is in the direction of SP  B i.e.
3. When  = 180°
in the plane of coil directed upwards.
U = – MB cos 180° = MB, which is maximum. This is
the position of unstable equilibrium. (
The force on the arm QR is given by F2 = I QR  B or F2 )
7. Torque on a Current = I (QR) B sin = I b B sin
The direction of this force is in the plane of the coil directed
Carrying Coil in downwards.

a Magnetic Field Since the forces F2 and F4 are equal in magnitude and
Consider a rectangular coil PQRS suspended in a uniform acting in opposite directions along the same straight line,
magnetic field of induction B . Let PQ = RS = l and QR = they cancel out each other i.e. their resultant effect on the
SP = b. Let I be the current flowing through the coil in the coil is zero.
direction PQRS and  be the angle which plane of the coil Now, the force on the arm PQ is given by
makes with the direction of magnetic field. The forces will
be acting on the four arms of the coil.
( )
F1 = I PQ  B or F1 = I (PQ) B sin 90° = IlB ( RS ⊥ B )
Direction of this force is perpendicular to the plane of the
coil directed outwards (i.e. perpendicular to the plane of
paper directed towards the reader).
And, force on the arm RS is given by

( )
F3 = I RS  B or F3 = I (PQ) B sin 90° = IlB ( RS ⊥ B )
The direction of this force, is perpendicular to the plane of
paper directed away from the reader i.e. into the plane of
the coil.
The forces acting on the arms PQ and RS are equal, parallel
and acting in opposite directions having different lines of
action, form a couple, the effect of which is to rotate the coil
in the anticlockwise direction about the dotted line as axis.
Fig. 4.13 The torque on the coil (equal to moment of couple) is given
by
τ = either force × arm of the couple
The forces F1 and F3 acting on the arms PQ and RS will be
as shown in figure when seen from the top.
Arm of couple = ST = PS cos  = b cos .
 = I B  b cos  = IBA cos  ( l × b = A =
area of coil PQRS)
If the rectangular coil has n turns, then
 = nIBAcos 

Fig. 4.14

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MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT 17

Note that if the normal drawn on the plane of the coil

makes an angle a with the direction of magnetic field, then
 + = 90° or  = 90° –  ; & cos  = cos (90° – ) = sin 
Then torque becomes,

 = nIBA sin  = MBsin  = M  B = nIA  B

where, nIA = M = magnitude of the magnetic dipole

moment of the rectangular current loop

  = M  B = nI A  B ( )
This torque tends to rotate the coil about its own axis. Its Fig. 4.15
value changes with angle between plane of coil and
where K is a constant of proportionality. Its value depends
direction of magnetic field.
on the system of units chosen for the measurement of the
Special cases various quantities and also on the medium between point P
Case: 1 If the coil is set with its plane parallel to the and the current element. When there is free space between
direction current element and point, then
of magnetic field B, then 0
In SI units, K = and In c.g.s. system K = 1
 = 0 and cos  = 1 4
⸫ Torque, τ = nIBA (1) = nIBA (Maximum) where m0 is absolute magnetic permeability of free space
This is the case with a radial field. and 0 = 410−7 Wb A−1m−1 = 410−7 TA−1m
Case: 2 If the coil is set with its plane perpendicular to
(1 T = 1 Wb m–2)
the direction of magnetic field B, then  = 90° and cos  =
0 Id sin 
0 In SI units, dB =  ...(1)
4 r2
⸫ Torque, τ = nIBA (0) = 0 (Minimum)
Id sin 
In c.g.s. system, dB =
r2
8. Biot-Savart’s Law In vector form, we may write
According to Biot-Savart’s law, the magnitude of the
dB =
0 I d  r  I d r
or dB = 0
( ) ...(2)
magnetic field induction dB (also called magnetic flux 4 r 3
4 r3
density) at a point P due to current element depends upon Direction of dB . From (2), the direction of dB would
the factors at stated below: obviously be the direction of the cross-product vector, d  r
(i) dB  I (ii) dB  d It is represented by the Right-handed screw rule or Right
1
(iii) dB  sin  (iv) dB  Hand Rule. Here dB is perpendicular to the plane
r2 containing d and r and is directed inwards. If the point
Combining these factors, we get
P is to the left of the current element, dB will be
Id sin 
dB  perpendicular to the plane containing d and r , directed
r2
outwards.
Id sin 
or dB = K Some important features of Biot Savart’s law
r2
1. Biot Savart’s law is valid for a symmetrical current
distribution.
2. Biot Savart’s law is applicable only to very small
length conductor carrying current.

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18 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

3. This law can not be easily verified experimentally as

the current carrying conductor of very small length can
not be obtained practically.
4. This law is analogous to Coulomb’s law in
electrostatics.
dB
5. The direction of is perpendicular to both Id and
r .
6. If  = 0° i.e. the point P lies on the axis of the linear
conductor carrying current (or on the wire carrying
current) then
0 Id sin 0
dB = =0
4 r2
It means there is no magnetic field induction at any
point on the thin linear current carrying conductor.
Fig. 4.16
7. If  = 90° i.e. the point P lies at a perpendicular
According to Biot-Savart’s law, the magnetic field dB (i.e.
position w.r.t. current element, then
magnetic flux density or magnetic induction) at point P due
0 Id
dB = , which is maximum. to current element Id is given by
4 r 2
If  = 0° or 180°, then dB = 0 i.e. minimum. 0 Id  r
8. dB = .
Similarities and Dis-similarities between the Biot- 4 r 3
Savart’s law for the magnetic field and coulomb’s law 0 Id sin 
or dB =  ... (3)
for electrostatic field 4 r2
Similarities
In rt. angled DPOC,  + ϕ = 90° or  = 90° – ϕ
• Both the laws for fields are long range, since in both
the laws, the field at a point varies inversely as the ⸫ sin  = sin (90° – ϕ) = cos ϕ ... (4)
square of the distance from the source to point of a a
Also, cos  = or r = ... (5)
observation. r cos 
• Both the fields obey superposition principle.
And, tan  = or = a tan 
• The magnetic field is linear in the source Id , just as a
the electric field is linear in its source, the electric Differentiating it, we get
harge q.
d = a sec2  d ... (6)
8.1. Magnetic Field due to a Straight Putting the values in (3) from (4), (5) and (6), we get
Conductor Carrying Current
dB =
( 2
)
0 I a sec  d cos  0 I
= cos  d ... (7)
Consider a straight wire conductor XY lying in the plane of
4  a2  4 a
paper carrying current I in the direction X to Y, figure. Let  2 
P be a point at a perpendicular distance a from the straight  cos  
wire conductor. Clearly, PC = a. Let the conductor be made The direction of dB , according to right hand thumb rule,
of small current elements. Consider a small current element will be perpendicular to the plane of paper and directed
Id of the straight wire conductor at O. Let r be the inwards. As all the current elements of the conductor will
position vector of P w.r.t. current element and  be the also produce magnetic field in the same direction, therefore,
angle between Id and r. Let CO = l. the total magnetic field at point P due to current through the
whole straight conductor XY can be obtained by integrating
Eq. (9) within the limits – ϕ1 and + ϕ2. Thus

Magnetic Effects of Current

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT 19

2 2
0 I 0 I
B=  dB =  cos  d = sin −21
−1
4 a −1
4 a

0 I  I
= sin 2 − sin ( −1 ) = 0 ( sin 1 + sin 2 ) ... (8)
4 a 4 a
Special cases.
• When the conductor XY is of infinite length and the
point P lies near the centre of the conductor then
1 = 2 = 90

0 I  2I
So, B= sin 90 + sin 90 = 0 ... (9)
4 a 4 a
Fig. 4.17
• When the conductor XY is of infinite length but the
Right hand thumb rule. According to this rule, if we imagine
point P lies near the end Y (or X) then ϕ1 = 90° and ϕ2
the linear wire conductor to be held in the grip of the right
= 0°. hand so that the thumb points in the direction of current,
0 I  I then the curvature of the fingers around the conductor will
So, B= sin 90 + sin 0 = 0 ...(10)
4 a 4 a represent the direction of magnetic field lines.

Thus we note that the magnetic field due to an infinite

long linear conductor carrying current near its centre is
twice than that near one of its ends.
• If length of conductor is finite, say L and point P lies
on right bisector of conductor, then
L/2 L
1 = 2 =  and sin  = =
a 2 + ( L / 2) 4a + L2
2 2

0 I  2I
Then, B = sin  + sin  = 0 sin 
4a 4 a
 0 2I L
=
4 a 4a + L2
2

• When point P lies on the wire conductor, then d and

r for each element of the straight wire conductor are Fig. 4.18
parallel. Therefore, d  r = 0 . So the magnetic field
induction at P = 0.
8.2. Magnetic Field at the Centre of the
Direction of magnetic field
Circular Coil Carrying Current
The magnetic field lines due to straight conductor carrying
current are in the form of concentric circles with the Consider a circular coil of radius r with centre O, lying with
conductor as centre, lying in a plane perpendicular to the its plane in the plane of paper. Let I be the current flowing
straight conductor. The direction of magnetic field lines is in the circular coil in the direction shown, figure (a).
anticlockwise, if the current flows from A to B in the Suppose the circular coil is made of a large number of
current elements each of length dl.
straight conductor figure (a) and is clockwise if the current
flows from B to A in the straight conductor, figure (b). The
direction of magnetic field lines is given by Right Hand
Thumb Rule or Maxwell’s corkscrew rule.

Magnetic Effects of Current

20 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

the fingers such that the curvature of the fingers represent

the direction of current in the wire loop, then the thumb of
the right hand will point in the direction of magnetic field
near the centre of the current loop.

Fig. 4.19
According to Biot-Savart’s law, the magnetic field at the
centre of the circular coil due to the current element Id is
given by
0  d  r 
dB = I 
4  r 3 

0 Id r sin  0 Id sin 
or dB = = Fig. 4.20
4 r3 4 r 2
where r is the position vector of point O from the current
element. Since the angle between d and r is 90° (i.e.,  =
90°), therefore,
0 Id sin 90  Id
dB = or dB = 0 2 ...(11)
4 r 2
4 r
In this case, the direction of is dB perpendicular to the plane
of the current loop and is directed inwards. Since the current
through all the elements of the circular coil will contribute
to the magnetic field in the same direction, therefore, the
total magnetic field at point O due to current in the whole
circular coil can be obtained by integrating eq. (11). Thus

But  d = total length of the circular coil = circumference of

the current loop = 2r

0 I  2I
B = .2r = 0
4 r 2
4 r
If the circular coil consists of n turns, then
 2nI 0 I
B= 0 =  2n ...(12)
4 r 4 r
 I
i.e. B = 0 × angle subtended by coil at the centre.
4r
Direction of
The direction of magnetic field at the centre of circular
current loop is given by Right hand rule.
Right Hand rule. According to this rule, if we hold the
thumb of right hand mutually perpendicular to the grip of

Magnetic Effects of Current

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT 21

Magnetic Field at Centre O in different conditions of Magnetic field Current

Condition Figure Magnetic Field

0 i
Are subtends angle  at the centre B= .
4 r

0 (2 − )i
Are subtends angle (2 - ) at the centre B= .
4 r

0 i 0i
Semi – circular are B= . =
4 r 4r

 
2 −  i
Three quarter semi – circular current carrying are 0  2
B= .
4 r

0 2i 0i
Circular current carrying are B= =
4 r 2r

Concentric co – planer circular loops carries current in 0 1 1

B1 = 2i  + 
the same direction 4  r1 r2 

Concentric co-planer circular loops carries current in the 0 1 1 

B2 = 2i  − 
opposite direction 4  r1 r2 

Concentric loops but their planes are perpendicular to 0 2 2

B = B12 + B22 = i1 + i 2
each other 2r

Concentric loops but their planes are at an angle  with B12 + B22
B=
each other +2B1B2 cos 

Magnetic Effects of Current

22 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

Distribution of current across the diameter B=0

Distribution of current between any two points on the

B=0
circumference

9. Force Between Two As the current carrying conductor C2D2 lies in the magnetic
field B1 (produced by the current through C1D1), therefore,
Parallel Conductors the unit length of C2D2 will experience a force given by

Carrying Current F2 = B1I2 × 1 = B1I2

Putting the value of B1, we have

Consider C1D1 and C2D2, two infinite long straight 0 2I1I2

F2 = . ... (2)
conductors carrying currents I1 and I2 in the same direction. 4 r
They are held parallel to each other at a distance r apart, in It means the two linear parallel conductors carrying currents
the plane of paper. The magnetic field is produced due to in the same direction attract each other.
current through each conductor shown separately in figure. Thus one ampere is that much current which when flowing
Since each conductor is in the magnetic field produced by through each of the two parallel uniform long linear
the other, therefore, each conductor experiences a force. conductors placed in free space at a distance of one metre
D1 r D2 from each other will attract or repel each other with a force
B1 of 2 × 10-7 N per metre of their length.
90° I2

F1 B F2 10. Ampere’s Circuital Law

× ×
B
Consider an open surface with a boundary C, and the current
90° I is passing through the surface. Let the boundary C be made
B2 of large number of small line elements, each of length dl.
I1
The direction of d of small line element under study is
C1 C2
acting tangentially to its length dl. Let Bt be the tangential
Fig. 4.21
component of the magnetic field induction at this element
Magnetic field induction at a point P on conductor C2D2 then Bt and d are acting in the same direction, angle
due to current I1 passing through C1D1 is given by between them is zero. We take the product of Bt and dl for
0 2I1 that element. Then Bt d = B.d
B1 = ... (1)
4 r
According to right hand rule, the direction of magnetic
field B1 is perpendicular to the plane of paper, directed
inwards.

Magnetic Effects of Current

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT 23

Fig. 4.22 Fig. 4.23

If length dl is very small and products for all elements of The relation (1) is independent of the size and shape of the
closed boundary are added together, then sum tends to be an closed path or loop enclosing the current.

 ) . Therefore,
integral around the closed path or loop (i.e., 10.1. Magnetic Field Due to Infinite
S of B.d over all elements on a closed path =  B.d = Long Straight Wire Carrying
Current
Line integral of around the closed path or loop whose
boundary coincides with the closed path. According to Consider an infinite long straight wire lying in the plane of
Ampere’s circuital law, paper. Let I be the current flowing through it from X to Y. A
magnetic field is produced which has the same magnitude at
 B.d = 0 I ... (1)
all points that are at the same distance from the wire, i.e. the
where I is the total current threading the closed path or loop magnetic field has cylindrical symmetry around the wire.
and m0 is the absolute permeability of the space. Thus,
Ampere’s circuital law states that the line integral of
magnetic field induction around a closed path in vacuum
is equal to 0 times the total current I threading the closed
path.
The relation (14) involves a sign convention, for the sense of
closed path to be traversed while taking the line integral of
magnetic field (i.e., direction of integration) and current
threading it, which is given by Right Hand Rule. According
to it, if curvature of the fingers is perpendicular to the thumb Fig. 4.24
of right hand such that the curvature of the fingers Let P be a point at a perpendicular distance r from the
represents the sense, the boundary is traversed in the closed straight wire and be the magnetic field at P. It will be
path or loop for  B.d , then the direction of thumb gives acting tangentially to the magnetic field line passing through
P. Consider an amperian loop as a circle of radius r,
the sense in which the current I is regarded as positive.
perpendicular to the plane of paper with centre on wire such
According to sign convention, for the closed path as shown that point P lies on the loop, figure. The magnitude of
in figure, I1 is positive and I2 is negative. Then, according magnetic field is same at all points on this loop. The
to Ampere’s circuital law magnetic field at P will be tangential to the
= 0 ( I1 − I2 ) = 0 Ie
circumference of the circular loop. We shall integrate the
 B.d amperian path anticlockwise. Then and d are acting in
where Ie is the total current enclosed by the loop or closed the same direction. The line integral of around the
path. closed loop is

 B.d =  Bd cos 0 = B  d = B2r

As per sign convention, here I is positive,

Using Ampere’s circuital law

Magnetic Effects of Current

24 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

 B.d = 0 I or B2r = 0 I metal, then current through the closed path L is zero.
Using Ampere circutal law, we have B = 0.
0 I 0 2I • If the current is uniformly distributed throughout the
or B= = . ... (2)
2r 4 r cross-section of the conductor, then the current
through closed path L is given by
10.2 Magnetic Field Due to Current I Ir 2
I' =  r 2 =
Through a very Long Solid R 2
R2
Cylinder Applying Ampere’s circuital law, we have
Consider an infinite long cylinder of radius R with axis
XY. Let I be the current passing through the cylinder. A
 B.d = 0 r I '

magnetic field is set up due to current through the cylinder 0 r Ir 2

or 2rB = 0 r I ' =
in the form of circular magnetic lines of force, with their R2
centres lying on the axis of cylinder. These lines of force
0r Ir
are perpendicular to the length of cylinder. or B= i.e., B  r
2R 2
If we plot a graph between magnetic field induction B
and distance from the axis of cylinder for a current
flowing through a solid cylinder, we get a curve of the
type as shown figure

Fig. 4.25
Case I. Point P is lying outside the cylinder. Let r be the
perpendicular distance of point P from the axis of cylinder,
where r > R. Let be the magnetic field induction at P. It Fig. 4.26
is acting tangential to the magnetic line of force at P directed Here we note that the magnetic field induction is maximum
into the paper. Here and d are acting in the same for a point on the surface of solid cylinder carrying current
direction. and is zero for a point on the axis of cylinder.
Applying Ampere circuital law we have
10.3 The Solenoid
 B.d = 0 I or  Bd cos 0 = 0I A solenoid consists of an insulating long wire closely wound
or  Bd = 0 I or B2r = 0I in the form of a helix. Its length is very large as compared to
its diameter.
0 I
or B= , i.e., B  1/ r Magnetic field due to a solenoid
2r
Consider a long straight solenoid of circular cross-section.
Case II. Point P is lying inside cylinder. Here r < R. we Each two turns of the solenoid are insulated from each other.
may have two possibilities. When current is passed through the solenoid, then each turn
• If the current is only along the surface of cylinder of the solenoid can be regarded as a circular loop carrying
which is so if the conductor is a cylindrical sheet of current and thus will be producing a magnetic field.

Magnetic Effects of Current

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT 25

At a point outside the solenoid, the magnetic fields due to BL = 0 n LI or B = 0 n I

neighboring loops oppose each other and at a point inside
This relation gives the magnetic field induction at a point
the solenoid, the magnetic fields are in the same direction.
well inside the solenoid. At a point near the end of a
As a result of it, the effective magnetic field outside the
solenoid becomes weak, whereas the magnetic field in the  0 nI
solenoid, the magnetic field induction is found to be .
interior of solenoid becomes strong and uniform, acting 2
along the axis of the solenoid.
Let us now apply Ampere’s circuital law. 10.4. Toroid
Let n be the number of turns per unit length of solenoid and
The toroid is a hollow circular ring on which a large number
I be the current flowing through the solenoid and the turns of insulated turns of a metallic wire are closely wound. In
of the solenoid be closely packed.
fact, a toroid is an endless solenoid in the form of a ring,
Consider a rectangular amperian loop PQRS near the middle figure.
of solenoid as shown in figure

Fig. 4.28
Fig. 4.27
The line integral of magnetic field induction over the Magnetic field due to current in ideal toroid
closed path PQRS is Let n be the number of turns per unit length of toroid and I
Q R S P be the current flowing through it. In case of ideal toroid, the
  
B.d = B.d + B.d + B.d + B.d  coil turns are circular and closely wound. A magnetic field
PQRS P Q R S of constant magnitude is set up inside the turns of toroid in
Q Q the form of concentric circular magnetic field lines. The
Here,  
B.d = Bd cos 0 = BL direction of the magnetic field at a point is given by the
P P tangent to the magnetic field line at that point. We draw
R R P three circular amperian loops, 1, 2 and 3 of radii r1, r2 and r3
and  
B.d = Bd cos90 = 0 = B.d  to be traversed in clockwise direction as shown by dashed
Q Q S circles in figure, so that the points P, S and Q may lie on
S them. The circular area bounded by loops 2 and 3, both cut
Also,  B.d =0 the toroid. Each turn of current carrying wire is cut once by
the loop 2 and twice by the loop 3. Let B1 be the magnitude
R
of magnetic field along loop 1. Line integral of magnetic
(  outside the solenoid, B = 0)
field B1 along the loop 1 is
 B.d = BL + 0 + 0 + 0 = BL ...(3)
 B1 .d =  B1d cos 0 = B1 2r1
PQRS
loop 1 loop 1
From Ampere’s circuital law Loop 1 encloses no current.

 B.d = 0 × total current through the rectangle PQRS According to Ampere’s circuital law
PQRS
 B1 .d = 0  current enclosed by loop 1 = 0 × 0 = 0
= 0 × no. of turns in rectangle × current loop 1

or B12  r1 = 0 or B1 = 0
= 0 n LI ...(4)

From (3) and (4), we have

Magnetic Effects of Current

26 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

Let B3 be the magnitude of magnetic field along the loop

3. The line integral of magnetic field B3 along the loop 3 is

 B3 .d =  B3d cos 0 = B3 2r3

loop 3 loop 3

From the sectional cut as shown in figure, we note that the

current coming out of the plane of paper is cancelled
exactly by the current going into it. Therefore, the total
current enclosed by loop 3 is zero.
According to Ampere’s circuital law

 B3 .d = 0 × total current through loop 3

loop 3

or B3 2r3 = 0  0 = 0 or B3 = 0
Let B the magnitude of magnetic field along the loop 2. Line
integral of magnetic field along the loop 2 is
Fig. 4.29
 B.d = B2r2
loop 2

Current enclosed by the loop 2 = number of turns × current

in each turn = 2  r2 n × I
According to Ampere’s circuital law

 B.d = 0  total current

loop 2

or B2  r2 = 0  2r2nI or B = 0nI
Fig. 4.30
The lower end of the coil is connected to one end of a hair
11. Moving Coil Galvanometer spring S’ of quartz or phosphor bronze. The other end of this
highly elastic spring S’ is connected to a terminal T2. L is
Moving coil galvanometer is an instrument used for soft iron core which may be spherical if the coil is circular
detection and measurement of small electric currents. and cylindrical, if the coil is rectangular. It is so held within
Principle. Its working is based on the fact that when a the coil, that the coil can rotate freely without touching the
current carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field, it iron core and pole pieces. This makes the magnetic field
experiences a torque. linked with coil to be radial field i.e. the plane of the coil in
all positions remains parallel to the direction of magnetic
Construction. It consists of a coil PQRS1 having large
field. M is concave mirror attached to the phosphor bronze
number of turns of insulated copper wire, figure. The coil is
strip. This helps us to note the deflection of the coil using
wound over a non-magnetic metallic frame (usually brass)
lamp and scale arrangement. The whole arrangement is
which may be rectangular or circular in shape. The coil is
enclosed in a non-metallic case to avoid disturbance due to
suspended from a movable torsion head H by means of
air etc. The case is provided with levelling screws at the
phosphor bronze strip in a uniform magnetic field produced
base.
by two strong cylindrical magnetic pole pieces N and S.
The spring S’ does three jobs for us : (i) It provides passage
of current for the coil PQRS1 (ii) It keeps the coil in
position and (iii) generates the restoring torque on the
twisted coil.
The torsion head is connected to terminal T1. The
galvanometer can be connected to the circuit through
terminals T1 and T2.

Magnetic Effects of Current

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT 27

Theory. Suppose the coil PQRS1 is suspended freely in the Current sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the
magnetic field. deflection produced in the galvanometer when a unit
Let, l = length PQ or RS1 of the coil, current flows through it.

b = breadth QR or S1P of the coil, If q is the deflection in the galvanometer when current I is
passed through it, then
n = number of turns in the coil.
Current sensitivity,
Area of each turn of the coil, A = l × b.
  k 
 I= 
nBA
Let, B = strength of the magnetic field in which coil is Is = =
I k  nBA 
suspended.
I = current passing through the coil in the direction PQRS 1 The unit of current sensitivity is rad. A–1 or div. A–1.
as shown in figure. Voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer is defined as the
deflection produced in the galvanometer when a unit
Let at any instant,  be the angle which the normal drawn
voltage is applied across the two terminals of the
on the plane of the coil makes with the direction of magnetic
galvanometer.
field.
As already discussed, the rectangular coil carrying current Let, V = voltage applied across the two terminals of the
when placed in the magnetic field experiences a torque galvanometer,
whose magnitude is given by τ = nIBA sin .  = deflection produced in the galvanometer.
If the magnetic field is radial i.e. the plane of the coil is Then, voltage sensitivity, Vs = /V
parallel to the direction of the magnetic field then  = 90° If R = resistance of the galvanometer, I = current through
and sin  = 1. it. Then V = IR
⸫ τ = nIBA ⸫ Voltage sensitivity,
Due to this torque, the coil rotates. The phosphor bronze  nBA I
strip gets twisted. As a result of it, a restoring torque comes VS = = = S
IR kR R
into play in the phosphor bronze strip, which would try to
the unit of VS is rad V-1 or div. V-1.
restore the coil back to its original position.
Let  be the twist produced in the phosphor bronze strip due
to rotation of the coil and k be the restoring torque per unit
twist of the phosphor bronze strip, then total restoring torque
produced = k .
In equilibrium position of the coil, deflecting torque =
restoring torque
 nIBA = k
k
Or, I =  or I = G
nBA
where k constant for a galvanometer. It is
=G=a
nBA
known as galvanometer constant.
Hence, It means, the deflection produced is proportional to
the current flowing through the galvanometer. Such a
galvanometer has a linear scale.

Magnetic Effects of Current

28 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

NCERT Corner 8. Ampere’s Circuital Law: Let an open surface S be

Important Points to Remember bounded by a loop C. Then the Ampere’s law states
that N / d = 0 where  refers to the current
1. The total force on a charge q moving with velocity v

C

in the presence of magnetic and electric fields B and passing through S. The sign of I is determined from
E, respectively is called the Lorentz force. It is given the right-hand rule. We have discussed a simplified
by the expression: F = q (v × B + E). The magnetic form of this law. If B is directed along the tangent to
force q (v × B) is normal to v and work done by it is every point on the perimeter L of a closed curve and
zero. is constant in magnitude along perimeter then,
2. A straight conductor of length l and carrying a steady BL = 0e
current I experiences a force F in a uniform external
( )
where Ie is the net current enclosed by the closed
magnetic field B, F = I l  B circuit
Where |l| = l and the direction of l is given by the 9. The magnitude of the magnetic field at a distance R
direction of the current. from a long, straight wire carrying a current I is
3. In a uniform magnetic field B, a charge q executes a given by:
circular orbit in a plane normal to B. Its frequency of
uniform circular motion is called the cyclotron B= 0

frequency and is given by: 2 R

The field lines are circles concentric with the wire.
qB
vc = 10. The magnitude of the field B inside a long solenoid
2 m
carrying a current I is
4. This frequency is independent of the particle’s speed
and radius. This fact is exploited in a machine, the B = 0nl
cyclotron, which is used to accelerate charged where n is the number of turns per unit length. For a
particles. toroid one obtains,
Magnetic force does no work when the charged
N
particle is displaced while electric force does work B= 0

2 R
in displacing the charged particle.
5. Cyclotron cannot accelerate electrons because they where N is the total number of turns and r is the
have very small mass. average radius.
6. The Biot-Savart law asserts that the magnetic field 11. If a current carrying circular loop (n = 1) is turned
dB due to an element dl carrying a steady current I at into a coil having n identical turns then magnetic
a point P at a distance r from the current element is:
field at the centre of the coil becomes n2 times the
 0 dl  r previous field i.e. B(n turn) = n2 B(single turn).
dB = 
4 r 3 12. Parallel currents attract and anti-parallel currents
repel.
To obtain the total field at P, we must integrate this
13. A planar loop carrying a current I, having N closely
vector expression over the entire length of the
wound turns, and an area A possesses a magnetic
conductor.
moment M where, M = N I A and the direction of M
7. The magnitude of the magnetic field due to a circular is given by the right-hand thumb rule :
coil of radius R carrying a current I at an axial
When this loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field
distance x from the centre is
B, the force F on it is: F = 0
R2
B= 0
And the torque on it is,
2(x + R 2 )3/ 2
2

=M×B
At the centre this reduces to
In a moving coil galvanometer, this torque is
balanced by a counter- torque due to a spring,
B= 0

2R yielding

Magnetic Effects of Current

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT 29

k = NI AB
14. An electron moving around the central nucleus has a
magnetic moment M given by:
e
M= L
2m
where L is the magnitude of the angular momentum
of the circulating electron about the central nucleus
and m is the mass. The smallest value of M is called
the Bohr magneton MB and it is MB = 9.27×10–24 J/T
15. Ampere’s Circuital law is not independent of the
Biot-Savart law. It can be derived from the Biot-
Savart law. Its relationship to the Biot-Savart law is
similar to the relationship between Gauss’s law and
Coulomb’s law.

Magnetic Effects of Current

30 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

Solved Examples
Example - 1 We found the magnitude of the magnetic field to be
A circular coil of wire consisting of 100 turns, each 1.2  10-5 T and it will be directed towards south as
of radius 8.0 cm carries a current of 0.40 A. What is per Maxwell’s right hand thumb rule.
the magnitude of the magnetic field B at the centre of
the coil? [NCERT] Example - 3
Sol. We are given : What is the magnitude of magnetic force per unit
Number of turns on the circular coil, n = 100 length on a wire carrying a current of 8 A and
Radius of each turn, r = 0.8 cm = 0.08 m making an angle of 30º with the direction of a
uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T? [NCERT]
Current flowing in the coil is given to be, I = 0.4 A
Sol. Given that,
We know the expression for magnetic field at the
2 n Current in the wire, I = 8A
centre of the coil as, | B |= 0

4 r Magnitude of the uniform magnetic field, B = 0.15 T

Where,  = 4  10-4 TmA-1 is the permeability of Angle between the wire and magnetic field,  = 30o
free space. We have the expression for magnetic force per unit
On substituting the given values we get, length on the wire as,
F/l = B sin
4 10−7  2 100  0.4
| B |=
4  0.08 Substituting the given values, we get,
| B |= 3.14 10−4 T F/l = 0.15  8  1  sin 30o
Clearly, the magnitude of the magnetic field is found  F/l = 0.6 Nm-1
to be 3.14  10-4 T. Thus, the magnetic force per unit length on the wire
Example - 2 is found to be 0.6 Nm-1.
A horizontal overhead power line carries a current of Example - 4
90 A in east to west direction. What is the magnitude A 3.0 cm wire carrying a current of 10 A is placed
and direction of the magnetic field due to the current inside a solenoid perpendicular to its axis. The
1.5 m below the line? [NCERT] magnetic field inside the solenoid is given to be 0.27
Sol. We are given the following: T. What is the magnetic force on the wire?
Current in the power line, I = 90A [NCERT]
Distance of the mentioned point below the power Sol. We are given the following,
line, r = 1.5 m Current flowing int eh wire, I = 10A
Now, we have the expression for magnetic field as, Magnetic field, B = 0.27T

B=
2 0 Angle between the current and magnetic field,  =
4 r 90o
Where, 0 = 4  10-4 TmA-1 is the permeability of (Since the magnetic field produced by a solenoid is
free space. On substituting the given values, we get, along its axis and current carrying wire is kept
perpendicular to the axis)
4 10−7  2  90
B= The magnetic force exerted on the wire is given as,
4 1.5
F = BIl sin 
 B = 1.2  10-5 T
Substituting the given values,
F = 0.27  10  0.03 sin 90o
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT 31

 F = 8.1  10-2 N Current carried by the solenoid, I = 8.0 A

Clearly, the magnetic force on the wire is found to be We have the magnitude of the magnetic field inside
8.1  10-2 N. The direction of the force can be the solenoid near its centre given by the relation,
obtained from Fleming’s left -hand rule. N
B= 0
Example - 5
Two long and parallel straight wires A and B Where, 0 = 4  10-4 TmA-1 is the permeability of
carrying currents of 8.0 A and 5.0 A in the same free space.
direction are separated by a distance of 4.0 cm.
On substituting the given values we get,
Estimate the force on a 10 cm section of wire A.
4 10−7  2000  8
[NCERT] B=
0.8
Sol. We are given:
 B = 2.512  10-2 T
Current flowing in wire A, A = 8.0 A
Clearly, the magnitude of the magnetic field inside
Current flowing in wire B, IB = 5.0 A
the solenoid near its centre is found to be 2.512  10-
Distance between the two wires, r = 4,.0 cm = 0.04 m 2
T
Length of a section of wire A, l = 10cm = 0.1 m
Force exerted on length q due to the magnetic field is
Example - 7
given as,
A square coil of side 10 cm consists of 20 turns and
2 l
B= o A B carries a current of 12 A. The coil is suspended
4 r vertically and the normal to the plane of the coil
Where, o = 4  10-4 TmA-1 is the permeability of makes an angle of 30º with the direction of a uniform
free space. On substituting the given values, we get, horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 0.80 T. What
is the magnitude of torque experienced by the coil?
4 10−7  2  8  5  0.1
B= [NCERT]
4  0.04
Sol. e are given the following:
 B = 2  10-5 N Length of a side of the square coil,
The magnitude of force is 2  10-5 N. This is an
a = 10cm = 0.1m
attractive force that is normal to A towards B
because the direction of the currents in the wires is Area of the square, A = a2 = (0.1)2 = 0.01 m2
the same.
Current flowing in the coil, I = 12A
Example - 6
A closely wound solenoid 80 cm long has 5 layers of Number of turns on the coil, n = 20
windings of 400 turns each. The diameter of the
Angle made by the plane of the coil with magnetic
solenoid is 1.8 cm. If the current carried is 8.0 A,
field,  = 30o
estimate the magnitude of B inside the solenoid near
its centre. [NCERT] Strength of magnetic field, B = 0.80 T
Sol. We are given the following:
Magnitude of the magnetic torque experienced by the
Length of the solenoid, l = 80 cm = 0.8 m coil in the magnetic field is given by the relation,
Since there are five layers of windings of 400 turns
 = nAB sin 
each on the solenoid.
Total number of turns on the solenoid would be, N = Substituting the given values, we get,
5  400 = 2000
 = 20  0.8  12  0.01  sin 30o
Diameter of the solenoid, D = 1.8 cm = 0.018 m
32 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

  = 0.96 Nm
 S2
= 1.4
s1
Thus, the magnitude of the torque experienced by the
coil is 0.96 N m. Therefore, the ratio of current sensitivity of M 2 and
M1 is 1.4.
Example - 8
(b) Voltage sensitivity for M2 is given is :
Two moving coil meters, M1 and M2 have the
following particulars: R1 = 10 , N1 = 30, N 2 B2 A 2
VS2 =
K2R 2
A1 = 3.6 × 10–3 m2, B1 = 0.25 T
R2 = 14 Ω, N2 = 42. And, voltage sensitivity for M1 is given as :

A2 = 1.8 × 10–3 m2, B2 = 0.50 T N1B1A1

VS1 =
K1R1
(The spring constants are identical for the two
meters). Determine the ratio of On taking the ratio we get,
(a) current sensitivity and VS2 42  0.5  1.8  10−3  10  K
 = =1
(b) voltage sensitivity of M2 and M1. [NCERT] Vs1 K  14  30  0.25  3.6  10 −3

Sol. We are given : Thus, the ratio of voltage sensitivity of M2 and M1 is

For moving coil meter M1, 1.

Resistance, R1 = 10 Example - 9

Number of turns, N1 = 30 In a chamber, a uniform magnetic field of 6.5 G (1 G

= 10–4 T) is maintained. An electron is shot into the
Area of cross – section, A1 = 3.6  10-3 m2
field with a speed of 4.8 × 10-4 ms–1 normal to the
Magnetic field strength, B1 = 0.25 T field. Explain why the path of the electron is a circle.
Spring constant, K1 = K Determine the radius of the circular orbit.
For moving coil meter M2: (e = 1.5 × 10–19C, me = 9.1×10–31 kg) [NCERT]
Number of turns, N2 = 42 Sol. Magnetic field strength, B = 6.5G = 6.510-4T
Area of cross – section, A2 = 1.8  10-3 m2 Speed of the electron, V = 4.8  106 m/s
Magnetic field strength, B2 = 0.50T Charge on the electron, e = 1.6  10-19C
Spring constant, K2 = K Mass of the electron, me = 9.1  10-31 kg
Current sensitivity of M1 is given as : Angle between the shot electron and magnetic field,
N1B1A1  = 90o
SI =
K1 Magnetic force exerted on the electron in the
magnetic field could be given as:
And, current sensitivity of M2 is given as :
N 2 B2 A 2 F = evBsin
S2 =
K2 This force provides centripetal force to the moving
On taking the ratio, we get, electron and hence, theelectron starts moving in a
circular path of radius r.
N 2 B2 A 2
K2 Hence, centripetal force exerted on the electron
 S2
=
s1
N1B1A1 mv2
would be, However, we know that in
K1 r
equilibrium, the centripetal force exerted on the
Substituting the values we get,
electron is equal to the magnetic force i.e.,
42  0.5  1.8  10−3  10  K
 S2
=
s1 14  30  0.25  3.6  10−3  K
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT 33

FC = F On the other hand, it is dependent on the area of

mv 2 the coil.
 = evBsin
r Thus, we could say that the answer would not
mv change if the circular coil in the above case is
r=
Besin replaced by a planar coil of some irregular
shape that encloses the same area.
Substituting the given values we get,
Example - 11
9.110−31  4.8 106

6.5 10−4 1.6 10−19  sin 90o Two parallel coaxial circular coils of equal radius R
 r = 4.2cm and equal number of turns N carry equal currents I in
the same direction and are separated by a distance 2
Example - 10 R. Find the magnitude and direction of the net
magnetic field produced at the mid-point of the line
(a) A circular coil of 30 turns and radius 8.0 cm
joining their centres.
carrying a current of 6.0 A is suspended Sol. Magnetic field induction at the mid-point due to
vertically in a uniform horizontal magnetic field current loop 1 is “Magnetic filed induction at the mid-
of magnitude 1.0 T. The field lines make an point due to current (I) carrying loop with 1 turn”
angle of 60° with the normal of the coil.
0 2I R 2 0 I R 2
Calculate the magnitude of the counter torque B1 = = , acting towards
that must be applied to prevent the coil from
turning.
( )
4 R 2 + R 2 3/2 2 2R 2 3/2
( )
(b) Would your answer change, if the circular coil in right.
(a) were replaced by a planar coil of some Magnetic field induction at the mid point due to
irregular shape that encloses the same area? (All current loop 2 is
other particulars are also unaltered.)
0 I R 2 0 I R 2
[NCERT] B2 = = , acting towards
( ) ( )
3/2 3/2
Sol. (a) Number of turns on the circular coil, n = 30 2 R2 + R2 2 2R 2

Radius of the coil, r = 8.0cm = 0.08m right.

Total magnetic field induction is
Area of the coil, A = r2 = (0.08)2 = 0.0201 m2
0 I R 2 0 I R 2 0 I R 2 0 I
B = B1 + B2 = + = =
2 ( 2R ) 2 ( 2R )
Current flowing in the coil is given to be, 2 3/ 2 2 3/ 2 3
2 2R 2 2R
I = 6.0A Magnetic field strength, B =1T
0 NI
B for N loops is, B = for N-loops carrying
Angle between the field lines and normal with the 2 2R
coil surface,  =60o current I.

The coil will turn when it experiences a torque Example - 12

in the magnetic field. Thecounter torque
The average radius of a toroid made on a ring of non-
applied to prevent the coil from turning is
magnetic material is 0.1 m and it has 500 turns. If it
given by the relation,  = nABsin
carries 0.5 ampere current, then the magnetic field
  = 30 61 0.0201sin 60 produced along its circular axis inside the toroid will
be
  = 3.133Nm (a) 25 × 10-2 Tesla (b) 5 × 10-2 Tesla
(b) From the part(a) we could infer that the (c) 25 × 10-4 Tesla (d) 5 × 10-4 Tesla
magnitude of the applied torque is not
dependent on the shape of the coil.
34 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

N Example - 14
Sol. B = m0ni; where n =
2R An electron and proton enter perpendicularly in a
uniform magnetic field with the same speed. How
500
 B = 410−7   0.5 = 5 10−4 T. many times larger will be the radius of proton’s path
2 0.1
than the electron’s ? Proton is 1840 times heavier
Example - 13 than electron.
A neutron, a proton an electron and an a-particle
Sol. The charged particle while moving perpendicular to
enter a region of constant magnetic field with equal
magnetic field experiences a force which provides the
velocities. The magnetic field is along the inward
centripetal force for its circular motion. The radius r of
normal to the plane of paper. The tracks of the
the circular path traced by the particle in magnetic
particles are shown in figure. Relate the tracks to the
particles. field B, is given by Bqv = mv2/r or r = mv/Bq
Since the value of charge on electron and proton is the
same but mass of proton is 1840 times mass of
rp mp 1840m e
electron, hence = = = 1840
re me me

or rp = 1840 re.
Example - 15
An electron of energy 2000 eV describes a circular
path in magnetic field of flux density 0.2 T. What is
Sol. We know that force on a charged particle in the the radius of the path? Take e = 1.6 × 10 -19 C, m = 9
magnetic field is F = q v  B or F = qvBsin , so × 10–31 kg.
Sol. Here, energy of electron, E’ = 2000 eV
(i) For neutral particle i.e. neutron, q = 0, hence F =
0. It means neutron will go undeflected i.e. track = 2000 × 1.6 × 10–19 J = 3.2 × 10–16 J.
C corresponds to neutron. B = 0.2 T ; r = ?
1 2E '
(ii) For negatively charged particle i.e. electron, the As, E ' = mv 2  v =
direction of force, according to Fleming’s Left 2 m
hand rule will be towards right. So track D mv 2 mv m 2E ' 2E 'm
corresponds to electron. Also, Bev = or r = = =
r Be Be m Be
(iii) For positively charged particle, the direction of
2  3.2 10−16  9 10−31
force, according to Fleming’s left-hand rule will = −19
= 7.5 10−4 m
be towards left. So both tracks A and B 0.2 1.6 10
correspond to positively charged particles (i.e. Example - 16
protons and a-particles). A proton of mass m and charge +e is moving in a
When a moving charged particle is subjected to a circular orbit of a magnetic field with energy 1MeV.
perpendicular magnetic field, it describes a What should be the energy of a-particle (mass = 4 m
circular path of radius r given by and charge = +2e), so that it can revolve in the path of
same radius
mv m
r= or r 
Bq q (a) 1 MeV (b) 4 MeV
(c) 2 MeV (d) 0.5 MeV
rp mp
q  m   2e  1
=   =   =
r m q p  4m   e  2
2mK
or . r = 2 rp i.e. r  rp Sol. (a) By using r = ; r → same, B → same
qB
i.e. track B corresponds to a-particle and track
q2
A corresponds to proton.  K
m
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT 35

Hence magnetic field of current exerts on the proton. Also

2 2 specify the direction of the force.
K   q   mp  2q p  mp
=   =   1 =1
  
K p  q p  m  q p  4m p

K = Kp = 1MeV.
Example - 17
An electron is passing through a field but no force is
acting on it. Under what conditions is it possible, if
the motion of the electron be in the (i) electric field
(ii) magnetic field ?
Sol. (i) In electric field, there is always a force on the
moving electron opposite to the direction of field.
Thus the force will be zero only if electric field is zero.
(ii) In magnetic field, the force acting on a moving
electron is
F = qv B sin q, it is zero if q = 0º or 180º. Sol. Here, I = 4A ; v = 4 × 106 ms–1 ; a = 0.2 m.
Magnetic field induction at P is
0 2I 10−7  2  4
B= = = 4 10−6 T
4 r 0.2

The direction of , according to Right Hand Thumb

rule is perpendicular to the plane of paper directed
inwards.
Since proton is moving in opposite direction to the
current carrying straight wire, hence the proton is
moving perpendicular to the direction of magnetic
i.e. the electron is moving parallel or antiparallel to field due to current through straight wire. The force on
the direction of magnetic field. moving proton of charge q due to magnetic field is
-6
Example - 18 F = qvB sin 90º = (1.6 × 10-19) × (4 × 106) × (4 × 10 )
-18
= 2.56 × 10 N
A charge 3 coulomb is moving with velocity
The direction of force on proton, according to
( )
v = 4iˆ + 3jˆ ms−1 in a magnetic field Fleming’s Left Hand Rule acts in the plane of paper

B = ( 4iˆ + 3jˆ ) Wbm −2 towards right.

. Find the force acting on the
Example - 20
charge.
Figure shows a rectangular current-carrying loop
( ) ( )
Sol. F = q ( v  B) = 3  4iˆ + 3jˆ  4iˆ + 3jˆ  = 3 [0] = 0

placed 2 cm away from a long, straight, current
carrying conductor. What is the direction and
 Cross product of two equal vector is zero. magnitude of the net force acting on the loop ?
Example - 19
A long straight wire AB carries a current of 4 A. A
proton P travels at 4 × 106 ms–1 parallel to the wire,
0.2 m from it and in a direction opposite to the current
as shown in figure. Calculate the force which the
36 MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

Sol. Here, I1 = 60 A ; I2 = I A, r = 4 mm = 4 × 10–3 m ;

Mass per unit length of conductor XY, m = 10 –2

kg/m.
As magnetic repulsion is balancing the weight of
conductor XY
0 2I1I 2
Sol. Here, I1 = 15 A ; I2 = 25 A ; r1 = 2 × 10-2 m ; r2 so, = mg or
4 r
= (2 + 10) × 10-2 m 10−7  2  60  I
= 10−2  9.8
 2I I 4  10−3
Force on BC, F1 = 0 1 2  length BC
4 r1 4  10−5  9.8
or I= = 32.67 A
2 15  25 2  10−7  60
= 10−7   ( 25 10−2 )
( 2 10 )
−2 The current in XY must flow opposite to that in PQ,
because only then the force will be repulsive.
= 9.375 × 10-4 N (repulsive, away from XY) Example - 22
0 2I1I 2 What is the basic principle of working of cyclotron?
Force on DA, F2 =  length DA
4 r2 Write two uses of this machine.
2 15  25 Sol. The working of the cyclotron is based on the fact that a
= 10−7   25 10−2
( 2 + 10 ) 10−2 heavy positively charged particle can be accelerated to
a sufficiently high energy with the help of smaller
values of oscillation and electric field, by making it to
= 1.5625 × 10–4 N (attractive towards XY) cross the same electric field time and again with the
Net force on the loop use of strong magnetic field.

F = F1 – F2 = (9.375 – 1.5625) × 10-4 A cyclotron is used (i) to bombard nuclei with high
energy particles and to study the resulting nuclear
= 7.8175 × 10-4 N (repulsive, away from XY)
reaction (ii) to produce radioactive substances which
Example - 21 may be used in hospitals for diagnosing the diseases in
A long straight conductor PQ, carrying a current of 60 the body.
A, is fixed horizontally. Another long conductor XY is Example - 23
kept parallel to PQ at a distance of 4 mm, in air.
Conductor XY is free to move and carries a current I. A circular coil of 100 turns, radius 10 cm carries a
Calculate the magnitude and direction of current I for current of 5 A. It is suspended vertically in a uniform
which the magnetic repulsion just balances the weight horizontal magnetic field of 0.5 T, the field lines
of conductor XY. (Mass per unit lengths for conductor making an angle of 60º with the plane of coil.
XY is 10-2 kg/m). Calculate the magnitude of the torque that must be
applied on it to prevent it from turning.

Sol. Here, n = 100 ; I = 5 A ; B = 0.5 T ; a = 90º – 60º = 30º

; r = 10 cm = 0.10 m ;
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT 37

22 τ = 4.8 × 10-2 × 3 × 10-2 sin 30º

 ( 0.10 ) m2
2
A = r 2 =
7 = 7.2 × 10-4 N-m
Torque, τ = nIBA sin a Example - 25
22 A magnetic needle has magnetic moment of 6.7 × 10 -
= 100 × 5 × 0.5 × × (0.10)2 × sin 30º 2
Am2 and moment of inertia of 7.5 × 10-6 kg m2. It
7
performs 10 complete oscillations in 6.70 s. What is
= 3.925 N.m the magnitude of the magnetic field ?

Example - 24 Sol. Here, M = 6.7 × 10-2 Am2, I = 7.5 × 10-6 kg m2

A magnetized needle of magnetic moment 4.8 × 10 -2 6.70

Time for one oscillation, T = = 0.67 s ; B = ?
J T-1 is placed at 30º with the direction of uniform 10
magnetic field of magnitude 3 × 10–2 T. What is the I 4 2 I
torque acting on the needle ? From T* = 2 ;B=
MB MT 2

4  ( 22 / 7 )  7.5  10−6
2
Sol. Here, M = 4.8 × 10-2 J T-1 ; ϕ = 30º ; B = 3 × 10-2 T
= = 0.01 T
6.7  10−2 ( 0.67 )
2
torque, τ = ?
As, τ = MB sin ϕ