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Chapter 4 - BTF1513

The document discusses various topics related to waves including vibration, wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed, types of waves such as transverse and longitudinal waves, reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and resonance. It provides definitions and explanations of these key wave concepts.

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Amirul Haziq
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5 views23 pages

Chapter 4 - BTF1513

The document discusses various topics related to waves including vibration, wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed, types of waves such as transverse and longitudinal waves, reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and resonance. It provides definitions and explanations of these key wave concepts.

Uploaded by

Amirul Haziq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cover

Vibrations and Waves


Cover

Vibrations
Resonance
Wave equation
Wavelength
Reflection
Refraction
Diffraction
Interference of waves
What is wave?

A disturbance that travels through a medium. Transporting


energy from one location to another
Carrier for waves?
A medium:
a medium is the substance that WAVES travel
through

A medium can be a
gas, liquid, solid and vacuum.
• Vibration: A repetitive, back-and-forth motion of an object

• Vibrations set up wave disturbances in a material, and the waves spread


away from the source of vibration.

• A vibrating particle passes its energy to a nearby particle. In this way,


energy is transmitted through a material.
Basic Properties of Waves

A number of complete waves


passing a fixed point, in a given
amount of time.
AMPLITUDE
§ The height of a wave.

§ Amplitude is the maximum distance the particles of the

medium carrying the wave move away from their rest


positions.

§ The farther the medium moves as it vibrates, the larger the


amplitude of the resulting waves. The greater the amplitude
the greater the amount of energy.
WAVELENGTH

§ A wave travels a certain distance before it starts to repeat.


The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave is
its wavelength.
§ Transverse measure from crest to crest or trough to trough.
§ Longitudinal measure from one compression to the next.
PERIOD

§ The period (T) of a wave is the time that it takes for one
complete oscillation.
FREQUENCY

§ The number of complete waves that pass a given point in


a certain amount of time.

• How often a wave occurs in a time frame

• Number of vibrations per second.

§ Frequency measured in hertz (Hz).


WAVELENGTH AND FREQUENCY ARE
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO EACH OTHER.

Shorter wavelength / Higher frequency

Longer wavelength / Lower frequency


A. B.

Which wave has a higher frequency?


SPEED

§ The speed, wavelength, and frequency of a wave are


related to each other by a mathematical formula.

§ Speed = wavelength x frequency


§ Frequency = speed/wavelength
§ Wavelength = speed/frequency
• Wavelength and frequency are inversely
proportional to each other.
Type of Waves
• 1. Transverse wave
• - The direction of the motion of a particle is
perpendicular to the motion of the wave.
• - Example: ocean waves, light waves
• 2. Longitudinal wave
• - The direction of the motion of a particle is
parallel to the motion of the wave.
• - Example: Sound waves
TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL

The motion of particles in a wave can either be perpendicular to

the wave direction (transverse) or parallel to it (longitudinal).


Reflection

Reflection involves a
change in direction
of waves when they bounce
off a barrier.
Diffraction

Diffraction is a bending of waves around the edges of an


obstacles or through an aperture
Refraction
Wave Interference
• Wave interference is the
phenomenon that occurs
when two waves meet while
traveling along the same
medium.

• It causes the medium to


take on a shape that results
from the net effect of the two
individual waves upon the
particles of the medium.
Resonance

• An object with natural frequency that receives a forced vibration at the same
frequency.

• Resonance occurs when the amplitude of an object's oscillations are increased


by the matching vibrations of another object.

• Through resonance, a comparatively weak vibration in one object can cause a


strong vibration in another.
Simple Harmonic Motion
If an object vibrates or oscillates back and forth over the same
path, each cycle taking the same amount of time, the motion
is called periodic. The mass and spring system is a useful
model for a periodic system.

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